6月英语四级作文开头写作技巧【20篇】

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

Winter solstice is the earliest Chinese festival, call it yesterday, as early as the han dynasty had formed when we are familiar with todays twenty-four solar terms. Twenty-four solar terms, every 15 days for a throttle, a throttle is divided into three. As the winter solstice is divided into "hou earthworms knot; 2 hou elk horn, three HouShuiQuan move." Are the ancients from traditional agricultural production routine. Fade as the farming civilization, modern agriculture is affected by season is not very big, such as the vegetables all the year round in the greenhouses, traditional throttle effect on guidance and restriction of agricultural farming is also a little bit fade.

People now pay more attention to the throttle keeping in good health, in winter it was the season of supplements. After spring, summer, autumn three season, the body organs need to enter a state of rest during the winter, physical consumption in winter supplements in the past. Left the teacher said, so also have "winter signings, dozen tiger next year" the proverb.

冬至是中国最早的节日，称之为冬节，早在汉代时候已经形成了我们今天熟悉的二十四节气。二十四节气，每十五天为一个节气，一个节气分为三候。如冬至分为“一候蚯蚓结;二候麋角解，三候水泉动。”都是以古人从传统农业生产生活规律中总结出来的。随着农耕文明逐渐消退，现代农业受季节的影响不是很大，比如大棚里的菜一年四季都可以吃到，传统节气对农业种田的辅导和制约作用也在一点点消退。

现在的人们更多关注的是节气养生，冬季也是进补的季节。经历春夏秋三季后，身体各个器官在冬季需要进入休息的状态，过去身体上的消耗在冬天进补。左老师说，因此也有“冬季进补，来年打虎”的俗语。

1、着眼当代热点

山东省2001年中考作文要求考生根据“操场上，小鹿同学突然晕倒了……”这一材料，

就这件事可能发生的种种情况进行联想和想象。有位考生把构思和选材的目光投向揭露***的罪恶这场政治斗争，以《走出生命的误区》为题叙写了小鹿同学痴迷***，患心肌炎却迷信“有大师保护，快要成仙”的歪理邪说，拒绝医治最终晕倒这令人痛心的过程，强烈声讨***摧残下一代的罪恶行径。这种选材与当代的政治斗争紧密联系，具有鲜明的时代色彩。

2、着眼当代新风

2001年兰州市中考作文题是《美在身边》，大多数生活面窄的考生都把寻找美的目光投向学校或家庭，而有位考生调动自己的课外阅读积累，这样写道：“记得5月初的《兰州晚报》上刊登了兰州急救中心O型血告急的消息，第二天，就有2000多名群众挽起袖子为急救事业无偿献血，挽救了众多病人的生命，这不正是有无数颗美好心灵汇聚而谱写的爱之歌吗?”这样的新风这样的“美”，就出现在中考前一个多月，真实、鲜活、动人，跳动着时代脉搏，是那些“人有我有大家有”的被用滥了的材料所无法相比的。

一、材料与观点的过渡，常用的表述方式：

(1)这则材料告诉我们这样一个道理……(得到了这样的启示……)

(2)这虽是一则寓言，但却形象地说明了……(这则材料的寓意是……)

(3)由此观之……

(4)为什么会这样呢?

(5)由此，我明白了一个深刻而又平凡的道理……

【例1】

我曾读过一本书，是说美国人的消费，美国人都是花未来的钱，而享受现在，‘举债度日’，我想一旦出现无赖不肯还钱，怎么办?原来美国有个信用局，若某君出现信用违规，即通知各大银行，封杀他的所有借款，此招足以使其无立身之地。这让我想起了中国的诚信，诚信是国人引以为傲的美德，‘人无信而不立’。”

二、论点与论述之间的过渡

话题作文，学生从话题包含的内容，生发开去，阐述见解。一部分学生写议论文，提出中心论点，然后结合生活和社会现象对论点进行论证，但缺乏必要的语言过渡，使观点与材料分离。写作中，由提出论点到联系现实进行分析论证，学生常常使用“现实生活也有同类者”“我不禁想到现实生活中的同类现象”等句子进行过渡，形成观点与论述之间的自然转换，文气贯通。

1、由此，我联想到我们人类社会……

2、物性如此，我们人类何尝不是这样……

3、……这给我们一个深刻的启示……

4、物犹如此，人亦然。

【例2】

马卡连柯的话令人深思。对花赞赏之余，为什么要手里拿起铁铲、剪刀和巴黎绿呢?为什么不考虑花是否愿意接受呢?这是因为花虽美，但美中也会有不足之处，美中会有隐患。如果不及时清除那些杂枝、病枝、虫害，再美的鲜花也会衰败、凋零。物性如此，人类何尝不是这样，我们的师长在表扬肯定我们的优点和成绩的同时，更要指出我们存在的缺点和不足，也就是说，要想“爱之深”，就得“责之切”。

三、理论论证与事实论证之间的过渡。

论辩时理论论证为使论述变得深刻，事实论证为使论证显得具体，分析说理时联系生活实际，避免泛泛而谈，内容空洞，两者结合使用就应注意由此及彼的恰当过渡。

(一)事实到理论

1、“就拿……来说吧”或“例如……”来过渡;

2、纵观古今，凡是……无不是……

3、古往今来，无数成功者的业绩都……

4、纵观古今中外名人学者的成功历程，不难发现，他们的成功的秘诀在于……

5、放眼寰球，纵观古今，大凡有……无不是……

【例3】

古往今来，情感高于理性的事情屡见不鲜，而理性控制情感的例子也不少。

【例4】

历览古来圣贤人，无不对事物做出客观公正的评价，在处理事情上力求做到公正不偏私。

【例5】

举目四望，古今中外，有多少英雄豪杰因内心之好恶而惨遭滑铁卢?古代如此，今天亦如此，或许，将来也如此。

【例6】

历史上的教训，足以使我们对此有更为清醒的认识!

