高中英语记叙文写作技巧【优秀20篇】

俗话说写文章要“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”，就是要求开头精彩，内容充实，结尾有力。好的开头是成功的一半，所以小编给大家带来了高考语文满分作文开篇五大技巧，希望大家能抓住最后的机会。

1 修辞开篇，展示文采

修辞是语言运用中不可缺少的部分。生动而又贴切的修辞手法的运用常能使语言增添许多风采。在高考作文，你若能熟练运用修辞手法，定能使文章增色添辉。下面举例中，运用比喻、排比，使语言形象生动、气势畅达、音韵和谐。

例：千载风雨兴衰，你，静静地贮立于万千苍生之上，仰天长望，唯有无字碑留下了你的浩叹。抚摸着那凹凹凸凸的碑身， 沧桑而感慨，你，只是略略扬起那时柔时刚的嘴角。此时，风，依旧凛冽；苍穹，依旧浩渺，你无语，碑无字，却完整地记下了你的不凡，青史依旧为你长流，在那 看似空白的无字碑上，却无限延伸着你——那个唐朝女皇的博大与智慧。（福建高考满分作文《点点空白 悠悠情思》）

2 悬念导入，吸引读者

高考作文在开始写之前，不妨用3-6分钟精心构思，用悬念导入，这样容易抓住人们阅读时的好奇心理，吸引人们阅读，从而达到良好效果。

例：很小很小的时候，总是喜爱看妈妈穿白色的裙子，她那么美，那么快乐，被妈妈牵着小手好幸福好幸福！那时候，妈妈就是我心中的天使。然而妈妈却爱亲昵地叫着我：“安琪，你是天使！

我不是天使，要不被接进天堂的怎会是妈妈，而不是我呢？（广东高考满分作文《我是天使》）。

3 故事先行，引人入胜

高考作文故事先行，能引人入胜。举例中的“蚌育珍珠”是许多人都知道的故事，它具体形象，引人入胜，包含着一个经历艰辛困苦获得成功的道理。

作者叙写的这个故事很好地契合“雨燕减肥”这一话题的深刻寓意。标题中的“它”，正是困难、挫折、艰难险阻等的代称，突破它们，人生将变得壮美无比。作者以这故事先行，既能引人入胜，又切合话题。

例：夏日里的炎热炙烤着大地，不知不觉中，海边多起了游泳的人。向远处望去，几个小孩像在搜寻着 什么，带着好奇我走了过去，才知他们是在寻找珍珠……一颗小小的沙砾被蚌无意识地吞噬在嘴里，蚌觉得好痛，似乎有一把尖刀刺向它的喉咙。但一切都无可奈何，只能日日夜夜地把它磨小、磨亮才能将它吐出。终于有一天，蚌被海水冲上了海滩，一个小男孩发现了蚌嘴里的沙砾，把它取了出来，但它不再是粗糙的沙砾， 而是一颗灿烂夺目的珍珠，蚌感觉轻松了许多，重新回到了海洋中。蚌育珍珠从此为人们所知，于是它的故事被人们所传颂，生命从此有了夺目的光彩，每一次去海边，我都带着崇高的敬意注视着蚌的艰辛。（江西高考满分作文《穿过它，生命从此壮美》）

4 引用开头，突出主题

引用法是一种很常用的文章开头法，巧妙地借用诗歌、名言、典故、俗谚语开篇，能收到很好的艺术效果。当然，引用要突出主题，要准确、得体，切忌张冠李戴、弄巧成拙。举例以引用诗词名句开篇，从多方面多角度论述了“意气”，增强了论证效果，突出了主题。

例：“千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风”，是青翠的竹在向你昭示着它的意气，昭示着一种贯穿生命的不屈与坚韧；

“不爱沙滩擢贝子，扬帆击楫戏中流”，是浪顶峰尖的弄潮儿在向你昭示着他的意气，昭示着一种蓬勃于血脉中的勇敢和无惧；

“仰天大笑出门去，我辈岂是蓬蒿人”，是骄傲的行者在向你昭示着他的意气，昭示着一种托起生命、托起希望的坚定的信心。

意气，生命的支撑，成功的基石。（湖南高考满分作文《谈意气》）

5 设问开头，引人深思

高考作文开头围绕主题设问，有问有答，能引人深思，突出主题。看看下面的例题开头围绕“纵然面对的会是苦涩，但苦涩之后便会是甘甜”这一主题，通过一连串的“问”和“答”，开启了思绪，突出了主题。

高考作文开头围绕主题设问，有问有答，能引人深思，突出主题。看看下面的例题开头围绕“纵然面对的会是苦涩，但苦涩之后便会是甘甜”这一主题，通过一连串的“问”和“答”，开启了思绪，突出了主题。

例：倘若你是一粒种子，告诉我，你会怎样？是等待春天的召唤，还是迫于与寒冬挣扎？倘若你是一掬清泉，告诉我，你会 怎样？是任凭风儿的吹荡，还是勇于激起浪花？倘若你是沧海桑田中的一颗沙砾，告诉我，你会怎样？是受命于雨打风吹化成一缕尘烟，还是敢于摩擦出晶莹的珍 珠？……大凡成功之士都会选择后者，纵然面对的会是苦涩，但苦涩之后便会是甘甜。（江西高考满分作文《磨炼出与成功的默契》）

总之，采用怎样的文章开头，应根据文章的内容和风格来定。总原则是用上好的开篇，能使文章主旨更鲜明，结构更严谨，内容更丰富，材料更新颖，语言更生动。

or every student, meeting a good teacher is very important, it will change their lives. I am so lucky that I met a good teacher and she opened the new chapter of my life. I will never forget the things she taught me.

