中考英语书面表达写作技巧课件通用20篇

导语：3月25日晚9时29分，浙江嘉兴南湖附近的烟雨小区烟波苑，一户6楼民居着火。从网友上传的视频可见，当时火势很大，火舌从窗户蹿出，熊熊燃烧。下面是语文迷小编为大家整理的相关素材，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

3月26日凌晨0时44分，嘉兴的一位消防员姜添财，更新了一条朋友圈：“救人一命胜造七级浮屠!我只想说，我可以睡着觉了!”——这条微信背后，他所经历的惊心动魄，确实没法用这几个字说清楚。

3月25日晚9时29分，浙江嘉兴南湖附近的烟雨小区烟波苑，一户6楼民居着火。从网友上传的视频可见，当时火势很大，火舌从窗户蹿出，熊熊燃烧。

最让人心惊的是，有两个女人从6楼窗户攀爬出来，双手攀着窗台边缘，双脚抵着才10厘米左右宽的5楼窗台边。就在她们快要体力不支时，消防官兵在群众帮助下，从5楼窗台探出身，徒手将人安全接住。

当晚10时20分，火势被扑灭。近一小时时间，他们的家被烧成了焦壳。万幸，一家三口及时得救。

整个过程，只能用千钧一发来形容。

小区突然着火

六楼一家三口被困

烟雨小区是一个老拆迁小区，2001年交付。3月25日晚9时29分，5幢6楼一住户家却着了火。接警后，消防支队立即调派特一、南湖、经开中队9车43人赶赴现场，第一时间对周围住户进行疏散，“到达时南边已有明火，北边浓烟滚滚。想破门而入救人，却发现防盗门被反锁了!”特勤一中队中队长姜添财说。

门需要用破拆工具去拆，屋内有人已爬出窗台。消防分三路：一组对被困人员开展紧急救援;一组携破拆装备进行破门内攻扑救;一组出水枪在外冷却控制火势蔓延。当时，这家的男主人在楼南面——起火后，他从客厅窗台爬出，利用防盗窗、空调外机等户外设备，已攀爬至3楼窗台外。见此情形，救援人员立即展开15米金属拉梯将男主人救下。

母女俩前后扒窗台

消防员连安全绳都来不及绑了

“我老婆女儿还在里面，快救救她们!”这名男子告诉消防员，屋内断电了，他和老婆女儿都分散在不同位置。没一会儿，火和烟就大起来了，他跑去开门已经来不及了。

楼北面，更危急的一幕看得人心惊肉跳：大火从北面厨房的窗户蹿出，熊熊燃烧。一个中年女人从窗户口爬了出来，身体已悬空在窗台外侧，双手紧紧攀在6楼窗台上，双脚抵在5楼仅10厘米左右的窗台边上，已快体力不支。

“不要跳!不要跳啊!消防人员已经来救了!”底下围观的好多群众，心都跟着提到嗓子眼，大声鼓励她。

这边，姜添财已在腰上绑好安全绳，特警一中队一班副班长诸葛都慧在一旁辅助，两人在中年女人正下方的5楼窗台，准备救援。

“刚刚抱住她的腿，还没来得及说话安抚她情绪，她就因体力不支脱手了。惯性使她身体往外翻，千钧一发啊，我们死命将她拉了回来。”姜添财说。

劫后余生的她带着哭腔不断重复：“快救救我女儿和老公!”

不到半分钟，火势猛烈燃烧，已蔓延到北面的小卧室。一名长头发姑娘也爬出了6楼窗台，她同样紧紧攀在窗台边上。

这次，连安全绳都没来得及绑，特勤一中队战斗员魏庭标和5楼住户沈寒峰一起冲到5楼小卧室的窗台。消防员刚抱住姑娘的脚，姑娘就脱手了，身体向外翻。两个消防员探出身体，死死抱住姑娘的脚，徒手将人拉了回来。

姑娘还不知道父母已获救，第一时间向救援人员哭喊：“快救救我爸妈!”

看到母女俩相继惊险获救，被送上了等在楼下的救护车，底下群众也长呼一口气。

当晚10时20分，火势被扑灭。

房子已被烧成焦壳

女主人称火情由电热毯引发

3月26日早上，记者来到烟雨小区，起火的房子就在小区入口右手边，焦黑的三个窗口尤为显眼。被烧的住户家三室一厅都被烧得面目全非，焦黑一片。

很多邻居都看到了惊险的那一幕。“虽然东西都烧没了，还好，人救下来了。多亏了他，这对母女都是从他家窗口救的，他帮消防一起救的人。”很多大爷指着5楼户主沈寒峰说。

沈寒峰，45岁，在上海当过三年消防兵，退伍已20多年，“我听到楼上有异响，跑上去看，门反锁需要破拆，已有浓烟冒出。火太大了，他们从窗户爬出来，从我家救是最快的。”

记者在嘉兴武警医院烧伤科看到了女主人，51岁的张剑英，她右臂有些烧伤，老公和女儿身体无大碍。“当时，我已经在卧室睡着了，老公在客厅看电视打瞌睡。女儿发现突然断电了，叫醒打瞌睡的爸爸，这才发现小房间的电热毯在冒烟，一会儿就起火了!”张剑英现在仍心有余悸，“帮忙谢谢5楼邻居和救援人员，不然我们一家不知道会怎样了!”张剑英红着眼说。

记者从南湖消防了解到，起火后，这家人自己第一时间进行扑救，火势大了才报警。所以，等消防员赶到时，火势已扩散;在老旧小区，登高车开不进去;环境受限，救生气垫无法展开，金属拉梯高度又无法够达六楼，这才有了徒手空中接人的惊险一幕。“我们才刚抱住脚，人就掉下来了!现在想想，还是后怕。”姜添财事后说，“如果她从我眼前掉下去，我没接住的话，那可能以后都睡不着觉了。”

这位心里久久不能平静的消防员更新了朋友圈，他觉得终于“可以睡着觉了”。

消防提醒：

住户家中发生火灾时，尤其是高层建筑，千万不要盲目采取跳楼的方式来逃生，应当远离着火区域的窗口向外呼救或者发出光源警示，第一时间报警，等待救援。

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

1. Every coin has two sides.每个硬币都有两面，比喻事物的两面性。

2. The winter is coming and the spring is not far.冬天已经临近了,春天还会远吗?

3. Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。

4. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

5. Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

6. A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。

7. A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。

8.Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。

9.Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。

10.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。

[必备的10句谚语中考英语作文备考资料

长久以来孩子们的写作思维被固化了，这篇文章孩子们认真阅读，真正掌握了其要义，就可以把文章写的更鲜活，富有灵性！

写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?

孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。” 如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。 张三说：“……”； 张三无可奈何地说：“……”； 张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……” 显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?” 按照蒋老师“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!蒋老师此言一出震惊四座。不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。 如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

遇到“很”和“非常”

想一想 对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼? 比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

环境里面有“真”“情

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。” 孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”(一句话把文章就给写完了) 学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了! 怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“” 这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。 如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

详叙法

【特点】

略叙法

【特点】

略叙的作用是在于交代事件发生发展过程中不可缺少但又不必详叙的内容。它与详叙相结合，便整个叙述有详有略，疏密相间，形成叙述的起伏。略叙一般用于文章的开头和结尾;与中心思想关系一般的部分;人所共知的部分。

直接抒情法

【特点】

直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。

间接抒情法

【特点】

间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转，富有韵味，感染力强。间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情，作者在叙述时加上自己主观感情色彩，根据感情的流动来叙述，使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情;也可以通过议论抒情，作者在议论中，表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情，这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行;还可以通过描写来抒情，作者在描写的过程中，渗透自己的情感。采用间接抒情的方法，要做到语言美丽而又富有感情色彩。

先叙后议法

【特点】

先叙后议是先叙事后议论，因此议论要起总结上文，点胆中心的作用。议论时，要对事件的主要内容，或事件的主要人物，或主要事物进行议论。这样才能做到叙事和议论的统一。议论的方法，可以通过文章的人物的语言、心理活动进行议论，也可以以第三者的身份进行议论。

先议后叙法

【特点】

采用先议后叙的方法，首先开门见山地提出记叙的要点和中心，并以此统全文，使全文所记事件的意义，通过议论之后，显得清楚明白。在叙事的时候，要根据议论的中心，抓住重点进行写作。

导语：不知道大家有没有这样的经验：我们爱说“那些都是极好的，可我偏不喜欢”,可你一转头，会发现你偏偏喜欢的自认为的小众，其实很大众。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

阅读下面的材料，按要求作文(60分)

某新闻爆料，一女生深夜吃炸鸡配啤酒，胃病住院;某超市促销，买炸鸡送啤酒......韩剧《来自星星的你》在中国刮起了新潮流。有专家提出，大家都喜欢大众而远离小众。

可有人却偏爱小众。在同一档期，《白日焰火》在柏林电影节出尽了风头，最佳导演，最佳影片都收入囊中。有影评人认为，如何让小众被大众接受，是国产优秀电影突围的关键。

不知道大家有没有这样的经验：我们爱说“那些都是极好的，可我偏不喜欢”,可你一转头，会发现你偏偏喜欢的自认为的小众，其实很大众。比如纳兰性德的词，比如先锋派的诗。如今微信朋友圈、微博，也成为将小众变成大众的“神器”。

又或者，有人一边爱大众，一边坚守自己的小众。乡里巴人和阳春白雪就像炸鸡啤酒和高档法国菜一样，可以同时附身在一个人身上。

你认为的小众是什么样的?音乐，图书，电影，范畴不限。你有没有过类小众与大众互相参透的困惑?请根据以上材料，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：题目自拟，立意自定，不得套作与抄袭。

名师.阅卷详解

近几年高考作文题，越来越注重考查考生观察和思考生活能力。本题中的“小众”，既是少数人喜欢的;而“大众”，则是多数人喜欢的。本题实际考查考生如何看待“小众”与“大众”的问题。可以从两个角度来打开思路，首先，具体到个人，要么喜“小众”而厌“大众”，要么喜“大众”而厌“小众”要么即喜“小众”且喜“大众”。无论是喜“小众”，还是喜“大众”，都是一种生活态度。写作时，务必要明确“大众”和“小众”的具体内容，才能言之有物。还要写出自己的真实感受，才能荡人心魄，引人共鸣。其次，从“小众”与“大众”的辩证关系切入。“小众”与“大众”并不是相互对立的，有时“小众”也可成为“大众”，“大众”也可成为“小众”。从这个角度行文，重在揭示两者转化的原因和心里。

素材.论据方向

选材标准：可以选取一些喜爱“小众”或喜爱“大众”从而活得精彩的人物，或是结合社会现象，列举一些小众与大众相互转换的例子。小众可以走向大众，而大众也会随着形势的转变成小众。

故宫推出“活”雍正

2014年8月1日，故宫博物院在网上发不了一组《雍正：感觉自己萌萌哒》的动态图片，以《雍正行乐图》为基础，加以技术化改造，制作成动态图片，并配以“朕就是朕不一样的烟火”“感觉自己萌萌哒”等解说词，让雍正“活”了起来

在这些“行乐图”中，雍正帝以各种面貌出现，简直如同花样迭出的模仿秀。故宫挑选了“行乐图”中的九张，予以小小的设计，为大家呈现了一个萌萌的四爷。很多人为故宫此举点赞，认为这样有利于更多的民众了解雍正。

素材点拨：让历史人物显得更为生动形象，有利于消除时代隔膜，让历史人物走进百姓，不再沉寂在历史长河之中

这些年来，这类命题方式，已广泛而频繁地被语文老师运用到平时的作文训练中去了，诸如《——迷》、《我当——》、《我第一次——》、《我学会了——》、《请到——来》、《——给我温暖》、《我常常想起——》、《——，真有意思》、《——的一堂课》。《——见闻》、《——一角》、《怎样学——》、《读——后感》等等，都属这类作文命题。下面是小编为你带来的小学生命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

考试时遇上了这类命题样式，并要写好这类作文，必须注意以下两点：

一是认真审题。

大凡这类命题样式，命题者在题目的前后总会有比较具体的要求的，对横线上所填入的内容，更有明确的提示，而这些要求或提示正是正确、全面审题的前提，一定要仔细审清。比如《我学会了——》这个题目，命题者对横线上填人的对象作如下提示：“凡是你生活、学习实际中确实学会了的，都可以写。审题时，可以从这一提示中确定选材范围(是生活、学习中的)，确定写作对象(技能、方法)。这样审明白了，心中有谱了，还得注意前面的“我学会了”。所谓“学会”，“学”反映一个过程，是“会”的前提，“会”，则反映了这一过程的程度和结果，是“熟练”和“能运用”的体现。“会”可以说是题眼，如果忽视了这一题眼，必定不能很好地反映出文章的中心。认真审明“学会”的含义，对确定填人横线上的写作对象，很有作用。否则，你可能填人的写作对象只是“学了”或“会一点”，而不是“学会”。

二是认真选材。

这类作文的选材与在横线上填人的写作对象是一致的，只是前者具体后者概括而已。因而，要所选材料达到新颖独特，首先横线上填人的写作对象必须新颖独特，与众不同。怎样才能如此呢?要有发散性思维，或者要有求异性思维。这就是说。面对考题，先进行一番发散性思维，即跳出命题者提示的写作对象进行广泛的思考，想到很多很多。然后集中起来，分析比较，逐一筛选。筛选的原则是自己最熟悉、感受最深刻的，别人没有经历过，或根本想不到的。这样的写作对象一经确定，选择材料也就有依据了。有一年，一所初中的作文考试题目是《我第一次———》，面对这样的考题，我们应该怎样在认真审题的基础上，充分展开了求异思维呢?我们应该怎样写，才能得高分呢?题目：我第一次———审清题意这是半命题作文，题目所给出的一半“我第一次”是对内容的限制，要求写生活中的某种第一次经历，题目中所要补充的一半，是习作者的亲身经历，如第一次种花、买菜、做饭、洗衣服、坐飞。机、制做科技小制品等。确定文章中心记叙生活中的第一次经历的事情，说明从中所受到的教益或产生的欢乐心情。在生活中，我们经历的第一次太多了。但事情有大、小、好、坏之分，应该选择有意义的事情来写，第一次做事情做的成功，会产生喜悦;第一次做的失败，会留下深刻的教训。事情的成功与失败，都会对同学有教益。

为什么有的同学观察的非常细致，可写出的文章却有不少毛病呢?没有意义呢?主要是因为这些同学不会对材料进行加工、提炼。

1、加工提炼材料。我们知道，作文的材料来自于生活，但生活和文章之间不能划等号。生活不等于文章。文章是作者对生活的观察分析之后写出来的。所以，我们在观察生活，获得写作素材之后，还必须认真进行研究，哪些地方要补充细节，哪些内容应该舍弃，经过周密的思考，经过周密的分析，精心组织材料才能写出中心明确而又有意义的文章。

