初一学生英语演讲汇集20篇

Water水

As the saying goes, the woman is made of water, that I said that my

mother is god. Mother is very love cry, tears like spring rain, in an unbroken line. Watch TV, my mother was often moved to tears; scary stories, mother sometimes cry; however, when I do something wrong, mothers love cry. I am very naughty, always love to do something wrong. Once, I and my

grandmother bickering, the grandmother gas straight said to his mother:" see, this is you teach the good son." In the evening, and everyone else to sleep, my mother came to my room, wake me up, tell me a reason, but I still have a little impatient, my mother said, tears as the bead curtain, I feel anxious, saw her mother look, I will get up immediately went to grandma house grandmas

apology, grandmother laughed, then point behind, I saw my mother at the door secretly laugh, from now on, my mothers eyes became my life buoy. Motherly love like water, my mental errors washing clean out completely.

俗话说女人是水做的，那我说妈妈就是水神。妈妈很爱哭，眼泪像春雨一样，连绵不绝。看电视时，妈妈经常会被感动的哭；讲恐怖故事时，妈妈有时也会被吓哭；不过，当我做错了事时，妈妈最喜欢哭。我很淘气，总爱做一些错事。有一次，我和外婆斗嘴，把外婆气的直对妈妈说：“看，这就是你教的好儿子。”到了晚上，等其他人都睡了，妈妈来到我的房间，把我叫醒，对我讲了一堆大道理，可我还有点儿不耐烦，妈妈说着说着眼泪就像珠帘一样，我难过急了，看见妈妈的样子，我马上起床跑到外婆房里给外婆赔礼道歉，外婆笑了起来，然后指指背后，我看见妈妈在门口偷偷地笑了，从此以后，妈妈的眼睛就成了我人生的航标。母爱似水，把我的错。

[学生英语作文：水

一个漫长的暑假已过去，迎来的是一个完美的秋天。新的学期又开始了，迎来早晨的第一道阳光。我们如同几个月前又重新回到了校园，即将，开始新的征途----开学！

开学，顾名思义就是开始学习，然而这次的开学却显得有些与众不一样。这是为什么呢？因为此刻的我正面临的能否上高中的难题。

以往的开学，就如同是一只刚学飞的小鸟，它没有过多的负担。即使是飞不起来或者是只飞了小小的一段，也没有关系。因为它不止有一次机会它还有很多的机会，能够努力。

然而，此刻的开学却如同是一只被敌人追到了悬崖的羚羊。它眼前面临着一条“沟”它务必得跨越过去，它不仅仅能够看见未来的路、而且它还能去尝试它没有吃过的美味。但是，一旦跨越但是去的话那么它的命运会如何我们可想而知。

此刻的我，就如同是那只羚羊。虽然我跨越但是去不至于死亡，但却会让我的人生多了一个遗憾、多了一个黑点，未来的路也会随之变的暗淡了起来。所以此刻我务必一步一个脚印，踏踏实实的学习好好的把握这天，来弥补昨日的不足和修饰明天的道路，尽可能的不给明天留下任何的遗憾。

因此，我务必充满恒心，踏上征途。我相信未来是我的！只要我努力过了不管最后结果会是什么。我只明白一句话，我努力！我无悔！

Mother’s love wins people’s praises for its selflessness. In fact, father’s love is as great as that. They bury their love in the deep bottom of their hearts and will never show it. My father is of this kind. I remembered once I felt ill. Mother wasn’t at home at that moment. Father acted as a father and as a mother as well. When he came home from work, he would cook dinner for me first. The way he fed me made me think of my kind and tender mother. His eyes were full of love and expectation. I did feel a father’s love at that time.

参考翻译

I will finish my middle school life soon, before I graduate, I need to take part in a very important test and it will decide which high school I will be in. I am so nervous now, I want to do my best and go to the ideal high school. My mother told me yesterday that no matter how the result was, she would be happy for me. She did not want me to have too much pressure and she believed me I could do well. Thinking about my mother’s words, I am not nervous now, what’s more, all of my families support me so much. The result is not that important, happiness comes first.