【例7】

其实，古往今来，不少人都调准了自己感情的"焦距"，为自己展现出了清晰的世界。

(二)理论到事实

若先事实论证再理论论证，过渡文字一般则是对事实包含道理的分析、总括。

1、有位哲人曾这样说过：“……”

“这正如……所说……”等词语或句子进行过渡。

2、在生活中广为传颂着这样一句名言：“……”它告诉我们这样一个深刻而又平凡的道理……

3、“……”，不正是……精神的真实写照吗?可见……

4、“……”这妇孺皆知的俗语告诉我们一个平凡而又深刻的道理：……

5、“……”这句话曾鼓舞了多少仁人志士，然而今天……

四、正面论证与反面论证之间的过渡。

1、正面分析与反面分析之间的过渡，一般借助“反之”“相反”“否则”“如果不这样”等关联性词语完成;

2、正面举例与反面举例之间的过渡则一般采用“也有与此相反的情况”“相反的事例如……”等句式过渡。

而现实生活中我们又是如何呢?

而现实生活中总有那么一小部分人……

【例8】

古人尚能如此理性面对问题，可如今的世界却有很多人，无法理性地面对自己的实际和考虑别人的情况。如果"非典"在发现初期就被重视而不隐报，也午今天的"非典"就不会如此猖撅。如果美国理性面对伊拉克的核危机，试着用卜交手段解决，也许美伊战争就不会爆发，也就不会有那么多人死伤了。

五、层与层的过渡。

为了使论述充分、深入，写议论文必须讲究说理的层次性。说理时各层次之间的关系，以并列关系和递进关系为主，具有并列关系的层次之间的过渡一般借助“同时”“还要”等关联词语过渡衔接;具有递进关系的层次之间的过渡则往往借助“不仅如此……而且”“更进一步说”以及“当然”等词句进行过渡衔接。

1、无独有偶

2、前事不忘，后事之师

3、个人如此，国家民族又何尝不是这样?

4、那么我们该怎样做呢?

【例9】

不论是故去的古人，还是现存的今人，只有做到公正无私，才能在对事物的认识上得到真理，才能在对事物的处理上得到赞美。

【例10】

在现代，有没有韩非子笔下的"富人"呢?有!譬如在干部的任用问题上就出现了"任人唯亲"的弊端，一些领导在任用下属时，不是视其是否有才能，而是看其与自己远近、使一一些无德无能的人混人干部队伍，正所谓"一人得道，鸡犬升天"。而真正有志有才之士被拒之门外。

六、辩证过渡

(一)欲进先退

在对某问题阐述自己观点见解时，先要承认与此相反的观点见解存在的合理性，然后指出其道理存在的不足之处，接着语意一转，话题转入对此观点见解的主要论述。“退”是通过承认反面的观点见解以防论证疏漏，“进”是论证文章论点的主体。

【例11】

的确，外在环境的感染作用是不可忽视的。尤其青少年思想单纯，阅历浅，经验少，辨别是非的能力还不强，世界观还未形成，触于墨者即黑，染于朱者即赤。多少青少年受坏人拉拢，看黄色书刊、录像，赌博、酗酒、偷盗、抢劫，逐渐走向犯罪的深渊。难怪昔有“孟母三迁”之举，这是促进孟子成为一代儒圣不可否认的外因条件。甚至多少知识名人、革命志士、人民功臣、劳动模范，也经受不了环境的熏染，荣华富贵的诱惑，最终沦为历史的罪人。

然而(转入论题)，事物不可一概而论，不可以事物的一般规律抹杀事物的特殊性存在。

【例12】

诚然，正是由于有了人类之间曼妙的情感，全社会乃至全世界才不至于陷入一种盲目的、机械性的单调之中就如同电影《摩登时代》和《城市之光》中描绘的那样，人的言行似乎在工业革命的浪潮中变得毫无生气，如同机器人一般。缺乏感情的社会是僵硬的，是脆弱的。然而这并不意味着仅仅凭借情感就可以主导全世界，就可以来评判事物认知的正误深浅这还需要客观的评价标准，诸如法律、法规等等而这些则又需要认知与进一步的探索。否则，理性的天平就难以使得整个世界在一种相对稳定的状态之下继续发展。

3、理性固然在认识事物中不可缺少，但我们能因此完全排除了感情因素吗?难道感情在认知过程中永远起着反面的作用吗?

