中考英语书面表达写作技巧课件（热门20篇）

写好作文重要的是有一个好的思路，下面是小编整理的写作没有思路怎么办，欢迎阅读。

写作文最关键的是联想,首先由题目联想到你要表达的东西,然后再联想到你要写的东西.如果写记叙文主要要增加描写的部分,主要事件中人物是怎么想的,周围的情况怎样.一般考试作文,尤其是上高中之后的考试作文写议论问的比较多.议论文的写法像画树,首先确定主干,也就是论点,然后是分叉,就是来证明主论点的分论点,最后是叶子,也就是事例.如果作文功底不够深,就要多积累事例,使你的论点充分.

提高作文最关键的是练习,就是记日记.刚刚开始记日记的时候总是不知道要写什么,这个时候就要什么都往里面写.小学生写日记一般写上街买菜之类的,写具体的事件,上了中学之后一般会借日记来抒发个人感受.其实这个也不完全一样,有很多人的日记会想纪实的东西一样,把自己一天做了什么都记下来.看你个人的爱好.但一般比较优秀的日记都是通过生活中发生或者在电视报纸上看到的事情来发表看法,发表感想.坚持记日记作文水平就自然会提高.

不过写作文其实也有天赋的因素,这个越到高年级越明显,有的人可能天赋比较好,根本来说是比较感兴趣,有的人可能就不感兴趣.但这之间拉开的分数并不太大,不会超过五分.考试作文只要努力积累材料,掌握必要方法就可以拿到差不多的分数.所以如果很喜欢写作就要多写日记,多思考,也多看些书,最好是能告诉你一些什么你又感兴趣的书籍或者杂志.如果不是很来电也不要勉强,只要认真写就行,可能自然会有些人好像不是很认真写就比你分数高,但那也是没办法的事情,你要相信这样的人一般活得比较辛苦。

最后说一句,不要轻易否定自己,如果很希望作文写好,就要相信自己有这种天赋,并不是每个作文写得好的人都是从最开始就现楼出来的.要先打开写作文的思路，下面两点希望能对同学们有所启示：

第一点,就是要多读书,读好书,向作文童话小说等,就是不要读漫画.其中作文不读是不行的,每天必须保持30分钟的读书时间,当看到作文题目时,回想一下作文书,要去粗取精.不要因为书贵,不去买!

第二点,看到作文题目时,不要盲目的去写,要在大脑中有一个提纲,要写什么,再写什么,最后怎么写结尾,如果大脑中有了这么一个提纲的话,写起作文就不那么困难了!

高考作文写作思路：

高考作文对我们语文成绩来说很重要，我们必须在作文上取得高分，但是很多考生在高考写作时会出现没有思路的现象，这会影响我们考试的心理，为此我们邀请了学大的教育辅导专家给我们总结写作文没有思路的应对方法一。

袖手于前”，预防在先。近些年考试卷题量有所减少，答题时间还是比较充裕的，不必慌张匆忙，一定要在作文审题构思上多用心力，一般要用到5至10分钟。不妨学学朱光潜先生的做法：在定了题目之后，取一张纸条(考试草稿纸)摆在面前，抱着那题目四面八方地想——自由联想，不拘大小，不问次序，想得一点意思，就用三五个字的小标题写在纸条上，如此一直想下去，一直记下去，到当时所能想到的意思都记下来了为止，然后再把杂乱无章的小标题看一眼，仔细加一番衡量，把无关重要的无需说的各点一齐丢开，把应该说的选择出来，理出一个线索和次第，写出一个纲要。

如果时间充裕，还可以采用“两结合”快速起草法，就是在整体构思的基础上，打出一部分的草稿，列出一部分的提纲。这样把打草稿与列提纲结合，既可节约时间，又可尽量避免作文的失误。应打草稿并认真修改的主要是三个部分：一是文章的标题，标题是文章的眼睛，“眼睛”的美丽无疑会使整个文章增色生辉，尤其是考场作文，标题决定了阅卷老师对该文的第一印象和第一判断，直接关系到判分的高低，所以要在拟题上多动脑筋，力争拟出精彩的标题;二是文章的开头，古人把好的文章的开头说成是“风头”，可见开头的美应是我们作文的追求，尤其是从考场作文阅卷的实情来看，在酷暑高温、连续紧张的工作中，阅卷老师能读到颇有几分亮点的开头，无异于喝了一口酽茶，吃了一颗“兴奋丸”，对文章产生的好感自不待言，所以考场作文要精心打造开头，设计出能征服读者(阅卷老师)的闪亮“登场”;三是文章的结尾，有人用吃花生来比喻读文章，若吃到最后是一颗特香的，就会让满口余香回味无穷，倘若吃到最后是一颗霉变的，那就会使满口香味顿然全消，所以，要避免考场作文的结尾成为一颗“霉变花生”，就应该用心着色，力求使之成为全文的又一亮点。除了以上三个部分，文章的主体内容就可用提纲的形式显示。提纲按顺序分条列出，每条后面都用括号注明预计大约写的字数(以高考作文不少于800字为标准)，意在对行文起调控作用。采取这种“两结合”的起草法，主要花的是思维活动时间，文字书写用时并不多;若能熟练运用，一般也只需要5至10分钟。这种“磨刀工”不但绝对不误“砍柴”，而且会使“柴”砍得既快又好。

清代戏曲理论家李渔有言：“不宜率急拈毫，袖手于前，始能疾书于后。”我相信，只要大家把写作前的准备工作做到位了，就可完全避免陷入中途卡壳难以成篇的窘境。

导语：人生固有它的磨难和困境，当我们独行于茫茫黑夜，会不同程度地产生绝望情绪，可是大多数时候光明距我们仅差一步，只需——再坚持一下。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

有一个故事，大意是说由于缺水而被困在沙漠里的两个旅人，一个旅人要抓住最后一线希望去找水，便将自己的水袋交给同伴说，你一定要耐心等待。临行前他拔出一支手枪：“里面有5颗子弹，你每隔一小时就向天空的一枪，这样我就不会迷失方向，找到水便能循着枪声返回你身边了。”?

