中考英语书面表达写作技巧课件【精彩20篇】

记叙文写作是中考作文的“主打”文体，也是平时写作训练最重要的任务，而且许多考生也习惯于写记叙文，那么，满分作文记叙文写作技巧有哪些你知道吗？下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于满分作文记叙文的写作技巧，希望可以帮助到大家！

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。

其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。

其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。

其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。

另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。

作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。

情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田？烈日”“村边？夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院？黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

(1900年10月5日-1999年2月28日)，原名谢婉莹，福建长乐人 ，中国民主促进会(民进)成员。中国诗人，现代作家，翻译家，儿童文学作家，社会活动家，散文家。笔名冰心取自“一片冰心在玉壶”。

1919年8月的《晨报》上，冰心发表了第一篇散文《二十一日听审的感想》和第一篇小说《两个家庭》。1923年出国留学前后，开始陆续发表总名为《寄小读者》的通讯散文，成为中国儿童文学的奠基之作。1946年在日本被东京大学聘为第一位外籍女教授，讲授“中国新文学”课程，于1951年返回中国。

1999年2月28日21时12分冰心在北京医院逝世，享年99岁，被称为"世纪老人"。

布局，也就是文章的结构。它是在作者掌握了材料，明确了主题后，对整个文章的构架作一个整体上的安排。

布好局对于中考(微博)作文，以往出现过很多新颖的结构形式，如日记、对话体、剧本、童话，还有高考(微博)作文中的处方等等，这些东西有些很不好把握，对初中生来说难度比较大，比如剧本，不是一般的初中生都能写的，虽然初中课本中有过一点训练，但，要达到一个比较优秀的水平是很难的，一旦写得不怎么样，那就很容易给人一种不伦不类的感觉。再者，那些容易掌握的，别人作过了，你再作，新颖度也就不是太大了。当然常规性作文形式的生命性还是要强得多。重要的还是要把内容与形式结合得完美一些，才是真正的作文之道。

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主......

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心......

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命......

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折......

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征......

有一个人经常出差，常买不到对号入坐的车票。可是无论长途短途，无论车上多挤，他总能找到座位。他的办法其实很简单，就是耐心地一节车厢一节车厢地找过去。这个办法听上去似乎并不高明，但却很管用。每次，他都做好了从第一节车厢走到最后一节车厢的准备，可是每次他都用不着走到最后就会发现空位。他说，这是因为像他这样锲而不舍找座位的乘客实在不多。经常是在他落座的车厢里尚余若干座位，而在其他车厢的过道和车厢接头处，居然人满为患。他说，大多数乘客轻易地被一两节车厢拥挤的表面现象迷惑了，不大细想在数十次停靠之中，从火车十几个车门上上下下的流动中蕴藏着不少提供座位的机会;即使想到了，他们也没有那一份寻找的耐心。眼前一方小小的立足之地很容易让大多数人满足，为了一两个座位背负着行囊挤来挤去，有些人也觉得不值。他们还担心万一找不到座位，回头连个好好站着的地方也没有了。他们与生活中一些安于现状、不思进取、害怕失败的人一样，永远只能滞留在没有成功的起点上。这些不愿主动找座位的乘客，大多只能在上车时最初的落脚之处一直站到下车。

【温馨提示】生活真有趣，如果你只接受最好的，你经常会得到最好的。“耐心地一节车厢一节车厢地找过去”，这不就是一种生存和生活的智慧吗?同学们能够从故事中读到“自信”、“执着”、“富有远见”、“勤于实践”等主题，可以任选其一作文。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

写作要不要学习写作方法和技巧?我们不妨先看看古今大家的观点。梁代文艺理论家刘勰认为写作是有"术"的，他说:"文场笔苑，有术有门。务先大体，鉴必穷源。"(《文心雕龙·总述》)他还说:"执术驭篇，似善弈之穷数;弃术任心，如博塞之邀遇。"由此看来，刘勰是非常看重"执术"。他所谓"术"，就是为文之"法"，强调了研究掌握"术"(写作方法)的重要性。没有写作技法想获得成功，就像赌博一样，只能靠运气。

写作方法和技巧

1.阅读优秀的作品:这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。

如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。

优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。

尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2.尽可能多的写:每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。

你写得多了，也就写得好了。

学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。

写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。

只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3.随时随地记下你的灵感:随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。

当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。

灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。

我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

4.专门的写作时间:每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。

对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。

无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。

每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。

若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5.随便涂鸦:面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。

你会想:我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。

马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。

只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。

像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是:开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

6.集中精神:写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。

写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。

即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。

关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。

清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7.先计划，再写: 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。

在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。

每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个:Snowflake Method.