其它如：诚然、固然、毋庸置疑

(二)主论先行，后堵偏漏。

当然 ;……不是……而是 ;然而，凡事都有度，过犹不及

1、当然，在历史上尽管也有“近墨而不黑”、昭著史册的人物，如出污泥而不染的屈原、陶渊明;执法惩恶，廉洁自律的包拯、海瑞;屡触权贵洁身自好的郑板桥、刘镛;但毕竟凤毛麟角，为数不多。这些事物特殊现象怎能掩盖外因能促进事物量变向质变转化的一般规律呢。怎能忽视“白沙在涅，与之俱黑;蓬生麻中，不扶自直”、“近朱者赤，近墨者黑”的哲理名言呢?

2、当然，不要轻易说“不”，并不是不能说“不”。如果你面对一潭死水的生活，波澜不起，生命的冲劲早已缺席，人生的斗志也了无踪影，你应该对这样的生存现状勇敢地说“不”。 1999年，高燃以一个中专毕业生的身份只身来到广州打工，又毅然抛弃月薪5000多元稳定工作，多方联系进入一家高考补习班，次年以优异的成绩考入清华大学，后来创办市值上亿元的MYSEE公司。央视记者李小萌采访他，他说，我不想过那种一眼就可以望到头的人生。高燃勇敢地跟平庸的生存状态说“不”，高燃超越了自己，他成功了。

3、我们不要轻易说“不”，并不是去做一个逆来顺受毫无原则的人，面对沉沦的陷阱和惰性的挑衅，我们要勇敢地说“不”;面对厄运的打击、失败的考验和种种执著人生的坚守，我们不要轻易说“不”。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的，坚守早就认定了的。人生的过程是一个超越自己的过程，人生的过程也是一个坚守的过程。

下面是语文迷小编整理提供的100个英语写作句式，欢迎大家阅读参考。

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

【导语】英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。下面关于英语作文的写作方法，一起来阅读下文吧!

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

提分技巧之一

从人生的体会方面去思考，写人一定要写出人生体验。写满分作文最重要的就是要有一种责任感，大的方面不说，自己对自己也是有责任的。其次是家庭责任感，再次是社会责任感，每个人在每个阶段的责任感是不一样的。对于人文精神这一方面的作文，人们会更加关注，也会更加容易得到阅卷老师的喜爱。

提分技巧之二

从哲理思辨角度去思考，要把作文写得有深度，就要带着辩证思维去思考、去挖掘，任何事物之间都是有一定的联系的，比如，成功和失败，它们在表面上看起来，是明显对立的，大家都偏爱成功而讨厌失败，但如果从哲理方面去思考的话，失败也未必就是那么痛苦，失败可以给人经验，让人从经验中再次找到成功的动力，并且时刻提醒自己，一定不能再大意。如果作文内容能够反弹琵琶，那说不定能够收到更好的效果。

提分技巧之三

结合时代特点，任何一个时代都有其自身的特点。所以，同学们在写作文的时候，需要在日常生活中多关注一些时事，看一些报刊评论等等，这样有利于同学们紧跟时代去思考问题。

提分技巧之四

作文素材的累积至关重要。不同的作文题材需要不同的作文素材。所以，对于情感、道德、科技、自然、文化问题等这些方面都需要积累一些。积累的多了，作文也就有题材了，这是满分作文形成的基础。

well-known 众所周知 important 重要的 pollution 污染

focus 面对 benefit 益处 development 发展

society 社会 knowledge 知识 necessary 必要的

opinion 观点 harm 危害 exception 例外

advantage 优点 disadvantage 缺点 serious严峻的

measures 措施 solve 解决 overcome 克服

increase 增加 decrease减少 deny 否认

prefer 喜欢 example 例子 addicted 沉迷

useful 有用的

play an important role in our life在生活中扮演重要角色

with the development of our society 随着社会的发展

bring a lot of benefits 带来很多益处

everything has two sides 任何事物都具有两面性

Become more and more serious 变得越来越严峻

on the contrary 相反 take measures 采取措施

solve this problem 解决这个问题

the best way to 最好的方法

overcome the difficulties 克服困难

be faced with 面对

No one can deny the fact that 没有人能够否认这个事实。。。

in favour of 赞同 支持 For example 例如

become addicted to the Internet 沉迷于网络 All in all 总之

come to the conclusion 得出结论

As far as I am concerned that 就我而言

There is no doubt that 毫无疑问

in a right way 正确的方法

waste a lot of time 浪费时间

游记就是我们一起组织去玩了以后回来老师布置写一篇游记的作文，大部分是这样的，那么我们写游记作文主要抓住那些关键呢。那我们同学在游览之后，怎样把它写下来，而且有充实的、活泼的内容呢?

