灾难类英语作文写作素材【最新20篇】

自有人类始，来自天空和地底下的灾难袭击便一直是人类难以摆脱的噩梦。在这个世界上，我们是哲学家帕斯卡尔所说的芦苇，不经意间生命就会被灾难这只巨大的黑手轻轻抹去。

正因为在生理构造上如此的脆弱，人类才倾力创造和固执地守望文明。这是一种让人类超越于逆来顺受的动物状态的“第二本能”,它要穿透肉体不可能穿透的黑暗。

在这次让泱泱华夏痛彻心肺的震灾中，文明，成为我们脆弱的血肉之躯的拐杖。

震灾发生几小时之内，总理就亲赴灾区。国家动用一切必要的力量，不惜一切代价抢救废墟中的生命。这是国家对公民生命的责任。人类成立国家，目的之一就是为了免于个体的孤弱。当总理哽咽着安慰被救出来的孩子，说：“你别哭。政府会管你们的。管你们生活，管你们学习，你们一定会像在自己家里一样”,看着温总理那悲戚的容颜，很多人无法抑制自己的感动。

我们之所以在灾难之中抱成团，正在于文明所塑造的共同体的力量。当汶川大地震发生后，全国人民的目光都投向了灾区。人们为灾区人民祈祷，捐款捐物，亲赴灾区参与抢救。当逝去的生命越来越多，突破9000,突破12000,再突破14000,到14日14时达到14866人，那些抽象的数字符号像一条鞭子抽在每个人的心上，越来越痛。中华民族在这一刻体现出了巨大的凝聚力。“以最快的速度抢救每一个生命”,成为一个不可违抗的绝对命令。

灾难对生命的摧残，裸露出了人类“存在”的本真状态。这时候，那些穿在“存在”上的外衣，比如种族、国家、政见……都必须脱去。不仅仅是灾区人民承担着不幸，也不仅仅是中国人民承担着不幸，整个人类都在承受这样的不幸。差别仅仅在于，人类的普遍不幸，不幸地在那些不幸的人们身上体现了出来。正是这样，世界对汶川大地震没有无动于衷，而是以捐款、慰问、愿意参与救援等方式，来表达生命至高无上的文明准则。

文明的程度对应着人类的自我拯救能力的强弱。在这次震灾中，一个叫邓清清的贫困女学生，尤其让我们看到文明的美丽和力量。这个女孩被救出时，还在废墟里打着手电筒看书。她说：“下面一片漆黑，我怕。我又冷又饿，只能靠着书缓解心中的害怕。”

对于一个孩子来说，被压在废墟之下是一个难以承受的重负，那是一种身在地狱的感觉。然而，在绝境之中，她仍用文明的成果来对抗灾难对生命的威胁，从文明的成果中汲取力量来超越恐惧。这种对文明的固守，足以让天地为之动容，人类的心灵为之震撼。文明的美丽，正如她的美丽一样，在灾难的废墟之中格外醒目。在那一瞬，她在废墟下面读书的画面已经永远定格在人类的灾难史中，代表着人类不屈的高贵灵魂。

文明的力量，体现在一个国家的以人为本、政府及民间组织机构的高效、所有人特别是执公权力者的责任心、所有人的同情心、抗击灾难的意志、公民的素质等一系列因素之中，它们的组合构成一个无法被打垮的体系。

它是一个防御体系，可以让人类尽力避免自我伤害和来自自然界的伤害。它同时又是一个自我拯救的体系，当不可抗的灾难发生时，它可以让人类最大限度地摆脱死亡的威胁。个人的肉体在灾难面前无能为力，然而一个拥有精神力量和物质力量的共同体，必能抗衡过任何灾难。

中华民族在五千年的文明中，经历过太多的苦难。然而我们文明的香火一直未绝。废墟之下被困的女学生的坚强，恰如五千年文明史的坚韧。当她的声音在灾区上空响起，对每个参与救援者，每一个虽然不在现场但在心里面一直“在场”,一直在支持灾区救援的人，都是一种巨大的鼓舞。

文明赐以我们尽快地让废墟之下的人们回到这个世界的力量。天佑我中华！

[在灾难中固守文明的力量素材作文

导语：首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他(她)的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

作文是写人记事的，或多或少都要写到人，而那些专门写人物的作文如何才能写好呢?要写好一个人物，无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等等。鲁迅先生说：“人物语言的描写，能使读者由说话看出人来。”这说明人物语言的重要。此外，写人物的行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等，也是必不可少的惯常写法，同样重要。

下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点：

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他(她)的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》(见后文)，写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

我们来看这一段话：“回到教室，大家全都涌到郭枫面前，问："坏小子，你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢?"郭枫眨了眨眼，骄傲地说："其实我捐了100元!说捐一毛钱，那是逗你们玩的!"听了郭枫的话，同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好，“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。

导语：生命的价值是否可以超过平凡，是否可以一种完全奉献的姿态出现?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

昨夜与朋友喝茶闲聊，他说人生有三个境界：生存、生活、生命。我笑着回道，我也认为有三种人生境界：物质、半物质、精神。我们相视而笑。我们都是普通的人，融入人海，也就一堆活动的物质而已，但这一堆物质却有着不可思议的力量，让浩宇中的这一个小星球变得异常的丰饶，悲悲欢欢的一幕幕一而再，再而三地你方唱罢我又登台。

我说生命的境界应该是自我的充分体现、精神与物质的完美结合。他说还有个人修为的浓厚沉淀。我又笑了，用那种欣慰的笑容。

有时候，聊些比较凝重的话题，虽然会有些唏嘘感叹，但会让自己反思一些平日里认为不重要，日后老去时再去思考已经没有意义的问题。

生命是什么?这是当年柏拉图与老庄同时思考的问题，然后延续到了今天，在静谧的书屋、在高高的论坛、在江边山麓，仍有许多思考者在孜孜不倦地暝目颔首，试图解去这一千年老题。思想是永不磨灭的，我控制不住自己的思绪。

也许是因为年轻，我们总是将一些不重要的东西看得重要，将一些重要的东西忽略，等有一日才发现自己如此的苍白，苍白得让自己害怕，害怕将自己失去，从而不再去想自己，不想自己的一切，意义，价值，方向，让生命在麻木中自生自灭。

从一座古寺下山时，天已经微黑，城市的灯光如同以往一样依然摇晃得迷离。各种音乐从不同的角度刺入耳朵，让在宝刹中得到片刻清禅的灵魂再度充斥了现实的无奈。刚才的梵钟响起时，感觉生命里的那些是是非非得得失失全都不值得介意，在一尊佛像前，我似乎钻入了他的塑像里，好像成了那不苟言笑的佛，冷峻地看着芸芸众生。而踏着下山的台阶，一步步我又走到了物质的世界。心的生命是空幽的，肉体的生命要由四觉牵引，人的物质属性决定我永远无法摆脱那些必须要面对的事实，无论是佛道儒，都是无法让我解脱的。佛的四大皆空，道的修身养性，儒的入世中庸，全蕴我之心底，却无法融为一体，像段誉体内的不同内力，仿佛要将人撕裂。

有时候对自己说，做一个生命的隐者吧。去听听草间的风声，去享受林木的呼吸，还有那夜的明月、雨的彩虹。我是从自然中走出的灵魂，应该将自己还给自然吧。可是，我没有足够的勇气去放弃生命的颜色。只能在一条本不愿意继续的道路上踉跄前行，然后一次次迷失自己。我不懂得珍惜，也不懂得放弃。我无法从容地面对生命，品味生命。

不知何年何月，我学会了真正地爱惜自己的生命，那时候我必定也能学会真正地爱人和爱这个世界，用笑容去填补我的朋友的不快与失意。我知道我必须要去学会从容地面对生命的风雨，才能让爱人真正地快乐。

我们生存在一个文化与艺术都重新萌发个性与特色的时代，每个人对于他人都是一个异教徒。这是一个科学推动着文明的时代，尤如多年前米兰敕令颁布之前，我们轮回到没有上帝的多神时代，文明也不会再次殒灭。一次次生命的放纵，或者悲歌，或者长歌，是如此多姿多彩地表达着生命的真实含义。