我很快就要结束初中的生活了，在我毕业前，我需要参加一场很重要的考试，那就会决定我上哪所高中。我现在很紧张，我想要尽力做到最好，进入到理想的高中。妈妈昨天告诉我无论结果怎么样，她都会为我感到开心。她不想要我有太多的压力，她相信我能做得好。想到妈妈的话语，我现在不紧张了，而且，我所有的家人都很支持我。结果不是那么的重要，开心才是最重要的。

[初一英语作文：重要的考试

My name is _______. Im ____ years old, and I study in ________ Middle School of Harbin. My school is very big and beautiful. Im very happy in the school.

I usually get up at 6:15 in the morning. Then I do morning exercises in the playground. At 6:40, I have my breakfast. You can see many students and teachers in the dining room. After breakfast, I often read English with my classmates.

We have six classes every day. The first class begins at 7:50 am. I like all the classes for my teachers can make the classes lively and interesting. My favorite subject is English, so I join English Corner every week. I can speak English with many other students there. Its very interesting and exciting. I think its helpful for me to learn English well. After class, I always play games with my friends. We play soccer ball, basketball, volleyball, ping-pong and so on. They are very relaxing.

I like my lessons, my friends and my teachers. In a word, I love my school. I find my school life more and more meaningful and colorful. My school life is wonderful, isnt it

Day, night, and finally ushered in the long-awaited summer vacation. In

these two months, can"t play games every day! Besides, even if I think so, mom

and dad are certainly can"t promise. Only done to make them more satisfied, my

freedom is a bit more, this summer vacation will have a more pleasant. Combined

with the requirements of the teacher and I wish mom and dad, have a preliminary

arrangement.

It was fine on March 12, 2001. I got up early that day. All the students in

our school went to the hill to plant trees.

We arrived at the hill at eight oclock. The teacher asked each of us to

plant at least six trees. Then we started digging, planting and watering. We all

worked so hard that we could finish our tasks ahead of time. Among us,Wang Lin,

our monitor set a good example for us. Though he was ill, he worked harder. When

he finished his task, he went on to help others without even a little rest. He

was wet all over after work. "I must learn from him," I said to myself . Looking

at the lines of the young trees, we smiled happily, forgetting our

tiredness.

As a student in Yibin, we should behave well.

First, I think it’s very important to do everything on time and keep promises. Never lie to others or say dirty words. Next we should be polite to others and ready to help people in need. Then we’d better not talk loudly in public. Don’t throw litter or spit about. And remember to obey traffic rules.

Finally, learn to work with others. We need good team work in our life.

A friend who is a police in Guangzhou got married yesterday.He once helped me get out of a very sticky situation without asking for any demand. I am sorry that I couldnt give my congratuation to him in pern his big day. Two years ago, a stuffy summer evening I was robbed when walking on the street with my another female friend after we left a hair salon.

Two guys riding on a motorcycle behind us rushed onto the sidewalk and pulled my purse away. I fell down on the hard concrete ground and the mortorcycle was hitting by a electricity pole.They quickly shifted the direction and zipped away. We were so appalled and black-out that we forgot to dial 110.I called my friend, the police, for help with tears in my eyes. Ten minutes later, he showed up and send me to a hospital nearby. The young resident took little care of my spot where I got hurt. Misfortunes never come alone.Three days later, it became so inflaming and swollen because of the heat of summer that I couldnt walk. I vented my anger and anxiety everywhere I could and decided to change another better hospital.In order to avoid making further and worse problem then and future, I decided to let a specific doctor to diagose it. It was a bolt out of the blue to learn that I needed a surgery, whereas it was incredible to undertake a surgery without any local or gerenal anesthesia. I extremely suffered from it. It was him who held my hand tightly without any hesitation during the whole process and it was him who took me back and forth to hospital to do the daily checks. There were no sufficient words expressing my thanks for him.It took me a month back to the normal track until the Mid-Autumn day.My friend availed himself of the benefit from his job to offset the 70% of the total costs. However, what the quite unhappy thing was a hard-to-miss and hard-to-fade mark on my right leg.

[初一英语作文 An unforgettable friend

Mid-autumn Day is a Chinese festival. It usually es in September or October .On that day we usually eat a big dinner and mooncakes. It is said "Hou Yi" missed his wife，so he made mooncakes. It looks like the moon.

There are many kinds of mooncakes. They are small round cakes with meat,nuts or something sweet inside . eating mooncakes has been our custom. Families stay outside in the open air eat a big dinner and mooncakes. The most important thing is looking at the moon,On that day,the moon kooks brighter and rounder. We call this moon the full moon.

