英语四级写作技巧方法最新20篇

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了!

1、书写工整，拿到卷面分，更拿到印象分;

2、标题鲜明，不仅要扣题，更要不“土气”;

3、开篇和结尾可以根据时间状况选择先打草稿，争取简练精彩，展示扣题和文采。(不仅改卷老师印象好，更能降低偏离主题的风险);

4、文章分段比例安排好。(小编有一句：每段不要超5行，开头结尾2行半，整篇文章5、6段);

5、材料鲜活，这需要平时高质量的积累和阅读;

6、锤炼语言，要有几句精炼的有内涵的语句升华主题，增加文章的思想深度。(这需要大量的积累，和一定思辨能力)

7、时间分配要合理，要有时间观念，要留出充裕作文时间进行充足的思考。(最好确保至少几分钟的审题时间)，同时也要注意时间安排，把握节奏。

8、注意不要写错别字，按往年标准是1字1分(不重复)，扣满5分!有时间的同学要进行检查。

9、一定要满足字数条件，不足者按往年标准，是每50字1分扣的!

实在想不出来时间又紧迫的，要智取：“无病呻吟”法、”翻来覆去“法等等(多发感慨、换个语句说法来阐述同个意思);

时间非常紧迫，无计可施也只能采取下策争取：”铺天盖地法“(多用字符，数行一段)。

专业技术自我评价，应该属于总结类的文章，与一般的总结类文章差不多。但也有独特的特点，是职称评审重要组成部分，是评委评价自己的重要依据，也是自己水平、能力、成果的展示，同时也是任职以来重要经验总结。总结写得好不好，影响到专家对你的评价，也会影响到自己能不能通过。所以写好专业技术总结很重要。

申报职称的自我评价如何写?

一是先简要介绍自己是基本情况，如现任职称、任职时间、毕业学校、政治面貌、现从事的专业技术工作。担任那些社会职务。

二是自己政治思想，工作态度，履行岗位职责情况。

三是详细地叙述自己任职以来从事的专业技术工作。即主持那些课题，课题进展，有那些创新，取得那些突破，通过那类鉴定，获得什么奖励，专家对此评价。

四是发表那些论文。五是获得的奖励。

一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导

1．基础英语：

基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。

2．翻译英语：

翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。

凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。

词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。

英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。

凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。

3．百科：

先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。

接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。

最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。

最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。

二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读

（一）、参考书的阅读方法

（1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。

（2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能

够闭上眼睛的时候，眼前出现完整的知识体系。

（3）问题法：将自己所学的知识总结成问题写出来，每章的主标题和副标题都是很好的出题素材。尽可能把所有的知识要点都能够整理成问题。

（二）、学习笔记的整理方法

（1）第一遍学习教材的时候，做笔记主要是归纳主要内容，最好可以整理出知识框架记到笔记本上，同时记下重要知识点，如假设条件，公式，结论，缺陷等。记笔记的过程可以强迫自己对所学内容进行整理，并用自己的语言表达出来，有效地加深印象。第一遍学习记笔记的工作量较大可能影响复习进度，但是切记第一遍学习要夯实基础，不能一味地追求速度。第一遍要以稳、细为主，而记笔记能够帮助考生有效地达到以上两个要求。并且在后期逐步脱离教材以后，笔记是一个很方便携带的知识宝典，可以方便随时查阅相关的知识点。

（2）第一遍的学习笔记和书本知识比较相近，且以基本知识点为主。第二遍学习的时候可以结合第一遍的笔记查漏补缺，记下自己生疏的或者是任何觉得重要的知识点。再到后期做题的时候注意记下典型题目和错题。

（3）做笔记要注意分类和编排，便于查询。可以在不同的阶段使用大小合适的不同的笔记本。也可以使用统一的笔记本但是要注意各项内容不要混杂在以前，不利于以后的查阅。同时注意编好页码等序号。另外注意每隔一定时间对于在此期间自己所做的笔记进行相应的复印备份，以防原件丢失。统一的参考书书店可以买到，但是笔记是独一无二的，笔记是整个复习过程的心血所得，一定要好好保管。

三、北京理工大学翻译硕士复试分数线是多少？

北京理工大学翻译硕士复试分数线是355分，政治和外语最低55分；业务课1和业务课2最低83分。

北京理工大学翻译硕士复试的笔试科目有:中译英、英译中。

北京理工大学方医生硕士复试面试内容有如下两项:

1、口试：包括就所给题目发表自己的观点和看法；

2、听译：英译汉、汉译英。

考研复试面试不用担心，凯程老师有系统的专业课内容培训，日常问题培训，还要进行三次以上的模拟面试，确保你能够在面试上游刃有余，很多老师问题都是我们在模拟面试准备过的。

四、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研初试参考书是什么

北京理工大学翻译硕士初试参考书很多人都不清楚，这里凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士王牌老师给大家整理出来了，以供参考：

庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》，北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

张培基，《英译中国现代散文选》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999。

杨月蓉，《实用汉语语法与修辞》，重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1999。

叶 朗，《中国文化读本》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008。

卢晓江，《自然科学史十二讲》，北京：中国轻工业出版社，2007。

夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》，上海复旦大学出版社，2010

提示：以上书比较多，有些书的具体内容是不需要看的，凯程授课老师届时会给大家详细讲解每个重点的内容，减少大家盲目复习。

五、北京理工大学翻译硕士辅导班有哪些？

对于翻译硕士考研辅导班，业内最有名气的就是凯程。很多辅导班说自己辅导北京理工大学翻译硕士，您直接问一句，北京理工大学翻译硕士参考书有哪些，大多数机构瞬间就傻

眼了，或者推脱说我们有专门的专业课老师给学生推荐参考书，为什么当场答不上来，因为他们根本就没有辅导过北京理工大学翻译硕士考研，更谈不上有翻译硕士的考研辅导资料，考上北京理工大学翻译硕士的学生了。