我想，那亘古以来似乎永不更改的璀璨夜空经历亿万光年的距离，一次次注视着从古寺上走下的人，那闪烁的微笑应该是真诚的吧，犹如我真诚地笑对着周围的人们。一点点微笑会换来朋友的一个美梦或者一份释怀，对于学经济的我来说，这个交换是不平等的，我付出的太少，而得到的太多，我睡得如此沉静，笑得如此安静。有一个时刻，我懂得了生命是要用心来享受，用灵魂来享受的，刹那的感悟，我知道自己将来会让爱人与家人快乐，是精神上的快乐，绵长而真实。

当生命的质量、厚度和内涵超出了以往的范围时，思考的结果也得到了一次飞跃。不是不为物喜不为己悲的境界，是一种恬然的喜悦。如果让生命显示了它宝贵的价值，如同班得瑞音乐般醉却林木春花、春柳秋月，生命又何其幸哉。

生命的价值是否可以超过平凡，是否可以一种完全奉献的姿态出现?不去索求回报，静静地爱，静静地帮助别人，然后收获心理上的一份礼物，其实得到最大利润的还是自己。因为能够真正品尝生命乐趣的人，已经被物流冲得七零八落，能留下来的，皆是幸运儿。

斯巴达的生命是剽悍的，雅典的生命是文明的，特鲁斯尔坎人在七个小丘上修起围墙的时候，人类已经懂得品味生命。无论用哪一种方式，恺撒享受的是悲壮，屋大维享受的是神圣。中国的古人们在奔波放逐中，也能笑着吟唱唐朝的云，宋朝的风。在品味自己生命的时候，也嚼出了历史的滋味。

昨日归家时，高空正好一轮稍椭的明月，月光垂直地射入我的百会穴，有一种清心的感觉，瞬间仿佛体会到了什么，却又什么也没有，只是在静静的树滨中紧了紧风衣，一步步朝家走去。

导语：立志贵在坚持，立志贵在立大志!而立大志，莫过于立志成才，照亮祖国未来的希望。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.有志能搬山，无志草压头。中国谚语

2.志短怕难，视丘为山。中国谚语

3.宁可丧身，不可失志。中国谚语

4.冻死迎风站，饿死不弯腰。中国谚语

5.人凭志气虎凭威，没有志气肉一堆。中国谚语

6.有志男儿志四方，无志男儿守婆娘。中国谚语

7.鸟贵有翼，人贵有志。中国谚语

8.山立在地上，人立在志上。中国谚语

9.花开在春天，立志在少年。中国谚语

10.穷莫失志，富莫颠狂。中国谚语

11.没有决心向宝山掏宝，不会得到宝的。谢觉哉

12.青年人第一要有志气。谢觉哉

13.为人能立三分志，不怕龙门万丈高。中国谚语

14.志高品高，志下品下。中国谚语

15.山高高不过脚心，山硬硬不过决心。中国谚语

16.有志者事竟成。《后汉书·耿龠传》

17.有志不在年高。中国谚语

18.丈夫四方志，安可辞固穷?唐·杜甫《前出塞》

19.三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。《论语·子罕》

20.立志无恒，终身无成。中国谚语

21.好汉凭志气，好马凭力气。中国谚语

22.从小无志，到老无奇。中国谚语

23.人不自立，则惟有无耻而已。康有为《志耻》

24.老骥伏枥，志在千里;烈士暮年，壮心不已。三国·曹操《龟虽寿》

25.器大者声必闳，志高者意必远。宋·范开《稼轩词序》

鸿鹄之志

秦末农民起义领袖陈涉，出身贫穷，年轻时在农村当雇工，替人耕田种地。当时他就立志将来要干一番轰轰烈烈的大事。在一起当雇工的伙伴都笑话他，认为替人耕田种地的下等人，还想干一番大事业，真是癞哈蟆想吃天鹅肉——异想天开。陈涉看到自己的宏大抱负，不能被一些眼光短浅的人所理解，感叹道：“燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉!”意思是说，小小的燕雀，是不可能知道天鹅的大志的。

后来陈涉终于成了农民起义军的领袖，由他首先发难，将秦王朝推反了。

鲁迅弃医学文

青年时期鲁迅，曾到日本仙台医学专科学校学医，希望以医救国。在第二学年里，学校增加了一门学科——细菌学。教学这一门课程时，细菌的形状全部是用幻灯片显示的。有时穿插放映一些时事幻灯片。有一次放映有关日俄战争的纪录片，画面上出现很多中国人围观一个被说成是俄国间谍的中国人，这个人将砍头示众，周围人在看热闹，画面上观众体格强壮而精神麻木。鲁迅深受刺激，心情十分痛苦，他深深感到，学医在当前并不是一件要紧的事，思想愚昧精神麻木的人们即使体格再健壮，也只能被示众或作看客。最紧要的，是在改变他们的精神，而善于改变精神的是文艺。于是，他毅然弃医学文。终于成为我国现代伟大的文学家、思想家，文化运动的先驱和旗手。

为了中华之崛起

新学年开始了，沈阳东关模范学校魏校长为了测验学生的学习目的，在课堂上向学生提出一个严肃的问题：读书是为什么?有的回答：“为家父而读书。”有的回答：“为明礼而读书。”也有人回答：“为光耀门楣而读书。”魏校长指着坐在后排的一位学生说：“周恩来，现在你谈谈为什么要读书?”“为了中华之崛起。”周恩来庄重地回答。由于他的南方口音魏校长一时没有听清楚，于是周恩来又沉着有力地重复了一遍：“为中华崛起而读书!”周恩来是这样说的，也是这样做的。他为中华民族的崛起奉献了一生。

巴斯德立志研究酸乳发酵

巴斯德，是法国19世纪著名微生物学家，化学家，近代微生物学的奠基人。

有一天，他注视着桌上一瓶酸牛奶。凝神思索：酸奶的发酵，是由于化学变化呢，还是由于微生物的作用呢?当时还没有能解答这个问题。

他整天整认地，在一间闷热的简陋的实验室里进行试验研究。脸上被油烟熏黑了，衣服也布满污垢。时而呆立不动，时而狂奔疾走。有人说：巴斯德得了精神病。

不知经过了多少不眠之认，巴斯德终于成功了!他科学地证明了：酸牛怒的发酸是由于微生物的作用。并且写成了著名的《乳酸发酵》一书。在微生物发酵和病原微生物方面的研究，奠定了工业微生物学和医学微生物学的基础，并且开创了微生物生理学。

导语：“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间深入的文化交流。民相亲在于心相通，“一带一路”是贸易之路，更是友谊之路，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

“一带一路”，不但要从东亚之端这个点上看世界，还要从天山之巅、欧亚之脊这条线上看世界，更要从三大洋五大洲的交汇圈上看世界

作为中国在新的历史条件下实行全方位开放的重大举措，“一带一路”不仅唤起了沿线各民族的历史记忆，还将中国同沿线国家的发展密切联系起来，赋予沿线各民族交流以全新的时代内涵。可以说，“一带一路”呈现出的壮阔画卷，既是工笔画，又是写意画。

一方面，“一带一路”寓“工笔”于精雕细琢、深耕细作，熔政策沟通、道路联通、贸易畅通、货币流通、民心相通于一炉，将内地民族、边疆民族与跨境民族，将传统民族与现代民族、陆地民族与海洋民族有机联系起来，描绘出沿线各民族交流的多彩画卷。另一方面，“一带一路”寓“写意”于大构想、大格局，通过虚实结合、多双边结合、“带”与“路”相结合、倡导推进与开放包容相结合，使“一带一路”由“倡议”转化为“建设”的现实图景，彰显了将沿线各民族一并纳入利益共同体、责任共同体、命运共同体的历史担当。

