6月英语四级作文开头写作技巧【20篇】

一、关于卷面。同学们必须记住，考场作文，是阅卷老师读了你的作文后打分的。卷面的整洁、写字的工整、段落结构的协调，都直接影响着阅卷老师的 视力感觉，对阅卷老师的打分心理产生冲击。一个好的卷面，即使作文不怎么出色，分数也不会少。一篇生动的作文，如果卷面不整，分数就不会高。

很多同学写字并不好，你们在考场上一定要记住，必须一笔一划写清楚，不要太大，也不要太小。千万别写得太潦草。你不认真，阅卷老师也不会认真。

二、关于文体。国家教育部关于中考的《指导意见》中，对作文的要求是：不得设置审题障碍，要淡化文体要求，鼓励学 生写真情实感。据此，我们可以 明确地准备记叙文一种体裁。同学们在备考的时候，要阅读优秀的记叙文范文，掌握几种叙事方法。譬如：开头情景渲染、开门见山点题、中间注意插叙等等。

这里提一下小应用文。小应用文今年中考八成要考，大家要注意。书信、通知、颁奖词、短信、导语、简单的说明文、分析概括某种现象等，可能还会出现。建议大家查查资料，把去年中考语文试卷的小作文题复习一遍，做到有备无患。

三、关于标题。根据新课标精神，近两年的作文发生了一些变化。其中最大的变化是：命题和半命题作文成为主流。去年的中考作文，命题作文约占70%，半命题约占7.5%，话题和材料作文，占15%。即使出现了材料作文，有些也是二选一题目。

如果是命题作文，我们自然不用考虑起标题。如果是半命题或其他形式，我们则要尽力求新。如《从__身上学到的》，就考验了同学们的补题技巧和题 材创新。有的同学直接填了“父母”、“老师”、“同学”，创新程度就不够。有的同学写了“那片松柏”、“温总理”、“那座雕像”、“陈贤妹”，就能使阅卷 老师感到“眼前一亮”。

四、关于立意：首先，我们必须记住，作文是让阅卷老师读的，不是自己在QQ空间上信马由缰地乱写，因此，作文的立 意必须积极向上。对于有争议的 内容，不要太大胆。譬如，你要求中日开战夺回钓鱼岛，中菲海军在黄岩岛摆战场，你骂朝鲜独裁，等等类似的内容，只能降低你的分数。一句话，我们要写阅卷老 师愿意看的，作文得高分才是正途。

其次，无论中高考作文怎么出题，立意的范畴基本分为8类。一是生命意义，写生活中感悟的滋味。二是自然景物，写对周遭世界的感悟。三是情感体 验，写你珍藏在内心的人和事。四是享受幸福，写那些给我们温暖和智慧的情节。五是成功成长，写花季中的酸甜苦辣。六是道德修养，写生活中宝贵的品质如诚 信、真诚、勇敢、善良等。七是哲理品悟，写自己从生活细节中提炼的规律性认识。八、告别往昔，写对生活中值得珍藏的片段。上面几个方面，有侧重也有交叉， 同学们要根据作文题目，明确不同的立意。

五、关于题材。在这里，我明确反对写古人，譬如，每次中考，司马迁、李白、屈原、陶渊明、林则徐等，都会当做材料出现在作文里，老师们已经看腻了，大家要避免这个误区了。

那我们选什么题材呢?我的建议是，把上述的8个立意的范畴，各准备一个比较典型的题材。也就是说，准备好8件生动的事儿，以备中考作文采用。

这里需要强调的是，无论同学们写什么题材，强烈建议用第一人称，写你自身经历的事儿，写你生活中真实的感悟。大家储备素材的时候，要找自己亲身经历的事情，或者发生在身边现实生活中的事例。一般来说，在考场上瞎编乱造，多数会出现纰漏，导致减分。

六、关于结构。作文的结构无非是“总分总”、“分总”、“总分”。就考文而言，前两者比较适用。大家一定要记住，作文的开头不要很长，不要因为 玩弄作文书上的技巧而弄得开头超过了5行。我个人倾向于“一句话开头”，直接交待你想说的话和想说的事儿，第一句就是时间地点人物事件。

关于结尾，我们一定要明确，结尾就是抒情和扣题的。在结尾必须抒情，归纳你想表达什么，而且扣题，最好“糊膏药”(出现标题或标题中的关键词)。

同学们要记住，六七百字的作文，要有六七段，千万不要出现“大肚子作文”、“大头作文”，“大尾巴作文”，这样结构不协调，视觉也不够顺眼。

七、关于语言。学生作文的语言不生动，常常是作文老师最头疼的难题。在作文教学中，学生语言的提高，是最为困难 的。备考作文，语言的准备是最难 的。在此给考生们提几点建议：一是遇到你喜欢的句子和段落，你干脆背下来，也许能用在考场上，反正就是这一锤子卖卖，即使没产生作用，也不会扣分。二是， 记住要有描写。写人要有动作和语言描写，写事注意细节和环境描写。三是，句子最好短一些，不要一逗到底，一个句子的主谓宾定状补都有了，就用句号。四是注 意修辞手法。

综上所述，我们明确了中考作文的命题规律，搞清楚作文的几个构成要件是什么，阅卷老师注重的是什么，这样就能有针对性地复习，以期取得较高的分数。

记叙文写作是中考作文的“主打”文体，也是平时写作训练最重要的任务，而且许多考生也习惯于写记叙文，那么，中考满分作文记叙文写作技巧有哪些你知道吗？不知道的看下文：

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。

其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。

其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。

其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。

另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。

作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。

情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田？烈日”“村边？夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院？黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

小学生要学会如何写状物作文，那么大家想了解一下小学生状物作文写作技巧吗，下面小编为大家分享一些小学生状物作文写作技巧吧！

一、怎样写物品

研究物品的特点，可以训练我们的观察和写作能力。要写好物品工艺类的状物文，就要做到以下几点:

1、抓住特征 。从大小、形状、颜色、质地(制造材料)等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些细微的区别，有它自己的独特之处。抓住物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品区别于另一物品的地方写。

2、按照一定的顺序写 。(1)按整体一局部一整体的顺序写。 (2)按物品各部分的空间顺序写。 (3)有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，再写里面的顺序。

3、状物需要想象和联想。 展开想象和联想，不仅使所写之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

比如，下面两段话的描写：

这个文具盒是用塑料做的,长方形，盒盖上面画着青青的草，红红的花，还有一棵古老的树，树下，白雪公主和蝴蝶公主正在笑眯眯地望着我，好像在对我说：“你也是美丽的小公主，你可一定要好好学习哟!”

打开文具盒，可以看到文具盒里面分上下两层。在它的上层，自动铅笔工作后正在休息，铅笔的旁边是它的好朋友——尺子和橡皮，仿佛在随时准备帮助铅笔更好地完成工作。文具盒的下层，彩笔十六兄弟整装待发，仿佛在说：“小主人，我们随时听候您的命令!”这个大家庭的每个成员都可喜欢工作了：当我要写作业的时候，铅笔就会立刻跳到我手中帮助我写字;当我写错字的时候，橡皮就很愉快地过来帮我改正错误;当我要画直线的时候，尺子就会挺身而出，大显身手;要是我想画画了，那一排彩笔就会争先恐后地来到我面前，争相展示自己的美丽…… 它们相处的可好了。当然，这都是文具盒的功劳，要不是文具盒，它们怎么能成为好朋友呢?

二、怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢?