8.创新: 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。

你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。

渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。

试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

9.修改: 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。

这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。

但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。

好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。

看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。

修改的目标是:更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10.简明扼要: 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。

一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。

一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。

记得:简单就是力量。

11.富于感染力的句子:在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。

但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。

而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12.获取别人的反馈: 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。

他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。

认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

13.是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜:就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。

你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。

你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。

如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。

若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。

所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

14.采用对话式的文体: 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。

这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。

刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。

也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。

因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。

若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。

你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15.好开头和结尾: 开头和结尾是文章的重点。

特别是开头。

如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。

所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

写作结尾小技巧

技法1：卒章显志法

【例1】亲情是一种动力，它能让你走进“独上高楼，望尽天涯路”的境界;能让你拥有“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴”的执著;能让你品味“报得三春晖”的快乐。

作者以诗意的语言解读亲情的内涵，揭示亲情的力量，把亲情的魅力展示得情感飞扬。卒章显志，主旨鲜明。

【例2】“无论在人生中会遇到什么样的困难，永远都不会放弃，做一个生活的强者!”——这就是我的承诺。(中考作文《这是我的承诺》的结尾)

在文章的结尾，作者非常明确地表达出“我的承诺”的内容，既紧扣文题，又揭示出文章的主旨，可谓卒章显志，曲终奏雅。而且，这一句饱含激情、掷地有声的话语，显示出作者坚强的决心、豪迈的气概，可爱，可敬。

技法2：藏而不露法

【例1】母亲坐在桌前开始吃我为她煮的那碗寿面，我也坐在一边看着她。忽然，我看见两颗晶莹的泪珠滑落在碗里。我问：“妈妈你怎么啦?”母亲抬起了头，哭了。(中考作文《妈妈的生日》的结尾)

文章结尾的描写藏而不露，字里行间流露出母亲因孩子的懂事、“长大”而幸福得落泪的欣慰之情。

江苏省南通市的中考作文《天籁——记一次蛙鸣》，小作者从“独鸣”、“散鸣”、“齐鸣”等多个角度描写了不易捕捉的蛙声，使之诗意化、人格化。并且在“齐鸣”中，议论、抒情与感悟人生相协调，点出文旨“唱出生命的赞歌”。

最让人欣赏的是文章的结尾：“倾听，心听。欣赏，心赏。”它运用了谐音双关的手法，道出文章“倾听”的特质——人与自然的对话与沟通。这个精练而又耐人寻味的结尾，把读者引入一个无限广阔的空间，让读者去感悟，去遐想!

技法3：画龙点睛法

【例1】春天像刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。

春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。

春天像健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，领着我们上前去。(课文《春》的结尾)

作者用比喻突出了春天三个特点：新、美丽、有力量，从全新的角度以精辟的语言，总结了全文，揭示了文章的主题。

【例2】马克思的一生，是光辉的一生，也是刻苦学习的一生。他的勤奋学习的精神，是永远值得我们学习的。(《马克思的好学精神》一文的结尾)

结尾对马克思的一生作了概括的、高度的总结，并且点明了题旨。

【例3】朋友，别忘了，做人要从学会说“不”开始，对于失败，对于挫折，对于侮辱，对于强权，要勇敢地说“不”。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会说“不”开始》)

结尾既总结了全文，也点明了文章的主旨。

技法4：抒情议论法

【例1】我望着这群充满朝气的哈尼小姑娘和那洁白的梨花，不由得想起了一句诗：“驿路梨花处处开”。(课文《驿路梨花》的结尾)

结尾抒发了作者赞颂雷锋精神已成为每个人的自觉行动的情怀。

【例2】亲爱的朋友们，当你坐上早晨第一列电车驰向工厂的时候，当你……他们确实是我们最可爱的人!(课文《谁是最可爱的人》的结尾)

不仅充分表达了作者对志愿军战士的爱和赞颂之情，而且对读者有强烈的感染作用。

【例3】是啊!做人要从学会放弃开始。放弃，是我心中一首永恒的诗;放弃，是我生活中一曲五彩的歌;放弃，让我心中的天堑变通途。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会放弃开始》)