对于每一个学生来说, 遇到一个好老师是非常重要的,它将改变他们的生活。我很幸运,我遇到了一个好老师,她打开了我人生的新篇章。我永远不会忘记她教给我的东西。

When I was in high school, I felt so bored about the English class, because I did not understand it. Miss Li was my English teacher, she found my attitude to her class. One day, when the class was over, she asked me to her office. She did not blame me for sleeping in her class, instead, she smiled and asked me the opinion about her class. I said her class was a little  boring and I thought she would be angry. Miss Li smiled and agreed with me. She asked me to give some opinion. I was so surprised that she was so kind. Miss Li improved her class and I became very active.

当我在高中的时候,对于英语课,我感到很无聊，因为我听不懂。李老师是我的英语老师,她发现我对她课的态度。有一天,在下课的时候,她叫我去她的办公室。她没有怪我在她的课上睡觉,相反,她笑了笑,问我对她课的意见。我说她的课有点无聊,我以为她会生气。李老师笑着赞同我。她叫我给一些意见。我很惊讶,她是如此的友善。李老师改善她的课,我变得非常活跃。

Though I enter  the college, I will never forget Miss Li’s class and the things she taught me. She respects me and makes me important. I am so thankful to her.

虽然我进入了大学,我将永远不会忘记李老师的课和她教给我的东西。她尊重我,让我变得重要。我很感谢她。

导入：

第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：

第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)

结论：

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ

导语：作文有技巧，关键要留意，下面小编给大家带来9个写作得分技巧，一起来看看吧!

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

范文：

Travel is a very good means of broadening a persons perspective. It makes you come into contact with different cultures， meet people of different colors and go through peculiar rites and ceremonies. Travelling much， you will not only enrich your knowledge and experiences， but also be aware of the vastness of nature.

Travel may also relieve person of boredom and gloom. Travel brings you enjoyment and attraction. It gives you a pleasant experience， which will disperse your boredom and make you forget whatever annoys you. Travel broadens your mind and leaves you good memories. Later， you may go over these memories and enjoy your past experiences， thus keeping a fresh and sunny mind.

整理:

The fields his study， nature was his book.

Travelers can choose different modes of transportation which have advantages and disadvantages. Airplanes are the fastest but also the most expensive. Buses and trains are less expensive， but they soon make you feel cramped and uncomfortable. Ships provide you with comfort unless you get seasick. Most people can afford traveling by bicycle， which， although slow， can limber up your muscles and get you closer to nature.

Dear ______ ,

①I have learned with delight that you ______(祝贺事由). ②I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations on ______. ③You must be ______. ④And I feel very happy for you.

⑤ ______(所取得的成绩)is quite exciting news! ⑥I know this is surely owing to ______(被祝贺人过去的努力).⑦It is a reward you richly deserve for your ______(被祝贺人的优点).

⑧Kindly let me know when you ______(咨询对方何时有空).⑨I hope ______(表达自己的愿望). ⑩My best wishes for your further success.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧

本文来自雅思作文网《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》。   西方人有一句话说：Your boss has a big vocabulary than you have，that is one good reason why your boss is your boss. 这句话翻译过来就是说：你老板的词汇量比你大，这是他之所以是你老板的一个很好原因。可见词汇量大不但对一个人的工作起着决定性作用，而且也是获得雅思写作高分最有力的武器之一。

（一）词汇运用的层次

通过对雅思写作评分标准，官方范文以及考生所写的文章的分析，考生在用词方面可以分为以下几个层次：

1. 正确（Correct）：表达你想表达的意思，对于同一个意思可能有好几个词，那么同义词基本上都是正确的。

2. 合适（Appropriate）：在不同语境下要使用不同的词，比如在肯定的语义中要用褒义词，而在否定的语义中要使用贬义词。

3. 精确（Exact）：要联系上下文，尽可能用词到位，因为有些词是不够精确的。比如： allocate part of the fiscal revenue，allocate是分配，不能用divide来替换。

4. 灵活（Smart）：英语本身就有很多约定俗成的表达方法，用我们的话来说，就是有很多潜规则。因此，我们要注意培养地道英语表达，还要注意词汇的固定搭配。

（二）词汇的变换技巧

在写作评分标准里有明确的关于词汇的标准： Lexical Resource： 词汇资源。它考察词汇的运用是否多样恰当且准确。词汇的多少并不能决定文章的好坏，但用词精确性是可以加分的。一般来说，词汇的准确表达可以通过两个方面达到，一是在用词的难度上拔高，二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。值得提醒的是，不要过分堆积华丽的，会给考官留下华而不实的感觉。

1. 使用同义词进行替换

使用同义词的好处在于首先可以向考官展示考生词汇量的丰富，其次也可以使文章富有变化。因此，同义词的运用是衡量考生英语水平的一个很有力的标准，考官认同你的同时，自然也会给你高分。请看下面的例子：

School teachers used to be the source of information. However，some people argue that teachers are not as important as before because there is an increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion？ （08年4月24日考题）

2. 使用各种形式的同根词进行替换

.html 雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧

英语里面有很多同根词，通过单词的变换来吸引阅卷者眼球并获得高分是一个很好的办法。一些单词通过添加前缀或者后缀的方式可以衍生出很多新的词汇。而使用这些词汇可以避免重复原文当中的词条，也可以向阅卷者展示你变化词汇的技巧。

比如写作中我们经常会用到“知道”这个概念，我们可以用know这个词以及它的其他形式和它们的同义词来表示“知道”这个意思。

感谢您阅读出国雅思频道()为您提供的《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》一文.