2、要学会在文中穿插写其他人物。写自己第一次经历的事情，要用第一人称，这样写真实可信亲切感人。为了避免叙述呆板，可以在故事中穿插有关的人物。我们发现不少的同学在作文中，常常只管写“我、怎样怎样做”，“我怎样怎样说”，忽视了有关的人和事，因市把故事写得呆板、枯燥。其实生活中，我做事情往往会涉及到其他的人和事。如果在作文里能够有选择地穿插写有关的人，可以使文章生动活泼。叙事当中穿插写人，不要节外生枝、画蛇添足。穿插写其他人物，要能帮助突出中一心。叙事中穿插其他人物，但仍以写“我”为主。巧妙地穿插可以使故事的情节曲折动人。

3、会用点题的方法。在写人叙事的过程中，要学会用简炼的语言点清题意，这是小学生写作文的基本功之一。学会点题加强文题和内容之间的联系，更好地突出中心思想，在何处点题应当根据故事情节的推进人物性格的发展而定。可以在篇首、篇末或篇中点题之法，落笔重在故事情节的关键之处。在篇首点题，重在开宗明义;在篇未点题，重在深化中心;在篇中点题，重在因势利导。点题之笔要精炼，富有概括力，具有启发性。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：去年的时候，网友呼吁“大圣应该在春晚舞台归来。”，然而春晚导演却没有采纳，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

“大圣应该在春晚舞台归来。”网友真挚的呼吁却被春晚剧组判为不负责任的起哄。我认为，春晚剧组这一回应是不妥的，倾听民声，尊重民意——才是春晚舞台应有的情怀。

1968年，一部电视剧《西游记》红遍大江南北，而其中孙悟空的扮演者六小龄童，也深深地印刻在了人们的脑海里。齐天大圣这一形象，已不再是一个纯粹的小说人物，它的背后，承载着一代有一代中国人民的文化情怀。时隔三十年，人们的这种情怀从未改变，那么在猴年，六小龄童上春晚也就自然成为了广大民众的热切期盼。

面对民众诚挚的呼声，春晚剧组却无动于衷，也因此让不少网友失去理智，酿成了一场刷屏起哄的闹剧。齐天大圣，经典的文化形象，民众又热切期盼春晚再现六小龄童，春晚为什么不能放低姿态，倾听民声，尊重民众的意愿呢?

在这一事件背后，反映出的正是经典文化情怀的淡薄，对民意的轻视。反观国外，美国好莱坞非常重视对经典文化的发掘和传承。曾经轰动一时的《泰坦尼克号》在今天又得以重新改造，全新的3d效果更加精致标准的画面使其再次受到世界的追捧，为好莱坞带来巨大的利润。再有，功夫熊猫，花木兰等经典文化形象，本是中国所属，为何却让外国人创新成功?正是对经典文化的重视，对民众意愿的把握，才让这些影片唤起人们内心的文化情结，得到人民的支持，从而取得成功。

走中国特色社会主义文化道路，需要发展为人民大众喜闻乐见的大众文化，需要深入人民群众的生活，倾听人民心声，了解人民意愿，并将其反应道文化作品中来。网友刷屏起哄固然不合适，但春晚剧组更应该深刻反思。试想，如果春晚剧组拥有经典文化意识，尊重民意，让大圣归来，怎么还会有这些刷屏起哄的现象呢?在今后，春晚的发展，乃至广大文艺工作者，都需要重视民声。人民群众是社会之基础，深入群众，尊重民意，才是应有的作为。

惟愿文化工作者倾听民声，尊重民意。惟愿中国文化欣欣向荣，更好的向前发展。

一、明确作文要求，提高写作能力

一篇好的作文，要有一个主题思想，整篇作文应该是紧扣文章主题，遵循特定的文体格式，选用恰当的语言合理组织文章结构，内容统一、连贯，语法、拼写、标点 正确，用词恰当。很多同学在准备英语写作时找不到方向，一味的想在考研英语写作上面抓分，却又不知道怎么样提高。杨老师在此特别提醒考生首先要学会抓住考研英语写作要领，尤其注意文章逻辑关系在阅读中的运用。逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种：

1、因果关系：as a result ，therefore，hence，consequently，because,for, due to, hence, consequently等等。

2、并列、递进关系：and, or, then，in addition，besides，in other words，moreover等等

3、转折关系：however，but, yet, in fact等等。

这些其实是已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文章中起的效果，并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子，从阅读的角度来看，其实同时在给我们某种提示，告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息，相对重要的信息，哪些信息是相对不重要的信息，因为我们在英语写作的时候，有一条清晰的思路，你不是为了完整翻译文章而进行阅读，而是为了获取主旨来写作。

二、摆脱无话可说 练习“三段式”思维

在英语作文写作时，无话可说的确让人比较头疼，无话可说是一个极端，有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该说什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西，在考试过程当中，这会在很大程度上影响大家的做题效果和做题速度。杨老师表示，当头脑出现空白时，应该从具体的、细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考变成观点，再进行论述。例如，领导讲话总是第一部分、、第二部分、第三部分…这样条理比较清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）

3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）

4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）

8）most important of all, moreover, finally

9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）

10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

三、用词准确保证语言连贯

考研英语写作中，同样是一篇作文，在没有语法、词汇等基础性错误的前提下，一个考生的句式平平，而另外一个考生的句式灵活多变，非常漂亮，毫无疑问，后者肯定比前者的分数高。但写英语作文时最忌讳的是用一些模棱两可的词，表达不够准确，而且考试时要特别注意语法、词语、语气、标点符号等，避免单词拼写错误、语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。建议考生考试时，最好选择自己最有把握的词汇、短语和句式。

很多考生习惯背诵模版，在写作文是喜欢套用背诵模版，但由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的错误，如语句不通。所以提醒考生选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓，词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起，可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。总之，无论想要套用那个模版，前提都要保证语言通顺，文章思想连贯。此外，要有自己的style，一来通过背诵或研究范文，把握考研英语作文的整体结构特点，以及写作格式，二来要在研究范文的基础上寻找自己的闪光点，比如闪光词汇。如果大家仔细研究真题，就会发现，几乎所有的高分作文都有一个共同点，那就是都具有几个闪光词汇，这个词汇可能并不是什么高级词汇，但是你能把它的延伸意，或者说你能把我它的一词多义，并且应用到你的文章中。

四、长短句巧搭配 精悍短语当亮点

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。此外短小精辟的句子，也可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although oneaction is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy theintellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

杨老师强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

【作文材料】

南极大陆的水陆交接处，全是滑溜溜的冰层或者尖锐的冰凌，企鹅身躯笨重，没有可以用来攀爬的前臂，也没有可以飞翔的翅膀，如何从水中上岸?