“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间普遍的经济联系。习近平总书记提出的“欢迎大家搭乘中国发展的列车”，形象地道出了我国的发展契机也是沿线各民族共同发展的历史契机。从发展愿景来看，“一带一路”统筹我国同沿线各民族的共同利益以及具有差异性的利益关切，寻找并建构更多利益交汇点，充分调动沿线各民族的积极性主动性，发展相互补充、相互促进的产业链、供应链和价值链，创造多元共生、充满活力的经济繁荣，使不同民族、不同阶层、不同人群都能分享到“一带一路”实实在在的红利。

“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间广泛的社会交往。国之交在于民相亲，“一带一路”构筑了东西方各民族之间交流交往的桥梁纽带，畅通了各民族山水相连、命运相依的地缘大通道，打造了形式多样、内容丰富、异彩纷呈的广泛“朋友圈”。社会交往方式引领塑造各民族的生产生活方式，在“一带一路”推进实施中，不仅有小范围、高层次的元首外交、政府合作和政党对话，也有以市场为基础、以企业为主体的多样态经济合作平台，不仅有教育、医疗、科技合作交流等方面的“高大上”项目，也有民间智库、社会公益组织、青年志愿者之间的“草根”情谊。

“一带一路”促进了沿线各民族之间深入的文化交流。民相亲在于心相通，“一带一路”是贸易之路，更是友谊之路;是物质文明圈，更是精神文明圈。“一带一路”开启了新视野，以“一带”和“一路”这两翼为支撑，纵贯陆地和海洋，不但要从东亚之端这个点上看世界，还要从天山之巅、欧亚之脊这条线上看世界，更要从三大洋五大洲的交汇圈上看世界。

当前，在国际政治乱象丛生，“逆全球化”潮流涌动，区域不稳定因素复杂交织的历史当口，“一带一路”营造了文明对话、文化交流的新契机。秉持和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的丝路精神，推进各民族文化、多种文明之间宽容、共生、交流、交融，方能更好筑牢百花齐放春满园的文化基石。

一八一八年十二月二十三日晚上，在奥地利萨尔札赫河畔的奥本村里，有一只老鼠大胆地溜进村里古老的圣尼哥拉斯教堂风琴楼厢里。这只饥寒交迫的小东西东跑西窜，到处咬噬，终于干下了一件“影响深远的大事”，导致了一曲脍炙人口的圣诞赞美诗的诞生。翌日清晨，一位身穿黑色礼服大衣的中年人走进教堂，径直来到风琴旁边坐下。此人名叫弗兰兹-格鲁伯，正当三十一岁，有着一头黑发，高高的鼻梁和一双富有感情的眼睛。他虽然默默无闻，但在这偏僻地区很受村民尊敬。因为他是本村的小学教师，又是圣尼哥拉斯教堂的风琴演奏家。[2]

他坐下来，踩着踏板，按下了琴键。可是风琴只发出几声呜咽似的微弱气息。

当格鲁伯正要俯身去察看究竟时，他的好朋友约瑟夫-莫尔来了。莫尔是个教士，也是一位音乐家。奥本村教堂的正式神父还不曾派来，莫尔是临时被派来顶替这职位的。

格鲁伯见他张皇，不觉一怔，连忙问道：“天主降福!什么事儿，约瑟夫?”那位年轻的代理神父举起双手，做出一副绝望的神态，并示意让朋友起来跟他走。

平安夜雪景莫尔领着格鲁伯走到楼厢里的风琴键盘后面，指着鼓风的皮风箱上一个大洞说：“今早我发现这个洞，一定是老鼠咬破的。现在一踏下去，什么声音都没有了!”格鲁伯仔细地检察了风箱上的那个洞。圣诞之夜做弥撒而没有风琴奏乐，这简直是不可思议的事!他禁不住喊道：“真该死!现在可糟了，我们该怎么办呢?”

“有办法，”莫尔神父有点腼腆地说：“我写了一首短诗，倒可以作为歌词一凑合着顶用一下的。”接着他又严肃地说道：“这可不是“那一类”的歌呀。”

格鲁伯看见他的朋友这么激动，不觉微笑起来。因为大家都知道，莫尔的确很喜欢“那一类”的歌--就是当农妇和船工欢饮时，在齐特拉琴伴奏下所唱的那种所谓粗俗的民歌小调。这种东西往往引起那些固执守旧的虔诚教徒的不满，使得道貌岸然的长老们大皱眉头。

格鲁伯拿起莫尔所写的诗读了头几段，顿时觉得好像有一股奇异的灵气贯穿脊梁。这的确不是“那一类”的歌。它好像是抓住了他的心，温和纯朴和动人地向他诉说。他从来都未曾这么深刻地感动过。他耳边隐隐响起了这些诗句的乐音。

莫尔几乎是抱歉地说：“我只是这么想，既然我们的风琴已经不响了，那么你是否可以把这东西给我们的吉他琴配个曲，也许还可以搞个小小的童声合唱队来唱唱，……你看怎么样?”

平安夜格鲁伯说：“好呀，好，好!也许我们可以这样做。给我吧，我拿回去看看是否能把曲子写出来。”

格鲁伯踏着地上的积雪，慢步走回安斯村。他一路上沉浸在他的乐曲构思中。

“平安夜，圣善夜，

万暗中，光华射。

他就像耳聋的贝多芬一样，在内心深处听见了所有的旋律：

照着圣母也照着圣婴，

多少慈祥也多少天真，

静享天赐安眠，

静享天赐安眠。”

他准备写给童声合唱的曲调已在脑际回荡。他回到他那简朴的住房，坐在他那古老的钢琴边，面对墙上挂着的十字架，终于谱写称了完整的歌曲。

那天下午，莫尔的书房里聚集了十二名男孩和女孩。他们穿着羊毛长袜、外套和围裙，整齐而漂亮。他们并排站在一圈圈的冬青花环下，益发显得生气勃勃。

排练开始了，格鲁伯和莫尔各自弹起他们的吉他琴，不时满意地对视微笑。开始时，大家对歌曲不甚熟悉，弹唱都嫌粗糙了些。第三部分也不太妥当，但很快便改好了。行了，这歌曲终于完成了。

圣诞夜，教堂里点燃的几百支烛光，在光洁的金盘碟和圣餐杯上映辉争耀，给那些僵硬呆板的哥德式圣母态像，赋予了盎然生气和温柔慈祥的风采。教堂里到处都用青松、万年青和圣浆果等装饰起来。全体教徒挤坐在长条硬板凳上。男人们穿着臃肿的羊毛外套，妇女则被披上了醒目的围裙和有色的披巾。

当莫尔和格鲁伯提着他们的吉他，随着十二名男女儿童走上圣坛前时，惊讶的群众顿时轰动起来。格鲁伯向他的乐队微微点头示意，琴弦便拨响了。接着，莫尔神父的男高音和格鲁伯先生的男低音，便和谐地共鸣着响彻那古老的教堂。

于是，流传久远的圣诞赞美诗便这样首次被人们唱出来了。然而，第二天也就被人忘记了。当时参加圣诞弥撒的教徒之中，谁也不曾料到这首歌后来竟会风靡世界。

后来仅仅是由于一次偶然机会，才使这一杰作得以免遭淹没的命运。第二年春天，从齐勒塔尔来了一位风琴修理师，卡尔·毛拉赫。他在闲聊中随便问起：既然风琴坏了，那么你们是怎样进行圣诞弥撒的?格鲁伯这才提起那曲子的事，他说：“这是个不值一顾的东西，我甚至已忘记把它塞到哪里去了。”在教堂的后部有一个小橱，里头塞满了尘封已久的乱纸堆。格鲁伯从这里找到了那首曲谱。

那风琴修理师看着乐谱，微微动着双唇，从他那宽阔的胸腔里哼着这调子。“有意思，”他轻轻地说，“可以让我带回去看看吗?”