作者用诗一般的语言抒发了自己对“放弃”的深深理解和感悟。

技法5：警世醒目法

【例1】动物是我们的朋友，但是却有很多人把它们作为美食。他们虽然大饱口福了，但被吃掉的却是中国和谐的自然环境，更是生态平衡啊!想到这些，我茫然了：我们在吃中国?我们在吃中国!(2007年江苏省扬州市中考作文《吃在中国?在吃中国!》)

小作者高瞻远瞩，告诉世人：你们是在吃中国啊!这是多么警世醒目的语言啊。

【例2】但是，一切已太迟了，太迟了……(《当地球剩下最后一只猴子》)

作者通过地球上最后一只猴子的自述，大胆而真实地幻想了人类是如何一步步走上灭绝之路的。触目惊心的恶果字字千钧，具有震聋发聩、撼人心魄的警世醒目之力。

技法6：设问存疑法

【例1】人之立志，顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?(课文《为学》的结尾)

以问号作结，寓浓烈的感情于朴素的文字之中，发人深省，给人以深刻的印象。

【例2】“从这么一个开端，这么一个结局里，聪明人难道看不出道理来吗?”(《金融家》的结尾)

采用了反问的形式，这就使结尾不仅深刻有力，而且耐人寻味。

【例3】有一篇中考优秀作文《简单与不简单》，在列举了种种“简单与不简单”的现象，分析了“简单与不简单”的辩证关系之后，文章结尾时，作者写道：

我们每个人的身上都同时有着简单和不简单，问题是我们该追求什么样的简单和不简单。朋友，你说呢?

作者巧妙地提出了“该追求什么样的简单和不简单”的严肃的命题，引发读者思考，启示人们作出正确的抉择，追求有意义的人生。作者尽管没有明说，但引人深思，催人警醒。

技法7：添加后记法

【例1】后记：携反省一起上路，才能在上帝关上门后，发现他留出的另一扇窗。(2007年河北省中考作文《携反省一起上路》)

作者用这个后记使文章新人耳目，画龙点睛，发人深省。

【例2】如中考作文《鲁迅先生，只有一个》的后记：先生正等着我们走出浮华的海面，款款地步入他的心房，与他进行灵魂深处的交流!

在文章的主体部分，作者通过比较尽显鲁迅及其作品的非凡价值，表现出对社会冷落鲁迅的愤慨，进而呼吁我们去亲近和阅读鲁迅及其作品。而后记部分则换了一个角度，以鲁迅先生的视角，呼吁我们与他交流，使文章进一步敲击着读者的心扉，从而走近鲁迅。可以说，这一段后记，堪成画龙点睛之笔，与文章的主体部分互为补充，相得益彰。

技法8：出乎意料法

这种结尾不是按照故事情节的通常逻辑来处理人物的结局，而是用意想不到的结局来安排人物的最终命运，而且在这时候戛然而止，让人在目瞪口呆之余，不禁感叹作者的奇思妙想、生活的荒谬诡谲。如大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》的结尾就非常出人意料，大大增强了小说的艺术感染力，被称为欧·亨利式结尾。

技法9：首尾呼应法

【例】

[首]都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

[尾]花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆，生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。

技法10：景物烘托法

如中考满分作文《雨中品读》结尾：风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容。隔在两代人之间的那扇玻璃也被雨后的那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。

技法11：引用诗句法

如中考满分作文《生活，使我懂得了放弃》的结尾：“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，15年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃!

技法12：展望未来法

即在叙述现状之后，结尾展望未来，鼓舞人心，激励斗志。这样的结尾应紧扣题目，照应开头，衔接文章的重点和主体，不仅能引起读者对全文的回味，加深对文章中心思想的印象，而且会使读者受到启发和鼓舞。

写作时要注意，如果文章开头是点明中心，结尾一般采用展望未来的方法，同时，展望的内容一定要与文章的中心思想有关，切忌生搬硬套。

技法13：虚实错位法

每当夜间疲倦，正想偷懒时，仰面在灯光中瞥见他黑瘦的面貌，似乎正要说出抑扬顿挫的话来，便使我忽又良心发现，而且增加勇气了，于是点上一支烟，再继续写些为“正人君子”之流所深恶痛疾的文字。(课文《藤野先生》的结尾)