纪录片《深蓝》，详尽地展示了企鹅登陆的过程。在将要上岸时，企鹅猛地低头，从海面扎入海中，拼力沉潜。潜得越深，海水所产生的压力和浮力越大，企鹅一直潜到适当的深度，再摆动双足，迅猛向上，犹如离弦之箭蹿出水面，腾空而起，落于陆地之上，画出一道完美的弧线。

这种沉潜为了蓄势，看似笨拙，却富有成效。

人生何尝不是如此?企鹅的沉潜原则一定能给你一些人生哲理的启示。请根据你对这段文字所蕴涵哲理的理解，以“沉潜”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

【写作指导】

“沉潜”“蓄积与勃发”有三个层次含义：一是指一种策略，一种权宜之计，一种智慧，属于谋略层面意义;二是指一种思维方式，一种量变到质变的过程;三是指一种“忍”“韧”的哲学理念，一种“于无声处听惊雷”的心理素养，一种收敛、内向、自省，锻造灵魂的手段。它当然可以指具体的人或物，可以写个人的体验和感受。也可以指抽象的哲学思辨。可以写韬光养晦积蓄力量，更可以写果断出手一鸣惊人。

人生又何尝不是如此?当我们面前困难重重，出头之日遥不可及时，何不学学企鹅的沉潜?这种沉潜绝非沉沦，而是自强。如果我们在困境中也能沉下气来，不被“冰棱”吓倒，在喧嚣中也能沉下心来，不被浮华迷惑，专心致志积聚力量，并抓住恰当的机会反弹向上，毫无疑问，我们就能成功登陆!反之，总是随波浮沉，或者怨天尤人，注定就会被命运的风浪玩弄于股掌之间，直至筋疲力竭。甘于沉下去，才可浮出来，企鹅的沉潜原则，也适用于人的生存。

导语：“中国梦归根到底是人民的梦，必须紧紧依靠人民来实现，必须不断为人民造福。”下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

新华网北京3月17日电习近平主席说“我深知，担任国家主席这一崇高职务，使命光荣，责任重大。我将忠实履行宪法赋予的职责，忠于祖国，忠于人民，恪尽职守，夙夜在公，为民服务，为国尽力，自觉接受人民监督，决不辜负各位代表和全国各族人民的信任和重托。”

3月17日上午9时20分许，十二届全国人大一次会议闭幕会，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平向人大代表、向全国各族人民郑重宣示。

“实现全面建成小康社会、建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家的奋斗目标，实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福……”

人民大会堂见证，在繁星点点的穹顶下，在如潮涌动的掌声中，习近平坚定表示：

实现中国梦必须走中国道路。

实现中国梦必须弘扬中国精神。

实现中国梦必须凝聚中国力量。

这是共和国领导者对祖国、对人民的情怀和担当：我们不能有丝毫自满，不能有丝毫懈怠，必须再接再厉、一往无前，继续把中国特色社会主义事业推向前进，继续为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而努力奋斗。

这是对民族的承诺：“中国梦归根到底是人民的梦，必须紧紧依靠人民来实现，必须不断为人民造福。”

2012年11月15日，党的十八届一中全会结束后，也是在人民大会堂，新当选中共中央总书记的习近平首次与中外记者见面时曾这样描述他所理解的“责任”：“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标”。

今天，凝望主席台，全国人大代表、甘肃临夏州委书记周强对今年2月习近平的甘肃之行记忆犹新：“我们必须牢记使命，心往一处想，劲往一处使，扑下身子、苦干实干，带领广大群众尽快脱贫致富奔小康，实现过上好日子的中国梦。”

这是对人民的承诺：“有梦想，有机会，有奋斗，一切美好的东西都能够创造出来。”

过去100多天，从深圳特区到北京社区，从河北乡村到甘肃山区，习近平的双手一次次紧紧握住普通百姓的手，和各族群众共同描绘“上学梦”“就业梦”“安居梦”“致富梦”，一再强调“实干兴邦”。

“习近平总书记去年12月特意到河北阜平看望慰问困难群众，不仅看真问题、真看问题，更想方设法为群众解决问题。今天，我又一次从他的讲话中‘读’出坦率和真诚。”全国人大代表、河北省保定市副市长闫立英对记者说。

这是对历史的承诺：“实现中国梦，创造全体人民更加美好的生活，任重而道远，需要我们每一个人继续付出辛勤劳动和艰苦努力。”

面对未来10年，一个个挑战也考验着新一届中共中央领导集体：中国如何摆脱“中等收入陷阱”?能否成功遏制腐败?怎样应对环境危机?……

习近平以坦诚的态度、自信的话语表明：“我们要坚持发展是硬道理的战略思想”“使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民”“坚决同一切消极腐败现象作斗争”“高举和平、发展、合作、共赢的旗帜”……

他更号召全体人民：只要我们紧密团结，万众一心，为实现共同梦想而奋斗，实现梦想的力量就无比强大，我们每个人为实现自己梦想的努力就拥有广阔的空间。

“对于个人而言，只要努力上进，就能实现梦想。”来自广东的农民工代表易凤娇对记者说：“对于我们国家而言，在公共服务保障、医疗教育等方面还要改革，相信改革可以给我们带来更好的小康生活。”

3000多字的讲话，有希冀，有期许，有承诺，有担当，人民大会堂内13次回响起雷鸣般的掌声。习近平为实现中国梦所发出的号召，激起人们无尽的憧憬与向往。

此时此刻，向着民族复兴的中国梦，中国又站在新的历史起点。

100多天前，习近平这样表达过他心中蕴藏的信念：“实现中华民族伟大复兴，就是中华民族近代以来最伟大的梦想。”今天，他再次以坚定的话语向世人宣示：继续为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而努力奋斗。

now in the country areas, there are many children out of school. i think one of the reasons is that their families are too poor to afford their school. as a result, they have to stay at home to make money to keep their families.

another reason is that many parents think it useless for the girls to study and they would not like them to go to school. a third reason is that some children are not interested in their lessons, and would not like to go to school.

in my opinion all the children including the girls should have the chance to receive education. all the people should pay attention to the education of the children who will play a very important part in the future of our country.

一、在我们作文中，不管是写人，记事，也常常会有景物描写。那么写景应注意什么呢?

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

二、写景作文写作要点

景物描写在记叙文写作中往往是必不可少的。可是许多同学在写作中不懂得景物描写的特点，有的描写模糊不清，有的分不清主次，有的缺乏情感，出现了许多不应有的败笔。那么，在记叙文的写作中应该怎样去描写自然景色呢?具体来说，景物描写应注意以下三个问题：

1、写景要有顺序。

观赏景物都有一定的规律：或定点环顾，或边走边看。描写时也应该“顺其自然”。例如老舍先生的《济南的冬天》一文，描写济南城周围的环境时写道：“小山把济南整个儿围个圈儿，只有北边缺点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱，好像把济南放在一个小摇篮里。”景物描写与作者的定点鸟瞰相吻合，自然清晰，形象准确。又如凡妮的《野景偶拾》一文，按照沿途所见，依次描写绕村的溪流，山梁的小路、盆地的高粱、山坡的谷穗、旷野的幽静、落日的霞光、宛如绸带的河流和公路、华美如贝雕的田野和山林。移步换形，有如移舟前进，时过景迁，景观随之改换，给人一种身临其境之感。

2、写景要有选择。

写景时应要有所取有所弃，抓住最能代表彼时彼地特征的景物加以描写，其它的景色则略写或不写。老舍先生的《在烈日和暴雨下》，为了突出天气变化的过程，就着力描写了杨柳的动态：“一点风也没有时——枝条一动懒得动;有一点凉风时——枝条微微动了两下;风大起来时——柳条横着飞。”通过杨柳的动态。显示了风的从无到有、由小到大，而对暴风雨降临时其它景象的变化，作者作了简略处理。这样，抓住特征，既形象地表现了天气变化的过程，又避免了描写的呆板重复，使得文字准确而精练。

3、写景要有情致。

人们观赏景物总是要带有某种感情的。因此，描写时也应该将这种感情一起表达出来，做到寓情于景，情景相映。鲁迅先生的《故乡》一文，反映旧中国农村衰败萧条，日趋破产的悲惨景象时，笔下的景色是“苍黄的天空下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。”而脑海中闪现出少年闰土的美好形象时，则为“深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。”景物描写之中渗透着作者爱憎分明的思想感情。以景促情，情景交融，有力地深化了文章的主题。

中考快到了，语文的写作成为了考试的难点，小编收集了中考高分的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

(一)

很多学生写作失误的原因即是跑题，而跑题非常重要的表现之一又是文章中没有任何一处文字起到了点题的作文。从这个意义上来说，实际上，文章当中是否有一些好的点题文字能够看出学生自己对作文材料及主旨的理解程度。因为只有真正能够把握住自己的立意，才能把题点好。