1.写外形 。首先，观察小动物的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一 最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开 丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生“像……”、“犹如……”、“仿佛……”等比喻词的使用。例如，下面这段话：

我有一只小白兔，雪白的绒毛，胖胖的身体，非常可爱! 这只小白兔有一对长长的大耳朵，它的耳朵很灵敏，哪怕有一点动静，耳朵都会立即竖起来。它还有两只红宝石似的眼睛，在伸手不见五指的暗处闪闪发光。最逗人的是那张三瓣嘴，吃东西和呼吸的时候，向三面张开，露出粉红的牙床。

2.写习性。 写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性.例如，写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况等等。 小动物也有 感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格和生活习惯，显示出它们的活泼和可爱. 但重要的还是要在描述当中，自然融入自己的感情，使文章声情并茂，分外生动。

比如说我们观察一只猫，对猫的大小、颜色、形貌，要有大体上的认识，再观察它的头、耳朵、眼睛、鼻子、嘴有什么特点，它的叫声有无变化?它在来生人、外出、进食、睡觉时，又是什么样子的?它对主人的态度如何?与其他动物的关系如何?它什么时候可爱?什么时候闹脾气?等等，这些都是我们要注意的地方。在描写的时候，就要对观察得来的材料，根据文章内容需要进行选择，把最生动具体，最有用的材料写进文章里。

三、怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢?

首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状(外形)特征;再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。

其次，安排好写作顺序。

1、可以从整体到局部 。先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等;描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。另外，植物对阳光、土壤、肥料和水的需要如何……但也不需要面面俱到，要抓住最能反映植物特征的部位写。

写作的时候，要注意展开联想和想象，巧妙运用比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法。例如下面一段话:

月季花在阳光的照耀下，犹如涂上了一层光亮亮的油脂。光滑而明亮。整个花枝昂首挺胸，接受阳光母亲的沐浴。花的中心有黄色的花蕊，花蕊顶端粘着花粉，散发出诱人的芳香，所以常引来一群群勤劳的蜜蜂和美丽的蝴蝶。

2、按照植物的生长过程进行观察 。很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至枯萎，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3、写观察日记。 可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4、以四时变化为序。 很多植物在不同的季节里各具特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序来写。

5、托物抒怀，借物咏志。 写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

我们在描写植物时，如果能进行人格化描写，就可以使笔下的花草具有思想品质特点，这样写出来的文章就会有情趣。我们在描写植物的时候，也要写出对植物的思想感情的变化，带着自己的感情去描写其特点，那文章会更有滋味。例如下面一段话:

春天，白杨树抽出了嫩绿的新芽，呈现出一片新绿，一场春雨过后，树叶带着晶莹透明的露珠，好像有无数的生命在颤动。

导语：要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文指导，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

一、自信上考场

自信是写好作文的先决条件，相信自己就不会怯场，不怯场才能使自己的思维处于最佳状态，潜在的能力得以充分地调动。

二、按时写作文

150分钟的语文测试时间，应该留出60-70分钟的时间作文。时间充足，心中不慌，文思才会泉涌;否则仓促成文，难免丢三落四。

三、细心审题目

命题作文，审题时一定要抓住题目中的关键词语，并进一步展开合理的联想，才能真正把握题目的实质。材料和话题作文，要弄清楚在材料作文与话题作文中，命题者所提供材料的不同作用。在材料作文中，所提供的材料既是考生作文立意的出发点，又是归宿点。考生一定要读懂题干，做点分析，明确主旨，再去下笔，确保万无一失。

四、精心选文体

高考(课程)作文一般不限文体，这给了考生很大的选择文体的自由，考生应该掌握文体选择的基本原则：一是采用该话题更适宜的文体写作;二是采用考生本人更擅长的文体作文。自己擅长，行文才会得心应手、游刃有余。

五、心中有模式

考生心中要有文章的基本结构式：议论文，破题开篇+分析论证+结题收篇;供料议论文的基本结构式：引材开篇+析材明理+联材写事+点材收篇;写事记叙文的基本结构式：事件发生(清楚明白)+事件发展(生动曲折)+事件结局(含蓄启迪);写人记叙文的基本结构式：契入(用外貌、语言、环境、细节入题)+铺垫(简述几个事件)+高潮(详叙典型事件)+点化(用点睛的议论或抒情句收束)等等，上述结构式不是一成不变的，可以演绎出许多的变式来。

六、巧思出新意

为体现可写性的命题原则，高考的作文不管是命题作文，还是话题作文大多都是宽泛的。例如《责任》这样的题目，范围太宽，无从下笔，这样的题目就要去窄作。所谓窄作，就是对题目所涉及的内容进行修饰、限制，然后再针对被限制后的某个侧面扩大其内涵。若从“我们当代青年的责任”这个角度去写，可能就容易多了。

七、素材书中找

要写好一篇考场作文，除了掌握写作模式，还要有写作素材。当你在考场上因缺少素材而抱笔时，可别忘了你学过的语文课本!那里有你取之不尽，用之不竭的素材。

八、主旨要明确

高考作文主旨不要过于含蓄。由于时间的限制，阅卷老师不会慢慢地斟字酌句，所以如果写记叙文，不管叙事多么生动，也要在行文中适当地用一两句抒情或议论语句点明文章主旨，让阅卷老师一目了然;议论文力求事例简洁新鲜，说理充分，紧扣主旨。文章要实实在在，不要过于另类，在明示主旨的基础上，张扬个性。

九、首尾亮起来

开篇立论的好彩头，在第一时间抓住阅卷老师的眼球，是高考作文赢得高分的关键。而结尾的感染力和吸引力，同样是拿分的一大重点。

开头结尾都要精彩，开头和结尾的写作大有讲究。

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题，使阅卷老师一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，那么，必会打动阅卷教师的心;哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。

高考作文由于受时间和字数的限制，开头最好采用“开门见山”的写法：或“落笔入题”，说明写作缘由;或“开宗明义”，揭示全文主题;或“言归正传”，快速开讲故事;或“单刀直入”，挑明论敌谬说。也可以采用“形象化”的写法：或描写环境，以引出人物;或抒发感情，以渲染气氛;或先叙故事，以引出深刻道理;或借诗词谣谚，以为叙事的开端。好的开头，新颖生动，引人入胜。

结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力;造语含蓄，使读者掩卷而思仍遐想不已。

十、行文如流水

在语言运用上，除平时要求外，还应特别注意要善于调动各种修辞手段，如比喻形象、对偶华美、排比蓄势、对照鲜明、反复强调、设问抑扬、反语讽刺、暗示等等。此外，长句短句错综搭配，雅句俗语相得益彰，也可使文章生色。

十一、字迹要清楚

高考语文试卷是网上阅卷，潦草的字迹、不洁的卷面有可能给阅卷人带来的不愉悦所产生的后果是可想而知的，如果字迹不清，丢失的可就不只是几分了。

作文是决胜高考语文的关键所在，把握作文拿分的技巧，是考生关心的问题。我们将考场作文经验归纳为：“心中有自信，笔下出好字;手头有材料，胸中有成式;不变应万变，妙手著文章”，同学们只要扎扎实实地按照这几步来做，作文得高分并不是一件难事。

一、什么是自传

自传是叙述自己生平经历的文章。生平经历是指一个人生活的整

个过程。婴儿——幼儿——上学——现在

1、婴儿时期（吃、哭、爬、学说话、学走路……）

听妈妈说那时候的我是怎样的？（高、矮、胖、瘦、乖、闹、聪明……）例文欣赏

示例1：听妈妈说，小时候的我胖乎乎的，很聪明。刚到了九个月就会说话了，把妈妈叫得很开心；10个月就会学走路了，摇摇晃晃，东倒西歪但不让人扶。有一次从床上掉下来，至今胳膊上还留有伤疤；奶奶说我那时候特别乖巧，但也特别淘气。