在业内，凯程的翻译硕士非常权威，基本上考清华北京理工大学翻译硕士的同学们都了解凯程，凯程有系统的考研辅导班，及对北京理工大学翻译硕士深入的理解，在北京理工大学深厚的人脉，及时的考研信息。凯程近几年有很多学员考取了北京理工大学翻译硕士，毫无疑问，这个成绩是无人能比拟的。并且，在凯程网站有成功学员的经验视频，其他机构一个都没有。同学们不妨实地考察一下。

六、北京理工大学翻译硕士英语笔译专业介绍

北京理工大学翻译硕士学费总额是1.6万元，学制二年。

北京理工大学翻译硕士的奖学金政策如下：

国家助学金硕士6000元/年；

学校助学金硕士4000元/年；

学业奖学金覆盖比例超过40%，硕士8000元/年。

另外，优秀研究生还可申请国家奖学金及社会捐助奖学金。学校还设有助教、助管、助研岗位，供研究生选择。

北京理工大学翻译硕士英语笔译方向考试科目如下：

①101思想政治理论

②211翻译硕士英语

③357英语翻译基础

④448汉语写作与百科知识

七、北京理工大学翻译硕士就业怎么样？

当今，MTI翻译硕士作为新生的专业越来越“热门”，由于社会对翻译硕士专业人才需求量原来越大，所以每年报考翻译硕士的考生数量成倍增长。据北京理工大学发布的毕业生就业质量报告显示，北京理工大学翻译硕士毕业生总体就业率达到了98.44%。

而且当前，国内专业翻译人员较少，而且小语种众多，一般来讲每人可精通仅一两种。加之各个行业专业术语繁多，造成能够胜任中译外的高质量工作人才明显不足。所以翻译硕士可以说是当前较为稳定的热门专业之一。

由此来看，北京理工大学翻译硕士就业前景非常不错，北京理工大学翻译硕士的含金量很大，现在经济贸易的国际化程度越来越高，对翻译的需求也是很大的，这种专业性人才是非常有市场的，只要能力够就业很轻松，工资也很高。

八、北京理工大学翻译硕士难度大不大，跨专业的人考上的多不多?

近些年翻译硕士很火，尤其是像北京理工大学这样的著名学校。北京理工大学翻译硕士的招生人数为16人。总体来说，北京理工大学翻译硕士招生量相对较大，考试难度相对不高。根据凯程从北京理工大学研究生院内部的统计数据得知，北京理工大学翻译硕士的考生中90%是跨专业考生，在录取的学生中，基本都是跨专业考的。

在考研复试的时候，老师更看重跨专业学生的能力，而不是本科背景。其次，翻译硕士考试科目里，百科，翻译及基础本身知识点难度并不大，跨专业的学生完全能够学得懂。即使本科学翻译的同学，专业课也不见得比你强多少（大学学的内容本身就非常浅）。凯程考研每年都有大量二本三本学生考取的，所以记住重要的不是你之前学得如何，而是从决定考研起就要抓紧时间完成自己的计划，下定决心，就全身心投入，要相信付出总会有回报。在凯程辅导班里很多这样三凯程生，都考的不错，主要是看你努力与否。

九、如何调节考研的心态

稳定的心态：其实我觉得只要做到全力以赴，然后中间不徘徊、不彷徨，认定目标，心态基本上都是稳定的，成功的学生，除了刚开始纠结于考不考得上这个问题紧张心绪不稳定之外，后来都挺稳定的，至少从表面上看上去是这样的，或许内心深处还是不太稳定的，而且偶尔还是会出现抓狂的情况，不过很快就好了。

效率与时间：要记住效率第一,时间第二，就是说在保证效率的前提下再去延长复习的时间，不要每天十几个小时，基本都是瞌睡昏昏地过去的，那还不如几小时高效率的复习，大家看高效的学生，每天都是六点半醒，其实这到后面已经是一种习惯，都不给自己设置闹铃，自然醒，不过也不是每天都能这么早醒来，一周两周都会出现一次那种睡到八九点的情况，我想这是身体的需要的，所以从来也不刻意强制自己每天都准时起来，这是我的想法，还有就是当你坐在桌前感觉学不动的时候,出去听听歌或者看看新闻啥的放松放松。

坚定的意志：考研是个没有硝烟的持久战，在这场战争中，你要时刻警醒，不然随时都会有倒下的可能。而且，它不像高考那样，每天都有老师催着，每个月都会有模拟考试检验着。所以你不知道自己究竟是在前进还是在退步、自己的综合水平是在提高还是下降。而且，和你一起的研友基本都没有跟你考同一个学校同一个专业的，你也不知道你的对手是什么水平。很长一段时间，都感觉不到自己的进步。而且，应该在自己的手机音乐播放器里存一些特别励志的歌曲，休息期间可以听听，让自己疲惫下来的心理瞬间又满血复活。在凯程，不断有测试，有排名，你就知道自己处于什么位置，找到差距，就能充足能量继续复习。

最后，无论以何种方法复习，考生都要全身心投入，这样才能取得好成绩。相信广大考生对于北京理工大学翻译硕士都有自己的理解，也希望以上内容能够给考生带来帮助。凯程考研祝大家考研顺利!