同伴等呵等，等枪里还剩下最后一颗子弹时，他还没有回来，是被风沙吞没了还是找到水自己离开了?一种深深的恐惧和绝望吞噬着他的精神和灵魂，他将最后一颗子弹打进了自己的胸膛。?其时，他的同伴刚刚向一位赶骆驼的老人讨到了水，当他寻着枪响的方向找到原处时，看到了同伴的尸体。就差一步，他没有等到。

前不久看到一篇报道，说一对下岗夫妻几经商海的沉浮与磨难后还是陷入了“绝境”，最后一个已成交的客户也迟迟不能兑付他们货款，在各种沉重的压力聚拢之时，他们绝望了，打开煤气抱着三岁的女儿自杀了。几日后，一个人登门感觉情况不对，才报了警，发现了这个悲剧。这个人就是他们的最后一个客户。原来他刚刚把拖欠的一笔不小的款汇入他们的账号，想要通知一声时，电话无论如何也联系不上，才亲自登门。这笔款足能够让那对夫妻东山再起……就差一步，他们没有等到。

人生固有它的磨难和困境，当我们独行于茫茫黑夜，手足无措的时候，都会不同程度地产生绝望情绪，只有凭着坚强意志抓住希望后，回首才发现，一切其实都没什么大不了的。何况，大多数时候光明距我们仅差一步，只需——再坚持一下。

On Christmas morning， the children wake up very early. Some even turn on the light attwo o‘clock， and most of them are awake by six o’clock although it is not light in England for another hour or two at this time of the year.

Children look for their presents ， and the young ones play while the dinner is prepared. At about one o‘clock in the afternoon， the Christmas dinner is brought in . The turkey or chicken is quickly eaten . Children search in their Christmas pudding for new coins which are hidden in it . The rest of the day is full of games and eating until the happiest of all Christmas hollidays comes to an end.

中考英语作文难不难？其实不难，大部分主城区的同学都能得到12分以上，13、14分也是平常，但是要想得到15分甚至以上，就难上加难了。到底什么样的作文能得到16分以上？经过和中考命题组和阅卷组老师的交流，我们对中考英语作文评分标准做出了更深的理解。

一、中考英语写作的概述

关于体裁，本文包含记叙文和议论文两种最容易考到的类型，其他一些文体也有可能会综合涉及。

关于题材，同学们的反应可谓是几家欢喜几家愁。上海中考写作也有自己的特色：一般围绕着生活化、学校化来考察。近几年，考试题目实际上是一些比较贴近中学生活，为中学生能够的认识能力、生活经历所能驾驭的问题。比如：

2009年题目IWanttoDosomethingformySchool(我想为学校做的一件事)

2010年题目I‘mProudofmyself(我为自己感到自豪)

2011年题目Iamamemberof_____(我是 的一员)

2012年题目AlettertoJoe(给Joe的一封建议信)

2013年题目Howtoprotectmyself(如何保护自己)

2014年题目Thetimenextyear(明年此时)

你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗？实际考试中，许多学生却常常有无话可说的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态，取得高分呢？

归根到底这是一个英语基本功单词、短语和句型的问题。

英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升，必须进行多次的写作练习。因此，必须合理地设置训练步骤，遵循从初级到高级，从简单到复杂的原则去练习，经过一段写作实践之后，写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。

二、中考英语写作的评分标准

1、老师拿到的标准

写作水平的高低和文章的好坏，分数是最直接的评分标准，也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准？什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章？

评分标准：

1.整篇作文满分20分，其中内容8分，语言8分，结构4分。

2.内容贴切，句子流畅，用语准确，加整体印象分1分。

3.不满60个词，少15个词扣0.5分，610个词扣1分。

4.所有给出问题涉及的三项内容，每少一项扣3分。

5.每个拼写，大小写，标点符号等错误扣0.5分；同一的拼写错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

6.语法错误每项扣1分，同一错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

2、老师想看到的标准

语言(8分)：词固定搭配、高频重点词汇；句复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子！

内容(8分)：(总、分)论点、论据支持句；简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。

结构(4分)：语言结构句子重点突出、内容清晰；内容结构论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系；句数控制对于相对内容的句数掌握；亮点、出彩点排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。

写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。

短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：

1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。

2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。

3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。

关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟；起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。

最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。

便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。

一、注意审题

小作文的审题(即审读材料)很重要，决定着文章的成败。因为一个小作文的材料中，往往隐含了若干个写作要求，如不细心审读，抓不到这些隐含的要求，就很容易出现错误。例如：

一个孩子乘母亲不在，将家里的小闹钟拆了，母亲见后……

要求;根据上面的材料，展开想象，如果你是母亲，如何处置这个事情。请写出一个200字左右的处置过程。

这个小作文便隐含四个要求：(1)〝母亲见后〞，时间上必须要从母亲看见闹钟被拆之后写起;(2)〝如果你是母亲〞，行文中写作者必须是小孩的 母亲，必须以小孩子母亲的身份出现，不能这样写：〝如果我是这位母亲，我会这样处置……〞;(3)〝200字左右〞，字数限定在200字左右;(4)〝处 置过程〞，内容只能写处置的过程，而不能写结果和其他。

二、注意语言的简洁

这一点体现在两方面。其一，小作文字数一般是100┄300字，受篇幅限制，语言要求简洁明了。其二，如果是写应用文，则语言也一定要简洁，因为语言简洁是应用文写作的最基本要求。

三、力求结构完整

小作文是片断性作文，而非篇章。虽如此，但不能一味忽略结构的完整性。一篇小作文如果能够做到结构完整，则效果会更好。例如：

在你的身边有许多可亲可爱的事物，请你任选其中一种，以《我眼里的___________》为题写一篇200字左右的短文。

有位学生在叙写完一只小猫的伶俐乖巧后，篇末一句〝我非常喜爱我家的小猫〞独句成段，这样，既抒发了情感，又收束了全文，使短文结构完整，比那些一味描写小猫的文章要好得多了。