On that day,families get together,so we call this day getting together. This is Mid-autumn Day. I love it very much. Because on that day I can eat mooncakes. And my brother es back home. He works outside all year. Only that day and the Spring Festival. He es back. So that day I am especially happy. On that day my family gets together.

中秋节是一个中国节日，通常是九月或十月。当天我们经常吃一顿丰盛的晚餐和月饼。据说“后羿”想念他的妻子，所以他做了月饼。它看起来像月亮。

有各种各样的月饼。它们是小圆饼，里面有肉，坚果或者里面的甜点。吃月饼是我们的习惯。家人在户外露天吃大餐和月饼。最重要的是看着月亮，在那一天，月亮变得越来越明亮。我们称这个月亮为满月。

在那一天，家庭聚在一起，所以我们称这一天聚在一起。这是中秋节。我非常喜欢。因为那天我可以吃月饼。而且我的兄弟回家了。他全年都在外面工作只有那一天和春节。他回来了。所以那天我特别开心。那天我的家人聚在一起。

My school is at Haimen Town. It is very big and beautiful. There are forty-three classes in it. When you come to our school, you can see the modern teaching building. Our teachers work and do practice in it. Behind the building, there are two classroom buildings and a school library. In the library there are thousands and thousands of books. After class you can borrow the books you want and also you can read them in the reading room at any time. Beside our classroom, there is a big playground. At about 4:30 p.m. every day, many students play football, basketball and some of them play tennis. All the playground is alive.

Our school is a model school in Jiangsu. I like my school very much.

My hometown is in a mountain village near the water.

The back of the village is a large forest, the birds chirp to sing the songs in the trees, the singing is really move!

In the front of the village is a piece of green, as the eye can see the edge of the big rice paddies, dew play on wheat and rice.

Paddy fields, the bottom is a winding river, the fish in the river happy swimming in the water, they are your head above water blowing bubbles, some in the play, and in chat...

The sides of the river is a large lawn of wearing green clothes, open colorful small wildflowers there, the grass dressed up colorful, very beautiful!

Beside the small wildflowers are tall and big willow, willow seems to be played a happy dance in the breeze, like as the swallow song dance.

Under the willow is the lively and lovely children, they are in the running, some in playing games, and in the mining of wild flowers... The children play really happy ah!

This is my hometown, this is my beautiful hometown! The villagers here a happy life.

我的家乡在一个依山靠水的村子里。

村子的后面是一片大森林，小鸟在树上唧唧喳喳地唱起了歌儿，那歌声可真动!

村子的前面是一块绿油油、一眼望不到边的大稻田，露珠在麦稻上玩耍。

稻田边是一条弯弯曲曲、清澈见底的小河，河里的鱼儿在水中快活游来游去，他们有的把头露出水面吹泡泡，有的在嬉戏，还有的在聊天……

小河的四周是一片穿着绿衣裳的大草地，那里开着五颜六色的小野花，把草地装扮得五彩缤纷的，真美丽啊!

小野花的旁边是一颗颗又高又大的柳树，柳树好像是在微风中跳起了欢快的舞蹈，也好像是随着燕子的歌声翩翩起舞。

柳树的下边就是那些活泼、可爱的小朋友们，他们有的在跑步，有的在做游戏，还有的在采野花……那些小朋友们玩的可真开心呀!

这就是我的家乡，这就是我美丽的家乡!乡亲们在这里幸福的生活着。

亲爱的妈妈：

您好!

春风吹绿了大地，吹清了湖水，吹拂了柳枝。扑面而来的芬芳，使那含苞待放的花骨朵忍俊不禁。

阳光照亮了世界，温暖了世间万物。而我生命中的春风和阳光，都是您给予我的，妈妈!