所以在写作打腹稿的时候不妨先想想能不能用本文所提到的“造句法”在文章首尾段点点题，如果可以的话，通常情况下，这个材料是可以使用的。而如果打腹稿的时候发现材料无法如此点题，基本情况下，这个材料的闪光点连你自己都还没挖掘出来，那么选择这个材料作文的时候就需要对其主题再进行深挖，或者换一个材料了。

所谓的“造句法”，即写一个句子充当开头和结尾，这句子的内容应该包含三个部分：作文题的关键词，主要内容的关键词(即作文中写的那件事)，主旨的关键词。

比如2011年北京中考满分作文之一《日积月累》的开头： 友谊如清风，驱散我心中的忧愁;友谊如高山，保护我那弱小的心灵;友谊如帆船，载着我乘风破浪!而这真挚的友谊只有在日积月累的坦诚相见，真诚相助中练就。

这篇文章的主题是“友谊在日积月累中加深，练就”，材料是“同学期中考试帮助我”，即“互助”，而标题则是《日积月累》，而这个开头就非常准确的扣住了三个关键词“友谊”“日积月累”“真诚互助”，这样的点题就非常好，其材料也肯定就是围绕着主题来写的了。

这篇文章的倒数两段也是如此：“在这段小李帮助我奋战的日子，我对学习由沮丧自卑，逐渐有了收获，直到信心满满;我与小李的交情也在点点滴滴的日积月累中逐渐加深，越来越浓。

友谊是永不落山的太阳。请伸出真诚互助的手，让友情温暖你我的心田，滋润你我的灵魂吧!”这个结尾也是紧紧扣住了三个关键词“日积月累”“我与小李的友谊”“朋友之间的帮助”。算是一个“豹尾”。

再如另一篇2010年济南中考满分作文《几分温暖在心头》的结尾：“头发梳梳，在成长的轨迹上，我始终滑不出母亲浓浓的爱。这份爱，无论何时想起，都会有几分温暖在心头!”

这篇作文的主题是“母爱让人感觉温暖”，材料是“母亲和我互相梳头”，标题是“几分温暖在心头”。这个结尾也非常巧妙的将这三部分内容放在了结尾当中。 很多学生，尤其是初一学生，都不知道考场作文该如何点题，那么，希望这篇文章能够对大家有所帮助。

(二)

1.摘记

在你的孩子学习写作之前，对他给你讲的故事、梦想、奇遇等等要表现出极大的兴趣，并随时摘记下来。注意：在他能够有自己的见解而且可以说得头头是道的地方，不要轻易披露出家长的看法--孩子往往会对自己的言谈中所显露出的隐约可见的奇妙之处备觉欣慰。

2.墙壁的魔力

孩子们都喜欢在墙壁上画呀写的。利用这种嗜好鼓起他们创造的勇气，挂一块黑板，或者找张牛皮纸贴在墙壁上，随他尽情画写。

3.笔记

使你的孩子养成记笔记的习惯--"我要去吉米家，我们打算玩垒球。"像这样信手写来，给他随时准备好纸和笔。

4.写标题

给你的孩子买本纪念册，再送给他一些图片，让他贴在纪念册里，写出每张图片的标题。

5.记日记

送给你的孩子一个日记本，鼓励他持之以恒地写日记;或者，帮助他装订一份自订的日历--留下许多空白页，使他得以记下每天的所见所闻。

6.写故事

给孩子一些稿纸，让他练习写一些短篇故事、短文或记叙一篇家史等等。

7.写信

对一个儿童来说，要想收到信件的唯一办法就是先给别人写信。鼓励他给亲友写信，或者建议他结交一位通信的伙伴。

8.触觉游戏

做一只盒子--做得大一点，抠上一个足以伸进一只拳头的窟窿。把各式各样的东西放进里面，让他们(孩子)去摸这些东西，然后请他们描绘自己的感受。

9.荧光屏的启迪

孩子们很少懂得电视节目和电影的演出始于写作的稿本，假如他们对手稿为何物还不甚了解，那么就到图书馆借一本给他们瞧瞧，鼓励他们创造出自己的手迹。

10.循序善诱

下一次你可以先写个开头，然后让稍大点的孩子接着写下去，确信他对此是一丝不苟、严肃认真的。"转向绿色的街道。"不错!下一步如何走法呢?请他斟酌整个旅程的路线，用尽量完美的词句表达出来。

01、构思

找准了作文的中心，接下来就要构思写作内容、安排文章的框架结构。构思的环节已经囊括了起题和立意，是作文不可或缺的前期准备。

1.从大到小，再以小见大。

材料作文题包含的内涵往往较大，但是文章立意要在对材料进行发散性思维的基础上缩小范围，明确论点。之后又要在这一点上深入，以小见大。

具体来说:

思考和分析材料时要善于多角度思考、换位思考，启发和感悟越多越好，并及时把启发和感悟记录在草稿纸上;

而后，再根据与主旨的贴近程度和自己熟悉的程度从中选择一个最易于自己发挥的话题(这两个步骤往往已经在起题阶段完成了);

选择切入点，再集中笔力加以突破，把你所选择的话题角度写细、写深、写透，做到以小见大。

2.文章立意的思想要健康、向上、积极，少一些愤世嫉俗。立意要明确，不要太隐晦。

作文的思想性很重要，看问题不能太尖刻悲观。基调可以，但一定要能体现健康积极，让读者看过有启迪，能够得到"正能量"。

(小编主观来说:阅卷老师也有生活/工作压力，阅卷那么多也会很疲惫。写消极的文字，无论是让人共鸣一起消极或是反之使人不屑一顾，都对于你的作文分数都没有好处。)

3.结构安排要心中有数、步步为营。

采取总分总的结构是常用的稳妥“套路”;是插叙、倒叙或者平铺直叙;在观点的表达上要循序渐进或是直入主题...这些都需要先做安排，打好腹稿。

02、表达

万事俱备，只欠东风。审题立意构思之后，如何通过文字语言表达思想，就是作文的主体内容。

1.文章的中心、主题要突出。

议论文要在中心句、观点句清楚交待文脉;记叙文要多在议论句、抒情句点睛，反复点题。

2.表达方式要考虑文体。

议论文要“深”，也即文章的分析阐述要有深度，要注意逐层深入分析，由表及里揭示本质，角度要小，挖掘要深。

记叙文要“细”，注意安排细节描写，在叙述中要避免记流水帐，可以适当运用倒叙、插叙等手法，以增加行文的波澜。

(特别注意：记叙文不是写网文小说，不要华而不实，修饰太过。

尤其是人名要朴实，古怪、非主流的名字千万不要用!”玛丽苏“、”龙傲天“活在幻想中就好!!!)

3.语言表达的逻辑严密，也要有文采。

作文有文采，才有高分。但是，作文也要有逻辑，感悟、道理或是事件才说得通。

如何体现文采，就要从用词、修辞、引用等多方面打磨。

(注：不要滥用网络语言!)

4.材料的运用要注意。

(1)例句、材料的使用一方面不要过于老旧无趣，使读者生厌，这样会失去文章的吸引力和说服力;另一方面，不要为了新颖而特地“另辟蹊径"，去胡编或是硬套。

(2)一方面要要慎重地区分其正面或反面的色彩，尤其是对于公认的事实材料，绝不能搀杂模糊的甚至是错误的观点。

另一方面对于时政、民族英雄和历史罪人等材料的引用和评价绝不可因自己的肤浅、片面认识而随意更改甚至是颠倒。

注：如果是出现“正例反用”或“反例正用”的情形，则不仅仅是观点问题，而是思想、原则问题!这样的作文，得分绝对最低档的!