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[雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文用词和句法的技巧

示例：

Dear ____,

I am truly sorry that_______(道歉的原因).

The reason is that ______(介绍原因) Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

Dear ______ ,

①I am ______(自我介绍). ②I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding ______(要询问的内容).

③First of all, what are ______(第一个问题)? ④Secondly, when will ______(第二个问题)? ⑤Thirdly, is ______(第三个问题)?

⑥I would also like to inquire ______(将最重要的问题单独成段). ⑦Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?

⑧Thank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

It has been admitted that 22 is the important point for many young people,

because they graduate from college and go to the job market. Then 25 is believed

to be the marriage age for the parents, as they start to worry about their

children’s future life and wish they get married as soon as possible. Before the

coming of 30, girls are in their best situation for the old idea.

It is an

outdated thought, because people should be limited by their ages. It is never

too late to get restart. An airline stewardess got fired because she was almost

30, then she decided to started her business by selling products online. Now she

is a successful businesswoman and she enjoys her career. So never listen to the

words that limits your movement, just do it.

I have a great time during the winter holiday, because I enjoy myself as

well as focus on my study. As it’s known to all, the Spring Festival is the most

important in winter holiday that would occupy much time to celebrate it.

Therefore, I finished my homework first, so that it won’t bother my enjoyment

during the festival. I finished my home work in one week. And I went shopping

with my parents. We bought a lot of things, especially snacks and fruits. Then,

it was the Spring Festival. We had a big dinner on the New Year’s Eve. My

parents prepared the big dinner and I could only act as assistant. The dinner

was so delicious that I ate so full. In the next several days, my parents and I

visited our relatives and friends or they visited us. Sometimes, we went out for

fun together. We children were always the most excited. Now, holiday is coming

to the end and I will go to school soon. I am so happy that I have a wonderful

winter holiday.

一、纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以“读”为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精；在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以“看”为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，(1)、一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列；(2)、左边顶格写上收信人的姓名；(3)、正文部分；(4)、祝愿的话；(5)、写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

二、各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。

1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时；写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。

2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。

3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，”“to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”；又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。

4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but”“not only。。。but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。

5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。

三、最后将中考写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：

1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。

2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。

3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。

5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

Asthe saying goes, “A friend in need is a friend indeed”. Friends play a veryessential role in our daily life. However, how to make goods friends is aproblem for most of us. As for me, I have three principles to choose friends.

正如谚语所说的那样，患难见真情。朋友在我们日常生活中扮演着非常重要的角色。然而，如何交到一个好朋友是我们大多数人都遇到过的问题。

In the first place, good friends should have their own principles. Weshould take into account the fact that people who insist on their principleshave high quality. Therefore, it is worth making friends with them.

首先，好朋友应该是有他们自己的处事原则。我们应该认识到这样一个事实，坚持自己原则的人一般都是具有高尚的品格。因此，这样的人值得我们去交朋友。

Then, I want to point out that good friends should be full of trust.This kind of person has a pure heart, so we can communicate with each other byheart.

然后，我想说的是，好的朋友应该是充满真诚的。这样的朋友有一颗赤子之心，我们能用心来彼此交流。

Finally, active friends are just like beautiful sunshine. They can lightup our blue mood, drive away the dark clouds and give us courage.

最后，拥有积极心态的朋友就像美丽的阳光。他们能够照亮我们忧郁的心情，驱走乌云，给我们鼓励。

Friends who have above three characteristics will be great wealth forus.

能交到有以上三个特征的朋友将会是我们巨大的财富。

[高中英语作文：如何选择朋友

自7岁时，初次成为学生起，我这个毛头小子，就在家长和老师的熏陶中，懂得了“我到北京上大学”是一件多么令人自豪的事儿。现在，尽管我离厮杀考场还有几年之遥，但能够近距离的感受首都北京的气势磅礴，亲自融身于北京高校“充”为学子，极大的满足了自立长久以来厚积薄发的赴京愿望。

“佟德伟——我到北京上大学”品牌夏令营，载着和我心情一样的省内各市的20多名小营员们，于7月23日晨，乘列车直抵北京。

感谢母亲给了我这一次告别初中生活、放松心情的机会。母亲说：“能在这短短的7天训练日里，弄懂弄清成长的难题，你将不虚此行。”真的，我觉得很快乐。自小就认为，外出旅游也好，近处玩乐也好，都是一种没有压力的彻底放松，尤其是这一次独自出行，将成为我在成长的过程中，学会承受所不知的困难与考验。

车窗外，清亮亮的晨空中，有鸟儿在自由的飞落;车厢内，欢快的歌声拉近了大家彼此陌生的距离。夏令营的老师召集大家开了一个小小的联欢会，歌声中我们走的越来越近，一个女营员大声的说：“是歌声为我们织下了一片友谊之网，每个人都是网中的鱼儿，从此亲亲热热成为一家人”。大家为她的热情而感动，车厢里成了欢乐的海洋

此起彼伏的歌声缩短了漫长的路程，向往已久的北京城，向我们招手走来。当大家站在天安门广场前，静等国旗升起的那一刹那，我感受到了祖国的庄严，感受到了强大的力量，也感受到了北京之旅将会为我的人生之旅，重新设定路标。

兴奋中大家忘了饥渴，当专车把我们安顿在北京的营地“21世纪实验中学”时，不知谁在喊“北京太大了，太美了，太好了，我一定要到北京上大学!”一石击起千层浪，大家热烈的高声的喊起来“我也要到北京上大学!”。