文章借幻像使虚实错位，把实有的感受抽象化，从而提升作品的格调，这就是使用虚实错位法的结尾。

也可借梦境使虚实错位，如《荔枝蜜》的结尾：“这天夜里，我做了个奇怪的梦，梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。”通过写梦，将文章的寓意推到更高层次，深化了主题，升华了意境。

技法14：留白拓展法

路过幸福，让我感到生命的可贵;路过幸福，让我感到生活的充实;路过幸福，让我感到人生的快乐。朋友，请放缓你的脚步，睁大你的眼睛，敞开你的胸怀……

这是中考满分作文《路过幸福》一文的结尾，采用抒情性的留白，拓展文意，让人回想。留白拓展法就是在作文的结尾有意留下一定的空白，让读者在意犹未尽的氛围中发挥想象，荡开思绪。除抒情性留白，也可设疑留白，如中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》：

何必要让自己狭小的视角不公正地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?

以问句结束，余音绕梁，启迪读者进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

技法15：再现情境法

我在朦胧中，眼前展开一片海边碧绿的沙地来，上面深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。我想：希望是本无所谓有，无所谓无的。这正如地上的路;其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。(课文《故乡》的结尾)

结尾处再现优美的情境，既是对前文的照应，也是对作品主旨的强调，表达了鲁迅对踏出希望之路的信心。

也可用典型的形象再现，如《背影》的结尾：

我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见。

再现父亲买橘背影，真切感人，引起读者强烈共鸣。

高考英语任务型写作训练练习（一）

读写任务（满分25分）

请阅读以下的短文，然后根据提供的任务说明和写作要求， 写一篇150字左右的英语短文。

（任务说明）

1.概括短文的内容要点（该部分的字数大约60-80）；

2.清楚地陈述你自己的看法；

3.提供具有一定说服力的论据或实例来支持你的观点，可以参照文中的内容，但不能抄袭文中的句子；

4.文章体裁不限，但必须结构合理，内容连贯，有条理性。

（阅读材料）

Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文

With the worldwide increase of population， more and more water is needed. Meanwhile，the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.

随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。

On a personal level， to solve the problem with fresh water， both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example， for the government， it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides， education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals， we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.

在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。

在语文课上，很多老师应该都强调过，作文在语文考试中占着举足轻重的地位。作文写作要掌握一定的技巧，这样大家写出的作文才能拥有亮点。

一、自信上考场

自信是写好作文的先决条件，相信自己就不会怯场，不怯场才能使自己的思维处于最佳状态，潜在的能力得以充分地调动。

二、按时写作文

150分钟的语文测试时间，应该留出60-70分钟的时间作文。时间充足，心中不慌，文思才会泉涌;否则仓促成文，难免丢三落四。

三、细心审题目

命题作文，审题时一定要抓住题目中的关键词语，并进一步展开合理的联想，才能真正把握题目的实质。材料和话题作文，要弄清楚在材料作文与话题作文中，命题者所提供材料的不同作用。在材料作文中，所提供的材料既是考生作文立意的出发点，又是归宿点。考生一定要读懂题干，做点分析，明确主旨，再去下笔，确保万无一失。

四、精心选文体

高考作文一般不限文体，这给了考生很大的选择文体的自由，考生应该掌握文体选择的基本原则：一是采用该话题更适宜的文体写作;二是采用考生本人更擅长的文体作文。自己擅长，行文才会得心应手、游刃有余。

五、心中有模式

考生心中要有文章的基本结构式：议论文，破题开篇+分析论证+结题收篇;供料议论文的基本结构式：引材开篇+析材明理+联材写事+点材收篇;写事记叙文的基本结构式：事件发生(清楚明白)+事件发展(生动曲折)+事件结局(含蓄启迪);写人记叙文的基本结构式：契入(用外貌、语言、环境、细节入题)+铺垫(简述几个事件)+高潮(详叙典型事件)+点化(用点睛的议论或抒情句收束)等等，上述结构式不是一成不变的，可以演绎出许多的变式来。

六、巧思出新意

为体现可写性的命题原则，高考的作文不管是命题作文，还是话题作文大多都是宽泛的。例如《责任》这样的题目，范围太宽，无从下笔，这样的题目就要去窄作。所谓窄作，就是对题目所涉及的内容进行修饰、限制，然后再针对被限制后的某个侧面扩大其内涵。若从“我们当代青年的责任”这个角度去写，可能就容易多了。