特点：聪明、淘气

示例2：刚出生的我在医院里又哭又闹，说着平常人不懂的“外星球语”，让爸妈很苦恼，白天我咬着奶瓶呼呼大睡，晚上我就活跃起来，让大人抱着我到处去溜达，如果一松手，那哭声在你耳朵里徘徊，仿佛一栋楼都会震动起来！

特点：爱闹

2、幼儿时期

⑴、脑中充满疑问

“妈妈，天上的星星为什么会眨眼睛？”“妈妈，我的肚子为什么会饿？”“妈妈，为什么天上的月亮有时是圆的，有时是弯弯的？”⑵、探索世界

把家里的小闹钟、把我的玩具拆得七零八落

⑴、⑵表现出我很聪明

⑶、上幼儿园

哭着、喊着不肯上幼儿园这些表现出我又很淘气

例文欣赏

示例1：一眨眼的功夫，时间老人已把婴儿时期带走了，幼儿时期缓缓走来。妈妈和幼儿园的老师都说我好动。为此我觉得自己得了儿童多动症，其实我确实挺爱动的。在幼儿园里，我基本不会规规矩矩的坐上三分钟；就算坐在椅子上，也是东摇西摆。结果一次在课堂上“发挥”多动时，老师误以为我在吃东西，我的脸烧了又烧，简直就像一

只掉进油锅里的虾。

示例2：幼儿时期的我最爱跳舞。记得有一次，妈妈手机里传出了一阵响亮的歌声，在一旁搞东西的我听见了，便情不自禁的跳起来，屁股一扭一扭的，手也摆动起来，不时还走一下猫步，仿佛我已经沉浸在这欢乐地歌声里，无法自拔一样！一旁的妈妈鼓起掌来，笑着说：“看来我们家会有一位舞神了。”奶奶听后，大笑起来，家里充满了快乐的气氛。

3、我上学了

⑴、有了稳定的兴趣。如：①、爱上了学习②、迷上了阅读

⑵、进不了

⑶、交了很多朋友

例文欣赏

示例1：进入小学后，在优美的校园里，我感受到了学习的快乐，从此爱上了学习。现在，我是班里的学习委员、语文课代表。我的作文经常受到老师表扬，不仅在作文比赛上获过奖，还经常在一些刊物上发表呢！

示例2：八岁的我爱书如命。故事书、漫画书、作文书、科幻书、小说等等，不管什么书，我都一股脑儿拿起来就读。不管晚上作业有多少，事情有多忙，我都会挤出一点时间来看书。

我看书很着迷。我会随着书中的趣事哈哈大笑；也会为着书中令人落泪的悲惨故事而伤心痛哭；看到本领高超、助人为乐的人，我会产生敬佩之情；看到那些烧杀抢掠的恶人和那些贪赃枉法的坏人，我心中的愤怒油然而生……每当妈妈看见我忽而大笑、忽而大哭，忽而喜悦，又忽而愤怒时，总会无可奈何地叹息道：“这丫头，真是没办法！”

示例3：我进入了XX小学读书，在这座优美的校园里，我对学习有了比较大的变化，表现比较积极，一年级第一批就加入了少先队，四年级参加了鼓号队，曾经当过体育委员、语文课代表。在学习上能多看课外书籍，经常去剑英图书馆借书或去新华书店看书，同时注意积累好词好句，坚持每个星期写一扁日记，因此语文成绩比较理想，对作文比有兴趣，作文经常被老师表扬；数学成绩还算可以，但是英语一直是我的弱项，总感到压力好大。

示例4：我结交了很多朋友，他们也十分乐意和我交往，使我从交往中得到了许许多多的快乐。我对他人十分的诚实守信，从来不说恶意

的谎言，答应别人的事情绝对做到，因此，他们也很乐意跟我玩，和我谈心。我有时也会跟别人一起哈哈大笑或讲悄悄话，跟同学们打成一片，让我成为他们心目中的好朋友。有了他们我的生活充满了朝气，充满了快乐。我对人十分有礼貌，助人为乐也是我的本份，他人有困难，我一定会竭尽全力去帮助他。

4、现在的我

长大了、懂事了、学会承担了、有理想了。

例文欣赏

示例1：随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越懂事了。想起妈妈以前整天都为我操心，而我却总是惹她生气，我的心里真不是滋味。

星期五放学回到家，妈妈放下我的书包，就径直走进厨房准备做饭。我想：妈妈工作了一整天，已经很累了，又要去接我，回到家还要做饭，这多么不应该！想到这，我马上走进厨房。

“妈妈。”

“有什么事儿吗？”

“妈妈，您去休息吧，我帮您做饭。”

“不用了，你快去做作业吧，饭菜很快就好了。”

“妈妈，就让我为您做一顿饭吧，嗯？”

妈妈只好笑了笑，点了点头。

晚饭后，我又替妈妈把碗碟洗得干干净净，把家里打扫了一遍，最后还为妈妈捶背按摩。妈妈很高兴，对我说：“孩子，你长大了，懂事了，妈妈真高兴！”我听到这句话，心就像被浸在一罐世界上最甜的蜜糖里。

这就是12岁的我，懂事的我。

示例2：现在的我，会承担责任了；十二岁的我会像挤海棉一样挤时间了；十二岁的我，会自己面对困难了；十二岁的我，成熟了许多；十二岁的我已经长大了，一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事，我自己已经会应付了。面对十二岁的人生，我好像还有点混浊，但比起以前已经进步了许多。对于我来说，未来是一条坎坷的岔路，我一定要选择正确地道路，要一直努力认真的向前走。只要努力学习，就会考上重点大学。

二、行文线索

1、不懂事，爱哭、爱闹——有点听话——开始懂事

2、听话的乖孩子——爱学习的好学生——懂事、知道孝敬父母

3、淘气，耍小聪明——明白事理，大智慧

三、详略取舍

1、详写部分的选择：

⑴、记忆最深刻、最难忘的那段岁月

⑵、最能体现你这个人的特点

⑶、转变最大、成长最快的那段时期

2、其它部分可略写

四、开头和结尾

㈠、开头：

1、简要的介绍自己

2、对自己有一个粗略、整体的评价

例文欣赏

示例1：本人名叫陈思婷，属龙，2000年11月18日，伴随着一阵哭声，我从医院诞生了，胖乎乎的显得十分可爱，嫩滑的脸蛋上，有着一对小酒窝。长大后，我的皮肤黝黑，有人叫我“非洲黑珍珠”！我只好不好意思地笑纳！

示例2：2000年7月20日，随着一阵“哇哇”的哭声，一个可爱的婴儿来到了这个五彩缤纷的世界。从此，生活的大舞台上就有了我的小天地。我的小脚丫在小天地里任意的涂鸦，涂鸦成我难忘的昨天。㈡：结尾

1、对自己成长的总结

2、对未来的向往

例文欣赏

示例1：岁月如梭，整整12年过去了，我从不懂事的小孩子，变成了有志气的大姑娘，我希望，以后能改掉坏习惯，开心快乐地成长。示例2：比起小时的我确实是进步了很多，可是人生的道路是曲折而漫长的，学海无涯，我还有许多东西不懂，我想：只要有远大理想，带着顽强拼搏的意志和勇气走下去，就能够迈进成功的殿堂，就能对国家有贡献！

示例3：这就是我，一个有着多样性格的我。看完我的自传，你们喜欢我吗？

习作练习

我的自传

1、运用辩证明事理

辩证法告诉我们要客观地全面发展地看问题，不要主观地孤立地静止地看问题;要两点论，不要一点论;要抓住矛盾的主要方面，分清主次，不要一叶障目、不见泰山。在议论文的写作中运用辩证法认识问颢、分析问题就会有深度。又如，就“平凡与自豪”这个话题，写一篇文章。这是典型的关系型作文题，这一话题能正确引导考生认识世界，认识自我，世界是多姿多彩的;“每一滴露珠，都能反射一轮太阳”。每一个体都有其存在的意义和价值，世界不独是名人与胜者的天下。