1、按游览的顺序描写景物。写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来所写看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写的顺序。如课文《参观人民大会堂》，按参观的顺序，依次写了五处的景物。先写大会堂正门的国徽和柱子，其次写中央大厅的天花板和地面，接着写大礼堂，然后写宴会厅和会议厅。这样，就有条理有重点地写下了在大会堂所看到的景物。

2、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。我们在写游览记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头“我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞”。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道 “‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝”。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。

3、抓住游览重点，详写过程。一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记“流水帐”。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们在一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写“菊花”，颜色就有“红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗”等等，菊花的形状就有像 “小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球”等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

在写作文中，我们要懂得运用技巧，下面是小编整理的中考优秀作文写作的5项技巧分享，欢迎阅读。

1、有一个灵活的头脑：造句法、筛选法、换题法。

2、有一张可爱的脸蛋：书写要工整，自己的字能够写多好就必须写多好，不得使用涂改液，不得随意修改，特别是开头、结尾和段落的开头句，不能修改。

3、有一双闪亮的眼睛：好的文题等于成功了一半。参见《中考满分作文拟题技法——眉目传神惹人眼》

4、有一身漂亮的衣装：(1)一个最拿手的题材(适合自己);(2)一个好故事(好布料);(3)一个好结构(好设计);(4)一口流畅、优美的语言(好花纹、好色彩)。

5、有几件精美的饰品：(1)倒叙、描写、引用开头(好发型)(2)结尾：议论反问式、含蓄余味式、赞美抒情式、哲理深思式、名言点睛式、联想做梦式、决心号召式(名鞋);(3)名言名句名作的恰好点缀(钻石哟);(4)用景物描写渲染气氛(如梦的纱巾)。

小升初作文是同学们比较头痛的问题，语文成绩的提高是日积月累的过程，作文的写作同样注重积累。但是了解一些考成作文技巧，拿到作文的高分也是有机会的。下面一起来看一下吧。

一、素材的多角度立意

意大利着名画家达·芬奇的老师对达·芬奇所说的自己画蛋的体会：即使是同一只蛋，只要变换一下角度，形状便立即不同了。这告诉我们对生活中发生的事件我们可以多角度分析。文章源于生活，它的立意亦应多角度进行。

我们以一个发生在同学们身边的事件为例。

今年春天，我和爸爸来到高尔夫球场，第一次学打高尔夫球。看教练做很简单，我按照教练的要求去做，却发现和想象的不同，要么杆碰不上球，要么球出去就偏离了方向，经历了一次次失败，我终于成功了。

就这一事例，我们可从如下角度立意：一、最大的敌人是自己，战胜自己就会走向成功;二、一招一式，看似简单，做起来难，失之毫厘，谬以千里;三、成功需要方法;四、运动带来快乐……

这样，一个素材，可以根据命题的不同，确定立意，设置情节，确定描写重点。但无论从哪个角度立意，打球的动作细节是不能丢的。

二、练习写好文章的细节

学生练习作文的过程中，很多孩子注意了情节的起伏，语言的流畅，但总感觉文章空泛，这是为什么呢?忽视了细节描写。

怎样写好细节，简单地说，细节描写要还原生活，去发现场景细节、服饰细节、语言细节、动作细节、心理细节等，按照生活本来的面目去描摹。一篇文章，恰到好处地运用细节描写，能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用。

如何将“陌生叔叔帮我把车修好”写细，我们首先要还原生活场景，在头脑中勾勒出雪中修车图，再从这一图画中去寻找描写的细节。

这是一位同学的作文片断：“叔叔迅速地摘下手套，用右手拿着链条，左手帮着把链条搬过去，链条一点点地扣上去了，一节一节地扣住了后轮的齿轮。‘咣当’一声，链条滑了出来，这一次努力前功尽弃。我的心咯噔一下，万一叔叔告诉我修不好，我该怎么办呀!可事情并非如我想象，只见叔叔向拢起的双手呵了呵气，又蹲下了身子。他为了不让链条弹开，用右手把链条往前面齿轮上套住，然后右手拉住链条往后齿轮上移，左手护住链条不让它再滑出来。后来，他看到位置有些偏，就用左手把它移正再装，洁白的雪花落在了他冻得通红的满是油污的手上，我知道他的手一定很冷，很冷，可他的心一定很热，很热。终于，链条一节一节地和齿轮扣住了。他猛一转脚踏板，车子居然又完好地转动起来。”文章中最直观的细节是叔叔修车的动作细节，摘、拿、套、拉、护、移、转等动词的使用，写出了叔叔雪中修车的不容易，突出了人物精神。其次应当是外貌细节和心理细节的描写衬托了人物美好的心灵。

每个人观察生活的角度和经历不同，再现的生活场景也就不同，但无论采用怎样的方法，我们达到这样一种境地为最好——做到写人则如见其人，写景则如临其境。

三、整理生活中的素材

努力回忆六年来的校园生活，家庭生活中记忆尤为深刻的小事，哪怕是一次单手磕鸡蛋的经历都不要放过。因为孩子有对生活的观察、积累，有真实的体验、感受，他的表述一定会具体而生动，他所表达的情感一定是真实的。翻翻过去的作文、周记，从多个角度，搜集这样的素材，将细节完整地记录下来，进行分类整理。

有些家长大量地看作文选、杂志，想帮助孩子从上面搬些素材下来。我不大同意这样的做法，因为那不是孩子的生活，他很难像成人一样具有缜密的思维，进行合理的想象情节，他也很难描摹当时的细节，这样的作文不能打动读者。不如让作文选、杂志成为勾起孩子回忆生活的媒介，从与作者相似的经历中挖掘写作素材。如：从作文选上看奶奶为我掖被子的细节，想到冬天，妈妈买药回来，为我滴眼药时怕我嫌凉而搓手的动作，这样一来写母爱的文章就有了素材。