要做到结构完整，可运用以下的结构方式：前后照应式、篇末点题式、总分总式(包括总分式和分总式)等。

四、注意表达方式的运用

受文体的制约，一篇文章总以某种表达方式为主，同时兼用其他表达方式为主。小作文也应注意这一点。如江西省2002年中考语文小作文题为二选 一，(1)通过某一情景或场面，描写你最喜欢的色彩。(2)就你最喜欢的色彩，发表议论。无论选哪一题，或描写、或议论，总得以一种表达方式为主。但如果 能兼用其他表达方式，如兼用议论和抒情，表达自己对某种色彩的某中看法和喜爱之情，则能使短文大为增色。

考场作文怎样开头，这决定考题所规定的内容，文章的性质和考生独特的构思。小编整理了中考作文的开头写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

古人说“凤头豹尾”，就是说开头要写得有姿有彩，像凤凰的头那样，有人说：“好的开头等于成功的一半”，这些都说明了开头的重要。同样，好的开头，对于中考作文来说，也具有重要意义。

那么，什么样的开头是好的呢?文无定法，开头无固定的格式，衡量好坏的标准只有一个，那就是看它是不是文章的有机组成部分，能否为文章的内容和中心服务，能否吸引读者读下去。

由于时间与篇幅的限制，考场作文的开头讲究简洁、生动、优美，可考虑选用如下开头方法。

1、开门见山式 所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是写文章时直截了当入题的一种写法。如《谈骨气》一开头就亮出观点：“我们中国人是有骨气的。”《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨：“白杨树实在是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树!”这种方法在各类文章的写作中得到广泛的运用，占有很大的比例。它的表达角度，可以是开头直叙本事，也可以起笔点题;可以开宗明义揭示主旨，也可以单刀直入点明敌论。如此等等。由于这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

2、背景渐入式 自然科学告诉我们宇宙是一个大系统，社会科学告诉我们，人类社会又是一个大系统。一棵树是在一座森林的系统之内，一片叶又属于这棵树的系统。一个人属于社会这个系统，一根指头又属于这个人的系统。因此，任何单个事物，任何一种现象都离不开它所属的系统，即它赖以生存的社会背景或自然背景。如《孔己已》开头：“当街一个曲尺形的大柜台……可以随时温酒”。《在烈日和暴雨下》开头：“六月十五那天，天热得发了狂!”这些开头或交待事情发生的时间、地点、节令、气候或阐述论题的背景、环境等。在考场作文时，有些题目乍一看，觉得突兀，不可捉摸，但联系背景一想，便豁然开朗了。如1999年的高考作文题目是《假如记忆可以移植》，联系近几年的科技发展，克隆技术的问世了，基因可以移植了，航天技术更是突飞猛进。近几年来，我国的经济持续发展，经济建设取得了突出成就。联系这些背景，文章的内容可写了，联想与想象也便有了立足点了。

3、设问置疑式 先倒叙事情的结果，设置悬念，或先设问破题，引起说明或议论。如《枣核》的开头：“动身访美之前，……可是却很蹊跷。”又如《万紫千红的花》开头设问：“花为什么会有各种美丽鲜艳的色彩呢?”这种开头方法，其目的是设置悬念，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现文章的布局之美。这种开头技法在中考作文中的频率很高。当然，这种开头形式要注意巧妙运用，避免单一、或追求形式上的好奇。

(其实，这种开头的形式是很丰富的，如： ①先提出一个悬而未决的问题。 ②先截取一个精彩的事件片断。 ③先交待一个起线索作用的物件。 ④先安排一个引发故事的场景。 ⑤先介绍与故事情节紧密相关的人物。)

4、名言警句式 开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，可以达到吸引读者，帮助突出中心的作用。如《回声》开头引用了艾青的一首诗。《怀疑与学问》开头引用了程颐的话：“学者先要会疑”等。这种开头法，也是一般考生容易掌握和便于使用的方法。试想，哪个考生记不得几首古诗，几句格言，几条名言呢?考场作文，因题而异，相机引用，又何乐而不为?名言警句式开头运用得自如，往往能增强开端的气势，使人感到突兀、峥嵘、高远。当然，引用时要尽量准确，避免出现知识性错误。

5、精辟设喻式 开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”《马说》开头：“世有伯乐，然后有千里马。”以伯乐与千里马的故事为喻引出中心论点，精辟设喻式多用于议论文的开头，它能使文章发端新颖，增强文章的吸引力和表达效果。既然是“设喻”，就得注意所言之“他物“与本题有一定的相似之处，不能牵强附会。

此外，还有抒情议论议式，刻画人物式等开头法，在此不一一赘述。

总之，考场作文怎样开头，这决定考题所规定的内容，文章的性质和考生独特的构思。各位考生拿到题目后，勿必三思而后行，切忌草草了事。

主语+谓语+介词+宾语

We all agreed on the terms.

He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.

All these things are to be answered for.

主语+系动词+形容词

Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.

He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.

Your explanation sounds reasonable.

主语+谓语+直接宾语

I want your promise.

Have your fixed my watch?

This factory produces 1000 cars a week.

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

He paid me a visit yesterday.

He owed me 50 yuan.

He wrote his family a letter yesterday.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (to do)

I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

He invited me to teach at a well-known university.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (do)

I often hear her sing the song.

The boss made workers work 15 hours a day.

Don’t forget to have him come.

主语+谓语+现在分词

I heard her singing in the next room.

We could feel our heats beating fast.

Did you observe the birds flying around the trees?

主语+谓语+过去分词

I must have my watch repaired.

We must get he task finished on time.

Speak louder to make yourself understood by everybody.

主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)

I suggested putting off the meeting.

They all avoided mentioning the matter.

We can’t help laughing at the news.

主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)

I can’t afford to buy such a large house.

Don’t pretend to know what you don’t.

He feared to speak in her presence.

主语+谓语+宾语(名词/代词)+介词+宾语

Nothing can prevent us from going forward.

Thank you for your help.

He demanded an answer from me.

练习写好句子的方法一：合并句子

It was early in the morning. Mr. Smith was in his garden. He was watering flowers.

Early in the morning, Mr. Smith was watering flowers in his garden.

A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.

A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.