已是深夜，夏令营老师孙冰像个大姐姐似的，为大家每人端来一碗热汤面，虽然不是什么美味，但突然感觉到其中的热量，却可以在腹中温存千年。

我们的行程开始了。

第一站就是北大和清华，在心中“隐居”已久的神圣校园，终于能有机会走进，恨不能用眼睛把它全部摄录回来……。走走停停，伫足观望，忍不住去想，看两所大学似读一本书，让你能在静中体会学习的意义，在动中感受成长的意义，一切一切过眼不忘。还真切的记得与北大学子交流的时候，我问了一个很轻的问题：“怎样才能学习好呢?”，学哥用很重的语气回答说：“用心去学习，就能学习好”。是啊，多么简单的道理啊，而我之前常常知而不解。在大家会意的掌声里，我品位出了这句话的分量。

接下来的几天里，按照训练营的计划，营员们忙碌而有序的参观了诸多景点，大家闲庭故宫，攀跃长城，遛连于军事博物、科技博物管、海洋探险宫，每个人都从内心感受到了震撼和骄傲，有些营员头一次亲眼目睹这些辉煌的建筑，在赞美和感叹声里，营员们明白了一个深澳且浅显的道理：劳动人民古而有之的智慧与力量，惊天地泣鬼神的民族精神，铸就了如此恢弘的建筑，矗立于天地之间，永彪青史，虽经过千百年来的风雨盘剥，今天仍成为鼓舞后代的不败象征。

快乐的日子总是短暂的，7天的日程丰富而充实，营员们也由陌生变得亲密无间，友谊的种子悄悄的播洒在每一个人的心田……

夜已深，营员们睡像百态，仿佛罗汉图近在眼前。真的是太像了，张张面孔都写满着亲切，想到明天大家各自归程，心头不禁漾出一阵阵感伤和怀恋。

北京之旅，给予了我们一个历练的机会，给予了我们一个自我的空间。或许，年少与童心在这一次快乐的旅行中，会生发出新的期待与欲望，然而童心依旧，友谊地久天长。七天一瞬，因为有缘相聚，就会有缘再聚!生命中永生难忘这一段历久弥新的北京

导语：语文是一门集人文性和工具性相统一的基础性学科,高考,作为选拔人才的高规格的考试,自然对语文这门基础学科要进行考察,而且要求也更高。为了让大家充分地做好高考备考，以更好的状态迎接高考，以下是小编为大家精心整理的高考语文记叙文写作手法，欢迎大家参考！

第一人称叙事法

由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。

采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

第三人称叙事法

用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制。可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

顺叙法

顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。

倒叙法

倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。

采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出;

二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙;三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。

倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。

特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

插叙法

插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。

有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙;有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。

使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。

在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

补叙法

补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放在前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

分叙法

分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情，写得眉目清楚，有条不紊。

分叙可以先叙一件，再叙另一件，也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索，还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。

详叙法

详叙一般用在对每件事发展变化过程的具体叙写。

详叙时要抓住人物的特征或事情的细节进行详尽、细致的描叙。作文

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

On New Years Eve, I turned on the TV as usual to watch the Spring Festival

Gala, and watched it for more than half an hour. Suddenly, an unexpected program

caught the whole familys eyes and deeply moved us. On the screen, there was the

hospital background of Wuhan city. Doctors and nurses were wearing white

protective clothing, and their faces were wearing plastic transparent covers

integrated with clothing. They were fighting against the virus and life danger

Time race. With the host reciting "love is a bridge", I felt a torrent in my

heart. I kept bumping and bumping. I knew that the program was added temporarily

because of the severe situation. Although it had not been rehearsed, it still

made many people cry. No one in the hospital would want to hide, no one would be

lazy, no one would want to make a phone call with his family They regard those

suffering compatriots as their parents and children, and they are determined to

save these patients just like their families.

小升初作文是同学们比较头痛的问题，语文成绩的提高是日积月累的过程，作文的写作同样注重积累。但是了解一些考成作文技巧，拿到作文的高分也是有机会的。

考场作文要创新，要出彩，切忌重复过去，切忌重复别人。只有创新才能出奇制胜，只有出彩才能感染和吸引阅卷者拿高分。那么，怎样才能写出耳目一新的考场作文呢?

第一剑式：眉目传神

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”，一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗，耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。如《扬长避短，成功之道》、《“英雄”偏到“无用武之地》，这些文题巧用成语，新颖别致。又如《“钦差大臣”请下岗》、《“李鬼”打假》，这些文题巧用名人名字，耐人寻味。再如《千里马变成推磨驴》、《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》等活用修辞给人赏心悦目的感觉。

考场作文的文题，首先必须准确，要扣准话题，不能偏题离题;其次要醒目，要紧扣文章内容，让人一看一目了然，给人耳目一新的感觉;再其次要简洁，要短小简单，能给人留下深刻的印象，能给人广阔的想象空间。常见的文题有三种类型①老实型。老老实实的采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。②深化型。对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《失败是种难言的美丽》《人在旅途》。③艺术型。采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻式《人生也是一张答卷》《成功之花只对挑战者绽放》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该悄悄地走开》(歌曲)《横看成岭侧成峰》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》《带着三句话上路》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