翻开记忆的相册，那回忆里的点点滴滴，都使我难以忘却。

您还记得吗?那是一个雷雨交加的一天，雷电肆虐的咆哮着。我因考试失利，倍受老师的责怪和同学们的嘲笑与讽刺。走在泥泞的路上，我没有带伞，任雨水怎样敲击我的心。我怯生生地望了望一旁的同学，谁知，他们不但没有带我打伞，而且对我冷嘲热讽：“真是拖油瓶!真该活活淋死才好呢!”“就是就是!”他们的话好像是在我的伤口上冷冷地撒了一把盐，我很伤心，但更多的却是对他们的绝望。曾经要好的同学啊!现在却。

开始，我还不停地用手擦拭着满是雨水的脸，可是，渐渐地，我也不再擦了，因为它们好像尖锐的针，一次次无情地刺向我的内心，我已近绝望。

一刹那，我感到身体仿佛不再被锤击了。蓦然回首------是您，妈妈!您用您那饱经沧桑的手，抹了抹我满脸的雨水，轻声问道：“怎么了?”我很惭愧，“我，我考试没有考好。”我几乎听不见自己的声音。“女儿，你要记住，一次小小的失利没有什么，你要时刻坚强，不要轻易落泪，更不要轻言放弃，记住，妈妈永远支持你!来，我看看，我眼前的还是不是我坚强的女儿?”您的话使我倍感温馨，我哭了，一把扑到了您的怀里。您丢了手中的伞，将我紧紧搂在怀里。

那一刻，风更大了，雨更猛了!骤雨中，我已分不出哪滴是泪，哪滴是雨。您的爱，却在我的心灵深处，撑起了一把隐形的伞。

妈妈，当春风再次吹过我的脸颊，我想对您说：“我爱您，妈妈!”

此致

敬礼!

您深深爱着的和深深爱着您的女儿：杨晓璇

根据所给的四幅图画，以“Mikes Test Paper”为题，按顺序写一篇不少于80字的短文。内容必须符合题意。

迈克英语学得不好。昨天，参加了英语考试。他又没考及格。他不敢告诉他妈妈他得了低分。在他回家的路上，天下起了大雨。于是他有了个主意。为什么不把卷子当伞用呢?他就把卷子顶在头上开始往家跑。当他到家时，卷子全湿了，几乎被雨淋成了碎片。当他妈妈问他分数时，迈克尴尬地笑了笑，把试卷递给妈妈看。

Mike is bad at English. Yesterday, he had an English test. He failed again. He dared not tell his mother the low marks. On his way home, it rained heavily. So he got a good idea. Why not take the paper as an umbrella? He just put the paper on his head and began to run home. When he arrived home, the paper was all wet and almost torn to pieces by the rain. When his mother asked about the marks, Mike showed the paper to his mother with an embarrassed smile.

“铃铃铃”，下课的铃声突然响起，只见大门口旁站着一位少女，她是谁?仔细一看，噢，姐来接我了。

“下星期奶奶过生日，妈妈说有时间就来接你，没时间就让你自己回家。”“啊?”我心里充满了胆怯，以前可都是老妈来接我回家的。时间如白驹过隙，转眼间，一个星期过去了，我无奈的跑到车站，准备等待“末日”的降临，“嘟嘟”43路公交车向我开来，我慢慢的上了车，找了个位置静悄悄的坐了下来。窗外的一切都显得那么陌生，我害怕着目的地到来，一眨眼，奶奶家要到了，我鼓起了勇气“余桥下”那一刻我长大了，我尝到了自己长大的滋味。下了车，不出一公里，奶奶家到了。我从书包里拿出一粒“魔豆”，当没人的时候种在了后院，让它同它的花朋友们一起成长，如今，种子不仅发芽了，而且长出花来了，我也渐渐长大，准备步入社会了。

现在，每逢过节的时候，去人家做客，我都会主动的做事，因为我已经长成一名初中生了，不在那么胆怯了。

熟悉的下课铃又响了，我走出了校门口，上了车，准备驶向理想的彼岸，愿那一颗种子，伴随我一起成长，一起成熟，直到结果，为人们做出贡献。

“成长不烦恼。”这以是我的格言。虽说长大后作业很多，烦心事越来越多，但我仍喜欢长大，正如毛毛虫变蝶一番，虽过程有点痛苦，但变蝶后，仍是一片美好的未来。成长是酸，是苦，是辣，同时也是甜……

Bus: This is the most common transporting means, because its so cheap and

efficient. You can go to other cities by bus, but its very slow in rush hours.

And sometimes its dangerous to take the bus, because the traffic accidents may

happen at any time on high ways.

Train: Its suitable for the long trip. Not only it is fast and convenient,

but also its so economical. Most people can afford it. Whats more, its more

pleasant than taking any other means of transportation. You can walk around and

open the windows on the train. Besides, you can have a rest when you feel tired.