导语：3月25日晚9时29分，浙江嘉兴南湖附近的烟雨小区烟波苑，一户6楼民居着火。从网友上传的视频可见，当时火势很大，火舌从窗户蹿出，熊熊燃烧。下面是语文迷小编为大家整理的相关素材，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

3月26日凌晨0时44分，嘉兴的一位消防员姜添财，更新了一条朋友圈：“救人一命胜造七级浮屠!我只想说，我可以睡着觉了!”——这条微信背后，他所经历的惊心动魄，确实没法用这几个字说清楚。

3月25日晚9时29分，浙江嘉兴南湖附近的烟雨小区烟波苑，一户6楼民居着火。从网友上传的视频可见，当时火势很大，火舌从窗户蹿出，熊熊燃烧。

最让人心惊的是，有两个女人从6楼窗户攀爬出来，双手攀着窗台边缘，双脚抵着才10厘米左右宽的5楼窗台边。就在她们快要体力不支时，消防官兵在群众帮助下，从5楼窗台探出身，徒手将人安全接住。

当晚10时20分，火势被扑灭。近一小时时间，他们的家被烧成了焦壳。万幸，一家三口及时得救。

整个过程，只能用千钧一发来形容。

小区突然着火

六楼一家三口被困

烟雨小区是一个老拆迁小区，2001年交付。3月25日晚9时29分，5幢6楼一住户家却着了火。接警后，消防支队立即调派特一、南湖、经开中队9车43人赶赴现场，第一时间对周围住户进行疏散，“到达时南边已有明火，北边浓烟滚滚。想破门而入救人，却发现防盗门被反锁了!”特勤一中队中队长姜添财说。

门需要用破拆工具去拆，屋内有人已爬出窗台。消防分三路：一组对被困人员开展紧急救援;一组携破拆装备进行破门内攻扑救;一组出水枪在外冷却控制火势蔓延。当时，这家的男主人在楼南面——起火后，他从客厅窗台爬出，利用防盗窗、空调外机等户外设备，已攀爬至3楼窗台外。见此情形，救援人员立即展开15米金属拉梯将男主人救下。

母女俩前后扒窗台

消防员连安全绳都来不及绑了

“我老婆女儿还在里面，快救救她们!”这名男子告诉消防员，屋内断电了，他和老婆女儿都分散在不同位置。没一会儿，火和烟就大起来了，他跑去开门已经来不及了。

楼北面，更危急的一幕看得人心惊肉跳：大火从北面厨房的窗户蹿出，熊熊燃烧。一个中年女人从窗户口爬了出来，身体已悬空在窗台外侧，双手紧紧攀在6楼窗台上，双脚抵在5楼仅10厘米左右的窗台边上，已快体力不支。

“不要跳!不要跳啊!消防人员已经来救了!”底下围观的好多群众，心都跟着提到嗓子眼，大声鼓励她。

这边，姜添财已在腰上绑好安全绳，特警一中队一班副班长诸葛都慧在一旁辅助，两人在中年女人正下方的5楼窗台，准备救援。

“刚刚抱住她的腿，还没来得及说话安抚她情绪，她就因体力不支脱手了。惯性使她身体往外翻，千钧一发啊，我们死命将她拉了回来。”姜添财说。

劫后余生的她带着哭腔不断重复：“快救救我女儿和老公!”

不到半分钟，火势猛烈燃烧，已蔓延到北面的小卧室。一名长头发姑娘也爬出了6楼窗台，她同样紧紧攀在窗台边上。

这次，连安全绳都没来得及绑，特勤一中队战斗员魏庭标和5楼住户沈寒峰一起冲到5楼小卧室的窗台。消防员刚抱住姑娘的脚，姑娘就脱手了，身体向外翻。两个消防员探出身体，死死抱住姑娘的脚，徒手将人拉了回来。

姑娘还不知道父母已获救，第一时间向救援人员哭喊：“快救救我爸妈!”

看到母女俩相继惊险获救，被送上了等在楼下的救护车，底下群众也长呼一口气。

当晚10时20分，火势被扑灭。

房子已被烧成焦壳

女主人称火情由电热毯引发

3月26日早上，记者来到烟雨小区，起火的房子就在小区入口右手边，焦黑的三个窗口尤为显眼。被烧的住户家三室一厅都被烧得面目全非，焦黑一片。

很多邻居都看到了惊险的那一幕。“虽然东西都烧没了，还好，人救下来了。多亏了他，这对母女都是从他家窗口救的，他帮消防一起救的人。”很多大爷指着5楼户主沈寒峰说。

沈寒峰，45岁，在上海当过三年消防兵，退伍已20多年，“我听到楼上有异响，跑上去看，门反锁需要破拆，已有浓烟冒出。火太大了，他们从窗户爬出来，从我家救是最快的。”

记者在嘉兴武警医院烧伤科看到了女主人，51岁的张剑英，她右臂有些烧伤，老公和女儿身体无大碍。“当时，我已经在卧室睡着了，老公在客厅看电视打瞌睡。女儿发现突然断电了，叫醒打瞌睡的爸爸，这才发现小房间的电热毯在冒烟，一会儿就起火了!”张剑英现在仍心有余悸，“帮忙谢谢5楼邻居和救援人员，不然我们一家不知道会怎样了!”张剑英红着眼说。

记者从南湖消防了解到，起火后，这家人自己第一时间进行扑救，火势大了才报警。所以，等消防员赶到时，火势已扩散;在老旧小区，登高车开不进去;环境受限，救生气垫无法展开，金属拉梯高度又无法够达六楼，这才有了徒手空中接人的惊险一幕。“我们才刚抱住脚，人就掉下来了!现在想想，还是后怕。”姜添财事后说，“如果她从我眼前掉下去，我没接住的话，那可能以后都睡不着觉了。”

这位心里久久不能平静的消防员更新了朋友圈，他觉得终于“可以睡着觉了”。

消防提醒：

住户家中发生火灾时，尤其是高层建筑，千万不要盲目采取跳楼的方式来逃生，应当远离着火区域的窗口向外呼救或者发出光源警示，第一时间报警，等待救援。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a publishing house on food safety. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:

A Letter to a Publishing House on Food Safety

June 15th, 2006

Dear Sir or Madam,

Thank you for taking time to read this letter. As the problem of food safety has been becoming worse and worse nowadays, I am obliged to write to you.