第二剑式：凤头引蝶

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。

开头的方法有很多，如比喻开头法(山如眉黛，小屋恰似眉梢的痣一点。——《我的空中楼阁》)、引言开头法(鲁迅先生有两句诗：“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。”这是他自己的写照，也是他作为伟大作家的全部人格的体现)、议论开头法(生命是一个选择的过程。在这过程中，有人“利”字为先，好处抢尽;有人“荣”字当前，虚实兼收;亦有人“德”字为重，铁肩道义。)、入物开头法(很久很久以前，也许在我的生命之树发芽的时候，我的生命之神就告诉我，我是一只火凤凰。那时幼稚的心灵无法参透凤凰的含义，长大了也是。)、写人开头法(夏日炎炎。鲁林从省城公安大学放假回家，来到A城地面，此地距离其老家梁山泊尚有一段路程，须乘班车，方可上路。)、叙事开头法(一年夏天，我和妻坐着海轮到了一个有名的岛上。——鲁彦《听潮》)、描景开头法(陌生的山花已有无数的开了。冷月下，却只见一犁春水，蓦然回首，总是充盈着泪水的双眼遥望寂灭的星空，总是随风飘动的思绪感叹树叶的凋零。——一考生《美丽一次》)、绘境开头法(十五那天，天热得发了狂。太阳刚一出来，地上已经像下了火。一些似云非云，似雾非雾的灰气低低地浮在空中，使人觉得憋气。——老舍《在烈日和暴雨下》)、定情开头法(我与父亲不相见已二年有余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。——朱自清《背影》)。

但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定，“文有定法，文无定法”就是这个问题。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

小说剧情是有节奏感的，它就像一首钢琴曲，它的旋律有轻、重、急、缓，曲子在缓和、温顺的时候，或激情、高昂的时候，都要经过深思熟虑的设计才可以完成。小说的写作技巧有哪些?下面小编给大家带来小说的写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读。

一、人物个性的刻画

1、人物表现的要素有：

a、独有的表情 b、习惯的动作 c、常用的对白 d、思想

y、意念和欲望 f、弱点和缺陷 g、角色的好恶习性

2、这些要素的运用：

以上要素都可以当作创作的工具，这些工具一定要善于运用，你可以将这些设定条列出来，然后有表现的部分做出记号，比较重要的个性部分，应该要不断重复的表现出来，以加深读者对角色的印象。

二、配角的运用和衬托

1、所有的配角，都是为衬托主角而设定出来的。

配角的类型：正面——导师型、爱慕型、协助型

不确定——神秘型、竞争型、丑角型

负面——陷害型

2、 协助型：时常和主角形影不离地出现，有难同当，有富同享的必备角色。

导师型：给予主角正确知识和观念的辅助角色爱慕型：主角心仪的对象，通常也会是(男)女主角，对主角心境影响很大，是影响整个剧情变化的重要角色。

神秘型：对主角会有明显的正面或负面影响，绝不会自己报上名来，通常他都会被神格化。

竞争型：实力一定不主角先占优势，但本身会对主角的隐藏实力感到兴奋或畏惧，不会阻碍主角的进步，反而会促进主角的成长，成为足以和自己竞争的对手。

陷害型：通常为了得到主角拥有的某样东西，或者是本身看主角不顺眼等不同理由，经常和主角作对，也是剧情中不可或缺的角色。

丑角型：常常会扯人后腿，作出很白痴、荒唐的事，为搞笑而声的角色。

3、 每个角色都有他必要的功能，就象在线游戏一样。

在你的剧情中必须不断地制造平衡，再将平衡打破，因此角色之间的互动也就相应的重要，正面的力量太强时，就表示危机感不足;负面的力量太强时，就表示主角的地位要崩溃。在这样的堆栈下不断地制造出高潮。

三、桥段的发挥和设定

1、对比法桥段：在主角的定位上，安排另一个桥段，与主角的设定做嫉妒的反差对比，这样的方式，容易让读者有一个度量的标准，更能突现出主角的不同。

如：一个走投无路的败家子遇到一贫如洗，但对未来充满希望的主角，两者产生极大的反差，更能衬托主角，塑造他的形象。

2、堆栈法桥段：把桥段的布局事先安排到一个高度，再将主角叠到这个高度上，自然主角就不费吹灰之力到达最高的位置。

如：一个传说中的剑客，，剑术相当精湛，没有任何人是他的敌手，一些挑战他的都在三招内被斩毙。但是离奇的是，在对上一个不起眼的中年流浪汉时被一击打败了，而当众人崇拜他时出现了一个十七八岁的少年，流浪汉称他为师傅。这样的范例说明了少年可能是更厉害的角色，背后或许有很多的想象空间，看是我们已经将这少年的能力和地位等级，运用其他人的力量拉到了一个非凡的高点。

3、陷阱法桥段：运用桥段将主角慢慢逼向绝境，让读者一直为主角的危机而担心，再进行一个大的转变，使主角的位置正反颠倒，产生极大的落差，以突主角的能力。原则是，设定持续低潮的桥段，让转变过程迅速成为高潮，使主角能力加倍地突显。

比如：原本一直处在被欺负困境的主角，到最后才让读者知道，原来是主角一直在“大智若愚”，使得后期敌对方突然处在了下风。

四、善用伏笔

伏笔是作者为了表现某段重要的剧情，在先前便设了相关的桥段或提示，到故事进行了一个程度后，再将这个桥段或提示呼应出来的手法。

伏笔就象是一个隐藏的炸弹，它让剧情产生更多的变化，它的表现方式可能只有出现一次的画面，也可能是一段不经意的桥段，甚至有可能是一句对白;伏笔的埋设，不要和伏笔的呼应脱离太久，这样，读者的记忆可能会消失，而失去了伏笔的意义;伏笔的描述也可以是连续性的，在一个个段落中埋下伏笔的一个片段，最后在全部组合起来，这样方式的可以让伏笔体现的时间不断向后延伸。