很明显，这个作文导向是正确对待平凡，在人们的认识中，伟大与平凡是两极，平凡与平庸相等，鄙弃平凡是应该的，但只赞颂伟大而不甘于平凡，轻视平凡却是错误的。忠于职守辛勤耕耘的人，不管是名人还是农夫都是自豪的。

本话题可运用的哲学观点有：要全面地看问题，透过现象看本质，分清矛盾的主要方面和次要方面。

2、多样论证出效果

论证方法要力求多样，力避简单的论据加论点的作法。一些同学这样写议论文：在论点提出之后再运用几个事例进行说明，缺少自已的深入分析，这样的议论文没有自已的分析论证，这种肤浅的论述是议论文的大忌。

运用多种论证方法，增强说理效果：正反对比论证，是非分明;比喻论证，形象生动;名言格言，权威警策;歇后语俗语，风趣幽默……借助丰富多样的论证方法，能使我们的议论文写得鞭辟入里、论证深刻，能体现我们缜密的思维和洞悉事物的睿智。

3、透过现象看本质

钱钟书先生在《论快乐》一文中是这样论述的：先引述《西游记》里小猴子对孙行者说“天上一日，下界一年”，借天上比人间活得舒服快乐，来说明快乐是人的一种心理。然后宕开一笔，“永远快乐”不但渺茫得不能实现，并且荒谬得不能成立。继而论述“快乐”在人生里好比引诱小孩子吃药的方糖，更像跑狗场里引诱狗赛跑的电兔子”，生动形象地说明了快乐在人生中的作用。接着指出：“把快乐分成肉体和精神两种是最糊涂的分析”，一切快乐的享受都属于精神的。最后归纳指出，发现快乐是由精神来决定的，它是人类史的又进一步。假如，我们来谈快乐，你会怎样论证呢?你能透过生活现象挖掘出“快乐这一习见现象的本质吗?

4、揭示问题找诱因

世界是由互相联系的事物构成的，生活中发生的事存在着某种因果联系，在进行分论证时要揭示隐藏在事件背后的深层原因。

2005年高考优秀作文《出入红楼》有这样一段精彩的议论揭示出一部《红楼梦》倾倒几多后人，让众多专家学者倾其毕生精力，还不能尽得其珍的原因：

《红楼梦》，打开了大观园的大门，让好奇的后人一窥当年封建王朝奢华辉煌的殿堂;曹公才华横溢，诗词歌赋信手拈来，如粒粒明珠嵌入其中;建筑设计侃侃而出，几笔勾出一个金碧辉煌的大观园，饮食医理无一不通，衣饰礼仪无一不全，洋洋洒洒如数家珍。曹公秉世之才，堪称语言大师。披阅十载，呕心沥血，字字看来皆是血泪，达到刘勰所说“句有可削，足见其疏;字不得减，乃知其密”中真正的惜墨如金的境界。

现实生活中会有诸多的现象发生，如少男少女染发烫发，追逐明星，超现实消费，你能透过这些现象揭示出产生这些现象的心理诱因吗?

5、抓住要害开药方

议论要切中要害，始终紧扣论点，不游离于论点之外，不偷换论题。例如，以“跨越性格的障碍”为话题，就要紧扣“性格障碍”——不健全的性格(自我封闭，不善交流沟通，缺乏团队协作精神，孤芳自赏等性格缺陷)会影响我们的终生发展。有的同学大谈挑战逆境如何超越自我的问题，没有抓住论点。因此，离开论点的论述，是无从谈及论证深刻的。

抓住要害还要从若干现象的分析中，总结出一般规律，并指出解决问题的办法。司马光在《训俭示康》中，以父亲的身份，向儿子进行节俭教育。文中有道理分析，更有大量的YJBYS具体事例，摆事实，讲道理。正反论述，有很强的说服力。文中批判“走卒类士服，夫蹑丝履”虽有封建等级的观念和鄙视劳动人民的思想局限，但他总结出的“由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难”的规律是何其深刻!

《语文课程标准》指出初中生应“能写记叙文、简单的说明文、议论文和一般的应用文”，又要求写作能“合理安排内容的先后和详略，条理清楚地表达自己的意思”。中考作文评分标准对一类文在内容上的要求一般表述为“思路通畅，结构严谨，层次清楚”，“文章切题，中心明确，感情真实，内容充实”。可见，打好坚实的记叙文写作基础，是写好说明文、议论文的前提。作文，600字—800字的考场记叙文，要写得出彩，至少应符合以下五美：立意美、充实美、情感美、结构美、语言美。

英文写作是一种综合能力训练，临阵磨枪是不能取得好成绩的，也是不可取的，应该重视平时的英语作文训练。下面是小编帮大家整理的英语写作教学方法，希望大家喜欢。

高考英语作文占25分，有着不可忽视的比重，它足可以说明写作教学在高中英语教学中占有相当重要的位置。然而高考现状却不乐观，部分学生由于平时缺乏足够的训练，所以对英语写作要么感到无从下手，充满畏难情绪，胡乱写些英语单词或不着边际的句子充当字数，权作心理慰藉；要么用词不当，构句无章，错误频出，行文不流畅，表达不地道，无写作质量可言。如何提高学生的写作水平和促进写作教学呢？笔者认为应注意下列几个问题：

一、注重写作教学的基本训练阶段

语言教学最高层次是应用。英语属于结构语言，它有自己的基本句型、固定搭配、固定短语等，这些都是不可变的，要想在写作中用上它们，用好它们，必须加强这方面的基本训练。首先，加强五种基本句型结构教学。几乎所有的英语句型都是五种句型的扩大、延伸或变化，因此训练学生“写”就要抓住五种基本句型的训练，让他们把这五种基本句型记牢，不断运用。五种基本句型是：

(1)S＋V；

(2)S＋V＋O；

(3)S＋V＋O＋O；

(4)S＋V＋P；

(5)S＋V＋O＋C。

五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但无法比较自由地表达思想，因此还必须对学生进一步进行扩句训练，在课堂上充分发挥学生的想像力，进行扩句练习。其次，加强句型教学，要对一些句子进行分析，增强他们利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。再次，充分利用新教材中“巩固语言的练习，”对学生进行基本语感的训练。

二、注重写作训练的多样化

听、说、读、写四种技能是相互依赖的，说的能力有赖于听的能力，进而有助于写作。听是理解和吸收口头信息的手段。听和读是输入，只有达到足够的输入量，才能保证学生具有较好的说和写的输出能力。因此，在日常的教学中要注重写作训练的多样化。

首先，在Dialogue的教学中，除了听录音、对话、表演和编写相似的对话外，还要求学生把对话改写成一段短文，这样就要求学生在变成短文的过程中，注意时态、语态、人称和前后的逻辑关系，从而为写作打下基础。

其次，在Reading教学中，回答问题时要求学生必须用自己的语言，且人称、时态要做相应的变化，这样既能搞懂本意，又能用同义句表达，提高了表达能力。还要让学生用课文中的词组进行复述，学生复述课文不是件容易的事，既要把握课文中的重点，逻辑关系，又要用自己的语言把主要内容表达出来。这样既锻炼了他们组织篇章结构、句子与句子之间逻辑关系的能力，又提高了语言的精炼度，使自己的写作能力有了很快地提高。