Several days ago, one of my classmates came back from supermarket with a large bag of food. Because of having found a new style of tinned?ish in the

food store, she was very glad. Several other roommates were invited to enjoy the mouth?atering chicken. Unfortunately, after finishing the food, all of my three friends had stomachaches and vomited, their faces having become paler and paler. Due to sensitivity to that kind of tinned food, I escaped that suffer. At that time, my mind went blank. I dialed the emergency number with my trembling hand, therefore they were quickly sent to hospital. The doctor said they were lucky to be out of danger because they did not eat too much of that rotten fish and were hospitalized on time.

This is the matter that happened around me which made me realize the seriousness of the food safety problem. I sincerely hope that the whole society could attach much importance to this issue.

Thanks!

Yours,

Julie

一、帮助你的孩子提高写作技能

1.鼓励你的孩子培养他们的精细运动技能。需要用到手和手指的力度的肌肉活动能够帮助你的孩子在今后有一个良好的写作技能。你可以让你的孩子玩彩泥、撕纸或者是用塑料镊子夹东西。

2.找出你孩子的学校里面老师的书写方式。一些学校教给孩子们的是传统的书写方式，而另外的一些则不是。用合适的书写风格教你的孩子书写他们自己的名字和其他的家庭成员的名字。

3.为了提高孩子们的写作技能，父母应该鼓励孩子们每天都进行写作练习。为了避免孩子们遇到过多的挫折，你可以将这个练习限制在几分钟之内，除非孩子们自己要求进行更长时间的写作。通过这样的方法，孩子们的写作技能在一定时间之后就会有一定会的进步了。

二、帮助你的孩子提高阅读技巧

1.经常读书给你的孩子听。这样能够帮助你的孩子了解单词的读音和意思。阅读包括了解单词的拼写，同时还包括理解单词的含义。当你大声的朗读给你的孩子听的时候，你可以问他们对这个情节的理解和他们对这个单词的理解。

2.保持事物的新鲜。家长在带孩子们去图书馆的时候，可以让孩子们自己选择他们想要阅读的书籍。这时候，父母要注意孩子们感兴趣的书籍是什么，并且给孩子们找一些他们可能会感兴趣的书籍。同时，你也可以偶尔给孩子们买一些新书作为礼物。

3.和孩子们玩文字游戏。在冰箱上用磁铁拼出孩子们知道的单词。让孩子们用手指在沙子里面将看到的单词拼写出来。父母还可以和孩子们玩押韵游戏，并且将单词的尾字母指出来。给孩子们说一些绕口令，并且将开始的单词的发音指出来。

4.让你的孩子试着读书给你听，即使你的孩子可能还不能读的很流利。如果整个页面的单词都非常的复杂的话，那么就让他们读那些他们知道的单词。

小升初是小学当中非常关键的一年，那么我们在小升初的时候怎么去把写作搞好呢，那么我们现在必须要掌握好一些作文技巧，我们在小升初需要掌握那个写作技巧呢？

一、审题

这是写作文首先要做好的事，否则，就会直接导致“文不对题”，“下笔千言，离题万里”。怎样才能审好题呢？根据通常的作文题目的形式来看，一般可分为命题作文和材料作文两大类。对命题作文的审题，就是要审查给定的文章题目确定的具体要求，审清文题意图，明晰题外要求，确定“题眼”。通过审题，明确作文的内容范围、时间范围、数量范围、人称范围、处所范围等。不能超出给定的范围。对材料作文的审题，主要从两个方面去把握：一是与材料的思想内容要“形影不离”，二是与作文形式的要求“丝丝入扣”。

1。命题作文

我们先重点谈一下关于命题作文的审题，要注意做好哪些事情。

确定内容范围

有的题目，对写作内容做出规定。所以，审题时，要确定题目规定的内容范围：记人的，要记什么人；叙事的，要叙什么事；写景的，要写什么景；状物的，要状什么物，等等。

精彩习作-----童年趣事

童年，是一方没有莠草、污秽的净土，是一片无遮无拦明朗的天空。这里流淌的纯真与甜美，总会使人产生难以忘怀的回忆。

记得我4岁那年，迷信的奶奶告诉我：“要是剪掉了胳膊上的毛，会变成疯子。”幼稚而好奇的我听了以后，半信半疑，手痒痒的，老是想试试看，但又怕家人和亲戚为我担心。可是没试，就老是惦记着，越惦记，就越是想试。

于是，我准备马上试。我拿出那可怕的剪刀，用颤抖的右手慢慢地靠近左手胳膊上的一根毫毛。刚要剪，我又停了下来。心想：“我要是真的变成一个疯子，会不会像老鼠过街一样人人喊打？爸爸、妈妈和奶奶会不会不再疼爱这个傻孩子了？”我越想越害怕。我犹豫了许久，才把胳膊上的毛剪掉了。一剪完，我什么都不顾地钻进被窝里，不知不觉就睡着了。醒来时，我发现，我还是原来的我，一个正常的小女孩。于是，我不顾一切，高兴地蹦到奶奶身边，撒娇地说：“奶奶呀，奶奶！我今天剪了胳膊上的一根毫毛，可没变成疯子啊！”奶奶听了以后，笑了笑，摸着我的小脑袋，没说什么。

这件童年趣事已留在我记忆的闸门里。但随着年龄的增长，我懂得了：凡事要相信科学，不能相信迷信。

小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

导语：英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语写作50条常用短语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

使大家能在短期内提升分数，建议大家着重复习写作这个模块，而写作要想取得理想成绩，则需要地道的语言表达，因此，新东方在线英语六级频道特别为大家精选整理作文中最为常见的习惯表达，望助大家一臂之力。

一、指出现象或争议话题

Ever since…, there have been ongoing disputes over…

自从……起，就有对于……的持续争论。

With the increasing concerns about…, people are calling for…

随着对……的日益关注，人们呼吁……

… draws the public’s attention once again to…, a repeatedly discussed yet constantly unsolved social issue.