1、伏笔离不开主题这是一个不变的原则，故事的重点只有一个，所有的因素都要因这样的原则而产生，伏笔的内容不要和主题无关，否则不但达不到效果，也有可能削弱了故事的力量。

2、不要使用过多的伏笔过多不同的伏笔，反而会让读者搞不清楚状况，失去了伏笔的意义，除非是有连贯性的伏笔，做连续性的埋设;过度的买弄伏笔，也会让故事的主题变的模糊不清。

3、成为转化的力量与高潮的爆发点伏笔的设计，目的是出乎读者的意料之外，这样的设计，也是剧情中转变的一种方式。伏笔的揭晓和呼应，时间点相当重要，这也牵涉到剧情的节奏问题，如果我们能善用伏笔，并在高潮点爆发，这是最好的表现方式。

4、记得收尾对伏笔的埋设，我们一定要相当的清楚，否则会变得虎头蛇尾，到最后突然小时了却没有清楚交代;前头埋伏了几个复辟，到最后就一定要相互呼应几个伏笔，如果我们的剧情太过复杂，建议最好能做笔记，再在编剧过程中不断地提醒自己，以免剧情结束后有所遗漏。

五、剧情的节奏

1、过山车原理我们说平淡的戏，可能提不起读者的兴趣，但是都是高潮的戏也会让读者过度紧张，变得麻痹;假设剧情的高低，就像一条起伏的曲线，我们可以分析出一个原则，就是高低起伏越大的剧情，达到的效果就越惊人，就像是游乐园的过山车一样，高低落差越大的段落，乘客尖叫的声音也就越凄惨，刺激的过程越高。我们可以称这样的原理叫做过山车原理。

2、剧情的拍子但是这里我们还要补充的是节奏。

如果高低起伏是坐标上的Y轴，那么X轴的部分可以说是拍子;音乐中一个小节可以是一拍，二分之一拍，也可以快到八分之一拍;节奏的快慢，相对的影响到人的情绪起伏，慢的拍子，给人平稳的情绪，而越快的拍子，则给人紧张的情绪，这样的原理也适用在剧情的结构上。

这里，大家应该注意到了，为什么说艺术是相同的原理，这个节奏同样的也可以体现在美术作品、书法、颜色及符号上等，都是同样的原理。

3、运用快慢的搭配来控制读者的情绪

a、平稳剧情搭配慢节奏 b、冲击剧情搭配快节奏

六、吊读者的胃口

很多新人编的故事常犯的错误，就是直肠子一路通到底，想说什么就说什么，很多不错的点子，还没有酝酿的过程，就直接演出来了。上面已经说了很多的激发，目的是在增加我们可以表演的手法，将我们想表达的重点，酝酿到最佳时机再爆发出来。明白地说，小说就像作家与读者的斗智，当我们安排的剧情，在一开始就已经被读者知道结局的话，读者还有想看下去的欲望吗?

1、让读者上钩

其实作者就是故事的主宰，你就是神，可以决定剧中任何角色的命运;同样的，你也可以决定你最精彩的点子，要在什么时候出现，只要是读者最想知道的答案，你就肯定不能太早让读者知道，但是每个过程却透露出一点点片段的信息，让读者急着想知道，又不能知道，然后便慢慢地被你的剧情牵着走。

2、最佳时机谜底揭晓

而让读者知道解答的时机，就像是在钓鱼一样，拉杆的时间点一定要准确，当鱼上钩时，太早拉了，诱饵还没有进到鱼嘴，鱼会跑掉;太晚拉了，诱饵已经被吃了，鱼也会跑。太早将答案说出，读者对你的需求还没形成，效果会打折扣;而太晚将答案说出来，读者失去耐心也会跑了。收放之间一定要掌握好，如果没有信心的话，不妨多让几个好友看看，给予一些意见，作为你修正的参考。

七、掌握主题

小说最重要原则应该就是掌握主题。当我们在进行创作时，无论有什么再好的点子，都应该以不偏离主题为最高原则。

觉得什么好就加入什么，没有想法就不断地假如其他的想法，这样的编剧方式是不正确的。我看到不少的小说都偏离的主题，常常是因为有了突发灵感，或许是没有好的想法，编不下去，就加入很多与主题不相干的进去，违背了主题。

1、如何不偏题

如果是能够加分的灵感，那是求之不得，一定要加进去，如果没有任何可以结合的可能，那么，就请将这个想法储存起来，说不定可以作为下一部作品的创意，。如果真的想不出点子，建议你回到原点，看看你先前的设定，只要之前的工作都做足了，一定可以从中找到一个方向的，你也可以在看看已经完成的剧情，是否有什么地方是忘了交代，或者可以延伸的;以读者的角度，反复地在你的作品中观察找寻可以接续的方向，也是一种方法;再不然，你就搁下笔，离开你的作品，做些其他的事情，让自己放松一下，因为可能你已经钻进牛角里无法自拔。

2、多线架构的使用原则

有时我们也会使用难度较高的多线架构，这样的编剧手法需要比较熟练的经验，对于大长篇的剧情，多线构架也变得必要，因为出现的人物越来越多，要交代的故事也不会仅限于一个故事，多线架构的注意重点大致如下：a、前后呼应：故事的主构架是固定的，在剧情当中会出现分支的剧情，但是记住，分支剧情最后必须在归于主题上，，否则会变成无法收尾。

b、主次分明：就是主题在分支架构出现后，逐渐被分支架构取代，分支架构变成主架构，这就是主题产生偏移，也是我们最当心的忌讳。因此，我们必须分清架构的主从系，才不至于编到最后反客为主。