格鲁伯大笑起来。“行，行，你尽管拿去就是了。再说，你把琴修好后，这东西就更加是一点用处都没有了。”毛拉赫走后，格鲁伯也就忘了这件事。然而平安夜却在可爱的齐勒塔尔山中回响，并且从此开始了它远播世界的历程。

这歌曲作为民间音乐，从奥地利传到了德国。它越过国界，随着德国移民远涉重洋，传播各地。但直到不久前，莫尔和格鲁伯才被公认为这首歌曲的创作者。他们当时什么都没有得到，他们死时仍和生时一样贫穷。但是，格鲁伯的那具古老的吉他琴至今仍在为他歌唱，它已成为传家宝，被格鲁伯家代代相传。现在，每逢圣诞夜，人们便要把这吉他琴带到奥本村去。而世界各地的教徒们，则再次齐唱这首为人喜爱的圣诞赞美诗……

1. What is language for? Some people seem to think its for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words--- the longer the words the better. Thats wrong. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication。

语言到底是用来干什么的呢?一些人认为它是用来操练语法规则和学习一大堆单词--而且单词越长越好。这个想法是错误的。语言是用来交换思想，进行交流沟通的!

2. The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible。

学习一门语言的方法就是要尽量多地练习说。

3. A great man once said it is necessary to drill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become。

一位伟人曾说，反复操练是非常必要的，你越多的将所学到的东西运用到实际生活中，他们就变的越自然。

4. Learning any language takes a lot of effort. But dont give up。

学习任何语言都是需要花费很多努力，但不要放弃。

5. Relax! Be patient and enjoy yourself. Learning foreign languages should be fun。

放松点!要有耐性，并让自己快乐!学习外语应该是乐趣无穷的。

6. Rome wasnt built in a day. Work harder and practice more. Your hard- work will be rewarded by god one day. God is equal to everyone!

冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。更加努力的学习，更加勤奋的操练，你所付出的一切将会得到上帝的报答，上帝是公平的。

7. Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly. Keep a small English dictionary with you at all time. When you see a new word, look it up. Think about the word-- use it, in your mind, in a sentence。

经常使用字典和语法指南。随身携带一本小英文字典，当你看到一个新字时就去查阅它，想想这个字---然后去用它，在你的心中，在一个句子里。

8. Try to think in English whenever possible. When you see something think of the English word of it; then think about the word in a sentence。

一有机会就努力去用英文来思考。看到某事时，想想它的英文单词;然后把它用到一个句子中去。

9. Practice tenses as much as possible. When you learn a new verb, learn its various forms。

尽可能多的操练时态。学习一个动词的时候，要学习它的各种形态。

10. I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language. When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language。

我想学习和了解更多关于语言背后的文化知识，当你理解了文化背景，你就能更好地运用语言。

小编导语：英语作文是英语考试中的一个得分点，那么在写作过程中有什么技巧呢，下面是小编收集整理的相关资料，希望对您有所帮助。

1、首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” (我忘不了她)的结尾：

After her death， I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

2、重复主题，句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾：

I love my home town， and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

3、自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours， but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing， we lay down on the river bank， bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

4、含蓄性的结尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：

Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat， but on every face there was a smile.

5、用反问结尾

虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework?”(我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree， boys and girls?

6、指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：As we have said above， sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.

英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面我们就总结了100条常用的短语和表达句子，希望能给大家一些参考。

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of theformer/latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the followingreasons/evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantagesanddisadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions andavoidunfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreastwiththe latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推荐用。。。) No gardenwithout weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/beliefthat

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure

90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity ofoursociety

91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society

93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true

94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with

96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally,Moreover,Furthermore

98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,

99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,

100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.

2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing.

3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.

4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow make an early start.

5.不眠之夜 whe night

6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses

7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do ones best

8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.

9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul

10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new

11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

12.大开眼界 open ones eyes; broaden ones horizon; be an eye-opener

13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace

14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little

15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.

16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more

17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.

18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth.

19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn.

20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones

21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold cant be pure and man cant be perfect.

22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.

23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green

26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché

27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity.

28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope.

29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success

30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth

31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened

32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of ones dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.

34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes.

35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself

导语：当然，“书本知识”、“自然和社会”、“自己的心灵”，这三本大“书”并不是单独或孤立地存在着的，而是事相的“一体三面”，是互相影响，互相渗透，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

打从少年时代起，就曾不断地听人宣传和推崇“一本书主义”。那意思大约是，人生只要有一本成名作，便是获得一块敲门砖，足以敲开文途或宦途的大门，躺在上面吃喝一辈子了。所以，当年《伤痕》发表并引起轰动后，就曾有朋友半是戏谑半是羡慕地对我说：“你这可是一篇小说主义啊。”这话从客观上来讲似乎倒也不错，但那朋友肯定并不了解，此后随着年岁的增长，阅历的加深，我越发看重的倒是“三本书主义”。

何谓“三本书主义”?并不是我想写三本立身、立命、立言的书，以便获得三块“敲门砖”，去敲富贵腾达之门。而是觉得人生退一步从小处想，要做到不虚度，善始善终，全身而退，当读好“三本书”;而如果从大处着眼，起心动念自度度人，经国济世，就更得读好“三本书”了。

我所说的这“三本书”中的第一本“大书”，主要是指古往今来的一切“书本知识”。“三十而立”之前，我对这本“大书”最为情有独钟。尤其因为文革期间学业的荒废，思想的混

打从少年时代起，就曾不断地听人宣传和推崇“一本书主义”。那意思大约是，人生只要有一本成名作，便是获得一块敲门砖，足以敲开文途或宦途的大门，躺在上面吃喝一辈子了。所以，当年《伤痕》发表并引起轰动后，就曾有朋友半是戏谑半是羡慕地对我说：“你这可是一篇小说主义啊。”这话从客观上来讲似乎倒也不错，但那朋友肯定并不了解，此后随着年岁的增长，阅历的加深，我越发看重的倒是“三本书主义”。

何谓“三本书主义”?并不是我想写三本立身、立命、立言的书，以便获得三块“敲门砖”，去敲富贵腾达之门。而是觉得人生退一步从小处想，要做到不虚度，善始善终，全身而退，当读好“三本书”;而如果从大处着眼，起心动念自度度人，经国济世，就更得读好“三本书”了。

我所说的这“三本书”中的第一本“大书”，主要是指古往今来的一切“书本知识”。“三十而立”之前，我对这本“大书”最为情有独钟。尤其因为文革期间学业的荒废，思想的混淆，甫进复旦大学中文系，我便如饥似渴地找来古代和西方的各种典籍细加阅读。除一点点“啃吃”过《昭明文选》以及《战争与和平》等大部头著作外，还先后背诵过整本整本的唐诗、宋诗、宋词及元曲等，以为“补课”之举。作为这种阅读的收获，我在鲁迅先生的《祝福》的影响下，曾写成了第一篇小说习作《伤痕》。同时，宋人严羽《沧浪诗话》中 所言“学其上，仅得其中;学其中，斯为下矣”，“取法要高”，最高境界是“法乎自然”的话，也曾启发和鼓舞了我在而立之年后更好地去“行万里路”，花更大的气力去捧读“自然和社会”这第二本“大书”。

世间一切的“书本知识”，包括释迦牟尼、老子、孔子的书，以及马列、毛泽东的著作，归根结底还是前人或别人咀嚼过的“馒头”，是别的个体生命在特定的时空关系下对“自然和社会”的领悟，虽然可以给我们以种种启示，但毕竟不能代替我们自己的“个体生命体验”。更何况，唯有“自然和社会”这本“大书”，才是宇宙间最原初的版本，一切“书本知识”充其量也只能是它的“摹本”。读书又岂能只读“摹本”而不努力捧读“原著”呢?