七、素材书中找

要写好一篇考场作文，除了掌握写作模式，还要有写作素材。当你在考场上因缺少素材而抱笔时，可别忘了你学过的语文课本!那里有你取之不尽，用之不竭的素材。

八、主旨要明确

高考作文主旨不要过于含蓄。由于时间的限制，阅卷老师不会慢慢地斟字酌句，所以如果写记叙文，不管叙事多么生动，也要在行文中适当地用一两句抒情或议论语句点明文章主旨，让阅卷老师一目了然;议论文力求事例简洁新鲜，说理充分，紧扣主旨。文章要实实在在，不要过于另类，在明示主旨的基础上，张扬个性。

九、首尾亮起来

开篇立论的好彩头，在第一时间抓住阅卷老师的眼球，是高考作文赢得高分的关键。而结尾的感染力和吸引力，同样是拿分的一大重点。

开头结尾都要精彩，开头和结尾的写作大有讲究。

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题，使阅卷老师一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，那么，必会打动阅卷教师的心;哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。

高考作文由于受时间和字数的限制，开头最好采用“开门见山”的写法：或“落笔入题”，说明写作缘由;或“开宗明义”，揭示全文主题;或“言归正传”，快速开讲故事;或“单刀直入”，挑明论敌谬说。也可以采用“形象化”的写法：或描写环境，以引出人物;或抒发感情，以渲染气氛;或先叙故事，以引出深刻道理;或借诗词谣谚，以为叙事的开端。好的开头，新颖生动，引人入胜。

结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力;造语含蓄，使读者掩卷而思仍遐想不已。

十、行文如流水

在语言运用上，除平时要求外，还应特别注意要善于调动各种修辞手段，如比喻形象、对偶华美、排比蓄势、对照鲜明、反复强调、设问抑扬、反语讽刺、暗示等等。此外，长句短句错综搭配，雅句俗语相得益彰，也可使文章生色。

十一、字迹要清楚

高考语文试卷是网上阅卷，潦草的字迹、不洁的卷面有可能给阅卷人带来的不愉悦所产生的后果是可想而知的，如果字迹不清，丢失的可就不只是几分了。

作文是决胜高考语文的关键所在，把握作文拿分的技巧，是考生关心的问题。我们将考场作文经验归纳为：“心中有自信，笔下出好字;手头有材料，胸中有成式;不变应万变，妙手著文章”，同学们只要扎扎实实地按照这几步来做，作文得高分并不是一件难事。

在小学阶段，孩子们经常写的作文无非就是一些写景状物的，还有记录一件事情的作文，以下是为大家分享的小学记事作文写作技巧及范例，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

叙事作文

叙事作文是基础，三段写法要牢记。

叙述方式有三种，顺叙倒叙和插叙。

顺叙记事容易学，起因经过和结果；

开头交代四要素，时间地点和人物；

事件起因点明白，经过具体写出来；

结尾交代事结束，首尾内容要略写。

倒叙方法变化多，结果提前是妙着；

开头回忆多变化，结尾照应好处多。

中间具体叙述事，细节描写要有趣；

过渡照应衔接紧，线索清楚最要紧。

写作要点

一、要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件。让读者明白文章写的是什么人，在什么时候，什么地方发生了怎样的事。

二、找出事件闪光点。如果根据题目的要求选定了某件事，你就要对这件事进行认真的回忆，并仔细琢磨，反复思考，挖掘出这件事中含有的生活道理，或找出它闪光的地方。

三、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

四、一般要按事情发展顺序写。把一件事的起因、经过、结果写清楚，不能颠三倒四，还应把事情的前因后果，来龙去脉写清楚。

五、记事中要围绕中心，抓住重点，不要面面俱到。重点部分(一般指事情发展高潮处)要详写，写具体，写详尽，给读者以深刻的印象。

六、写事不能离不开写人。同此在记事过程中，一定要把人物的语言、神态、动作、心理活动等写细致，写逼真，这样才能表达出人物的思想品质，才能更好地表达这件事所包含的意义，即文章的中心思想。