And then youll get to your destination the next day.

Plane: Air travel is very fast and enjoyable. It seems that our world is a

small place to live in, but its too expensive for many people.

Ship: Even though ship voyage is slow, its still exciting, for one can

enjoy the beautiful scenery on the sea and feel the soft sea wind.

Subway: It can be easily seen in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Its

so comfortable, convenient and always on time. You can take it to every part of

the city. As its built underground, you neednt care about the traffic jams.

Now it becomes more and more popular.

People help with each other， it is the greatest thing in the world. We should give our love to people who need help.

It was a nice day. A blind person Ben walked with a walking stick. When he was walking down the street， a little boy tumbled because of banana skin. Maybe there is something wrong with his legs. So the little boy cried sat on the floor. Although Ben can’t see anything， he walked to the little boy. Ben wanted to help the boy. So Ben said，” Don’t cry. Let me help you.” The little boy was very happy. Ben carried the little boy on the back. The little boy help Ben， too. So they were very happy.

If you see someone needs help， please help him. I’m sure you will be very happy

[关于初二学生的暑假英语作文

This year, the Lantern Festival, after dinner, we went to watch the lantern and fireworks.

Just after seven, we came to the new city watching lanterns, huge crowds of people here, lantern variety, novel design, various shapes, municipal government before the entire street Christmas, dazzling, attracted tens of thousands of people come to watch; have people doing business early to set up stalls, some car came from the countryside for miles also, the little boy rode on his fathers neck, holding Tomatoes on sticks while eating. Eight oclock, the sky in the municipal building next to a blossoming fireworks display, wow! What a beautiful night sky! I saw the deep blue sky full of colorful fireworks, fireworks open as a ball, like snowflakes, like a ribbon with the meteor, the dark sky shine like day, the Lantern Festival night become very beautiful, I was fascinated by the.

A colorful fireworks in the sky, fireworks explode after a blossoming flowers falling down, and even some flowers with a shiny things, like a colorful meteor; some fireworks exploded after the double decker, went on to become the animal shape; some later began to explode like a meteor shower. Brush down; and as a gold color, the sky became the city of The brightness dazzles the eyes. are boiling...... The colorful lanterns were hung high in the air and sparkled. The beautiful lantern has added a beautiful color to it. How beautiful the night of the Lantern Festival is!

朝九晚五、两点一线、一日三餐，我是普罗大众的一员。我是谁？平凡如我，我是一粒尘，是时代洪流中一朵不起眼的浪花，是稍纵即逝的彩虹。我为着生计和虚无缥缈的未来奔忙，有时是经济学家，有时变成数学家，总有算不完的公式、览不尽的量表、权衡不完的利弊。或许是在梦中，我听见了遥远时空传来的那第一声啼哭，熟悉又陌生……我究竟是谁？而我，又该是谁？

我存在的二十一世纪，一切蒸蒸日上，新兴科技更新换代之快就如同饥饿的人需要进食一般稀松平常。人们的思想却没有走在科技的前面，甚至被它捆缚，地铁上、马路上，随处可见低头一族。当人们不再使用书信，而用表情包你来我往；当人们放下书本，而习惯成自然地在“碎片化”时间里浏览网络轻小说，这一切似乎预示着这是好的时代没错，却也是最坏的时代。

曾几何时，有几多人在烛光中拆开信件，明明暗暗中情思飘向了信的那端；曾几何时，有几多人望着月如团扇，嗟叹世事无常；曾几何时，有几多人“凭君传语报平安”，又有几多人“临发又开封”，那郁郁累累的思念在斜阳古道边搁浅。那样好的时光一去不复返了。

我是谁？我该是谁？

我在嘻嘻哈哈中度日，我永无止境地开着玩笑；我从不以我手写我心，我只会套路；我一成不变，我喜欢千人一面；有趣的灵魂太少，既然已经太少，就不要做出什么改变，你该知道，我讨厌麻烦的。什么？你说我麻木？醒醒吧，这个时代的所有人都是这样！我们甘愿对时代俯首称臣！