再次，在“Listening”教学中，除了让学生听懂做完听力练习之外，还让他们把练习作为guide进行复述听力材料，有时还让他们写在作文本上。

三、注重写作训练的规范化

高中起始阶段的写作训练，培养学生的写作模式是非常重要的。我按教师用书上说明的写作步骤，即：①构思(讨论题目)；②写提纲(理顺思想的逻辑关系)；③起草(打草稿)；④校订(检查错误，重新安排内容)；⑤修改(定稿)。对学生进行写作模式的训练。这样看起来比较麻烦，但避免了反复，养成了好的写作习惯。再就是书写和文体格式要规范。严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子，注意大小写和标点符号，养成良好的书写习惯。。同时对各种文体特点、格式要讲清楚，使学生熟悉规范的书面表达形式，用正确的标准评析和规范自己的书面表达。

四、注重教师的指导作用

教师批改是写作教学的有机组成部分，批改过程中，教师的指导作用就在于肯定学生的成绩，指出错误，给学生以恰当的评价。但在批改过程中，如果抓住学生的错误不放，有错必纠，改到最后，就变成了教师自己的作品；如果对错误视而不见，写得再多也收效甚微。我根据教学实践，对于新教材中的“有指导的写”的写作训练，规定学生限时写完，同桌、前后桌互相批改，重新行文，再上交。这样批改起来就非常轻松，而且典型错误，很容易找出，有利于讲评。对于新教材中的“自由写作”训练，我指导学生弄清主题，抓住要点，组词造句，安排好顺序，过渡到段落形成短文，多用熟悉的单词和句型，多用五种基本句型表达。然后让学生共同研究，互相评论写好的草稿，以便最后写出修改的稿子来，这就有助于减轻教师修改作业的负担，也有利于学生写作水平的提高。

总之，英文写作是一个学生综合能力的书面体现，是一个长期复杂的训练过程。因此，培养学生的写作能力不能一蹴而就，而要在平时从学生的实际水平出发，有目的、有计划、有要求、有检查、有反馈地进行，由易到难，循序渐进。只有这样，到高考时才能做到厚积薄发、思如泉涌、下笔如有神。

申论主要考查应考人员对给定材料的分析、概括、提炼、加工，测查应考人员的阅读理解能力、综合分析能力、提出问题和解决问题能力、文字表达能力等，申论考试是具有模拟公务员日常工作性质的能力测试。

作为申论考试中最不可或缺的一部分，申论大作文曾一度让很多考生十分头疼。作文质量的高低也很容易将考生总分拉成三六九等，自然成了夺取高分的关键。然而，很多考生的文章甚至连“及格”都做不到，在这里，新青年教育专家就申论大作文的入门写法给大家做一个讲解。

一、观点明确

近几年国考、省考作文写作的要求中，最根本的要求就是“观点鲜明”、“观点明确”，这是申论作文得分的基础保障，也是阅卷老师首先要看的内容。

那什么叫做“观点明确”?

观点明确指文章必须有鲜明的论点，要让阅卷老师清晰地认识到文章的基本观点是什么，是围绕什么问题展开论述的，赞成什么，反对什么。议论文不需要朦胧美，观点要“鲜明”，考生不仅要写出来，更要让阅卷老师一眼看到，明白。

因此，我们建议考生将观点浓缩成一句话、几个词，在标题、作文的第一或者第二自然段就要显露出来。

但是这个观点从哪里来?如何树立呢?又如何论证呢?那解答这些问题总共分三步：

1、从材料中提炼出中心论点和主要分论点;

根据题干的要求结合材料的主线内容、材料中相关领导、专家的发言形成中心论点。

2、论据综合运用材料提供的现成理论和案例;

根据材料中的案例，分析案例所反映的主要问题，形成分论点。

3、以考生自己熟悉的理论和热点案例加强论证。

最后，为了能够标新立异。考生可以根据生活常识和新闻案例等素材对论点进行论证，扩充内容，给阅卷老师耳目一新的感受，达到申论对“联系实际”的基本要求。

二、结构完整、清晰

申论阅卷要求考生作文结构要严谨，论证层次要清楚，条理要分明。要有完整的开头、结尾，每一段落的分别论述，缺一不可。而对于初学者而言，申论文章最好的结构方式就是“三段式”的“是什么——为什么——怎么办”，从三个角度入手，层层深入，展开论述。

三、语言流畅

申论文章应该以议论为主，体现申论的文体特点。而语言无需漂亮繁缛，只需表达准确、流畅、生动，书写美观大方，分段合理，卷面整洁即可。

时刻注意“的、地、得”的用法，这是语言的硬功夫，不能懈怠和马虎。平时形成好习惯，考试时不要出错。

注意句子的完整性。一般来说，一句话有主语谓语宾语等，这句话基本就结束了，这时就要用句号了。假如句子之间是同一类，可适当用分号。不能一逗到底。结尾或者合适的地方，可用感叹号、省略号等。标点符号要规矩，也要丰富。

语言的精彩有奥妙。一是语言的华丽和词汇的丰富。二是比喻修辞的运用，比喻和排比，是最通用的方法。记住，不要干巴巴地讲述，注意引用点古诗词、修辞等等。

小学和初中作文考试，就按记叙文准备。开头结尾要准备好几套方法，什么类型用什么开头，你用什么方法比较拿手，考试前一两天，尤其是头天晚上，默记一下。准备结尾，要背好一两个结尾的语言类型，可以有排比、比喻或者反问。实在不行，就用做梦式结尾法。

写记叙文，无非是亲情、诚信、善良、爱心等等，记住，实现要准备好各种类型的，发生在自己生活中的，典型的事例，到时候写进去。考场上临时想，很难想出动人心的事例来。

一般来说，试卷上的空格，比要求的字数要多一些。争取写满而不溢出。最理想的字数是就留下一两行的空格。

作文一定要注意卷面的整洁，一笔一划地把字写好。要养成好习惯，只要拿笔，就要写出端正的字来。在写字的时候，最好在格子上方留下点空隙，使每行之间，显得清晰。

必须学会5分钟内列提纲，要面对卷面的格子，想好哪个段写什么，写到卷面的什么位置。列提纲的时候，开头和结尾必须想详细，最好事先写出来。

开头结尾，不要很长。开头几句话就接近中心思想，三四行结束开头，不要弄大头作文。结尾是抒情或者归纳主题，语言优美，三四行结束，不要弄大尾巴结尾。注意，不要出现大肚子作文。

写记叙文，要想好叙事的层次，按时间或者按地点，或者按故事发生的节奏，一个层次一段。注意，假如某一段需要详细些，文字比较多，注意分段，死拉硬拽也要分段，不要一段超过七八行。如果写议论文，开头论点提出后，接下来的每段都是论证过程，一个论据就是一段。结尾可变相重复论点，稍微抒情。

A man was going to the house of some rich person. As he went along the road, he saw a box of good apples at the side of the road. He said, "I do not want to eat those apples; for the rich man will give me much food; he will give me very nice food to eat." Then he took the apples and threw them away into the dust.

He went on and came to a river. The river had become very big; so he could not go over it. He waited for some time; then he said, "I cannot go to the rich mans house today, for I cannot get over the river."

He began to go home. He had eaten no food that day. He began to want food. He came to the apples, and he was glad to take them out of the dust and eat them.

Do not throw good things away; you may be glad to have them at some other time.