四、努力锤炼文章的语言

佳酿总是经过酿造才有它独特的芳醇，文章也是一样，经过锤炼的语言才是有生命力的语言，孔子说“言之无文，行而不远。”说的就是这个道理。

我们可尝试这样的几种方式，让语言焕发色彩。

在句式变换上下工夫。在表达强烈的情感时，可以将陈述句用反问、设问或感叹句的形式表达。

在准确地运用词汇上下工夫。在文章中可以用一些拟声词来丰富表达;另外，可使用叠词使描绘更加准确，而且能使语言具有节奏感，从而让语言富有音乐美。再有，四字词语和成语的使用，会使语言表达更为简练。

在恰当地运用修辞上下工夫。修辞不但使文章语言生动活泼，而且能调节音节，增强语言的音乐美，提高语言的表达效果。例如：“风追着雨，雨赶着风，风和雨联合起来追赶着天上的乌云，整个天地都处在雨水之中”一句，意思是说“大雨来了”。但是作者使用了拟人的手法，把风、雨当作正在奔跑的人，飞快地追赶天空的乌云，这样一说比“大雨来了”更能表现出雨来的之快、之急、之大。当然，修辞方法还有引用、夸张、排比、设问、反问等等，我们应根据需要采用。

写人，可以直接写头发、画眼睛，使其栩栩如生，这叫直接描写;还可以通过间接的方法写人，如通过第三者的转述介绍某人，通过描写第三者来反衬某人，以写景状物来烘托某人等等。根据描写人物的详略，轻重、着墨的浓淡，我们还可以将人物描写归纳为白描、漫画式勾勒、浓墨重彩细描等等。

一、白描

文字简练单纯，不加渲染烘托。它没有浓烈色彩的描写，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，也不用或少用形容词，依然描写出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，挟着一叠大大小小的书。”(鲁迅《藤野先生》)

寥寥数语，就活化出一位生活俭朴、治学严谨的学者形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

即以夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，将人物勾画成奇形怪状、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小;由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”(王润滋《卖蟹》)

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人;穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发;牙黄羽纱的长衫;隶体‘一’字似的胡须;左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”(阿累《一面》)

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，同学们可以根据写作的需要，灵活地加以运用。

[关于人物写作的技巧

一、话题作文的表述篇──记叙经历

记叙经历，除非命题中有特殊的规定，在一般情况下，既可以写自己的经历，也可以写别人的经历;既可也写自己的亲身体验，也可以写自己的所见所闻，甚至可以编述故事。如果没有特殊规定，选材时就不要自己束缚自己的手脚，把思路仅仅局限在“我”上，而一旦突破“我”的限制，选材的天地就广阔的多了。

首先，要学会描写。①学会观察对象。描写是把事物的状态描绘出来，再现给读者，所以描写之前必须细致观察对象。②学会选择细节。描写再现事物的状态，不是把一切感受到的东西都写出来，而是要有选择地描写，作者要有明确的目的，选择最具表现力的细节，以此再现事物特征。③学会安排结构。写作时要按照一定的步骤，合理地、有序地安排文字，一层层写来，最终形成一个整体形象。④学会修饰语言。讲究修饰的最好手段是多用修辞手法，如比喻、象征、拟人、夸张、对比等。

其次，避平铺直叙。①在材料组合上：可以用三处地点，或三个时段，或三个镜头，或三张照片，或三件物品，或三段经历……来组织全文，并配上小标题，如“童年”“少年”“青年”、“镜头一”“镜头二”“镜头三”等等，以避免平铺直叙;②在结构安排上，可用设置悬念或运用倒叙来增加曲折;③在人称使用上，可以第一人称为主、兼用第二人称;④在表达方式上，可用日记或书信去代替一般化的记叙。

再次，要合理虚构。在记叙经历过程中为了更好地反映生活本质，更好地表现主题，在经得起推敲的前提下，应该进行合理虚构。①移花接木法。在真人真事的基础上改造、拼接、更换，将几个人的特点融于一个人，或将几件事的情节剪辑组合为一件事，或将发生在不同时段性质相同甚至相反的事剪辑到一个相对集中的时间内，使人物与事件更具典型性。②添枝加叶法。真实的事件本身简单、平淡，或只是一个轮廓、梗概，可以此为基本框架，展开想象，补充细节，使人物形象血肉丰满，使事情具体、曲折、生动。

二、话题作文的创新篇──语言求美

作文语言首先要通顺。“语言通顺”就是要用规范的现代汉语，不能用文言或半文半白的语言行文;遣词造句时，句式选用要贴切，努力克服用词不当，修辞不妥，不合语法、逻辑等毛病;词与词之间、句与句之间要上下衔接，一脉贯通，不要尚未理清思路就急于动笔，信口开河，凑字凑句，信手写来;要注意语言表达的方式、目的和交际的场合、对象的差异，把语言表达得准确、清晰、连贯、得体。