一分耕耘一分收获。加油！

“写作的实质，就是对自身储备的一种综合调动。”笔者认为，这种储备，是写作学所说的素材，是心理学所指的经过感知的客观事物在头脑中再现的形象，即表象。这种综合调动，是写作主体通过观察、积累、回忆、联想、想像等动态的、内在的、心灵的运动过程，促进各种表象的交流、再现、创新，上升为思想、观念，然后形诸语言文字，把它们表现出来。

一、观察分析，储备表象

巧妇难为无米之炊，这是常识；无本之木、无源之水，是不存在的。目前，许多中学生感到作文难，其中一个主要的原因，就是他们对社会生活没有留心观察，或视而不见，或熟视无睹，以致头脑里所存留的关于客观事物的表象材料少，没有东西可写。因此，教师应该特别注意培养学生稳定而广泛的兴趣，激发学生对现实生活的好奇心、观察力和思考力，强化训练，使学生学会收集材料、储备表象。

“和氏之璧”一而再地被贬为“石头”，是因为人们欠缺高深的辨别力；金银盾有人说它是金盾，有人说它是银盾，争论不休，是因为观察不全面；一张多色图案，有人却说它是单色的，是因为这人患了色盲症。这就说明，同一客观事物反映在人头脑中的表象是不同的，有正误之分，有真伪之别，有妍媸之异，这与人的知识能力、经验体会、思想观念等有关。若储备在脑子里的表象是片面的、错误的，再现在语言文字上自然有损于文章的质量。所以，教师指导学生作文，首先要培养学生正确的人生观、价值观，提高美丑、善恶、真伪、正误的辨别力，以正确认识社会现实，准确全面地反映社会现实。

二、调动储备，引出表象

在写作主体综合调动自身储备的过程中，第二个重要环节是“引出表象”。

所谓“引出表象”，就是写作时，写作主体在充分占有材料的基础上，选取最佳的表象材料。那么，怎样才能引出表象呢？

1.能引出表象的有直观事物和语言符号。

看见别人吃酸梅时，就引起以前吃酸梅的映象在脑子里再现、复活，再传递到味觉神经，口水就会流出来。这是由眼前事物诱发的表象活动。“谈虎色变”和“望梅止渴”这两则成语故事，并没有看到实况，而只是听别人说说，就产生了变脸色和生津液的效果，这是由于语言（文字）的中介作用，联想到过去所遇到的情况，而有了身临其境之感。

2.要引出表象，就要具备以下三个条件：

第一，对客观事物要感知得多，最起码要有过类似的生活体验。有人说“虎伤人，众皆不惊”，是由于众人没有被老虎吓唬过；田夫色动异于众，是因为田夫曾被虎伤过。

第二，要有强烈的刺激性。刺激性越强的事物越容易引起表象的复活、再现。酸梅比香蕉更易引发口水流出，是由于酸梅容易引起感官和大脑的反应。

第三，在急需时，也容易引出表象，特别是生理上感到不足时，更容易引出表象。例如，饥饿时看见人家吃饭，就会流口水。

3.引出表象的主要心理活动是回忆和联想。看到先人的衣物，就会产生思念、悲恸之情。参观烈士陵园和烈士纪念馆，就会回忆起烈士的英雄事迹。读文学作品，就会产生身临其境、耳闻其声之感，这些都是靠回忆和联想而产生的。

所以，教师在作文教学中，应巧设练习，以帮助学生调动储备，引出表象，更好地为文章主题组织材料。常见且效果较好的练习方法有：

①触景生情法；②直观诱导法；③抛砖引玉法；④范文导引法。

三、大胆想像，努力创新

借助表象进行想像而创造出新的形象，常用的有以下几种方法。

1.组合法。把几个同类表象组合在一起，概括出新的形象、新的意旨，这是一种常见的写作方法。

2.移植法。这是把人物形象典型化的行之有效的方法之一。一种是专以生活中的某一个人物原型为基础进行想像而创造出新形象的方法；还有一种是在广泛地集中、概括各种表象材料的基础上，塑造新的形象，即鲁迅先生的“杂取种种人合成一个”的方法。通过这种移植法创造出的新形象所反映的生活，会更集中、更有普遍的代表性。

3.类比法。类比法是根据两个对象之间某些方面的相同或相似，而推出它们的其他方面也可能相同或相似的一种方法。

4.改变法。改变法是给现有表象再加上或减去一些表象材料，或把原材料扩缩范围，或改变想像角度，或用别的表象材料来转换、代替等。这样的方法能有效地把握住写作中心，选取出最佳题材，创造出富有个性、富有新意的文章来。

Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.职业的选择很重要

2. 如何明智的选择自己的职业

3. 你的职业选择。

作文范文

Every individual faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduating from university, which is of great importance in ones whole life. An appropriate occupation makes a man work with vigor and zest. Besides, it is beneficial for both the individual and the country。

To make an advisable choice, a graduate should take into account at least two aspects, namely, individual interest and the demand of the society. Only when the two aspects are connected, can a man show his ability and talent to the best advantage. If the two factors conflict, the former, in most cases, should give way to the latter, for it is interests that stimulate ones vigor and potentials。

In regard to my choice in the future, I want to work as an interpreter. I am keen on learning foreign languages, English in particular. Moreover, in the contemporary society, international exchange in economy and culture has been growing significantly. However, competent interpreters are far from enough. So I am determined to be a qualified interpreter。