为此，我先是在85年辞去文汇报文艺部记者的职务，下海经商;嗣后又远渡重洋，留学美国。其间，既踩过三轮车，当过书店经理，卖过废电缆，做过金融期货，也在赌场发过牌……而在牌桌上，我不仅“阅牌”、“阅人”无数，还从哪些固态的五颜六色的筹码上，逐渐领悟到“财富如水”的性质：“那一枚枚的筹码其实就是一滴滴的水，那一堆堆的筹码就是一汪汪的水，那一张张椭圆形的铺着绿丝绒的牌桌，则是一处处碧波荡漾的荷塘。而偌大的赌场，俨然也就是一片财富的湖泊了”。由此进一步想到，人类文明发展史其实也正是围绕着一张张赌桌展开的：每个民族和国家都是围坐在这一张张赌桌四周的玩家，土地、人口以及各种各样名目繁多的财富是赌桌上常年流转不息的筹码，贪婪是赌桌上最难以平息和抑制的“汹涌暗潮”，战争是赌桌上最容易“召之即来，挥之不去”的“腥风血雨”……

而今，当我步入“知天命”之年纪后，于“书本知识”和“自然和社会”两本“大书”之外，更感到还有另一本“大书”值得自己去认真阅读，那便是“自己的心灵”。长时期以来，我们总习惯了用自己的双眼去向外部的世界进行探索和研究，却忽略了对“自己的心灵”这样一个可能更广阔、更丰富、更深刻的内在世界进行内省、反思和阅读。一个仅仅醉心于外部世界的科技成果而不能经常“反躬自问”的人类，会是一个没有前途的也缺乏真实的幸福感受的人类。一个总是“随财波，逐物欲”，“人云我云”，而不能时时事事仔细阅读“自己的心灵”的人生，必定也会是一个短视的、焦虑的、放纵的、“残疾”的人生。同样，一个家庭，一个企业，一个政党，一个民族，一个国家也是一样，对自己的文化传统，对自己走过的弯路，对自己曾经犯下的过错或罪孽，如果不能深刻检讨、反省和忏悔，也很难有一个光明和美好的前途。所以，我几十年来——虽然还远远做得不够，总是在不同的历史时期和阶段努力耳提面命自己读好“自己的心灵”，以期能够抵制住权力的诱惑，金钱的腐蚀……

当然，“书本知识”、“自然和社会”、“自己的心灵”，这三本大“书”并不是单独或孤立地存在着的，而是事相的“一体三面”，是互相影响，互相渗透，互相促进着的“三位一体”，必须给以整体的观照，融会贯通的理解，方能帮助我们对外在和内在的“大千世界”一并“了然于心”。读“自己的心灵”，自然离不开前人或别人的“书本知识”的启发和“引路”，更离不开“行万里路”的经验、探索和研究。而阅读“自己的心灵”的过程，更是检验我们所读的“书本知识”与“自然和社会”两本“大书”，有否真正消化并加以吸收的最佳途径，同时还可以促进我们去更有的放矢地阅读更多的好“书”，以便更快更好地打破、砸碎和超越知识和经验的智障，让我们的内在世界和外部世界水乳交融地连成一片，进而达至“天人合一”的至境。

为此，我信仰并热烈地宣传“三本书主义”，并愿以一生的努力去实践“三本书主义”!

淆，甫进复旦大学中文系，我便如饥似渴地找来古代和西方的各种典籍细加阅读。除一点点“啃吃”过《昭明文选》以及《战争与和平》等大部头著作外，还先后背诵过整本整本的唐诗、宋诗、宋词及元曲等，以为“补课”之举。作为这种阅读的收获，我在鲁迅先生的《祝福》的影响下，曾写成了第一篇小说习作《伤痕》。同时，宋人严羽《沧浪诗话》中 所言“学其上，仅得其中;学其中，斯为下矣”，“取法要高”，最高境界是“法乎自然”的话，也曾启发和鼓舞了我在而立之年后更好地去“行万里路”，花更大的气力去捧读“自然和社会”这第二本“大书”。

世间一切的“书本知识”，包括释迦牟尼、老子、孔子的书，以及马列、毛泽东的著作，归根结底还是前人或别人咀嚼过的“馒头”，是别的个体生命在特定的时空关系下对“自然和社会”的领悟，虽然可以给我们以种种启示，但毕竟不能代替我们自己的“个体生命体验”。更何况，唯有“自然和社会”这本“大书”，才是宇宙间最原初的版本，一切“书本知识”充其量也只能是它的“摹本”。读书又岂能只读“摹本”而不努力捧读“原著”呢?

为此，我先是在85年辞去文汇报文艺部记者的职务，下海经商;嗣后又远渡重洋，留学美国。其间，既踩过三轮车，当过书店经理，卖过废电缆，做过金融期货，也在赌场发过牌……而在牌桌上，我不仅“阅牌”、“阅人”无数，还从哪些固态的五颜六色的筹码上，逐渐领悟到“财富如水”的性质：“那一枚枚的筹码其实就是一滴滴的水，那一堆堆的筹码就是一汪汪的水，那一张张椭圆形的铺着绿丝绒的牌桌，则是一处处碧波荡漾的荷塘。而偌大的赌场，俨然也就是一片财富的湖泊了”。由此进一步想到，人类文明发展史其实也正是围绕着一张张赌桌展开的：每个民族和国家都是围坐在这一张张赌桌四周的玩家，土地、人口以及各种各样名目繁多的财富是赌桌上常年流转不息的筹码，贪婪是赌桌上最难以平息和抑制的“汹涌暗潮”，战争是赌桌上最容易“召之即来，挥之不去”的“腥风血雨”……

而今，当我步入“知天命”之年纪后，于“书本知识”和“自然和社会”两本“大书”之外，更感到还有另一本“大书”值得自己去认真阅读，那便是“自己的心灵”。长时期以来，我们总习惯了用自己的双眼去向外部的世界进行探索和研究，却忽略了对“自己的心灵”这样一个可能更广阔、更丰富、更深刻的内在世界进行内省、反思和阅读。一个仅仅醉心于外部世界的科技成果而不能经常“反躬自问”的人类，会是一个没有前途的也缺乏真实的幸福感受的人类。一个总是“随财波，逐物欲”，“人云我云”，而不能时时事事仔细阅读“自己的心灵”的人生，必定也会是一个短视的、焦虑的、放纵的、“残疾”的人生。同样，一个家庭，一个企业，一个政党，一个民族，一个国家也是一样，对自己的文化传统，对自己走过的弯路，对自己曾经犯下的过错或罪孽，如果不能深刻检讨、反省和忏悔，也很难有一个光明和美好的前途。所以，我几十年来——虽然还远远做得不够，总是在不同的历史时期和阶段努力耳提面命自己读好“自己的心灵”，以期能够抵制住权力的诱惑，金钱的腐蚀……

当然，“书本知识”、“自然和社会”、“自己的心灵”，这三本大“书”并不是单独或孤立地存在着的，而是事相的“一体三面”，是互相影响，互相渗透，互相促进着的“三位一体”，必须给以整体的观照，融会贯通的理解，方能帮助我们对外在和内在的“大千世界”一并“了然于心”。读“自己的心灵”，自然离不开前人或别人的“书本知识”的启发和“引路”，更离不开“行万里路”的经验、探索和研究。而阅读“自己的心灵”的过程，更是检验我们所读的“书本知识”与“自然和社会”两本“大书”，有否真正消化并加以吸收的最佳途径，同时还可以促进我们去更有的放矢地阅读更多的好“书”，以便更快更好地打破、砸碎和超越知识和经验的智障，让我们的内在世界和外部世界水乳交融地连成一片，进而达至“天人合一”的至境。

为此，我信仰并热烈地宣传“三本书主义”，并愿以一生的努力去实践“三本书主义”!