在语言通顺的基础上要让高考作文的语言亮起来，语言鲜活有文采，是每个考生都十分渴求的。那么，语言鲜活从何而来?有的是顺手拈来，有的是冥思苦索，但是，最根本的在于自己的文化积淀和语言修养。不读书，不看报，不实践，不思考，不研究新事物，不学习新鲜语言，不锻炼思维的敏锐，腹内空空，思想僵化，那么只能人云亦云，毫无鲜活可言。平日坚持学习积累，不断充实自己的语言仓库，不断进行语言的操练，才能厚积薄发，才能在关键时刻得心应手，写出鲜活的语言来。为此，要在四个方面下功夫：①在词语上下功夫。高考作文要力求词汇丰富，特别要恰当选用最有表现力的定语、状语、补语等修饰语。②在句式上下功夫。要在文中善于变换多种句式，主要包括长短结合、整散结合、恰当使用变式句等。③在修辞上下功夫。充分运用各种修辞手法，是增加文采、提高文章品位的重要手段。④在引用上下功夫。在高考作文中要注意适当引用一些名言警句、口语俗语、优美的诗句、歌词、广告语等，就更加能够增加文采。当然，鲜活语言总是以不同形式显示出力量，这种力量主要来自情感(作者的情感或人物的情感)的力量。

三、话题作文的立意篇──化大为小

话题作文“立意自定、文体自选、题目自拟”的宽泛政策，使有的学生“天马行空”，有的学生有“无从下手”。前者在一个话题中信手走笔，穿梭于几个话题中，什么都写了，什么都不可能写好、写细;后者却只能望话题兴叹。因此，要写好话题作文，在理解话题的基础上还要树立“化大为小”的观念。

化大为小，就是作者通过对话题的整体思考，从宽泛的话题中演绎成一个小角度，从一人一事，一斑一点，一枝一叶，片言只语落笔，联想生发，洞隐烛幽，深入发掘，大题小做，以细小的局部显示宏大的整体，透过平凡的现象挖出不平凡的本质，在叙事写景中透视深刻的人生哲理。话题作文的写作范围非常宽泛，如果仅把话题当作一个僵死的概念，笼而统之去写文章，势必出现内容空泛、文意散漫。所以，要善于在一个宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己选择一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在800字左右的篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。如2000年全国高考作文，要把“答案是丰富多彩的”这样一个大范围“化大为小”，变为一个具体的小范围，如生活态度、辨明是非、意识转变、思维方式、教育改革、道德教养、人物评价、历史反思、职业选择、个性发展等等方面的都可以写。再如，请以“压力”为话题，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的作文。要善于“以问领写”：“什么可以构成压力?”“有没有压力?”“压力来自何方?”“压力带来什么?”“怎样对待压力?”等等，然后自己回答这些问题，从这些回答中选择一二来写文章，达到“化大为小”的目的。可以写压力来自过重负担，也可以写压力来自责任感;可以写压力从无到有，也可以写压力从有到无;可以写压力来自外界，也可以写压力来自自身;可以写在重压下喘不过气来，也可以写变压力为动力;可以写要善于自我减压，也可以写“把压力放在肩上，不要放在心上”等等。要选择其中一个来写，不要贪多，否则会造成东拉西扯，空谈漫议。这样“化大为小”，文章才会“出彩”。

总之，写话题作文不求“面面俱到”但求“一针见血”。笼统而缺乏具体内容，那就只会大而化之，不能给人留下深刻的印象。这种写法只能列入“基本符合题意”的一档，最高得42分;如果大话、套话太多，文句也不够通顺，则很可能只拿个及格分(即36分)，甚至更低。

四、话题作文的思路篇──时空联想

世间万事万物都是在一定的时间内变化、发展着，在一定的空间存在、运动着。而反映客观现实的作文当然也离不开时间和空间范畴。要拓展话题作文的思路也可以从时间和空间这两个角度进行联想。

时间，即过去、现在和未来。可以在特定的时间背景中叙事，也可以将过去和现在进行比较。如2000年全国高考话题作文“答案是丰富多彩的”可以将计划经济的一元化时代与市场经济的多元化时代相比较，也可以将封建时代的一人独尊与现在的民主政治比较，等等。

空间，包括领域、地点、场合等，往往不同的空间背景会赋予话题不同的内容。如“答案是丰富多彩的”可以从领域方面进行拓展：在文学创作上，要提倡百花齐放;在科学探索上，要寻求多种可能性;在哲学界，百家争鸣;在艺术界，流行着各种风格;在教育界，要培养各种各样的人才，等等。

五、话题作文的创新篇──构思求巧

构思是一个比较复杂的过程，所以要善于动脑筋。同时构思并没有一个死的条条框框，它所涉及的种种问题，都是灵活多变，因而构思过程是一个充满创造性的思维过程，是一种创造性的劳动。不同体裁不同类型的文章各有常见的思路模式，在结构安排上往往有明显的轨迹可循，如记叙文的“总—分—总”式，议论文的“并列式”“对照式”“层进式”“总分式”，一般材料议论文和读(观)后感的“引—议—联—结”式等等。构思的意义在于能合理利用材料，充分表现中心思想，构思创新就必须打破常规思维模式，适当变通，制造波澜。