【译文】

一个人正朝着一个富人的房子走去，当他沿着路走时，在路的一边他发现一箱好苹果，他说：“我不打算吃那些苹果，因为富人会给我更多的食物，他会给我很好吃的东西。”然后他拿起苹果，一把扔到土里去。

他继续走，来到河边，河涨水了，因此，他到不了河对岸，他等了一会儿，然后他说：“今天我去不了富人家了，因为我不能渡过河。”

他开始回家，那天他没有吃东西。他就开始去找吃的，他找到苹果，很高兴地把它们从尘土中翻出来吃了。

不要把好东西扔掉，换个时候你会觉得它们大有用处。

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

1、确定话题内容。

一般来说，话题作文的题目大，范围宽，选材有一定的难度，每每让学生难以下手。

一是“化大为小”：它指的是通过对话题进行修饰、限制、补充等方法，将话题锁定在某一内容上，以缩小选材的范围，迅速捕捉写作的切入点。

比如以“美景”为话题，你可以通过限制和修饰补充话题，使文章变成“校园美景”“家乡美景”“心中的美景”“美景其实也平凡”等等。

二是“化虚为实”：有的话题比较抽象，是一个“虚”的话题，你就应该从实入手。

比如“靠”这个话题，你可以往实处“靠”，爸妈靠科技致富，学生靠勤奋成才，运动员靠拚搏夺冠等，这样一来，文章的内容就充实了。

2、选择文体强项。

话题作文的不限文体，给考生提供了自由广阔的写作空间，有利于考生张扬个性，发挥特长。

因此，你应选定你的文体强项来充分展示你的写作个性。

擅长叙事，你可选择记叙文;

擅长说理，你可选择议论文;

擅长抒情，你可选择散文;

擅长想象，你可以选择童话;

擅长讽刺，你可以选择杂文……

比如以“水”为话题的文章，你可以叙述一个停水后的故事，你可以说明水的性质、用途，你可抒发对“水”的情感，你可以议论“水滴石穿”“水能载舟，亦能覆舟”的道理，你可叙述“水”的童话，你可以想象说资源枯竭后地球的劫难等等。

3、强化创新意识。

不少考生写话题作文唯恐误入“歧途”，总是选定一个四平八稳的切口写作，结果文章平平，根本上不了档次。

其实话题作文本身就是一个创新，因此你在写作时也应放开手脚，大胆创新。这种创新：

首先是内容的创新。就是所选的材料不能人云亦云，要写出新的故事、新的观点、新的主旨。

比如写“门”这个话题，写人与人之间的心之“门”就叫人击节赞赏。

第二是文体的创新。你不能总是写记叙文、议论文、说明文三种文体，你可以写小说，写故事，写寓言，还可以采用各种应用文体。文体一变，能让人耳目一新。

第三是结构创新。不能老用那几种传统的结构方式，你可以采用“小锻连缀”“反复穿插”“散点辐射”“镜头剪辑”“双线交织”等方式展开思路，开头结尾也要突破藩篱，不落窠臼。

这些年来，这类命题方式，已广泛而频繁地被语文老师运用到平时的作文训练中去了，诸如《——迷》、《我当——》、《我第一次——》、《我学会了——》、《请到——来》、《——给我温暖》、《我常常想起——》、《——，真有意思》、《——的一堂课》。《——见闻》、《——一角》、《怎样学——》、《读——后感》等等，都属这类作文命题。下面是小编为你带来的小学生命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

考试时遇上了这类命题样式，并要写好这类作文，必须注意以下两点：

一是认真审题。

大凡这类命题样式，命题者在题目的前后总会有比较具体的要求的，对横线上所填入的内容，更有明确的提示，而这些要求或提示正是正确、全面审题的前提，一定要仔细审清。比如《我学会了——》这个题目，命题者对横线上填人的对象作如下提示：“凡是你生活、学习实际中确实学会了的，都可以写。审题时，可以从这一提示中确定选材范围(是生活、学习中的)，确定写作对象(技能、方法)。这样审明白了，心中有谱了，还得注意前面的“我学会了”。所谓“学会”，“学”反映一个过程，是“会”的前提，“会”，则反映了这一过程的程度和结果，是“熟练”和“能运用”的体现。“会”可以说是题眼，如果忽视了这一题眼，必定不能很好地反映出文章的中心。认真审明“学会”的含义，对确定填人横线上的写作对象，很有作用。否则，你可能填人的写作对象只是“学了”或“会一点”，而不是“学会”。

二是认真选材。

这类作文的选材与在横线上填人的写作对象是一致的，只是前者具体后者概括而已。因而，要所选材料达到新颖独特，首先横线上填人的写作对象必须新颖独特，与众不同。怎样才能如此呢?要有发散性思维，或者要有求异性思维。这就是说。面对考题，先进行一番发散性思维，即跳出命题者提示的写作对象进行广泛的思考，想到很多很多。然后集中起来，分析比较，逐一筛选。筛选的原则是自己最熟悉、感受最深刻的，别人没有经历过，或根本想不到的。这样的写作对象一经确定，选择材料也就有依据了。有一年，一所初中的作文考试题目是《我第一次———》，面对这样的考题，我们应该怎样在认真审题的基础上，充分展开了求异思维呢?我们应该怎样写，才能得高分呢?题目：我第一次———审清题意这是半命题作文，题目所给出的一半“我第一次”是对内容的限制，要求写生活中的某种第一次经历，题目中所要补充的一半，是习作者的亲身经历，如第一次种花、买菜、做饭、洗衣服、坐飞。机、制做科技小制品等。确定文章中心记叙生活中的第一次经历的事情，说明从中所受到的教益或产生的欢乐心情。在生活中，我们经历的第一次太多了。但事情有大、小、好、坏之分，应该选择有意义的事情来写，第一次做事情做的成功，会产生喜悦;第一次做的失败，会留下深刻的教训。事情的成功与失败，都会对同学有教益。

为什么有的同学观察的非常细致，可写出的文章却有不少毛病呢?没有意义呢?主要是因为这些同学不会对材料进行加工、提炼。

1、加工提炼材料。我们知道，作文的材料来自于生活，但生活和文章之间不能划等号。生活不等于文章。文章是作者对生活的观察分析之后写出来的。所以，我们在观察生活，获得写作素材之后，还必须认真进行研究，哪些地方要补充细节，哪些内容应该舍弃，经过周密的思考，经过周密的分析，精心组织材料才能写出中心明确而又有意义的文章。

2、要学会在文中穿插写其他人物。写自己第一次经历的事情，要用第一人称，这样写真实可信亲切感人。为了避免叙述呆板，可以在故事中穿插有关的人物。我们发现不少的同学在作文中，常常只管写“我、怎样怎样做”，“我怎样怎样说”，忽视了有关的人和事，因市把故事写得呆板、枯燥。其实生活中，我做事情往往会涉及到其他的人和事。如果在作文里能够有选择地穿插写有关的人，可以使文章生动活泼。叙事当中穿插写人，不要节外生枝、画蛇添足。穿插写其他人物，要能帮助突出中一心。叙事中穿插其他人物，但仍以写“我”为主。巧妙地穿插可以使故事的情节曲折动人。

3、会用点题的方法。在写人叙事的过程中，要学会用简炼的语言点清题意，这是小学生写作文的基本功之一。学会点题加强文题和内容之间的联系，更好地突出中心思想，在何处点题应当根据故事情节的推进人物性格的发展而定。可以在篇首、篇末或篇中点题之法，落笔重在故事情节的关键之处。在篇首点题，重在开宗明义;在篇未点题，重在深化中心;在篇中点题，重在因势利导。点题之笔要精炼，富有概括力，具有启发性。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

中考英语考试中“书面表达”往往是最后一项，怎么样在那么短的时间内尽可能的拿到高分呢?

一、中考英语写作的概述

你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗?实际考试中，许多学生却常常有“无话可说”的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态，取得高分呢?

归根到底这是一个英语基本功——单词、短语和句型的问题。

英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升，必须进行多次的写作练习。因此，必须合理地设置训练步骤，遵循从初级到高级，从简单到复杂的原则去练习，经过一段写作实践之后，写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。

二、中考英语写作的评分标准

1、老师拿到的标准

写作水平的高低和文章的好坏，分数是最直接的评分标准，也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准?什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章?