1、读书欲精不欲博，用心欲专不欲杂。(宋)黄庭坚

2、腹有诗书气自华，读书万卷始通神。(宋)苏轼

3、早知今日读书是，悔作从前任侠非。(唐)李欣

4、读书即未成名，究竟人高品雅。修德不期获报，自然梦稳心安。《对联集锦》

5、求学将以致用;读书先在虚心。《对联集锦》

6、至乐莫如读书，至要莫如教子。《增广贤文》

7、贫寒更须读书，富贵不忘稼穑。(清)王永彬

8、读书志在圣贤，为官心存君国。(清)朱用纯

9、三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时;黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。(唐)颜真卿

10、读书在于造成完全的人格。(英国)谚语

11、读书，这个我们习以为常的平凡过程，实际是人的心灵和上下古今一切民族的伟大智慧相结合的过程。高尔基

12、读书，这个我们习以为常的平凡过程，实际上是人们心灵和上下古今一切民族的伟大智慧相结合的过程。高尔基

13、我们读书时，是别人在代替我们思想，我们只不过重复他的思想活动的过程而已，犹如儿童启蒙习字时，用笔按照教师以铅笔所写的笔画依样画葫芦一般。我们的思想活动在读书时被免除了一大部分。因此，我们暂不自行思索而拿书来读时，会觉得很轻松，然而在读书时，我们的头脑实际上成为别人思想的运动场了。所以，读书愈多，或整天沉浸读书的人，虽然可借以休养精神，但他的思维能力必将渐次丧失，此犹如时常骑马的人步行能力必定较差，道理相同。叔本华

14、读书对于我来说是驱散生活中的不愉快的最好手段。没有一种苦恼是读书所不能驱散的。孟德斯鸠

15、三更灯火五更鸡，正是男儿读书时;黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。(唐)颜真卿

16、读书是最好的学习。追随伟大人物的思想，是最富有趣味的一门科学。普希金

17、少年读书，如隙中窥月;中年读书，如庭中望月;老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之深浅，为所得之深浅耳。张潮

18、读书贵能疑，疑乃可以启信。读书在有渐，渐乃克底有成。《格言联壁》

19、古今来许多世家，无非积德。天地间第一人品，还是读书。《格言联璧》

20、读书如吃饭，善吃者长精神，不善吃者长疾瘤。(清)袁牧

21、读书勿求多，岁月既积，卷帙自富。(清)冯班

22、读书必专精不二，方见义理。(明)薛煊

23、或作或辍，一曝十寒，则虽读书百年，吾未见其可也。(明)吴梦祥

24、读书譬如饮食，从容咀嚼，其味必长;大嚼大咀，终不知味也。(宋)朱熹

25、读书之法无它，惟是笃志虚心，反复详玩，为有功耳。(宋)朱熹

26、为学之道，莫先于穷理;穷理之要，必先于读书。(宋)朱熹

27、读书要玩味。(宋)程颢

28、学乃身之宝，儒为席上珍。君看为宰相，必用读书人。《神童诗·劝学》

29、天子重英豪，文章教儿曹。万般皆下品，惟有读书高。《神童诗·劝学》

30、读书不知味，不如束高阁;蠢鱼尔何如，终日食糟粕。(清)袁牧

31、凿壁偷光，聚萤作囊;忍贫读书，车胤匡衡。(元)许名奎

32、外物之味，久则可厌;读书之味，愈久愈深。(宋)程颢

33、读书当将破万卷;求知不叫一疑存。《对联集锦》

34、立品直须同白玉;读书何止到青云。《对联集锦》

35、勤者读书夜达旦;青藤绕屋花连云。《对联集锦》

36、自家慢诩便便腹，开卷方知未读书。(清)张月楼

37、人家不必论富贵，唯有读书声最佳。(明)唐寅

38、磋砣莫遗韶光老，人生惟有读书好。《宋诗纪要》

39、立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本。(宋)郑耕老

40、读书之乐何处寻，数点梅花天地心。(宋)朱熹

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

我的英语外教长着鹰钩鼻，白色的皮肤，一个大大的嘴，眼睛炯炯有神。

再一次上英语外教课，老师给我们做游戏，这个游戏又可以学英语，又可以玩，各个同学都玩得很过瘾。是这样的：老师把一二大组叫TEST1，三四大组叫TEST2，先是TEST1回答问题，再是TESE回答问题，每个人只能回答一次问题。就是把电脑缺的单词补上去，如果答对的话就可以在大方格中选一个小方格，里面分别有5分，10分，20分，30分，而且还有两个台风。台风可以把对方得分是降为零，这样玩起来很刺激。然后再投球，把一个软绵绵的球扔到黑板上，黑板上有一个大圈，里面有一个小圈，如果投到那里就可以乘5分，如果投到其他地方只能乘2分。玩完后，大家有的愁眉苦脸，显然他们组输了。有的却眉开眼笑，显然是他们组赢了。

这就是我的外教，是我们班的外教，是一个令人喜欢的外教。

[我的英语外教作文素材

导语：英语作文是最容易拿分，也是最容易丢分的题型。写作上面有什么技巧呢?下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望能够对您有所帮助。

一：开头

句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词做状语等。

〔原文〕We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.

〔修正〕Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.

〔原文〕The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.

〔修正〕Hearing the bad news， the young man couldn’t help crying.

二：经过

2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。

①强调句

〔原文〕I met him in the street yesterday.

〔修正〕It was in the street that I met him yesterday.

It was yesterday that I met him in the street.

②由with或without引导的短语。如:

He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.

③分词短语。如:

Satisfied with the result，He decided to go on with a new experiment.

④倒装句。如:

Only in this way can we achieve our goal.

Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.

Not only should we study in the college, but also learn how to be a decent person.

⑤省略句。如:

If so，victory will be ours.

You can make some changes wherever necessary.

3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

〔原文〕He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.

〔修正〕He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.

〔原文〕We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.

Some told stories. Some played chess.

〔修正〕After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing， telling jokes and playing chess.注意使用不同长度的句子，要结合使用，不能只用短句或只用长句。

4.学会使用过渡词。如:

①递进: then(然后)， besides(还有)， furthermore(而且)， moreover(此外)等。

②转折: however(然而)， but(但是)， on the contrary (相反)， after all(毕竟)等。

③总结: finally(最后)， at last(最后)， in brief(总之)， in conclusion(最后)等。

④强调: indeed(确实)， certainly(一定)， surely(确定)， above all(尤其)等。

⑤对比: in the same way(同样地)， just as(正如)， on the one hand…on the other hand(一方面……另一方面……)等。

相似的比较： similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,

5.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。如:

〔原文〕A new railway is being built in my hometown.

〔修正〕A new railway is under construction in my hometown.

6.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。如:

〔原文〕I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

〔修正〕I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

I like reading while watching television appeals to my brother.

三、 结尾

1、 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that……(比如说到和谐社会 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that we should build our society a harmonious society.)

2、 Therefore, it’s not difficult to draw a conclusion that……

3、 As a result , we should take effective measures to do sth.(我们必须采取一些有效的措施来做些什么)

4、 From what has been discussed above , we may conclude that ……

5、 Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

1、臣密言：臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶，生孩六月，慈父见背，行年四岁，舅夺母志。祖母刘愍臣孤弱，躬亲抚养。臣少多疾病，九岁不行，零丁孤苦，至于成立。既无叔伯，终鲜兄弟，门衰祚薄，晚有儿息。外无期功强近之亲，内无应门五尺之僮，茕茕孑立，形影相吊。而刘夙婴疾病，常在床蓐，臣侍汤药，未曾废离。

逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵，察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣，举臣秀才。臣以供养无主，辞不赴命。诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马。猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报。臣具以表闻，辞不就职。诏书切峻，责臣逋慢;郡县逼迫，催臣上道;州司临门，急于星火。臣欲奉诏奔驰，则刘病日笃，欲苟顺私情，则告诉不许。臣之进退，实为狼狈。

2、臣为祖母，无以至今日;祖母无臣，无以终余年。母孙二人，更相为命，是以区区不能废远。臣密今年四十有四，祖母刘今年九十有六，是臣尽节于陛下之日长，报刘之日短也。乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。

3、李密从小父丧母弃，伶仃孤苦;祖母含辛茹苦，促其成才。他一度沦为亡国之奴，归家供养祖母终老。后来他因孝举荐，屡被征召;祖母却日薄西山，朝不虑夕。尽忠还是尽孝，李密进退维谷。侍奉新君，焉知祸福，且远离祖母，情何以堪。辞命尽孝，报养祖母，却逆君美意，横祸将至。李密思量再三，婉转陈辞，愿请皇帝准许他先尽孝后尽忠。他十分眷智，避而不谈转事新君的忧惧及不满，却大肆渲染自己对祖母的感情与孝情。“尽节于陛下之日长，报养刘之日短”，李密用婉转恳切之辞感动了皇帝，得以报答祖母养育之恩，且避免了拒任新朝的罪过。李密机智善辞，以退为进，既赡养了祖母，又保全了自己。