[大学英语四级考试预测作文职业选择

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，下面是小编为大家整理的人物描写方法，希望能帮到您！

人物的描写是根据描写的对象，主要分为外貌（肖像、衣着、神态）、语言描写、动作描写、人物心理描写以及生活细节的描述。写人，可以直接写头发、画眼睛，使其栩栩如生，这叫直接描写；还有一种方法那就是间接描述，比如他人转述，通过别人来反衬，以景衬人等等。根据对对象的轻重，简略、着墨的浓淡，除此之外，人物描写还可归纳为白描、漫画式勾勒、浓墨重彩细描等等。

一、白描

利用言简意赅的文字，不加渲染烘托。不用色彩修饰，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，最大限度的少用形容词，单纯的描出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，胳膊下挟着一叠大小不一的书籍。”《藤野先生》——鲁迅

寥寥数语，变形象而又生动的描绘了他的简朴生活和对教学的治学严谨形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

用以极其夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，把人物塑造为形态各异、千奇百怪、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小；由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”（王润滋《卖蟹》）

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人；穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发；牙黄羽纱的长衫；隶体‘一’字似的胡须；左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”（阿累《一面》）

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。

修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。

1.对比正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。

1)如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：

Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.(注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

2)如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：

The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.(注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：

They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.(注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：

It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.(注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果)

5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：

We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.(注：句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果)

2.排比英文中有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：

Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. 3.重复英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。

1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：

Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to)

2)如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：

We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.)

3)如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：

I am convinced that we can succeed，and Iam convinced that we must succeed.(注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)

4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：

We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.(注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.)

4.倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：

Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances. 5.转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。

1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：

What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.(注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词)

2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：

Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.(注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)

3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：

I am reading Shakespeare.(注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)

4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：

A hand is needed here.(注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人)

5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：

A great misfortune crept over the whole city.(注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化)

6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：

This is really a great stupid idea.(注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味)

7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：

I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.(注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)

写好记叙文，应掌握记叙的四个要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件。下面是小编分享的关于小学生写景记叙文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读！

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了.

（三）要借助想象和联想

（四）写景要抒情

写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。

（五）怎样状物

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

在多年的雅思教学中，我发现学生在实际考试中面临着不同的写作障碍，影响了考试成绩，雅思考试中应该如何克服写作障碍。归纳起来大致有以下几个方面:

一、真情流露，无从下笔；

有的考生在考试时见到作文题，顿感思路塞车，好像有许多话要说，但又不知究竟应从那里写起。明智的做法是“投其所好、尽情发挥。”考生不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落，一篇250词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大概只说那么几句话，事实上往往是说得越多错误越多。因此，每句话紧扣提纲，见好就收,这才是最稳妥的对策。

二、心里明白，难以表达；

在考场上有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也明白，就是不知道该说什么，头脑里一片空白。这是在雅思写作考试中的一种常见的现象，针对这一现象，最有效的办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实，具体的例证和具体的现象。事实上，雅思的作文题目一定是一个具有社会普遍型话题，其目的是让不同教育背景的考生都有话可说。因此，考生一定能就题目联想起具体细小的事情再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。

因此，当头脑出现空白时，应该由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下功夫多练习。

三、一味追求标新立异，导致无从下笔；

考试时通常发现有的考生聚精会神的坐在那里冥思苦想，非要想出一个与众不同的观点。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误，参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应在35分钟之内完成,再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了，就是因为他太进入角色了，这是考试中一个很大的误区。

考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式，考查考生的英语水平如何，其它英语写作《雅思考试中应该如何克服写作障碍》。命题人关注的是书面表达能力，而不是看一个人有没有内容，思想有没有深度，所以“一味追求标新立异”是没有必要的。

四、构思、写作不统一，落实有困难；

实事求是的讲，要求考生完全运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。很多考生在实际写作过程中，脑子里想的是中文句子，然后再把中文句子译成英文。因此采用“得其意，忘其形”的方法，忘掉中文的语法结构，句法形式则可能要整个地打乱.，“钻进去，跳出来”。所谓“钻进去”就是要看意思是否到位了，“跳出来”就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文，关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。

针对构思、写作不统一，落实有困难情况。必须摒弃翻译中追求一一对应的关系，并机械地把中文译成英文的方法，应该把中文句子结构彻底地忘记，然后用比较简单的“万能”英语表达。平时不妨做一做这样的练习，通过阅读不认识词条的英文注解，然后试着把单词译成中文词，再去对照英汉词典的汉语释义，慢慢地就会开始领会用英语表达的门道了。

五、被动心态压抑新构思。

尽管雅思考试作文为规定式命题，但考生仍可积极主动地发挥。其主动性在于采取回避的策略，表达上采取迂回的方式，即运用不很复杂的语言。内容的取舍上避重就轻地写比较易于表达的内容。很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态，当有内容想要表达清楚的时候，却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好，只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西，只会产生于己不利的负面影响。所以，当有的内容感觉一点找不着，英语实在表达不清楚的时候，就应该彻底地放弃。单词拼写错误也是雅思考试作文写作的一大问题。常用单词是不能拼错的，有的单词平时会拼写，考试时突然没把握了，不妨换一下或许还能想起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的来代替。应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词。如果没法换一个词，将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号，或者把两种可能都写上，让判卷老师选择，这个方法是不可取的。

总之，不能让自己陷人被动，想说什么，用什么方式说。说多少，说到什么程度。一切都应由考生主动把握，这样才会减少心理上的压力，更好地发挥出自己应有的写作水平。

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

In recent days，we have to face I problem——A，which is becoming more and more serious. First，——（说明A的现状）。Second，——（举例进一步说明现状）

Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，——（解决方法一）。 For another ——（解决方法二）。 Finally， ——（解决方法三）。

Personally， I believe that ——（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——（带来的好处）。

一、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，指导老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼?