C、懂得割爱：志气那也提过，有时候我们回有太多的点子，巴不得全部都挤到一部作品上。其实，当我们的剧情已经相当扎实的时候，就不要再画蛇添足，这会让读者产生麻痹，或者边得难以阅读。太复杂的剧情，通常也不太容易被大众接受，毕竟，小说是一种大众化的商品，我们要符合的对象也是一般的读者，因此，有时候割爱是必须的，保留一些好的创意，做瑕疵长做的题材。

八、制造高潮

平淡的剧情未尝不是一种表现的形式，如果你能将故事说的很平淡，却有撼动人心，那你的功力可就非比寻常了;平淡的手法其实也暗藏高潮，只是埋藏的很好不被看到罢了，对于创作的新人来说，高潮起伏的剧情会远比平淡的剧情容易处理多了，我们要先学会如何制造高潮，待经验丰富之后，再慢慢学者如何将高潮暗藏在剧情中。

读者在阅读你的作品时，总是在期待着你制造的高潮，你精心的规划，漫长的经营，为的就是将剧情中最精彩的部分，深刻地表现出来，感动读者的心，让读者为你哭为你笑。但如果没有表现好，这个作品其实就算失败了。

1、集中所有力量为了高潮：当剧情顺利的进展了，我们就要集中所有的注意力，制造出剧情中的高潮，我们应当集中所有的技巧，在关键的高潮点爆发出来，这样的剧情才会深入人心。

所谓的技巧，如：时间的流动、节奏、吊胃口、创意、主线、人物、场景、伏笔等

2、多不如好：剧情中的高潮不要放在架构上无关紧要的地方，其实也等同于不要偏离主线，等同于前面所有经营的方向不要偏离主题，这样的效果才能扎扎实实地呈现出来。

3、出人意外：另外，高潮的表现方式，希望哪个不要太过公式化，以往见过的各种表现方式是可以供作参考，但是最好我们能在多用点心思去变化，虚则实之，实则虚之，在与读者的斗智过程中，尽量能出乎众人的意料之外，才会让读者惊叹，总之，多想一点，就会有所不同。

4、持续的高潮：持续性的高潮是否是一种忌讳呢?我们希望与众不同，就必须要脱离框架，有时，忌讳的使用也是非常手段，能够达到非常的效果，如果我们在前期积蓄的能量是足以发挥到第二甚至第三次的高潮，那么，我们使用持续的高潮又未尝不可。

但是使用连续高潮时，须注意对读者的刺激性会产生麻痹，因此，该收的时候就要收，适可而止。

九、人性是故事的心脏

这里以漫画为题材来讲述这个道理。

有不少画技超高的作品，却不是最热门的作品，而有些热门的作品画技却相当平庸，道理其实简单，画面只是吸引读者第一印象的要素。就像是我们在街上见到一个帅哥一样，通常会不自觉地看上一眼，只能说是喜欢，但是要真正爱上他，甚至一生一世，那你就会考虑他的内在了。如果他像个木头人虚有其表，可能放在你身边一星期你都会觉得碍眼。因此，除了吸引读者的第一眼之外，如何留住读者完整地看完你的作品而不觉得厌倦，就是决胜的关键了，想想看那些连载数十册的漫画巨着，是如何留住读者的心长达十年以上的光阴而不变，更是为之而疯狂地追捧。

(写到这里，我突然想到前几年，就是漫画作品《棋魂》很红的那段时期，中国的围棋协会，不知道叫什么来这，忘名了，只知道他在中国的围棋界享有很高的知名度，在他新出的围棋小说中却大量地抄袭《棋魂》这部作品，结果使他在上海签名会时被大量的《棋魂》迷臭骂，更是有人流着泪当着他的面撕掉他的小说。这是何等的痛心啊!中国的名人尽抄袭了日本的作品，作为《棋魂》迷的读者(包括大部分的漫画迷)，是无法忍受的!结果他的网站论坛被骂的帖子超过 10000页，每天骂人的帖子接近1000页的数字增长。想想看，当是一部漫画作品就有那么多人的拥戴，这需何等的魅力。我想问问看，中国有几部的小说能达到这种效果?还有部《海贼王》的漫画，我看连载起码有个12年以上，拥护、支持它，为它而疯狂的漫迷有多少啊!他的销售书册有好几次位居日本漫画榜首，为什么?说白了，就因为是它可以让人大笑，也可以让人大哭的动漫作品，人物个性鲜明，故事发展令人匪夷所思，紧紧扣住“人性”来描述的作品。)

答案其实很简单，就是人性!我们必须给予剧中的角色有独特的性格，运用这些强烈的角色，将人性完整的表达出来。我们必须能控制读者的情绪，引发读者的人性，让读者该哭时狂哭，该笑时狂笑，这也就是戏剧的独特魅力。

因此设计选题时，人物也是担任相当重要的部分，有些好的题材，其实也是在人设前就已经成功了。记住设定选材时，也将人物与人性的表达重点预设进去。任何作品吸引读者目光的地方不是单纯的画技、华丽的语句，而是动人的故事，而动人的故事往往是由人性表现出来的。

十、同中求异

很多的经典题材或是成功的作品都是值得吸收参考的，世界上没有被创作出来的题材似乎已经很少了，对于我们的创作来说，经常会发现一个很多的创意题材，可能在很久以前已经有人做过了，或不久之后市面上出现雷同的题材，令你十分惋惜，这种撞车的情形是常常发生的。试想，当你的作品被忍耐怀疑有抄袭嫌疑的时候，你是不是会觉得无辜呢?