4、李密是晚于诸葛亮的蜀汉人，对诸葛衷的文治武功自然有着十分深刻的领悟。李密自幼就以“孝谨”闻名乡里，后来又以才华出众、年少俊彦，成为蜀汉的郎官，多次奉旨出使东吴，雄辩的口才颇受东吴君臣的赞赏。李密在蜀汉臣民“终见降王走传车”的时候，不愿意去司马氏的晋朝作官，他的一篇《陈情表》，以委婉的言辞表达了自己对故土、故主的依恋。已经当上了晋朝皇帝的司马炎，曾经下诏书叫李密到朝廷来当太子洗马，李密以祖母年老多病，无人供养为由，辞谢不就。据说晋武帝被这篇《陈情表》所打动，感叹说：“士之有名，不虚然哉!”不仅答应了李密的请求，还为表彰李密的诚孝，特别赐给他奴婢二人，专门供养他的祖母。

李密自幼命运不济，生下六个月，父亲就去世了，四岁时，母亲在舅舅的强迫下，不得已改嫁。从此，李密就和祖母刘氏相依为命。李密自言：“臣为祖母，无以至今日;祖母无臣，无以终余年。母孙二人，更相为命，是以区区不能废远。臣密今年四十有四，祖母刘今年九十有六，是臣尽节于陛下之日长，报刘之日短也。乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。”拳拳之心，昭然可见。乌鸦返哺，羊羔跪乳，李密的一片孝心，是何等的自然、质朴!

后人曾经说，李密“供养祖母”是假，“不愿事晋”是真。我却不以为然。我以为，李密的孝心是真挚的，不然何以感人至深?史学家曾经说，司马氏是从孤儿寡母手里夺江山。如此这样的不忠不孝之人，尚能被《陈情表》打动，你能说李密的孝心是假的吗?况且对于司马氏兄弟篡魏，晋朝本身的士民也颇有反感，更何况是身为蜀汉臣民、正值国破家亡的李密，不愿去为司马氏服务，也是情理之中的事情。“选忠臣必得孝子门”，李密的为人道德足可鉴日月。祖母去世后，李密不得已奉召出仕，历任尚书郎、汉中太守等。后来因为写诗得罪了晋武帝，被晋武帝免去了职务，老死家中。

5、(1)哀哀父母，生我劬劳。——《诗经》(2)无父何怙，无母何恃?——诗经》(3)慈母爱子，非为报也。——汉·刘安(4)十月胎恩重，三生报答轻。——《劝孝歌》(5)一尺三寸婴，十又八载功。——《劝孝歌》(6)父兮生我，母兮鞠我，抚我，畜我，长我，育我，顾我，复我。——《诗经》(7)父不慈则子不孝，兄不友则弟不恭，夫不义则不顺也一南北朝·颜之推(8)头老母遮门啼，挽断衫袖留不止。——唐，韩愈(9)对欲静而风不止，子欲养而亲不待。——《论语》(10)有跪乳之恩，鸦有反哺之义。——《增广贤文》(11)出入扶持须谨慎，朝夕伺候莫厌烦。——《劝报亲恩篇》(12)爹娘面前能尽孝，一孝就是好儿男;翁婆身上能尽孝，又落孝来又落贤。——《劝报亲恩篇》(13)

人则孝，出则悌。——《孟子，滕文公下》(14)父母呼，应勿缓;父母命，行勿懒。——(清)李毓秀《弟子规》(15)夫孝，天之经也，地之义也。——《孝经》(16)家贫知孝子，国乱识忠臣。——《名贤集》(17)慢人亲者，不敬其亲者也。——《三国志·魏书》(18)孟子曰：“不得乎亲，不可以为人;不顺乎亲，不可以为子。”

宣太后(?―前265年)，芈(mǐ)姓，又称芈八子、秦宣太后。战国时期秦国王太后，秦惠文王之妾，秦昭襄王之母。秦昭襄王即位之初，宣太后以太后之位主政，执政期间，攻灭义渠国，一举灭亡了秦国的西部大患。死后葬于芷阳骊山。

中文名：芈(mǐ)八子

别名：宣太后

国籍：楚国→秦国

民族：华夏族

出生地：楚国

逝世日期：前265年

职业：王妃→王太后

主要成就：在秦国掌权当政、计杀义渠王，灭义渠国

葬处：芷阳郦山

谥号：宣

丈夫：秦惠文王嬴驷

儿子：秦昭襄王嬴稷

生平简介

早年经历

宣太后本是楚国人，后成为秦惠文王的姬妾，称芈八子。前306年，秦武王因举鼎而死。因秦武王无子，他的弟弟们争夺王位。赵武灵王派代郡郡相赵固将在燕国作为人质的公子稷送回秦国。在宣太后异父弟魏冉的帮助下，公子稷继位，即秦昭襄王。魏冉随后平定了王室内部争夺君位的动乱，诛杀惠文后及公子壮、公子雍，将悼武王后驱逐至魏国，肃清了与秦昭襄王不和的诸公子。因秦昭襄王年幼，由宣太后以太后之位主政，魏冉辅政。

主掌朝政

前307年，楚怀王派兵包围韩国的雍氏(今河南禹州东北)，长达五个月不能攻克。韩襄王多次派使者向秦国求援，但秦国军队一直不出崤山，按兵不动。韩襄王又派尚靳出使秦国，尚靳以唇亡齿寒的道理劝说秦国尽快派兵救援。而宣太后因为自己的故乡是楚国，不同意派兵救援，她召见尚靳对他说：“当年我服侍秦惠文王时，大王把大腿压在我的身上，我感到身体疲倦不能承受。而他把整个身体都压在我身上时，我却并不感觉到重，这是因为这样对我比较舒服。秦国要帮助韩国，如果兵力不足，粮草不济，就无法解救韩国。解救韩国的危难，每天要耗费数以千计的财物，这对我和秦国又有什么好处?”韩襄王于是又派张翠出使秦国。甘茂认为韩国一旦投靠楚国，楚、韩两国就会挟持魏国来危害秦国，他主张秦昭襄王立即出兵救援韩国。秦昭襄王于是下令出兵，楚国闻讯后撤军。

前287年，齐、赵、韩、魏、楚五国合纵攻秦未能成功，诸侯在成皋(今河南省荥阳市西)停战。秦昭襄王想让韩国公子成阳君兼任韩、魏两国的国相，韩、魏两国不同意。宣太后通过穰侯魏冉对秦昭襄王建议不要任用成阳君。因为成阳君曾因秦昭襄王的缘故困居于齐国，在他穷困的时候，秦昭襄王没有任用他，而成阳君受宠，秦昭襄王又要任用他，不会使他满意;秦昭襄王任用成阳君而韩、魏两国不同意，会有损于秦国与这两国的关系。秦昭襄王听后打消了这个念头。

历史上的芈月介绍,历史上的宣太后介绍

诱灭义渠

义渠是东周时期活跃于泾水北部至河套地区的一支古代民族，长期与秦国发生战争。前331年，义渠国内发生内乱，秦惠文王派庶长操平定内乱。前327年，秦惠文王在义渠设县，义渠王向秦国称臣。前319年，秦国攻打义渠，夺取了郁郅(今甘肃省庆阳市东)。[7]作为报复，次年义渠参与了公孙衍合纵楚、韩、赵、魏、燕的五国攻秦之战。义渠趁秦军主力与五国交战之机，大败秦军于李帛(今甘肃省天水市东)。前314年，秦惠文王再次派兵攻打义渠，攻取了徒泾(位于今山西、陕西两省间黄河南段以西地区境内)等二十五座城池，义渠国力大损，但仍保留一定实力。秦昭襄王继位时，义渠王前来朝贺，宣太后与义渠王私通，生下两子。后秦昭襄王与宣太后日夜密谋攻灭义渠之策。前272年，宣太后引诱义渠王入秦，杀之于甘泉宫。秦国趁机发兵攻灭义渠，在义渠的故地设立陇西、北地、上郡三郡。