5.要灵活采用合适的表现技巧。

(1)要活用(而不是滥用)反问句、排比句、感叹句等;

(2)积累名言名句和古诗词等材料，恰当选用能够成为亮点;

(3)全文要锤炼几句含有深意的语句，升华主题;

(4)合理安排文章段落。保证行文流畅，同时不要让文章过于冗长。

导语：你会用英语表达时间吗？下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、“年、月、日、小时”的表达

(一)表示“在某年”：

① in + 阿拉伯数字(读的时候用基数词，从后到前，分两截来读)。如：

He was born in 1971. (1971读作nineteen seventy-one)

②使用year时，year放在数词之前。如：

in the year 253 B.C. (253 B. C. 读作two five three B.C. ) 在公元前253年。

(二)表示“在某月”：

in +月份名词(开头第一字母要大写), 如：in January / February。

(三)表示“在某月某日”：

① on + 月份+ 序数词(th可省略, 但读时要念出来)。如：

National Day is on Oct. 1.

② on + the + 序数词+ of + 月份。如：

National Day is on the 1st of October.

(四)表示“在某整点钟”:

at +基数词 (+ oclock / sharp)。如:

Our meeting will begin at five oclock.

在古代诗歌鉴赏中占有重要位置，表现手法诸如用典、烘托、渲染、铺陈、比兴、托物寄情、情景交融、借景抒情、动静结合、虚实结合、委婉含蓄、对比手法、讽喻手法、象征法、双关法等等。

诗中常用的修辞方法有夸张、排比、对偶、比喻、借代、比拟、设问、反问、反复等。

分析诗歌语言常用的术语有：准确、生动、形象、凝练、精辟、简洁、明快、清新、新奇、优美、绚丽、含蓄、质朴、自然等。复习时要系统归纳各种表达技巧，储备相关知识。首先要弄清这些表达技巧的特点和作用，再结合具体诗歌进行仔细体味、辨析。

至于评价诗歌的思想内容和作者的观点态度，则包括总结作品的主旨，分析作品所反映的社会现实，指出其积极意义或局限性等。

总之，鉴赏古代诗词，第一步，把握诗词内容，可以从以下几方面入手：1细读标题和注释;2分析意象;3品味意境;4联系作者。第二步，弄清技巧：1把握形象 特点;2辨析表达技巧;3说明表达作用。第三步，评价内容观点：1概括主旨;2联系背景;3分清主次;4全面评价。

答题时，要特别注意以下几点：一是紧扣要求，不可泛泛而谈;二是要点要齐全，要多角度思考;三是推敲用语，力求用语准确、简明、规范。

作文水平也很大程度上影响了中考语文成绩的优秀程度，为了帮助大家写好语文作文，特别总结中考作文写作技巧以供参考。

一、抓题眼，把握表意重心

文章表意的重心就是最能体现文章中心的关键性词语，只有抓住了关键性词语，才能体现文章的特色，写出更好的作文。一般来说，偏正短语结构重在修饰语部分，如：《有意义的生活》，其表意的重心在“有意义”三个字上，审题时紧扣“有意义”三个字思考就可以了。再如：《充满活力的岁月》，其表意的重心在“充满活力”四个字，考生需要思考的是怎样通过具体的人、事、物，来诠释一个中学生对“活力”的理解与界定。

二、明限制，确定选材范围

限制的内容大致有时间、地点、对象、内容、数量等，审题时要弄清楚，作文时则不能越“雷池”半步。没有限制的内容，题目上没写，需要自己去想。因为只有想到没有限制的内容，才能找到选材的广阔天地，扩大选材的范围。

如：《发生在我身边的一件趣事》，题目限制了对象——我，内容——趣事，数量——一件，范围——身边，没有限制时间、地点。这样，写作时就可以不去考虑时间、地点因素，选材的范围大多了。《美丽的谎言》，明确规定了事情的属性——本身是带有欺骗性的，但其实质必须是善意的、美丽的;没有限制的有：对象——任何人，具体内容——欺骗的具体内容和经过，数量——N个谎言，范围——过去现在，身边远方等等，这些都可以作为写作的内容。

再如：《我想唱首歌》，题目虽规定了主题——褒扬、赞美生活，但没有限制赞美的对象、赞美的原因。如此，我们既可以为自己，也可以为他人唱首歌;既可以为个人，也可以为集体、为社会唱首歌;既可以写事，也可以写人……只要对生活有着欣赏与感激，对得失成败有自己的体验与思考，就能切中题意。又如：《充满活力的岁月》，虽要思考活力的表现，也要兼顾对“岁月”一词的理解，但对写作的主体——“谁充满活力”则完全没作限定。

三、展联想，深入挖掘主旨

充分发挥想象和联想，以题目为载体，向深层次挖掘，使自己的作文有深度，这也是得高分的重要一环。

如《妈妈，我长大了》这个文题，其关键在于对“长大”的理解。如果认为“长大”的含义只是生理、身体的变化，或是学会了某种生活技能，能够照顾自己，胆子变大了，能对付别人的欺负等等，那么这种理解就比较肤浅。而如果能够寓理于事，从不同的角度写正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就准确而较深刻地把握了文题的含义。

四、巧构思，化抽象为具体

“一粒沙里见世界，一瓣花上说人情”。选材若太宽太泛，会给人“空”或“浮”的感觉。要解决这一问题，不妨采取“化大为小”、“化虚为实”或“化宽为窄”的方式，从细微处，具体生动地展现对生活的感悟。

五、炼语言，注重个性化表达

语言是作文最外在最鲜活的东西，无论是平实朴素的，还是充满文学韵味的，锤炼语言，使表情达意确切、形象、简约而意韵丰富，应是不懈的追求。

在艺术考试编导专业考试中，笔试部分一般会有一项很重要的内容就是散文写作。可以说散文写作分数的高低直接影响考生录取的成绩。下面是小编为大家带来的编导散文写作的技巧及方法，欢迎阅读。

散文的文体特点

较宽泛的文体定义是认为文体只有四类：散文、诗歌、戏剧、小说。散文是一种自由、灵活地抒写见闻受的文体，它形式精粹亲切。表达作者对人生或自然的感悟。

散文与记叙文的最大区别在于，散文中所写的人生、自然、事件、景物等，都是从自身感悟出发，是作者对事物特殊意义和美的发现。这种发现，是知觉、思维、感觉的综合思维结果，体现着作者的深思妙悟，是散文的情、理、意、味。而记叙文是记录生活中的人和事，并不从作者的感悟出发。

散文的取材十分广泛，不间万象、宇宙万物、各色人等、宏观微观无不涉及，而这些材料一旦出现在文章中，就立即刻上了作者的主观感悟，代表着作者的人生经验、观点感受。所以，同样的材料，不同的作者看到的内涵是不同的。这里，我们把散文的取材叫“形”，把作者的感叫“神”。散文的文体特点就是：形散神聚。 散文的写法较其他文体更活泼自由，不拘一格。常见的方式是抒情，即使是记叙，也是带有强烈感情色彩的。散文常把记叙、抒情、议论等融为一体，夹叙夹议。表现手法上能出奇制胜，让读者产生新鲜独特的阅读感受。散文的结构追求自然而然的境界。在材料选取上，般运用联想手法。

总体来看，抒情的散文有时气势磅礴，有时低吟浅唱;记叙的散文如诗如画，曲径通幽;议论的散文情真意切，精彩纷呈……但是，不管作者怎么样安排文字，怎样组织材料，归根结蒂还是为了表达他对人生或自然的特殊感受悟。