我们如何在信息和创意不断爆炸的年代中找到自己的定位，或者是在已经成功的题材中发现新的课题。即便是再经典的题材，因为时空的转换，和创作者成长环境的不同，也有机会出现不同的表达方式和新的内涵，因此，找出成功作品的骨架、精神及精彩的要素，加入自己新的想法及个人的特色重新包装，不难找出好的作品方向。

十一、格局的创意

不知道大家有没有看过电影的一些影视分析，大家都说张艺某的片子都是大格局，能做到像张艺某一样大格局的人为数不多的。

1、点型创意：这类型的创意，通常只用于一个小细节上，不适合做太长的延伸，在创作上是属于点缀的作用。

点型创意是一个独立的创意类型，她可以单独的存在，也可以任意地置入到剧情中需要的部分。

类似一句有趣的对白，或是一个搞笑的动作，这样的创意也能转换成为角色的口头禅或习惯动作。

在一个好的剧本里面，点型的创意是随时存在的，因为他就像一张完美的家具的装饰一样，让读者随时随刻都体会到作者的用心。

这样的创意是不具备延伸性的，我们在发想的阶段，如果是长篇的故事，则必须将这样的创意记录下来，无需放进故事骨架当中，因为发想阶段，筛选出重点是相当重要的，必须时割舍这样的创意也没有关系。

2、关键型创意：这类型的创意是属于剧情中重要桥段或转折点上的关键，他会影响到故事的延伸发展和呼应前头的伏笔，这样的创意也有可能形成一个短篇的故事关键型创意的特点就是他只为了某个单一的目的所产生的点子，不同于典型的创意，他的框架足以发挥到一个简单完整的故事。

关键型创意在长篇的故事当中，可以是一个段落的重要环节，数个关键型创意，便足以架构出一个长篇的故事。

发想时的重点，在于出人意料的情节转变，目的在于短时间内压缩读者的情绪，或引读者的注目。

长篇故事开场时的关键创意更是重要，因为读者在前几回的反应，决定了你这篇作品的后续生命，如果没有在一开始就运用关键型创意吸引住读者，后续的故事再精彩都可能徒劳无功。

3、架构型创意：也就是足以支撑个长篇故事或单元性故事的主要架构创意，这样的架构也就是我们所说的故事骨架，而故事骨架的好坏取决于构架型创意是否够力。

关于创意，除了及时捕捉突如其来的灵感之外，平时的积累也是很内重要的，拥有了一定的积累，对日后的创作会非常有帮助。

当以上所提到的创意灵感充分集合之后，才能构思出有趣深动的故事情节。

十二、发想创意的方法

1、市场分析法：观察目前市场上流行的素材，若是现有的素材大多已开发，则可运用两种以上的流行素材结合成为新的创作题材，这类的手法常常出现在偶像剧的创作上。小说也一样，奇幻的故事可以结合武侠，都市的故事可以结合奇幻等等!

首先，我们必须先关注流行的信息，针对你有兴趣的题材，开始收集相关的资料，做基本的功课，最好也能到相关的场所实际体验，并与相关的人物进行访谈，会让创作的内容更贴近现实，当然，若是该题材是你亲身的经历将会更好，因为很多细节的部分描写更为主动。

2、趋势发想法：未来的世界一直是科学家们努力研究的方向，以往这样的想象都仅能从想象力丰富的脑袋中挖掘出来，庆幸的是现在这些对未来的预测我们也能在各类媒体中轻易地得知，而且也极可能的被实现，因此，除了以现在有的环境当作创意发想的方向之外，我们也可以多注意未来的趋势方向，越遥远的未来，想象的空间也就越大。

3、逆向思维法：一般人的思考模式会依寻自我或前人的经验甚至书本上的资料作为依据，而这样的方向也往往让创意受到了局限，尚若问题和答案在同一个圆圈的两个点上，而两个点又极为相近，如果依照经验，必须要绕完一圈才能获得答案，那么反过来走，可能答案就近在眼前了。

另外，与常人的思考逻辑完全相同，也就等同于没有新鲜感，没有刺激性。如果违反常人的思考方式，你可能就会轻易地找到的全新创意。

4、欲望满足法：其实许多创作都在满足人们对现实环境的不满足。人会有很多欲望，但是这些欲望大部分人一生都很难达成，小到希望能知道明天考试的答案，希望哪个同桌讨厌的小胖不要再欺负我：希望有一个超级帅哥或美女当你的异性朋友，等等。

现实生活达不到的事，人们希望能由幻想来满足自己。

十三、最后要注意的

永远觉得不足，在创作中不断地修正。

作为一个创作者，应该有求新求变的精神，因为读者不断地成长，市面上的作品也会不断地推陈出新，如果没有挑战的心态，作品便会变的陈旧，而渐渐脱离市场，你也会慢慢也退居幕后。

记住保留一种心态，就是永远觉得不足，也只有不足才会想要进步，也才会不断地吸收成长，你认为的高有多高，宇宙的尽头到得了吗?人类永远是渺小的，学习永远都不会结束。而在创作中，也不要自满，随时检视自己的作品是否还有更好的可能，因为作品面对的是各式各样挑剔的读者。特别是新的写手，很容易会被一些花言巧语的评语捧得天花乱坠，不能自我，还真以为自己写得很好了。我们面对的评语无论好坏，都必须朝不断创新、不断学习、不断超越自我的方向努力，这也应该是创作者的坚持。

【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板：图画类写作模板

图画类写作模板

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...