评分标准：

(1)整篇作文满分20分，其中内容8分，语言8分，结构4分。

(2)内容贴切，句子流畅，用语准确，加整体印象分1分。

(3)不满60个词，少1——5个词扣0.5分，6——10个词扣1分。

(4)所有给出问题涉及的三项内容，每少一项扣3分。

(5)每个拼写，大小写，标点符号等错误扣0.5分;同一的拼写错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

(6)语法错误每项扣1分，同一错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

2、老师想看到的标准

语言(8分)：

词——固定搭配、高频重点词汇;

句——复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子!

内容(8分)：(总、分)论点、论据支持句;简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。

结构(4分)：

语言结构——句子重点突出、内容清晰;

内容结构——论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系;

句数控制——对于相对内容的句数掌握;

亮点、出彩点——排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。

三、扣分

内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“Iwanttodosomethingformyschool”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。

当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。

所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

标点错误：每4个扣0.5。

四、加分

作文的组织结构分。就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。

“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分。很多家长(微博)和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。

因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。

图画作文是近年大学英语四级写作中出现频率较高的一类文体,考生要特别加以重视。众所周知，题目所给出的图画必然反映了一定的社会现实或者揭露出某种社会现象。相比其他的文体而言，这类作文难度较大，既要求考生通过文字形式分析出图画内容，又要将图中所包含的的思想内容准确地表达出来。为此，应届毕业生网就此类作文写作步骤予以如下几方面的指导和点拨。

一、审题立意

四级作文写作过程中最关键的步骤就是审题，不仔细审题就会很容易使作文跑题，因此这是必不可少的第一步。此步骤要注意两点：一是分析题目和图画，确定文章的命题类型，抓住中心思想，联想此作文要求的写作主题。二是进一步确定给定的题材及此作文要考查的重点内容。也就是说，通过审题，考生要对作文谈论的主要话题心中有数。

二、组织结构

审题之后，根据分析的结果草拟提纲并组织安排段落，确定文章的整体结构。一般而言，考生可将图画作文转化为三段式提纲作文。开始段描述图画内容；中间段解释图画所反映出来的深层意义；结尾段引出结论，总结全文。各段的主题句要条理清晰，以使自己要表达的内容有更好的把握。每段的重点都应集中于描述图画规定的内容。选用的词句应紧扣图画主题、突出重点、前后连贯、表达清楚。

三、检查修改

考试过程中，很多考生由于紧张、仓促等原因，很容易犯一些简单的错误。因此，最后留出几分钟时间来修改所写内容是很有必要的。然而，切忌大幅度地对作文惊醒修改，因为这样会破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师对试卷的印象。修改时可以从两点着手：

语法方面。包括时态是正确、名词单复数是否对应、被动主动语态是否正确、主谓是否一致等。

词汇方面。包括连接上下句或段落的关联词、固定搭配、及物不及物动词的使用、习惯用语是否使用正确等。同时，单词拼写错误和标点误用都是扣分点，考生应尽量避免此类错误。

综上所述，四级写作需要遵循上述步骤，即审题立意、组织结构、检查修改。祝考生顺利通关！

一、展开联想法

【特点】

我们看到一棵植物，往往联想到其它事物，这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处。例如我们看到棉桃，联想到洁白的雪花，这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同;我们看到大西瓜，联想到篮球，这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似;我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树，想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打，决不屈膝的英雄，那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。采用联想的方法描写植物，要注意抓住植物的主要特点，展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力，首先要认真读书，了解生活，使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识。其次是勤思勤想，经常训练，使自己有丰富的想象能力。

二、突出重点法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成。我们在描写植物的时候，可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述，也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。采用重点突出法描写植物时，首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方。其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写。此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。

三、对照比较法

【特点】

俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现。我们描写植物时，往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点。对照比较的方法有两种。一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较;一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较。这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示。采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性。这样才能使文章感人。抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时，要注意找出矛盾点，这样才能引起读者的注意。

四、移步换形法

【特点】

采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物，可以不断地变换立足点和观察点，对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写。同一个建筑物，从不同的角度去看，得到的印象是不一样的。因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的。否则，容易把读者搞糊涂了。其次，采用移步换形法描写建筑物时，一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写。如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写，文章容易变成一本流水账。

五、说明介绍法

【特点】

采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍，切忌不着边际的东拉西扯。在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要，切忌拖泥带水。采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，还要注意整体的连贯性，也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后，文章要返回到描写建筑物上来，并与前文衔接。文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明，或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。

六、环境衬托法

【特点】

周围都是绿色，中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目，所以说“万绿丛中一点红”。对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写，建筑物就显得突出。描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物，因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点，切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色。造成喧宾夺主。在描写建筑物周围的景色时，要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，便于读者了解建筑物的位置。

七、彩笔描绘法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时，要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来，要写出它们的形状，写出它们的颜色。采用这种方法描写植物，要仔细观察。要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色，同样是红色，要分出是火红的，还是粉红的;同样是黄色，要分出是桔黄的，还是金黄的;同样是绿色，要分出是碧绿的，还是嫩绿的……要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点，同样是花，花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。观察得仔细，描写得具体，读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片。采用这种方法描写植物，还要运用恰当的比喻，要写出自己的情感。

八、远近结合法

【特点】

同一棵植物，远看和近看是不一样的。这同照相一样，放在照相机的前面和远离照相机，摄下来的照片是大小不相同的。采用远近结合法描写植物，可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点，给读者以完美的印象。采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚，也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的。其次要注意叙述的顺序，或由远及近，或由近及远，这样文章才能条理分明。

九、时序变换法

【特点】

植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化。如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来，同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚，就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片。看了这一组彩色照片，读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。采用时序变换法描写植物，首先要注意在平时积累资料。要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察，并记下观察日记，这样，写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍，写出一篇好文章。其次要注意观察的连续性。

十、生长变化法

【特点】

植物总是要生长的，一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段。如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来，就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。读者可以在很短的时间内，通过阅读，了解植物生长的全过程。采用生长变化法描写植物，首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来;其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程;此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。

毕业论文注重对客观事物作理性分桥，指出其本质，提出个人的学术见解和解决某一问题的方法和意见。小编收集了工程经济类毕业论文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

毕业论文注重对客观事物作理性分桥，指出其本质，提出个人的学术见解和解决某一问题的方法和意见。毕业论文就其形式来讲，具有议论文所共有的一般属性特征，即论点、论据、论证是文章构成的三大要素。文章主要以逻辑思维的方式为展开的依据，强调在事实的基础上，展示严谨的推理过程，得出令人信服的科学结论。

撰写毕业论文是大学生学习生活的重要环节，也是最后的一个环节。对于经济管理学科学生来说，这是对其所学知识、社会调查研究的能力、写作能力和表达能力的综合考察。论文合格与否，水平高低表明一个大学毕业生的实际水平，同时也是对学校教学质量的综合考查。因此这个环节对学生和指导教师都是至关重要的。根据本人的切身体会，我认为指导经济管理毕业论文应该注意以下几个问题:

1 经济管理毕业论文选题

经济管理毕业论文题目的选择是否恰当，既关系到毕业论文写作能否成功，又关系到毕业论文的质量高低。论文题目选得恰当不仅有利于集中精力于经济管理领域中自己感兴趣的问题，以收到事半功倍的效果;而且也有利于提高研究能力，对所研究的问题加深认识，揭示其规律和实质。如何让学生选择恰当的经济管理毕业论文题目?指导教师应抓住两个环节:

1.1 要选择有较强的理论联系实际的经济管理毕业论文题目

指导教师要引导学生关心经济发展现状，了解国民经济的宏观形势和微观问题，进行观察，思考，从中找出经济实践中确实存在的问题，选取那些对社会经济有指导作用，真正为社会所需要的论文题目进行研究。比如目前我国正在深化国企改革，出现了一些引起社会广泛关注的问题，如下岗工人再就业问题，职工社会保障问题，企业人力资源管理问题等等，若能使学生运用所学理论在这些方面提出自己独到的见解，写出的经济管理毕业论文就会有很强的实用性。经济管理毕业论文的写作目的也正在于研究探讨我国的经济问题并且服务于我国的经济实践。因此我们要注重经济发展的社会需要。以此作为选定经济管理毕业论文题目的方向。