记叙类文章的构思创新。①角度求巧。如果大家都从正面切入，你不妨从反面或侧面切入;大家都着眼整体，你不妨着眼局部;大家都从大处落笔，你不妨来个以小见大，等等。由于立意的独到新颖，常常会产生意想不到的强烈的感染力和振聋发聩的作用，从而读者留下深刻的印象。②顺序求变。如果大家都按事情的发生、发展的顺序组材，你不妨采用倒叙或插叙;大家都先写主后写宾，以突出主的地位，你不妨先宾后主，这同样突出主的地位，等等。③方式求异。如果大家都用第三人称叙述，你不妨用第一人称甚至第二人称;大家以叙述性语言为主，你不妨以描述性语言为主，等等。④结构求活。记叙文结构要灵活多变，一波三折，曲径通幽。激起文章波澜的技法常见的有：一是抑扬法。是指对写作对象或欲扬先抑，或欲抑先扬，然后陡然一转，出乎读者意料，从而使文章产生峰回路转、跌宕起伏的效果。二是悬念法。构成文章悬念的技巧一般为“起悬──垫悬──释悬”。可以用三处地点，或三个时段，或三个镜头，或三张照片，或三件物品，或三段经历……来组织全文，并配上小标题，如“童年”“少年”“青年”、“镜头一”“镜头二”“镜头三”等等，以避免平铺直叙。此外，还可以运用“误会法”“巧合法”等，以引起矛盾，增加波澜，从而深化主题。

不少中学生作文时都没有写提纲的习惯。有的不懂得写提纲的重要性，怕耽误时间，会写而不写；更多的是不会写或不会写合要求的、有用的提纲。作文前应该写好提纲，这是保证作文成功的一项重要举措。老舍先生说：有了提纲心里就有了底，写起来就顺理成章；先麻烦点，后来可省事。由此可见，学会写提纲，养成作文前写提纲的习惯，应该是中学生写作学习的重要任务，是有效提高写作水平的好方法。

提纲犹如工程的蓝图、作战的计划，要力求写得符合要求。有些同学常写1．事情的开始；2．事情的经过；3事情的结果一类的提纲．这太空洞，对作文没有什么用处，不成其为提纲。也有同学把提纲写成文章的内容提要，这又太繁琐，也不好。还有的同学把提纲写得呆板、生硬，缺少变化，缺少特色，这样的提纲当然也不算好提纲，也会严重影响作文的质量。

应该如何写提纲才合要求呢？

一、提纲要切题。例如，有同学写《说功夫不负有心人》的提纲是这样写的：1．有心就是有明确的目的；2．有心就是有正确的方法；3有心就是有认真的态度和创造精神。认真审一下题便可知道，这一种提纲就比较切题。

二、提纲要体现体裁特点。假如要以《门》为题分别写议论文、说明文、记叙文，则其提纲，应该分别体现出不同的体裁特点。

题目预测：

1. 我国人口老龄化现象日趋明显

2. 人口老龄化带来的问题

3. 如何妥善解决人口老龄化问题

参考范文：Aging of the Population

Population officials and demographers have much to worry about China’s increasingly aging population. It is estimated that the proportion of people aged 60 or older in China will rise to 11.8 percent in 2020. By the middle of this century, people aged beyond 60 will take up 27.4 percent of the total population — that means one out of every four people will be senior!

The aging population poses a serious challenge to families and the society. On the one hand, with families becoming smaller and living pace escalating, it is even graver for families to care for aged members adequately. On the other hand, aging causes a relative decline in working force. Consequently, the productivity of the whole society will be affected to some extent.

The rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. There is no doubt that the key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What’s more, family care and community-based services should also be encouraged.

参考译文：

人口官员和人口统计学家担心中国日益老化的人口。据估计,在中国60岁以上的人口比例将上升到2020年的11.8%。到本世纪中叶,年龄超过60岁的人将占总人口的27.4%,这意味着每四个人中就有一个将高级!

老年人对家庭和社会造成严重的挑战。一方面,随着家庭变得较小,生活节奏不断升级,甚至严重的家庭照顾年龄成员充分。另一方面,老化导致工作相对衰落的力量。因此,整个社会的生产力将受到影响在某种程度上。

人口老龄化的速度使采取应对措施变得更为紧迫。毫无疑问,解决问题的关键是建立稳固的经济基础。与此同时,应该重视整体的社会进步,改变落后的状况在社会保障、福利和服务。除此之外,应该鼓励家庭照料和社区服务。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，

(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;

(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;

(3)正文部分;

(4)祝愿的话;

(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

导读：很多学生都不知道如何去写好一篇文章，下面是小编为大家整理的一篇六年级作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读！

一、怎样写人

写人，是小学作文训练的基本功之一。在记叙文中，人和事是不可分的，关键是看题目如何要求。要求写事的题目，文中的人要为事服务；要求写人的题目，文中的事必须为人服务。写人为主的记叙文，就是要通过一件或几件事，来表现人物一种或多种品质。写人的继续文，叙事不要求完整；记事的记叙文，虚实要求完整，而且要贯穿文章始终。

（一）通过一件事来写人

通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，对所写人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。但是，从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映此人某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。 在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的“小中见大”。