基础等级

一、 形散神聚

这里讲的是散文的取材。我们还以《人类，止步吧!》为例。

全文分为三部分 ，引的诗句所抒发的感情本与本文主旨毫无关系，但经过作者巧妙的联想，它双完全和本文要表达的中心契合了。它所引用的材料也是几个似乎没有关联的场景。这种形式很散，但它们都指向同一个主旨：保护环境。这就是散文形散神聚的好处，可以让文章活泼灵动，变化多端。

二、 立意独特

散文的立意其实就是散文的感悟，有感悟才有散文的写作。可是普通寻常的感悟是不得人心的，看见蜡烛想起老师，看见葵花想起小学生……这些“感悟”已经不再给我们产生美感，而是产生憎恶;这样写作已经不再是生产精神产品，而是谋杀我们的阅读欲望。散文的立意要求独特，就是说作者的感悟是体现作者独特情志、独特感受、独特体验的感悟，是他人所不能产生的精神产物。

如《人类，止步吧!》一文。把文章的立意放在对《天净沙·秋思》一词的全新诠释上。分为三个小标题：1、枯藤+才能树+昏鸦=优质的木材;2、小桥+流水+人家=人类的日用品;3、古道+西风+瘦马=桌上的美食。这一巧妙的构思，把散文的灵动、形散特点体现得淋漓尽致。当然，对于环境的问题不是什么独特的发现，可是作者不是简单地申明要保护环境，而是把目光定格在“人们在做什么、做了什么、有什么后果”，提醒人们应该反省。

三、 感情充沛

没有感情就不成其为散文。散文对作者主观感情的要求是所有文体中仅次于诗歌的。散文一般的写作规律是：对事物、人生、景观突然有了感悟，感悟深化升华，敷衍成文。这感悟就是散文的意味之本，是散文的中心立意。可是要表现这样的中心立意，就得抒情。所以好的散文、记叙、议论都带有强烈的感情，字里行间都有渗透着感情。

四、 感悟具体

散文以感悟为灵魂，但感悟是什么，得在文章中说明白。有些散文含蓄，不明说感悟，但文章的景致、人物、事件均可以反映向感悟。感悟的清楚明白如同记叙文的主题一样，要明白畅晓，让人觉得可喜，引人思考，同时要清楚地出现在文章中。

如《亲近你》一文，就把抽象的感悟“体验“通过大量具体的意象表现出来：“幼鸟第一次避开慈母的呵护，飞翔有蓝天白云下，他体验到了自由的博大;蓓蕾在一场春雨后，绽放笑脸，新奇地看着这个世界，他体验到了尘世的纷杂;海燕在暴风雨中长鸣，勇敢他宣传革命圣火的到来，他体验到了胜利的喜悦;蝴蝶第一次来到大花园，飞东飞西，万紫千红的花为她绽放，它体验到了人世的热情……”通过这些具体的意象，作者的感悟就很容易让读者感同身受了。

发展等级

一、 入笔精微，以小见大

上面说过，散文往往出奇制胜，以少胜多，说是有散文表现中心的方法。散文的这一用法是独特的。一般的散文写作，我们可以从细小的方面入笔，做到以少胜多，以小见大。实际上，生活中的一件小事、一涕一笑;事物中的一枚叶片、一粒沙土……都可体现出大的主题。《点滴真情令我感动》就是这样一篇佳作。它的着眼点都有是我们生活经常遇到的小事，但对一个有心人来说，它们同样可以写出好文章。

二、 夹叙夹议，感情真实

含蓄的感情也罢，激昂的感情也罢，都要真实地表现出作者的状况。散文因为有对生活或事物的感悟，就得采用夹叙夹议定书表达方式，引导读者理解，体味文章的意味。如《百合花的笑容》等文章，把记叙、议论有机结合起来，全文感情真实，浑然天成。

散文写作技巧

文体写作理论知识应由定义出发，定义中的要素可以衍生出写作的各种要求和方法。但是，不论诗歌，还是散文，传统认识集 中体现在一般写作教材上，对其定义的认识既不准确统一，又片面地强调社会属性。 不合乎文体本质属性的传统文学体裁定义在 本文中一概不提。需要的是最终表现作者个体生命本真的文体定义。 散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明，正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说 是表现自我。这就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。又如刘半农 所说， 散文要“赤裸裸地表达”。还如一些人所说，“我是怎样一个人， 就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”， “反正我只 是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。 必须明确一个散文写作观念， 这就是散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作 为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。 朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事， 而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》， 重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者业绩， 而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。散文一开始就使自己沉浸在一种突如其来 的悲喜交集的感情体验中，由此生发联想——小时候跟着妈妈赶集差一点丢失，四十年代初一度离开部队，“文革”中被迫放下笔 等。 最后又面对横江截流的宏伟场面，激情满怀。感情体验，是散文的内在结构。有了它， 就可以天马行空地起草。这一点， 不能不明朗和确定。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验， 只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

散文和小说一样， 建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而 散文则是“以线穿珠”。 小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。 而细节只能在这样 的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来， 任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我 们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体， 散漫如水，手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感 情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其它文体 理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。 散文可以主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应 试者选择使用。

一、 记人散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人，重点在后。 介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】▲一种情况：一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。

▲另一种情况：几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。 以对该人的感情体验及整体议

二、论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

三、抒情散文模式

【开头】1叙述自己与景物的关系。2议论景物和自己。

【中间】1描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。2联想发挥，更大意义。

【结尾】感慨

四、散文写作--构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情 ”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考， 在探索，在继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养 功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才 能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。 构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样 。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满 的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一 的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。 徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就 抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可 以说明这个问题。

总之，一篇散文的谋篇、构思，不同的作家有不同的方法，因人而异，不可强求一律，更不能照猫画虎，每人应有每人的独特

方法，但讲究构思，则对每一个作家而言，都是极重要的。 一篇优秀的散文，几乎难以离开联想。所谓联想，是指对事物由此及彼、由表及里的想象活动。由一事物过渡到另一事物的心 理过程。当人们由当前事物回忆起有关的另一事物，或者由想起的一件事物又波及到另一件事物时，都离不开联想。在这种联想活动中，事物的特征和本质，更容易鲜明和突出，作者的思想认识也能不断提高和深化。一个作者的知识积累，储藏愈厚实，则对生 活的感受愈敏锐，易于触类旁通，浮想联翩，文思泉涌。

联想，在心理活动中占有重要地位。回忆常以联想的形式出现，联想还有 助于举一反三的推理过程。特别是在散文创作及其它样式的文艺创作中，联想有着增强作品艺术魅力的功效。 散文家的灵感，看似偶然，实则必然，迁思妙得，得自长期积累。积累愈厚，愈发敏感。散文不是贵在触发吗?由此及彼是触 发，对于目前所经历的事物，发现旁的意思，既是触发，也是联想。深厚的积累，有助于触发的深化。要将“诗魂”变为诗，要从 触发达到构思，还必须发挥联想和想象。要将许多旧经验溶化、抽象、加以重新组织，假若没有一定生活积累做凭依，想象、联想 的翅膀则是飞不起来的。客观事物总是相互联系的，具有各种不同联系的事物反映在作者的头脑中，便形成了各种不同的联想 ——有空间或时间上相接近的事物形成接近联想(如由水库想起水力发电机);有相似特点的事物形成的类似联想(如由鲁迅想起 高尔基);有对立关系的事物形成对比联想(如由光明想起黑暗); 有因果关系的事物形成因果联想(如由火想到热)。