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

二、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

三、不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!指导老师此言一出震惊四座。不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，阅卷老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

四、写说不单写“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”;

张三无可奈何地说：“……”;

张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

五、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

六、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了!

怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

七、写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?”

按照指导老师“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

八、要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词。某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”(一句话把文章就给写完了)

学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

九、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“”

这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

十、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

我们都知道，想在小升初英语写作拿高分，就要摸透老师的喜好，引起“读者”的注意。而在写作中句子偏长恰恰会适得其反，很容易让人漏听一、两个单词，影响对整个句子的理解，所以我们要教大家一些化繁为简的技巧——

1、巧用单个词：即用一个单词代替一组意义相同的单词。比如：

用forget(忘记)代替do not remember(没有记住)

用ignore(忽视)代替do not pay attention to(不注意)

用now(现在)代替at this point in time(此时此刻)

用because(由于)代替due to the fact that(鉴于下列事实)

2、省略同义词或近义词。比如在下面例句中，形容词important(重要的)和significant(有重要意义的)，就是两个同义词(也可以说是近义词)，我们可以省略important，只保留significant。

The government project is important and significant.(这项政府计划是重要的，有重要意义。)

The government project is significant.(这项政府计划有重要意义。)

3、在不改变句子含义的前提下，省略所有可以省略的单词。比如在下面例句中，the cover of the book(书的封面)可以省略成the book cover，is red in color(是红色的)可以省略成is red。

The cover of the book is red in color.(书的封面是红色的)

The book cover is red.(书的封面是红色的)

现在我们把这三种方法结合起来，将一个冗长、绕嘴的句子，改写成一个简短、易懂的句子。

University malls must be accessible and free from congestion in order that students, faculty and employees may have unobstructed passage through those areas of the campus.(校内道路必须是便于通行的，不拥堵的，以便让学生、教师和职员能够无阻碍地通过，到达校园的各处。)

University malls must be free enough from congestion to allow people to walk through easily.(校内道路不应当拥堵，以便人们顺利通行。)

4、用介词短语替代从句。比如：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

5、删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语。比如：

原句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

导语：我们在写作的时候说明文有什么样的写作技巧呢？以下是小编为大家分享的小学说明文的写作技巧，欢迎借鉴！

说明文，即用来解释或说明事物、理论、方法、过程或某种抽象概念的文章。说明文的基本目的就是说清楚。也就是说，要让人看了文章后对文章中解释或说明的对象有清晰明确的认识。这就决定了说明文的基本特征是客观和科学。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以“水”为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。

说明文的特点

说明文是一种对事物作客观说明的一种文体，目的在于给予读者知识。中学生对说明文的写作最感头痛，往往举步维艰。其实，说明文的写作并非像同学们所害怕的那样，只要理顺了头绪，把阅读说明文和写作说明文结合起来，以阅读课文为写作借鉴的范例，多观察、多分析、多练习，就能逐步学会选用恰当的说明方法，正确而有条理地说明事物的特征

第一，要写好一篇说明文，首先得分清说明文和记叙文的区别。说明文的写作是授人以知，让人明白，记叙文写作目的是以情感人、让人动情。说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识，说明是手段。说明文与议论文的区别，主要在于说明文的目的主要是说明，议论文的目的则主要是说理；说明文要求把实体事物或抽象事理本身的情况说清楚，议论文则要求提出个人对议论对象的看法或主张

第二，要完成一篇说明文，须将说明文的特点烂熟于心。说明文的特点主要有说明性、知识性、科学性、实用性。只有很好地掌握了说明文的这些特点，才能将说明文写好

第三，须将说明文的类型分清楚，如果从内容上而言，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文，如果从表达方式上分，可以分为平实说明文和科学小品文事物说明文：以具体事物为说明对象，将事物是怎样的作为说明重点，对事物的状态、性质、功能、构造、发展变化等特征，进行科学说明。事理说明文：以事物的发生，发展变化以及相互联系的成因等为说明对象的说明文，说清怎么样和为什么，使人不仅知其然，还要知其所以然平实性说明文：是指用平实、简洁、明白的语言对事物的外形，内部结构，功用及种属关系加以较客观的说明，用词造句一般不带感情色彩和主观倾向，很少使用描写，更少使用修辞手法。

阿•托尔斯泰认为：“小小说是训练作家最好的学校。”微型小说又名小小说，超短篇小说，一分钟小说。过去它作为短篇小说的一个品种而存在， 后来的发展使它已成为一种独立的文学样式，其性质被界定为“介于边缘短篇小说和散文之 间的一种边缘性的现代新兴文学体裁”。下面是小编为你带来的微型小说写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

微型小说在写作上追求的目标是四个字：微、新、密、奇。

微

微。指的是篇幅微小，不超过一千五百个字。因此，构思和行文时必须注意字句的 凝炼，不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如马克•吐温的《丈夫支出帐本中的一页》。全文只有七行字，却具有长篇小说的全部情节。