失去权势

宣太后主政时任用弟弟魏冉、芈戎以及儿子公子悝、公子巿等四贵主政。宣太后及四贵的专权极大限制了秦昭襄王的权力，造成了秦国国内只知有太后和四贵，不知有秦王的局面。魏国人范雎逃亡至秦国后，受到秦昭襄王的重用。范雎向秦昭襄王建议收回五人的权力，以免造成淖齿、李兑那样弑君篡国的祸乱。秦昭襄王采纳范雎的建议，废宣太后，将魏冉、芈戎、公子悝、公子巿等四贵驱逐出秦国。

去世

宣太后十分宠爱情夫魏丑夫，宣太后生病即将去世时，传令让魏丑夫为自己殉葬。魏丑夫得知后十分害怕，于是请庸芮游说宣太后。庸芮先问宣太后人死后是否能够感知到人世间的事情，宣太后回答说不能。庸芮继而说既然人死后不会有什么知觉，那您又为何要将自己心爱的人置于死地?如果死人真的有知觉，那么先王早就因出轨之事对太后您恨之入骨。太后您弥补过失都来不及，又怎么能和魏丑夫有私情呢?宣太后认为庸芮所说有理，于是撤销了魏丑夫为自己殉葬的旨令。

前265年十月，宣太后去世，葬于芷阳骊山(今陕西西安临潼区骊山)。

在写作的过程中我们偶尔会引用一些名言，下面是语文迷网整理的36个常用的名言，供大家阅读。

1、 More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

2、 Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

3、 All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

4、 A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

5、 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

6、 Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

7、 Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

8、 well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

9、 It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

10、 Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

11、 Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

12、 Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

13、 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

14、 God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

15、 Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

16、 First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

17、 Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

18、 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

19、 live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

20、 Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

21、 East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

22、 Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

23、 Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

24、 Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

25、 The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

26、 Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

27、 An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

28、 As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

29、 Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

30、 One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

31、 Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

32、 A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

33、 Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

34、 All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

35、 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

36、 To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

一、治国篇(以民为本)

只有把群众放在心里，人民才会让你坐到台上。——温家宝

中国要想强，农业必须强;中国要美，农村必须美;中国要富，农民必须富。——习近平

其身正，不令而行;其身不正，虽令不从。——论语

修身，齐家，治国，平天下。——《礼记·大学》

国以民为本，社稷亦为民而立。——朱熹

夫霸王之所始也，以人为本。本理则国固，本乱则国危。——《管子·霸言》

治大国如烹小鲜。——老子《道德经》

民为邦本，本固邦宁。——《尚书》

一切为了群众，一切依靠群众。从群众中来，到群众中去。——群众路线的主要内容

得天下有道，得其民，斯得天下矣。得其民有道，得其心，斯得民矣。得其心有道，所欲与之聚之，所恶勿施尔也。 ——《孟子·离娄上》

行大道，民为本，立天下。——李克强

从来治国者，宁不忘渔樵。——谢榛

天下之治，始于里胥。——顾炎武

知屋漏者在宇下，知政失者在草野，知经误者在诸子。——汉·王充《论衡》

权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋。——胡锦涛

二、反腐篇

腐败和政府信誉水火不容。 ——李克强

“老虎”、“苍蝇”一起打。——习近平

把权力关进制度的笼子里。——习近平

打铁还需自身硬。——习近平

踏石留印，抓铁有痕。——习近平

照镜子、正衣冠、洗洗澡、治治病。——贯彻群众路线的基本要求

三、实干篇

我们要有壮士断腕的决心，言出必行，说到做到，决不明放暗不放，避重就轻，更不能搞变相游戏。——李克强

改革贵在行动，喊破嗓子不如甩开膀子。——李克强

纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。——陆游

眼睛往下看，身子往下沉，劲头往下使。——习近平

没有调查就没有发言权。——毛泽东

行动是通往知识的唯一道路。——萧伯纳

言必信，行必果。——《论语》

行是知之始，知是行之成。——陶行知

学知之博，未若知之之要;知之之要，未若之之实。——李光地

四、修德篇

人而无信，不知其可也。——孔子

非学无以广才，非志无以成学。——三国·《诫子书》

大学之道，在于明德。——《大学》

怀律己之心，修为政之德。——《宋史·王安石列传》

夫君子之行，静以修身，俭以养德。——三国·《诫子书》

非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。——三国·《诫子书》

小信诚则大信立。——韩非子

生命不可能从谎言中开出灿烂的鲜花。——海涅

诚实者既不怕光明，也不怕黑暗。——高尔基

五、社会公平篇

平出于公，公出于道。——《吕氏春秋》

力量来自公正。——林肯

公与平者，即国之基址也。——清·何启

公平正义比太阳还要有光辉。 ——温家宝

如果不能给老百姓带来实实在在的利益，如果不能创造更加公平的社会环境，甚至导致更多不公平，改革就失去意义，也不可能持续。——习近平

我们要在不断发展的基础上尽量把促进社会公平正义的事情做好，努力使全体人民在学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居上持续取得新进展。——习近平

公正是社会创造活力的源泉，也是提高人民满意度的一杆秤，政府理应是社会公正的守护者。——李克强

不患寡而患不均，不患贫而患不安。——《论语》

公者无私之谓也，平者无偏之谓也。——清•何启

公正是施政的目的。——笛福

对他人的公正就是对自己的施舍。——孟德斯鸠

理国要道，在于公平正直。——唐•吴兢

人人相亲，人人平等，天下为公，是谓大同。——清•康有为

导语：有时候一篇文章，一个故事就能让人的一生改变，希望有关于抽打樱桃花的这篇文章能对您有所帮助!以下是yuwenmi小编为大家精心整理的哲理故事，欢迎大家阅读参考!

抽打樱桃花

年少时家中的院子里种了两棵樱桃树。每年春天，樱桃树上总会挂满红得晶莹透亮的樱桃。摘一颗放到嘴里，唇齿留香。

有一年的春天，樱桃树开满了花，开得比以往哪一年都要多。蜂蝶在樱桃花间飞舞，馋嘴的我似乎已经闻到了樱桃那种特有的香甜味，就连在睡梦中，都是满树的樱桃在冲我微笑。

一天早晨，我还躺在床上，就听到院子里传来“噼里啪啦”的树枝摇晃的声响。我赶快爬起来，冲到院子里。竟看到母亲正拿着一根竹竿在樱桃花间抽打，其中的一棵好像已经抽打完了，樱桃花像下雨一样落了一地。她正准备抽打另一棵樱桃树呢!

我赶忙跑过去，一把抱住了母亲。任凭母亲如何解释，我都紧紧抱住她的双臂不放手。母亲无奈之下只能住手，她说了一句意味深长的话：“也好，到了樱桃成熟的时候，你就知道我抽打樱桃花的用意了。

转眼间，两棵樱桃树都结满了青青的樱桃。尤其是我从母亲手中保护下来的那一棵，樱桃结得密密麻麻，数也数不清。我炫耀似的指给母亲看，她笑了笑，摇了摇头。

到了樱桃成熟的季节，那棵经母亲抽打的樱桃树硕果累累，一颗颗樱桃仿佛一盏盏挂在树上的小灯笼。而那棵未经抽打的樱桃树上的果实，仍然是一片青绿。我坚持不吃已经成熟了的樱桃，静候着那片青绿变成点点唇红。

但结果令我失望，已经成熟的樱桃被吃光了，我保护的那棵樱桃树仍是满树青黄，并且树上的樱桃开始干瘪、变黑、脱落，渐渐的树干上的绿色也退去，变得干枯，毫无生机。母亲告诉一脸失望的我：“这棵樱桃树由于在春天花开得太多，又未经抽打，所以结的樱桃也太多。由于水分、营养供应不上，它累死了。

母亲用牺牲一棵樱桃树的代价告诉了我一个道理：青涩的青春只有经过抽打的磨砺，才能够逐步走向睿智与成熟。