散文的联想，总是同精细的观察、细微的描述相结合。散文的画面，首先力求真实、具体，使人读之如身临其境，同时也要做到含 蓄、深邃，使人读之能临境生情。作者给读者想象空间、回味余地愈大，则诗意的芬芳愈浓，这就离不开丰富而活跃的联想。 联想，实质上是观察的深化，是此时此地的观察，与彼时彼地观察的融会贯通。没有这种融会贯通，便没有感受的加深、思想的升华 、诗意的结晶。如果说，精细的观察，为作者采集了丰富的矿石，那活跃的联想，则是对这些矿石的冶炼和加工。 联想不是凭着个人的闪念所得，漫无边际地胡思乱想。一个作家要想让联想的翅膀飞起来，没有广博的学识，不掌握事物之间内在的联系和底蕴 没有个人的创造性和激情，没有个人爱好的广大空间，思想和幻想、形式和内容的广大空间，是高飞不起来的。只能象蓬间雀那样在草稍上徘徊，而不能象大鹏那样展翅万里，海阔天空自由飞翔。 散文笔调的魅力，固然来自作家的真知、真见、真性、真情。但要将其化作文学和谐的色彩、自然的节奏、隽永的韵味，还必 须依靠驾驭文字的娴熟，笔墨的高度净化。文采，不在于文字的花哨和刻意雕饰，而在于表情达意，朴实真挚。如堆砌词藻，就象爱美而又不善于打扮的女人一样，以为涂脂抹粉，越浓越好，花花绿绿，越艳越好，其实俗不可耐，令人见了皱眉。 散文作者，要有特别敏锐的眼光和洞察力，能看到和发现别人所没有看到的事物，还需有异常严密而深厚的文字功夫。创作时不能心浮气躁，要静下心来，挖空心思找到准确的词句，并把它们排列得能用很少的话表达较多的意思。这就是古人所说的“言 简意繁”。要使语言能表现出一幅生动的画面，简洁地描绘出人物的音容笑貌和主要特征，让读者一下子就牢牢记住被描写人物的动作、步态和语气。

散文的语言美，作家们有不少独到精辟的见解。秦牧说：“文采，同样产生艺术魅力和文笔情趣。丰富的词汇，生动的口语， 铿锵的音节，适当的偶句，色彩鲜明的描绘，精采的叠句……这些东西的配合，都会增加文笔的情趣。”佘树森说：“散文的语言 ，似乎比小说多几分浓密和雕饰，而又比诗歌多几分清淡和自然。它简洁而又潇洒，朴素而又优美，自然中透着情韵。可以说，它的美，恰恰就在这浓与淡、雕饰与自然之间。”

散文篇幅小，容量大，行文最忌拉拉杂杂，拖泥带水，容不得老王婆裹脚布，又长又臭。简洁，并不是简境，而是简笔;笔既 简，而境不简，是一种高度准确的概括力。杜牧《阿房宫赋》开头写道：“六王毕，四海一。蜀山兀，阿房出。”仅仅十二字，就写出了六国王朝的覆灭。秦始皇统一了天下，把蜀山的树木砍光了，山顶上光秃秃的，就在这里，修建起阿房宫。短短十二个字， 写出了这么丰富的历史内容，时空跨度又很大，真可谓“言简意繁”了。

潇洒，对人来说，是一种气质，一种风度。对散文来说 ，是语句变化多姿。短句，促而严;长句，舒而缓;偶句，匀称凝重;奇句，流美洒脱。这些句式的错落而谐调的配置，自然便构成散文语言特有的简洁而潇洒的美。散文语言的朴素美，并不排斥华丽美，两者是相对成立的。

在散文作品里，我们往往看到朴素和华丽两副笔墨并用。该浓墨重 彩的地方，尽意渲染，如天边锦缎般的晚霞;该朴素的地方，轻描淡写，似清澈小溪涓涓流淌。朴素有如美女的“淡扫蛾眉”，华 丽亦非丽词艳句的堆砌，而是精巧的艺术加工，不着斧凿的痕迹。但不论是朴素还是华丽，若不附属于真挚感情和崇高思想的美， 就易于像无限的浮萍，变得苍白无力，流于玩弄技巧的文字游戏。 像生活的海洋一样，语言的海洋也是辽阔无边的。行文潇洒，不拘一格，鲜活的文气，新颖的语言，巧妙的比喻，迷人的情韵 ，精采的叠句，智慧的警语，优美的排比，隽永的格言，风趣的谚语，机智的幽默，含蓄的寓意，多种多样艺术技巧的自如运用， 将使散文创作越发清新隽永，光彩照人。

作文是语文教学的重点。然而，在语文教学中，对教师而言，最难教的是作文，对学生来讲，最难写的也是作文。小编收集了中考作文写作方法五点指导，欢迎阅读。

一、引导学生写日记入手，认真观察，积累丰富的写作素材。教师应鼓励学生全景式地体验生活，用自己的眼，以自己的心去理解、感受生活，挖掘生活中最熟悉的事例，写真人真事，抒真情实感。例如，写天气，可以四季变化，雪雨雷电，风霜雾露;写同学，可以写下课后的打打闹闹，写某次上课时的调皮捣乱，写做完作业后的无比轻松，写好朋友之间的窃窃私语，写某次课余时的恶作剧;也可以写日常饮食起居、邻里亲情、迎来送往、花鸟虫鱼等。长此以往，不但积累了许多写作素材，而且有效地提高了学生的写作水平。

二、以课文为依托，提倡模仿，培养学生良好的文风。模仿是人类学习，掌握技能的重要方法之一。模仿的特点在于针对性强，有法可循，它既能增加透明度，降低难度，操作性强，又能收到明显的效果。教师要让学生从简单仿句开始，从课内到课外，以骈句到诗句，并辅以中考的大量仿句欣赏阅读，然后讲解仿句的方法要领，再进行尝试模仿，反复训练、修改、提高，直至成功。通过仿句训练，能给学生一个成就感，能激发他们的写作兴趣。通过一段时间的简单仿句训练后，逐渐引到篇上的模仿。

三、以课外为突破口，积累语言，扩大学生的知识视野。杜甫说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”书读得多，语言积累到一定程度，文章就会写得好。在平时的作文教学实践中，很多学生或没有材料可写，或表情达意不够流畅、准确、生动，归根到底是没有丰富的语言积累和语言经验。基于这些实际，教师应重视学生课外阅读，让学生通过大量阅读，开阔视野，丰富知识，增长智慧，从而提高写作能力。为了进一步提高学生课外阅读的效率，要求学生每人准备一个积累本，让学生摘录所阅读文章的好词、好句、好段，写读书笔记，或写阅读感受。通过训练，学生的词汇量增加了，写作素材丰富了，作文水平也普遍得以提高。

四、以作文批改为媒介，鼓励投稿，激发学生写作的热情。心理学研究表明：“赞赏一个人的杰作比赞赏一个人的本身更有效。”在批改学生作文时，教师应尽量肯定他们的优点，用委婉的话指出不足之处。通过教师热情真诚的赏识，使学生及时看到自己作文的成果，从而激励他们“更上一层楼”，不断提高作文能力。

五、以媒体为载体，搭建平台，激起学生展示文学才华的欲望。实践表明，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在作文教学中，教师要鼓励学生把自己的作品上传到自己已开通的博客上，让众多读者浏览、评价，体验写作的价值。此外，教师也可和学生一道创建班级周刊，让学生做主，编辑文章，设计版面，这样就会激励学生的写作热情，让他们进入一个积极的呈良性循环的写作状态。

总之，在作文教学的实践过程中，经过一段时间的精心训练，别致新颖、匠心独运的文章脱颖而出，作文教学也达到了预想的效果。