新

新。指的是立意新颖，风格清新。星新一写作一分钟小说，就极力追求“新”。他写道： “有些评论家把我的小说与美国的超短篇小说(Short-Short)混为一谈，这是不妥当的。 我是受了美国超短篇小说的影响。但是没有完全依靠，而是发挥了自己独特的风格和技巧。 我的小说强调一个‘新’字，给读者以新题材、新知识，甚至让他们感到惊讶!”(星新一《一分钟小说选》)为此，他常常借助于童话、寓言、科幻、推理等手法，通过非现实的题材或 现实题材的非现实笔法，反映他在现实生活中的独特的感觉，表现清新的主题，如他的《保 修》。 当然，微型小说的立意和其它形式的小说作品一样，有时并不是一眼能看出的，有时主题并 非一个，是多元化的，这都是可以的。例如美国著名科幻作家弗里蒂克•布朗写的一篇被称 为世界上最短的科学幻想小说：“地球上最后一个人独自坐在房间里，这时忽然响起了敲门声……”就写得十分别致而耐人寻味。

密

密。指的是结构严密。微型小说的作者在结构上，应力求时间、场所、人物都尽可 能地压缩、集中，使作品结构简练、精巧，如同微雕工艺品那样。因此，特别要在选材、剪裁和布局上下功夫。

奇

奇。指的是结尾要新奇巧妙，出人意料。微型小说的特点多半在于一个“奇”字。 中外作家的许多优秀作品就常在结尾处使人拍案叫绝。如邵宝健的《永远的门》的结尾就出人意料。

写作练习：旅游活动（中段考范文）

【单元财富运用】

假定你是李华，上周末和家人开车去大角湾度假。请你根据以下要点，给你的美国朋友Tom介绍你的旅游经历。

1. 出发时间：周六早上7点；

2. 准备物品：零食、衣服、相机等；

3. 旅游活动：游泳，欣赏海水、海滩、日出和日落等美景，吃海鲜，买纪念品；

4. 你的感受。

【注意】：1. 词数100；

2. 开头已给出，但不计入总词数；

3. 可以适当增加节，以使行文连贯。

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

步骤1：认真审题，提炼要点。

一定体裁：记叙文，记叙一次旅游活动

二定时态：旅游发生在过去，因此描述旅游前的准备和过程都应该采用一般过去

时；而感想则可以用一般现在时或现在完成时。

三定要点：结合写作内容，整理和罗列要点。

表达旅游活动的常用词汇：

步骤2：整合信息，连词成句。

1. 星期六早上7点开车出发。

_____________________________________________________________________

2. 准备好零食、衣服、相机等。

__________________________________________________________________

3. 在海滩游泳，欣赏海水日出和日落等美景。

__________________________________________________________________

4. 吃海鲜，买纪念品；

___________________________________________________________________

5. 谈感受。

___________________________________________________________________

步骤3：连句成段，用上适当的关联词。

not only…but also…, where, what’s more /besides / in addition, then, because…..

【我的作文】

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

在写作文的时候都会有这样的疑问：什么叫“有文采”？作文怎样做到“有文采”？下面是小编整理的高考作文7个写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读！

一、化抽象为形象

请比较下面两个句子：

1．繁忙的工作之后，女孩开始有些想家了。

2．繁忙的工作之后，女孩喜欢一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳。（颜文静《寻人启事》）

两句话虽然都表达“女孩想家了”，但前一句只是一般性的交代，“想家”是抽象的、模糊的，而后一句是通过女孩“一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳”的意象，蕴蓄思念萦怀、感伤别离的孤独感、凄凉感的，很容易使人想起“乡书何处达？归雁洛阳边”“断送一生憔悴，只消几个黄昏”之类的诗句，所以给人的印象特别深。

二、化静态为动态

莱辛在《拉奥孔》中说，动态之美是一纵即逝却令人百看不厌的美，比一般的美能产生更强烈的效果。正因为如此，对那些静态的事物，我们要善于“化静为动”，使之富有生气，充满活力。例如孔孚的《千佛山龙泉洞某佛前即景》，是这样描写佛像和绿苔的：

他微笑着，看苔爬上脚趾，他微笑着，听苔跃上双膝，他微笑着，任苔侵佛头……

佛本是静态的，就是生长着的苔在我们看到的一刹那也是静止的，作者却用“微笑、看、听”“爬、跃、侵”等动词，使佛和绿苔动态化了，仿佛有了生命似的。山水名胜，多为静物，静则无势，无势则不能动人，所以，要善于让静物动起来，让无生命的东西活起来。

三、绘形绘声绘色

所谓“绘形绘声绘色”，就是把自然界的声响、物体的形状与色彩等具体地描写出来，使人有身临其境的感受。陀斯妥耶夫斯基举过一个例子，他说“有个小银圆落在地上”，这个句子不够好，应该写成“有个小银圆，从桌上滚了下来，在地上丁丁铛铛地跳着”（转引自秦牧《语林采英》）。这样一来，就有声有色了。

四、幽默俏皮活泼

表达过于严肃，不免给人沉重感、压抑感，来一点幽默，讲一点俏皮话，能使文章形象生动，活泼有趣。请看高考满分作文《跟时代一起改变》收尾部分：

我们并不一定要追赶潮流，完全可以做自己；并不需要一味地学着人家的样儿，完全可以做更“高级”的事。

改变自己，使自己有高尚的品行，而不是只知“忙”。

改变自己，使自己有爱国的情操，而不是“爱大米”。

改变自己，使自己有出色的修养，而不是只看搞笑和言情。

改变自己，让自己有鹤立鸡群的素质，如今个性也是潮流，像这种特点，无疑是最“in”的。

周围的一切，正在对我们的成长形成影响，而它们常常是负面甚至颓废的，真是“一点技术含量也没有”。但只要改变自己，我们一样可以拥有过人的气质。否则，“后果很严重”。

作者娴熟地运用杂文笔法，写得亦庄亦谐，轻松自如，使文章具有了特殊的情调，读之令人忍俊不禁。

五、善用修辞手法

根据表达的需要，恰当地运用比喻、拟人、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问等修辞方法，可以有效地增强文章的表达效果。请看数例：