……再一次吸引公众的注意力至……，这是一个经常讨论但一直未得到解决的社会问题。

二、引出各方观点

There exists a philosophy that…

有一种观点认为……

While many advocate…, I believe it’s a better idea to…

尽管很多人支持……，我认为……更好。

Quite many are disgusted by this kind of…, because it goes against the traditional Chinese virtue of…

很多人都反感……，因为它有悖于中国的传统美德。

三、表示赞同

It is apparent that it is a more sensible choice to…

很明显，……是更为明智的选择。

…should be encouraged, because it is a rewarding journey, promised with

…应鼓励……，因为它所带来的回报奇迹丰厚，并且允许……

It is fair to say that … is a plausible and advisable option for…

客观来讲，……对于……是合理且明智的选择。

四、提出建议

In my opinion, there are three aspects to be improved so that…

我认为，要改进的方面有三点，以便……

It would be better if…

如果……会更好。

五、引用名人名言

As … rightly/ aptly put it, “…”

正如……恰如其分地提出……

As is maintained by …，“…”

正如……提出，……

… is the golden rule to stick.

……是一条金科玉律。

六、举例说明

A case in point is…

一个恰当的例子是……

The recent incident happened in … proves …

最近发生在……身上的一件事情证明了……

A simple example can be drawn from…

一个简单的例子就是……

According to figures/statistics /the findings/data released by an institute, …

根据某机构发布的数据/研究结果，……

七、阐述原因

The epidemic of … is brought / caused both by … and by…

……的出现是由于……和……造成的。

One of the chief causes of… is the fact that …

……的主要原因之一是……

The upsurge of … is resulted from two-fold factors ——…

……的出现源于双重因素——……

八、做出总结

In conclusion, it takes the endeavor of both … and … to …

总之，……需要……与……的努力。

It is hence not difficult to see that …/It therefore can be said that …

因此，不难看出……/ 因此，可以说……

From what have been discussed above, it can be concluded that …

从以上讨论内容可归纳，……

九、发出号召或警示

The situation, if unchecked, will lead to …

如果不加以制止，情况将走向……

If not dealt with properly, …

如果处理不当，……

What may be a point of concern is …

可能需要关注的是……

十、表示过渡(承上启下，使新观点不至于显得突兀、武断)

There are no less than three advantages in… as rendered below.

在……方面，至少有三项优点如下显示。

Another reason why I advocate the attitude of…is that…

我支持这种观点的另一个原因是……

What’s more, 而且

Last but not least, …

最后但同样重要的是……

议论要切中要害，始终紧扣论点，不游离于论点之外，不偷换论题。离开论点的论述，是无从谈及论证深刻的。小编收集了议论文的论证写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、透过现象看本质

钱钟书先生在《论快乐》一文中是这样论述的：先引述《西游记》里小猴子对孙行者说“天上一日，下界一年”，借天上比人间活得舒服快乐，来说明快乐是人的一种心理。然后宕开一笔，“永远快乐”不但渺茫得不能实现，并且荒谬得不能成立。继而论述“快乐”在人生里好比引诱小孩子吃药的方糖，更像跑狗场里引诱狗赛跑的电兔子”，生动形象地说明了快乐在人生中的作用。接着指出：“把快乐分成肉体和精神两种是最糊涂的分析”，一切快乐的享受都属于精神的。最后归纳指出，发现快乐是由精神来决定的，它是人类史的又进一步。假如，我们来谈快乐，你会怎样论证呢?你能透过生活现象挖掘出“快乐这一习见现象的本质吗?

二、揭示问题找诱因

世界是由互相联系的事物构成的，生活中发生的事存在着某种因果联系，在进行分论证时要揭示隐藏在事件背后的深层原因。

2005年高考优秀作文《出入红楼》有这样一段精彩的议论揭示出一部《红楼梦》倾倒几多后人，让众多专家学者倾其毕生精力，还不能尽得其珍的原因：

《红楼梦》，打开了大观园的大门，让好奇的后人一窥当年封建王朝奢华辉煌的殿堂;曹公才华横溢，诗词歌赋信手拈来，如粒粒明珠嵌入其中;建筑设计侃侃而出，几笔勾出一个金碧辉煌的大观园，饮食医理无一不通，衣饰礼仪无一不全，洋洋洒洒如数家珍。曹公秉世之才，堪称语言大师。披阅十载，呕心沥血，字字看来皆是血泪，达到刘勰所说“句有可削，足见其疏;字不得减，乃知其密”中真正的惜墨如金的境界。

现实生活中会有诸多的现象发生，如少男少女染发烫发，追逐明星，超现实消费，你能透过这些现象揭示出产生这些现象的心理诱因吗?

三、抓住要害开药方

议论要切中要害，始终紧扣论点，不游离于论点之外，不偷换论题。例如，以“跨越性格的障碍”为话题，就要紧扣“性格障碍”——不健全的性格(自我封闭，不善交流沟通，缺乏团队协作精神，孤芳自赏等性格缺陷)会影响我们的终生发展。有的同学大谈挑战逆境如何超越自我的问题，没有抓住论点。因此，离开论点的论述，是无从谈及论证深刻的。

抓住要害还要从若干现象的分析中，总结出一般规律，并指出解决问题的办法。司马光在《训俭示康》中，以父亲的身份，向儿子进行节俭教育。文中有道理分析，更有大量的出国留学网具体事例，摆事实，讲道理。正反论述，有很强的说服力。文中批判“走卒类士服，夫蹑丝履”虽有封建等级的观念和鄙视劳动人民的思想局限，但他总结出的“由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难”的规律是何其深刻!