就像一切终归寂灭的真理，当现实訇然倒塌，返璞归真之后，我终于在重重迷雾中看清了我是谁。

曾与人伫立于肃杀秋风中论这季节，眼底似要逼出泪来，衣衫是很单薄，心中却是温暖。亦在信笺上论木犀。彼时就算被认作异类，也要遗世独立地坚持书信往来，在文字中，我们遇见了我们的上帝。我说，我从小偏爱热烈的时节，压抑了很久的天空骤然泼下一场大雨，或是零度天气向着身下掖被子。春秋两季有的是蠢蠢欲动有的是零零落落，却没有一场淋漓大雨，没有树叶掉光的干净彻底。对于木犀亦止于香远益清和桂花糕好吃。“整十年前我吹着了一阵奇异的风，也许照着了什么奇异的月色，从此起我的思想就倾向于分行的抒写。”什么样的风？什么样的月？——“那三两句长短，星子般仍挂秋风里不变。”一字一句真知灼见，不止于论秋与桂。有时在昏黄的路灯下，有时在繁华的马路，有时在枯败的树下，思想总如千钧重，移步换景，总能给我带来不一样的感受。那时节，我不是机器，我是人，是有着热忱情感的人。

洗尽铅华，最终发现，我绝不仅有一个空空荡荡的灵魂。平凡如我，却真实如我。

Dear Lily:

I think you had better feed a hamster,the trediest kind of pet these days is the small hamster. People like them because they are quiet and clean. I have a hamster named Tom,it’s very cute and easy to take care of,and it’s cheaper than rabbits or cats,so I bought it. She’s my best company,because she reads books and litens to music with me every night.However,life with a hamster isn’t always perfect,she sometimes noisy at night ,she love sleep all day,too. So,sometimes she is very boring! How do you think?

一、制定暑期生活计划表

首先就是要把我们暑假刚开始的各种暑期安排的想法落实到纸面上，自己制定一个暑期生活安排计划表。这样，就能把我们头脑中一闪而过的好想法记录下来，而且也利于我们对暑假活动安排的条理性和次序性。

二、安排好暑期学习活动

暑假期间，学校会要求我们完成暑期作业，有的学校是要求按章节复习课本知识，有的学校是要求预习新教材，这是我们暑假里必须要完成的，我们要在活动计划时首先考虑进去，比如我们可以每天用两个小时完成学校要求的学习内容，保证完成这些学习活动所需的时间。有的学生把学校留的作业用一个星期不分白天黑夜的做完，期盼着暑假剩下的时间可以没有任何心理负担地疯玩。这是一种不科学的安排。

暑假期间，确定学习目标，攻克薄弱环节：学习目标不宜太大、复习范围不宜太广。如果想真正有收获，一定不要贪多哟!适宜重点攻克薄弱学科、或某学科中的重点内容。

三、做一些想做的事情

每个同学都有一些自己的个人爱好和兴趣，也有很多同学想利用暑假时间学习一些新技能，比如学绘画、学游泳、学舞蹈等。暑假应该是轻松愉快的，我们可以把平时学习的时候没有时间和精力来做的事情放到暑假里做，完成自己心中的愿望。

四、睡眠、运动和饮食

暑假期间，因为是自己自由在家，没有学校作息时间的约束，容易出现自己在家吃喝无度、睡眠过多、行为散漫的现象，所以暑假期间更要注意自己的健康生活习惯的养成。

五、旅游外出

由于是旅游，我们一般可以看到平时看不到的自然风貌，可以了解到中国甚至世界各国的文明和文化，了解到各地的风土民俗。在旅游的过程中，我们要细心观察，亲身感受，把所看到、所体验的到的事物与所学的地理、历史、生物等知识联系起来，从感性上去加强理解和记忆这些知识。旅游回来后，也可以写写此行的感受，这同样可以锻炼自己的写作能力。

六、分担家务劳动

假期里父母仍然要上班，我们可以主动为父母分担一些家务，这不但能减轻父母的劳累，而且对于锻炼自我的劳动能力、自理能力都有好处，所以建议同学在暑假期间能多帮助父母分担一些家务劳动。

七、保持和同学交流

暑假里，我们不要忘记我们的好朋友和同学们。大家可以通过网络、电话多加强沟通，当然如果方便，有些暑假活动我们可以和同学、朋友一起完成。和同学、朋友在一起总是很愉快的，所以我们暑假快乐的一个源泉是来自我们和他人的交流和共同活动。