1．蜘蛛也惜春归去，网住残红不放飞。

以“残红”代落花，鲜明生动；用拟人手法，生动地表达出惜春之情。

2．水清鱼读月；山静鸟谈天。

用对偶，有音乐之美；用拟人，不仅表现出环境的优美、幽静，而且渲染了一种让人心旷神怡的浓郁的书卷气。

3．那双眼睛，如秋水，如寒星，如宝珠，如白水银里头养着两丸黑水银……（刘鹗《老残游记》）

用博喻刻画白妞的眼睛：“秋水”见其清澈纯净，“寒星”见其晶莹明亮，“宝珠”见其圆润光泽，“水银”见其黑白分明、水灵生动。这双眼睛真是顾盼传情，美丽动人。

4．春听鸟声，夏听蝉声，秋听虫声，冬听雪声；白昼听棋声，月下听箫声，山中听松声，水际听欸乃声，方不虚此生耳。（张潮《幽梦影》）

运用排比，列举一连串悦耳之声，令人浮想联翩，心旌摇荡。

5．少年读书，如隙中窥月；中年读书，如庭中望月，老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之浅深，为所得之浅深耳。（同上）

以赏月喻读书，表达读书所获与阅历相关的道理，深入浅出。

6．这个地方花朵是太少了，颜色全被女人占去；石头是太少了，坚强全被男人占去；土地是太贫乏了，内容全被枣儿占去；树木是太枯瘦了，丰满全被羊肉占去。（贾平凹《延川城》）

用对比的手法，凸现延川少花少石、土地贫瘠、树木枯瘦和女人美丽、男人坚强、枣大羊肥的特点，造语新奇，让人过目不忘。

7．石墨黑不溜秋，稀松平常，价格低廉；而金刚石光彩熠熠，坚硬无比，价值连城。两者相比，如同鱼鳅与蛟龙，宛若毛虫与彩蝶，好比麻雀与凤凰，犹如地上的癞蛤蟆与碧霄的白天鹅……（《悦纳压力》）

鲜明的对比，生动的比喻，不仅突出了石墨与金刚石之间的天壤之别，而且给人审美的享受。

8．白生生、轻飘飘、软绵绵的棉花糖，在风中颤颤悠悠，好像一片洁白的云要从我手上飞走，我赶紧把它们往怀里靠一靠，拢一拢。我一跑，棉花糖似乎又要飞走，我赶紧把它们团一团，捏一捏……（王珂《甜丝丝的回忆》）

“洁白的云”的比喻形象、贴切，委实引人入胜。

六、注意句式变化

整句和散句、长句和短句灵活搭配，交替使用，语言就会变化多姿，产生特殊的美感。比如2006年浙江卷满分作文《且息且行》中的一段话：

有的人征服了高峰，又举目遥望更险峻的山崖；探得了魂宝，又跃跃于另一次奇异的冒险；策马路过梅园，却一心想着直奔边关，戍国杀敌。

这样的人不是痴顽，而是执著，他们在奔波里冲击生命的极限，在征服里体验生命的快乐，在“无所息”里实现自己的终极意义……最伟大的战士，都渴望战死沙场，在死神带来的永恒憩息面前，他们粲然微笑，死得其所。

这几段文字风格典雅，词语丰富，使用了许多成语、典故；从句式的角度看，以整句为主，兼用散文的章法，注重整散、对称与呼应，形成了一种整散结合的美。

七、引用化用名句

阅读面广、知识面宽、文化底蕴丰厚的同学，在符合题意的前提下不妨多引用、化用名言警句，以尽情展示自己的才华。例如2006年福建卷《月圆是画，月缺是诗》一文中写道：

秋雨先生曾说过，堂皇转眼凋零，喧腾是短命的别名。在流光溢彩的日子里，生命被铸上妖冶的印记。此时此刻，所谓生命的空白，或许就是一种“花开花落两由之”的淡泊心境吧。有哲人云：圣者，常人肯安心者矣。有时候，生命需要隐匿，心灵需要蜇居。在蜇居之中，为未来做准备，就是在蓄势，蓄水以后开了匣放水，便可以灌溉大地。

记得海德格尔曾说过，生命充满了劳绩，但还诗意地栖居于这块土地上。要感谢海德格尔，这位精神的探索者，为我的心里留下了一隅空白。让我在心烦意乱之际，能够冷静地思考，吟上一句“人生天地间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已”；让我在忙碌中，能够偷得浮生半日闲，欣赏一段“他年傍得蟾宫客，不在梅边在柳边”的还魂爱情。如五柳先生，“怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘籽”；如东坡先生，“诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章”；如守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，如遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……他们都是诗人，在属于自己的空白天地中，诗意地栖居。

这位考生旁征博引，撷英掇华：从余秋雨的名言，到海德格尔的精神；从鲁迅的诗歌《悼杨铨》，到庄子的语录；从《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的吟咏，到五柳先生的理想展望，再到东坡先生的赤壁放歌；从守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，到遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……其视野之广阔、材料之丰赡、信息之密集、语言之精美，令人叹服。

一、四好战略是前提

1.一个好的标题

题目是文章的眼睛。一个亮丽的题目，往往给人赏心悦目的感觉。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。一个醒目鲜活的文题，往往是内容的高度概括。它可以总领全文，不但会照亮整篇作文，还会照亮阅卷者的心灵。而拟题的技巧多种多样，有修辞法、公式法、字母符号法等。而修辞法则是最能使题目异彩飞扬的一种。如《在我指头跳跃的阳光》、《人生若只如初见》、《流泪的紫水晶》、《海棠依旧?绿肥红瘦?》等，看到这样的文题。阅卷老师的眼睛怎不会为之一亮?心灵怎不会为之一震?