四、运用辩证明事理

辩证法告诉我们要客观地全面发展地看问题，不要主观地孤立地静止地看问题;要两点论，不要一点论;要抓住矛盾的主要方面，分清主次，不要一叶障目、不见泰山。在议论文的写作中运用辩证法认识问颢、分析问题就会有深度。又如，就“平凡与自豪”这个话题，写一篇文章。这是典型的关系型作文题，这一话题能正确引导考生认识世界，认识自我，世界是多姿多彩的;“每一滴露珠，都能反射一轮太阳”。每一个体都有其存在的意义和价值，世界不独是名人与胜者的天下。

很明显，这个作文导向是正确对待平凡，在人们的认识中，伟大与平凡是两极，平凡与平庸相等，鄙弃平凡是应该的，但只赞颂伟大而不甘于平凡，轻视平凡却是错误的。忠于职守辛勤耕耘的人，不管是名人还是农夫都是自豪的。

导语：每个公民既要守住真善，塑造自我，更要关爱他人，惠及社会。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

2017年1月10日，重庆一名老人倒地受伤。女医生谭永超正好从旁边过，马上跪地按压急救，直至救护车到来，老人最终化险为夷。报道说，女医生的丈夫在那一瞬心里转过很多念头，老人身份不明、伤情不明、受伤原因也不确定啊!况且胸外心脏按压急救动作幅度、频率都比较大，妻子怀孕6个月了，不宜做剧烈运动……谭医生却没有丝毫犹豫，说这是做医生的习惯，见到病人就要冲上去。现场抢救的照片被人拍下上传网络，网友们点赞如潮。都夸：好医生啊!

请全面理解材料内涵，也可以选择一个角度，联系生活实际构思作文，但不可脱离材料的含意。

要求：立意自定，内容自选，题目自拟，除诗歌外，文体不限。

材料没有难度，一个身份不明的伤者，一位善良的医生，一名体贴的丈夫，一群热心的网友，一个有温度的故事。但如何让善念形成本能反应，如何挖掉恶行背后的养成土壤，值得我们深思。

站在谭永超医生的角度：①让善行成为习惯，让善念成为本能。②救死扶伤是医生的天职，恪守职责是公民基本的道德规范。

站在谭医生丈夫的角度：①小爱在左，大爱在右;患得患失，常常让人见义而不为。②见义勇为与理性同行，应建立在现实条件的基础上。

站在网友的角度：①让正能量化作时代的洪流;惩恶扬善，人人有责。②见贤思齐，见不贤而内自省也。③心存善念，爱满天下。

综合的角度：①每个公民既要守住真善，塑造自我，更要关爱他人，惠及社会。②道德选择离不开平时的养成。③勿以善小而不为，勿以恶小而为之。④铲除恶行滋生的土壤。

一、审题——若即若离

虽然近年来高考作文多以“话题作文”或是“新材料作文”出现，题目宽泛，不设审题障碍，但也并不是想写什么就写什么，想怎么写就怎么写，依然要在所给话题、材料范围内进行审题写作，不可抛开话题、另辟蹊径地“信马由缰”。否则，就会不着边际，偏离话题。比如高考作文题《必须跨过这道坎》，就应该牢牢抓住“必须”“跨”“坎”等“题眼”进行审题，还要重点关注、开掘出“坎”的引申义、比喻义。

规避：要加强审题训练，针对题目“辨字析词”，盯准“题眼”，尤其对于哲理性命题，涉及辩证关系的，更要深入分析题目的深刻内涵。审题越细、越准、越透，立意的思路就越宽、越深、越广。

二、入题——千呼万唤

高考作文因字数、时间的限制，不可能写得太多，但有相当多的考生往往出现“入题慢”的弊病，废话很多，以一当十的内容却千呼万唤不出来。引用原材料或可有可无的内容占去了很大的篇幅，重点部分无法展开。

规避：多看名家精短美文，为我所用，在“实战”中寻找不足，总结经验。

三、扣题——蜻蜓点水

有的考生写作文，从头到尾没有出现话题、话题的关键词或与话题相近的表述，犯了扣题不紧的错误，看不出是就所给特定“话题”或是“新材料作文”而写的文章，这样得分自然不会理想。

规避：在行文时牢记“考纲”中对作文扣题一项的具体要求，依照标准去做，回想老师的相关叮嘱及传授的方法。

四、立意——平庸病态

见解独到、构思新巧、主旨积极的文章无疑是任何人都梦寐以求的。可惜的是，在考场上有的学生为了追求所谓的标新立异，甚至写出了令人匪夷所思的文章。如有的学生在《假如记忆可以移植》中这样写：“我要把爱因斯坦的大脑移植过来，为自己发财致富……”由于思想格调不高，不符合高考作文“思想健康”的要求，降低了作文品位。

规避：树立正确的人生观、世界观、价值观，突破定向思维、线性思维，走向逆向思维、发散思维，视角独特，出人意料又在情理之中。

五、选材——陈旧苍白

有的学生作文材料陈旧苍白，缺乏厚重感。要么记叙一件事，有骨架没血肉;要么议论一个道理，观点+例子+结论，缺分析少论证;要么连例子都没有，翻来覆去，空谈漫议，写到哪儿算哪儿，凑够字数为原则。

规避：积累材料。一是在高三这段时间里继续收集鲜活的材料，并选记一些名言警句;二是把长期以来的“库存”分门别类筛选一下，选择出可供用于写作的精品材料列出提纲。

六、语言——艰涩难懂

有的考生喜欢使用缩写、英文单词、网络语言，其实这是要冒一定风险的。有的阅卷教师对这类语言很反感，就会对考生有害无利。高考大纲对于作文的要求是语言通顺、用词贴切，文句有表现力。因此，考生应当尽量用优美、有内涵的语言来表情达意，要用最规范、最传统的语言来写作，最好不用或少用网络语言。

规避：平时写作时尽量不使用网络语言或少数人才知道意思的语言。

七、形式——千篇一律

考场作文，事关重大，不仅内容要出彩，形式上也应该不拘一格，使内容与形式相得益彰，完美统一，方可获得高分。但教师在批改作文中却发现，形式创新的寥寥无几，多为千篇一律、似曾相识的“老面孔”，这应当引起注意，尤其是写作能力强的学生，不要因为形式的“不适宜”而失去了本不该丢的分。