1.2 经济管理毕业论文题目选择要扬长避短，充分发挥学生的特长

指导教师要告诫学生选择经济管理毕业论文题目应量力而行，要清楚自已的知识结构在哪些方面有优势和劣势。因而选取自己有优势的方向展开研究，以努力发挥自己的长处，由浅入深，由易到难，循序渐进，写出有独到见解的、有价值的经济管理论文。切忌让学生对自己并不熟悉的问题随意加以议论。只有扬长避短，才能最大限度的发挥学生的才能。

2 经济管理毕业论文资料搜集和筛选

经济管理毕业论文题目确定之后，就要开始搜集和筛选资料。在这个阶段学生容易出现不重视搜集资料和不知如何筛选资料的问题。对此指导教师应该做到:

2.1 占有与经济管理毕业论文题目有关的正反两方面的资料

学生在搜集资料过程中，往往只注意寻找当前发表的一些报刊杂志上的相关论文，对一些历史发展过程及反面的资料重视不够，一定程度影响了对其所阐述问题的理解，导致经济管理毕业论文质量不高。针对这种情况，指导教师要为学生制定材料目录，介绍与论文题目有关的历史的、现实的以及反面的尽可能全面的资料，使学生学会如何在事物发展过程中分析其正反两方面的经验教训，从而正确认识客观事物内在规律的研究方法。

2.2 围绕经济管理毕业论文的中心筛选资料，思路清晰、逻辑严谨

有的学生资料一多就感到无从入手，不善于取舍资料。指导教师要教会学生边搜集、边思考、边筛选资料的方法，让学生准备一个笔记本，随时把有用的资料、数据、观点、自己的心得体会记下来，使搜集材料过程变成研究过程，从中抓住最重要的、与论点关系最密切的资料，反复看，反复琢磨;对那些离论点稍远些的资料要简明看，在筛选资料的过程中逐渐形成自己的观点，经过这样的努力形成的论文就能达到思路清晰、逻辑严谨。

3 积极组织学生进行社会调研，增强其社会责任感

经济管理学科的学生撰写经济管理毕业论文不同于工科学生，他们不可能依靠实验室的实验获得精确的数据，也不可能仅凭一些二手资料就能得出解决现实经济问题的灵丹妙药，必须通过大量艰苦的社会调研活动才能取得第一手资料，这是写出高质量经济管理论文的必备条件。指导教师在这个环节上要注意做到:

3.1 让学生认识到社会调研的重要性

有些大学生对社会调研的重要性认识不清，认为撰写毕业论文就是“天下文章一大抄”，不进行社会调研也同样能写出经济管理毕业论文来。这是一种极端错误的思想，必须及时纠正。指导教师要教育学生树立正确的学风，使学生明白进行社会调研不仅是一个形式问题，更为重要的是通过社会调研活动，使他们进一步了解社会，积极参与社会的变革，增强为社会服务的本领。这也是现代高校的一项重要职能，即高等院校的师生应该服务于社会。由于高等学校师生属于社会的高知阶层，拥有先进的、高深

的科学文化知识，有先进的现代意识，特别是年轻大学生满腔热情，思想活跃，眼光敏锐，最少保守思想，一旦投入到社会实践中，无疑会给社会注进了一股新鲜血液。许多高校经济管理学科的学生毕业实践证明，通过社会调研后写出的经济管理毕业论文，能够做到理论联系实际，不同程度解决了社会经济生活中存在的一些问题，产生了较好的经济效益;同时对大学生自身也是一个重新认识和评价自己的过程:一方面在成功的经验中发现自己的价值，自己的特长，另一方面在失败的教训中自我反省，发现自己的缺点，进行自我调整，这样促使大学生端正自我认识，把自我的发展纳入到社会发展之中，从而使大学生具有高度的社会责任感和集体感。因此，社会调研活动绝不是可有可无的，而是必须参加的一项毕业环节。

3.2 让学生学会如何进行社会调研活动

有些学生愿意进行社会调研活动，但由于种种原因不知从何入手，感到有些茫然，由此产生了一些畏难情绪，影响了社会调研的效果。针对这种情况，指导教师要积极帮助学生联系社会调研单位，有条件的情况下指导教师在开始阶段最好亲自带领学生进行社会调研活动。在进行社会调研之前先拟定一个提纲，将需要调研的内容列出，再根据调研单位的实际情况考虑好采取何种调研方式。在实际调研过程中可以灵活调整调研方式，以便取得最佳效果。经过这样的实践后，学生就有了一个感性认识，知道如何进行社会调研，待学生逐渐积累了一些经验之后，就可以放手让他们按照自己的设想去进行社会调研活动，同时要告诫他们注意多听、多看、多问、多想，要尊重那些有实践经验的人，虚心向他们请教，只有这样才能真正掌握第一手资料，为撰写好经济管理毕业论文打下一个良好的基础。

4 把握好经济管理毕业论文的四个阶段

经济管理毕业论文的创作是一个复杂的过程，一般可分为四个阶段:准备阶段、写作提纲阶段、撰写初稿阶段和修改阶段。指导教师要抓住这几个环节，认真检查和督促学生完成各个环节的任务，论文的质量就会得到保证。

4.1 准备阶段要充分查找经济管理毕业论文资料

4.2 写作经济管理毕业论文提纲阶段就是整理资料、进行论文构思的过程

当材料准备较充足以后，要对其进行分析比较、提炼加工，进行整体构思，并将这种构思的大致思路写下来，此即写提纲。毕业论文提纲是一篇论文的基本轮廓，是全文的骨架，起着疏通思路、安排材料、形成结构的作用。指导教师要针对这一阶段的特点，让学生先明确自己的论点，然后围绕这个论点再下设几个分论点。毕业论文提纲应简洁为好，只须列出每一部分，每一层次，每一段落的要点。

4.3 撰写初稿阶段要掌握经济管理毕业论文固定的结构

经济管理毕业论文写作有其较固定的结构，大致分为绪论、本论、结论三部分。

第一，经济管理毕业论文的绪论部分:指导教师要让学生阐述写作这篇毕业论文的动机与意义，也可把论文中的主要观点先提出来让读者对论文有一个概况了解，从而调动读者阅读本文的兴趣。

第二，经济管理毕业论文的本论部分:这是毕业论文的核心部分，论文的写作质量高低主要表现在这里。指导教师要让学生把握住中心论点，不可议论太分散，分论点必须围绕中心论点进行论述，同时注意论证的严密逻辑性，使整篇文章结构紧凑，重点突出。

第三，经济管理毕业论文的结论部分:这是毕业论文的科学概括，全面总结作者的思想观点，指导教师可以让学生根据论文的具体情况选择三种结尾形式，即总结型、科学预见型和提出问题型。

4.4 修改定稿阶段要反复推敲经济管理毕业论文的字、词、句，力求精益求精

经济管理毕业论文初稿写成后，回过头来再看，就会发现许多疏漏与不严谨的地方，因此指导教师要让学生认真反复修改，修改主要有这样几个方面:第一，修正观点。力求观点论述充分，观点鲜明。没有容易产生歧义的地方。第二，增删材料。实际上就是检查材料与观点是否一致，除去重复或与论文观点联系不够紧密的材料，增加更有说服力的材料。第三，调

整结构。实际上就是调整思路，包括层次和段落，检查其连贯性与紧凑性。第四，润色语言。主要看用词是否准确，句子是否通顺。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

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