2.一个好的开头

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题。使读者一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，使读者心灵产生共振。哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。开头的方法有很多如：趣事，引人人胜;引用名句，起点高远;排比句，气势磅礴;设问句，发人深思。高考作文，由于受时间字数的限制，最好是“开门见山”，直奔主题。

3.一个好的结尾

古人云，结句当如撞钟，清音有余，结尾是文章结构的有机组成部分，是文章的收笔处和落脚点，是全文的归宿。任何虎头蛇尾的文章，都很难引起读者的审美情感，很难获取高分。结尾的方法也很多：培训搜培训网px.wangxiao.so提示您:总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力，当然，最好要首尾呼应，整合一体。

4.一手好字

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。中小学辅导网wangxiao.so/提示您:三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了!

二、新鲜的素材，完善的知识储备是关键

同学们都想做到作文见解新颖，材料新鲜，给读者以耳目一新的冲击力和震憾力。这就要求同学们不断感知和体验。有意识地在生活实践和课外阅读中仔细观察自然、观察社会，尤其是多观察各种各样的人，深入细致地体验生活、体验“喜怒哀乐忧”等各种情感，并把自己拥有的新鲜材料激活。

从阅读和生活中尽可能开阔视野，拓展知识、增加积累、提高自身的素养和知识面的深度，深入体验，才可能做到临场发挥“左右逢源”、“为我所用”。作文，追求和表现自己的个性，有了新鲜的材料，还要下功夫联系自己思想实际和生活实际来立意，做到这一点，写出自己的真情实感和真知灼见就很容易了。

三、反复锤炼语言是关键

语言是为内容服务的，但是，运用的语言鲜活而富有个性风格，就会使文章大放异彩。写作训练中要学会反复锤炼，努力做到词语生动、句式灵活，修辞方法恰当。概念化的、抽象的、生涩的词语尽可能少用，多用富有色彩、动感和情绪体验，能诉诸人的感官，调动人的形象思维，撞击人的情感世界的词语，学会用近义词和反义词来体现事物细微的差异和鲜明的对比。学会灵活得体地交替使用长句和短句、主动句和被动句等。

锤炼语言，要学着恰当引用诗词佳句来增添文章的文字情趣，增添新意。可妙引经典句式，以此来优化文章语言，增强语言的表达效果。如“不必说 也不必说 单是 就 ”、“没有 就没有 更没有 ”等经典句式。还可以妙引流行词句，增添语言情趣。如广告词“没有最好的，只有更好的”、“快乐，你懂得”等。学着巧用修辞。多用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞方法，使句子生动形象，耐人咀嚼。如此一来，整篇文章也就有了生命力了!

“腹有诗书气自华”、“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写来也会吟”，有了丰富的文化底蕴，再加上写作上的技巧，何愁不能“妙笔生花”脱颖而出?

不少青年教师向我吐苦水：想写论文却不知写什么、怎么写，情急之下只能东拼西凑应付了事。我发现这是一个很普遍的现象。

说一说我的经历吧。由于工作需要，学校安排我由上数学课改为上历史课，算是一个不小的改变。为了适应新工作，我集中全部精力钻研教学，真有点“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只想教学研”，阅读了大量名师、大师的中学历史教学参考资料，为的是能把历史课上得够权威。

可一段时间后，效果并不如我的预期，课堂沉闷、学生没劲、授课吃力成了我最大的困惑。静心反思，我顿悟，一味依赖教材、参考资料，缺少鲜活的素材，导致学生缺乏学习兴趣，正是我课堂的软肋所在。我觉得这是一个很好的课题，便对“学习兴趣与历史课教学的关系”作了深入研究。

另外，我还将竞争机制引入课堂教学，如上复习课，不是简单地重复讲解，而是采用“知识抢答赛”的形式，激发学生动手、动脑、动口，使课堂气氛格外活跃，让学生产生酣战后的痛快淋漓之感，在兴奋的状态下掌握知识。

后来，我把这两个案例从不同侧面整理进了我的教学论文《利用历史教学渗透德育之我见》《怎样提高历史课堂的教学效率》。

我在总结中这样写到：只有在备课中具备强烈的教育教学研究意识，才能进入较深的思维状态，授课才更有科学性和创造性，从而也为撰写论文打下基础。

毋庸置疑，写好教育教学论文，最重要的一环就是认真做好教育教学的研究工作。研究的方面有很多，如教法、学法、基础知识、智力开发、非智力因素等。要把研究与讲课、听课、评课、试卷分析、作业讲评有机结合起来。除了研究，还要注重实践，从实践中来，上升为理论，再回到实践中去，既指导实践，又接受实践的检验。这样多次往复循环，再得出结论，就是不断研究教育教学的过程。夯实了一定的研究基础，又掌握了必要的论文写作知识，这样才能写出有真知灼见的教学论文来。

小升初英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis， she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning. 原句：When you come to the second traffic light， turn right. 修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

小升初英语写作技巧之二：删除诸如"who is"或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel， which is written in three parts， told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

小升初英语写作技巧之三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call. 写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.