规避：运用题记、后记、演讲稿、采访记录、日记体、书信体、小标题等新奇的形式来诠释思想，表达意旨。

八、文体——似是而非

有的学生写的文章好像属于“四不像”的文体，因而阅卷老师难以读懂、把握这样的文章，判分就有争议。所以，一般说来，文体还是明朗为好。

规避：就高考作文而言，最好多使用记叙文(夹叙夹议)、散文(记事、抒情)、议论文三种常见形式，少采用或不用诗歌、戏剧、文言等体裁。

九、结篇——虎头蛇尾

有的学生由于没有分配好答题时间，以致在写作文时所剩时间不够了，有的考生来不及结尾，结果或用一句话硬断，或点上一串省略号，或干脆空在那儿。无论哪一种情况，都会被视为未完篇处理。因为阅卷老师衡量一篇文章的好坏，首先是看文章的整体，虎头蛇尾的文章是要被扣分的。

规避：考生平时要训练自己在大约45~60分钟内能够写出一篇完整作文的能力，最后交上的作文无论如何都应该是一篇结构完整的作文。

十、卷面——乱涂乱改

现在是电脑阅卷，字迹模糊、扫描不清就会丢失信息，老师看得吃力无疑会影响分数。我们都有这样的感觉：书写工整、卷面整洁的作文使人赏心悦目，印象分立即增加;而字迹潦草、涂改得难以辨认的答卷，无形中就会多扣几分。高考作文如果接二连三地出现错别字，就会被认为语文基础太差，得分也会大打折扣。2008年高考作文对错别字要求更高，有的省已经规定每错一字扣一分，应予以特别重视。

规避：养成好的书写习惯，不会的字、词要查字典、词典。

1.准确审题。

首先要仔细研究作文命题，反复揣摩命题者的意图，进而明确写作的各种要求。

（1）分解试题：对作文试题作适当分解，以求对作文要求有一个清楚的了解，不致因遗漏而偏离题意。一般来说，一篇作文试题可分解为标题、材料和注意三个组成部分。当然，不是每年每道作文题都必有这三个部分。但作文要符合题意，就必须对试题组成的各个部分作准确、细致、全面的审理。只有这样，考生在行文时，才能不折不扣地按要求表述，否则就会差之毫厘，失之千里。

（2）找关键词：在上面三个部分中寻找关键词（或词组）关键词是试题中的重点，就像人的眼睛，文章该写什么，甚至该怎样写，都可以从这个词中看出。同时在寻找关键词的过程中，试题的各种要求都会变得简单明显，容易让考生在紧张的考试中把握。

（3）变隐为显：将试题中的隐含信息说破，使其变为明示信息。

（4）化大为小：在高考作文时，要选一条思路、一个角度，一旦选好了，就要一心一意走到底。也就是说，文章角度要小，就其一点，纵深开掘，把一人、一事、一物、一理写得深刻有力。

如北京一考生的《包容（三）》包容很大，需从小处落笔，包容很宽，需从巧妙处切入。本文从金鱼的老住户和新朋友的相互默认，红黄两色调和之后的温柔鲜丽说起，提出生活中需要包容，然后扩展升华。从而使主题深化。恰当的角度使得行文自然流畅，如泉水自然涌出，处处妙趣横生。广东一考生的《沟通隔膜的桥梁语言》能准确审题，紧扣语言与沟通的关系，通过记叙母女间发生的一件小事，说明了一个道理：不使用语言去加强沟通，两代人之间就容易出现隔膜，产生矛盾；使用语言去沟通，这些隔膜与矛盾就容易消除。全文是切合题意的。

2.巧妙联想。

刘勰《文心雕龙神思》中说：故寂然凝虑，思接千载；悄焉动容，视通万里；吟咏之间，吐纳珠玉之声；眉睫之前，卷舒风云之色。

当代着名作家秦牧曾说：联想的构成，在某一点上如同电路，有了电路，电才能通过，知识贫乏，线路就不能畅通了。

东晋丞相谢安喜爱文学，善于清谈。一天，窗外纷纷扬扬地下着大雪，谢安与侄儿侄女一道欣赏雪景，不由诗兴大发，他想考一考侄辈的诗才，便指着窗外的大雪笑问：白雪纷飞何所似？侄子谢朗略一凝思说：撒盐空中皆可拟，侄女谢道韫从容不迫的说未若柳絮因风起。

谢安听了谢朗的话说：不好，谁有那么大的力气把盐撒得满天都是？盐在空中马上就要落下来。用撒盐做比喻，能准确的表现大雪飞舞的动态吗？而谢安听了侄女的话后，拍手大笑说：好！好！风吹柳絮上云霄，正象雪花漫天舞，絮白似雪，雪轻若絮，这个比喻真是又形象又贴切。这里谢朗把飘飘而落的雪花比作盐粒，谢道韫则把它比作柳絮。无论是盐粒还是柳絮，都是他们因看到眼前的雪花而想到的。这就是联想。

所谓联想，是人们在观察的基础上，由当前的某一事物回忆起或想到另一有关事物的思维活动。以某一事物作为触发点，由此任意联想出与之有关的事物。在进行多向联想的时候，一定要注意联想的广度、深度和新颖度。

江苏一考生的《山水中走来的沈从文》我们不必猜测命题人在命这道题的时候，是否想到了沈从文先生；但是，我们可以说，用水的灵动，山的沉稳来比况沈从文先生及其作品，是最恰当不过了。本文作者联想到沈从文先生作为叙写的对象，本身就是一种眼光，一种睿智，一种对人与山水的独特感悟。江苏一考生的《人间四月天》，作者由话题水的灵动，联想到现代浪漫主义诗人徐志摩水一般灵动的人生、执着的爱以及富有独特色彩的生命永恒，对题意的理解自然、准确。

Dear Friends,

Please accept my sincere apology for the inconvenience that I caused you by

adding the extra visiting without your permission.

I had no intention of intruding on your personal life. In China, arranging

interesting leisure activities for visitors is a common way to show welcome.

However, as your receptionist, I should have realized that you are inclined to

regard your private time as an inviolable treasure and hate to be harassed by

unplanned matters.

Im really sorry that I didnt check with you before making such

incomsiderate arrangement .All I can say is that it wont happen again.

Sincerely,

LiLi