（二）通过几件事写人

可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质；二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。 要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件（起因、经过、结果），一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。更多的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写；有的事略写；有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。 通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。

（三）学会刻画人物

写人的文章要会在叙事的过程中，对最能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。

1. 也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象；通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份；通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界；通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。

总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。

2. 语言描写有对话和独白两种。

对话是两个人或几个人的谈话；独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到“闻其言，见其人”的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中；二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。 对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号；说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号；前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号；只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。

3. 动作描写

是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓“听其言，观其行”，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写“活”的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢？

首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。

其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写“活”。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。

4.心理描写

心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据；人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理；心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务；在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。

小学生作文时，大多采用第一人称（“我”活“我们”），采用这种人称作文，就不能用“他想” 的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为“我”不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式--在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。

心理描写除了用“我想”之外，还可以采用以下几种方法。

（1）提出问题，引入所想的内容。

（2）使用假设，流露心理活动。

（3）字里行间，流露着“想”。

（4）直接抒发心中所想。

二、怎样写事

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

（一）怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

（二）怎样写活动 活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。 在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

三、怎样写景

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。写景的记叙文有什么特点呢？

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了.

（三）要借助想象和联想

（四）写景要抒情

写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。

四、怎样状物

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

（一）怎样写物品

1.抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地（制造材料）等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2.按照一定的顺序写

（1）按总一分一总的顺序写。

（2）按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

（3）有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3.状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

（二）怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢？

1.写外形

首先，观察小动物（包括昆虫）的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生“像--”、“犹如--”、“仿佛--”等喻词的使用。

2.写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也 感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

（三）怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢？首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状（外形）特征；再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1.可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等；描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3.写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4.以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5.托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

五、怎样写游记

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。

（一）写游记必须写清游踪

要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。

（二）要留心观察

观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近；或从上到下，从下到上；或从里到外，从外到里；或从中间到两边，从两边到中间；或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。

（三）要做记录

学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。 在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

[关于六年级作文的写作技巧

all the same 仍然,照样的

as regards 关于,至于

anything but 根本不

as a matter of fact 实际上

apart from 除...外(有/无)

as a rule 通常,照例

as a result(of) 因此,由于

as far as ...be concerned 就...而言

as far as 远至,到...程度

as for 至于,关于

as follows 如下

as if 好像,仿怫

as good as 和...几乎一样

as usual 像平常一样,照例

as to 至于,关于

all right 令人满意的;可以

as well 同样,也,还

as well as 除...外(也),即...又

aside from 除...外(还有)

at a loss 茫然,不知所措

at a time 一次,每次

at all 丝毫(不),一点也不

at all costs 不惜一切代价

at all events 不管怎样,无论如何

at all times 随时,总是

at any rate 无论如何,至少

at best 充其量,至多

at first 最初,起先

at first sight 乍一看,初看起来

at hand 在手边,在附近

at heart 内心里,本质上

at home 在家,在国内

at intervals 不时,每隔...

at large 大多数,未被捕获的

at least 至少

at last 终于

at length 最终,终于

at most 至多,不超过

at no time 从不,决不

by accident 偶然

at one time 曾经,一度;同时

at present 目前,现在

at sbs disposal 任...处理

at the cost of 以...为代价

at the mercy of 任凭...摆布

at the moment 此刻,目前

at this rate 照此速度

at times 有时,间或

back and forth 来回地,反复地

back of 在...后面

before long 不久以后

beside point 离题的,不相干的

beyond question 毫无疑问

by air 通过航空途径

by all means 尽一切办法,务必

by and by 不久,迟早

by chance 偶然,碰巧

by far 最,...得多

by hand 用手,用体力

by itself 自动地,独自地

by means of 用,依靠

by mistake 错误地,无意地

by no means 决不,并没有

by oneself 单独地,独自地

by reason of 由于

by the way 顺便说说

by virtue of 借助,由于

by way of 经由,通过...方法

due to 由于,因为

each other 互相

even if/though 即使,虽然

ever so 非常,极其

every now and then 时而,偶尔

every other 每隔一个的

except for 除了...外

face to face 面对面地

一、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

二、写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”;

张三无可奈何地说：“……”;

张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

三、写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?”

按照蒋老师“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

四、就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!蒋老师此言一出震惊四座。不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

五、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼?

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

六、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

七、要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”(一句话把文章就给写完了)

学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

八、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了!

怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

九、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“”

这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

十、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

蒋老师认为，孩子学习写作一般要走过4个阶段：1、写作并不神秘;2、写作需要技巧;3、写作强调个性;4、写作就是生活。一些孩子在大量读写中，在老师的帮助下会顺利走到第三阶段，甚至第四阶段;但是也有很大一批孩子无法跨越第二阶段。传授的技巧就是针对这些部分孩子。家长完全可以在家里运用以上技巧对孩子进行有针对性的训练。而对于那些已经走到第三、第四阶段的孩子，爸爸妈妈需要做的就是保证他们大量的阅读，鼓励他们。

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径：

１．问题现状

２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

在考试中你对作文有什么好的技巧呢，下面是小编整理的语文写作九大得分技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。