七、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

如何把场面写具体

写好场面要注意以下四点：

第一，要交待清楚场面的背景。如活动场面发生的时间、地点、环境等，这样人们才知道场面是在怎样的社会或自然环境中发生的。

例如：

这天下午，上了两节课后，董老师一声招呼：“走哇，下楼玩会儿去!”同学们都说笑着下了楼，来到了大操场。我问董老师：“老师，今天又有什么新花样呀?”董老师笑着说：“踢足球，跳皮筋。”男生一听，高兴得手舞足蹈，女生却说：“还是老一套!我们以为有什么新花样呢?”董老师神秘地说：“今天可不一样，今天哪，女生踢足球，男生跳皮筋!”听了这话，我们女生高兴得蹦起有三尺高。

第二，要在写好总体的基础上写具体。写场面时，要对场面有总体概括，使读者对总体面貌有所了解。但场面同时也应该有重点部分，对这部分要写详细、写具体，做到有点、有面;这也就是要求做到整体描写与局部描写相结合。

例如：

老师拿来球，女子足球大战就这样开始了。我们十几个“疯”丫头，追着足球跑，就像盘子里的炒豆，一会儿又滚到这边，一会儿滚到那边。虽然我们的技术太糟糕，但都非常卖力气。小个子蔺琳最勇敢，像个男孩子在场内横冲直撞，可她的脚丫子连球皮都没踏着，只好空跑一场，不一会儿就大汗淋漓，成了个小花脸，那样子真滑稽。平时文质彬彬的刘爽，这时也像个野小子用力地冲杀，球到了她脚下，她甩开脚，使劲猛踢，“砰”的一声，球就飞了出去，瞧她那架式，多像个女球星。

第三，要写出气氛。气氛是人在一定环境中看到的景象或感觉到的一种情绪或感情。无论什么场面，都会有气氛，如庆祝场面有欢乐的气氛;比赛场面有紧张的气氛;送别场面有难舍难分的气氛等等。

例如：

裁判员一声令下，比赛开始了，运动员们像离弦的箭冲了出去，争先恐后，不分上下。在同学们的助威声中，他们竭尽全力，冲向终点。顿时人生鼎沸，加油声、喝彩声响彻整个操场，特别是快到终点时，欢呼声更是一浪高过一浪。

第四，写场面要有顺序。一般来说，场面描写可以按照由面到点来安排顺序。比如，描写庆祝教师节的场面，可以先写欢庆活动的总体气氛，勾勒“面”的情况，然后分别写校长、老师、同学的表现。这样就能点面结合、条理清楚。

例如：

前面已经围得水泄不通，等我费了九牛二虎之力挤进人群，受伤的人已经送往医院了。地上赫然的有一摊殷红的血。一辆自行车翻倒在旁边，车轮朝上，还在慢慢地转着。围观的人七嘴八舌地议论着。有的愤愤不平地说：现在司机开车真是不要命，在人多的地方都不肯减速。有的叹着气说：人有旦夕祸福，好好的一个人不定什么时候就遇上祸事。也有的说：看情形，这个人伤得不轻，不知还能不能活。一个老大爷一边摇头一边感叹：“现在出门可得小心，一个不留神就要出事儿。”旁边一位年轻姑娘使劲拉着她的男友往外走，“有什么好看的。血淋淋的，吓死人了。”《上学路上》

在这里着重解说一下，在写场面时，我们除了可以运用整体描写与局部描写，还可以用到空间描写。也就不仅可以写场上的热闹，还可以写场外的热闹，场内与场外就是两个角度的对称，相互映衬，达到很好的结果。比如我们写一场拔河比赛时，除了写场上同学们如何拼命拔河的，我们还可以写场外的同学，又是如何挥动双手，加油呐喊的。

高考作文(College Admission Essay)即普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国高考)语文卷最后一题或几题(包括小作文)，一般要求立意自定、文体自选(或除诗歌外)、题目自拟、不要抄袭、不少于800字，一般满分为60分。如何准确地界定与把握命题者的正确意图和话题本身的意义指向，又如何在文章中准确地呈现出来，将大体决定全文的成败。下面是小编为你带来的高考半命题作文的写作技巧，希望对你有帮助。

半命题作文是指命题人限定了作文题目的一部分内容，然后留出一部分内容由作者按要求自己填写完整，再进行写作的作文命题形式。这种作文形式的主要标志是作文题目中留有空缺。其特点是有较大的开放度、灵活性，给人留下广阔的创作空间，又有一定的限制性。这两年中考全国有不少的省市采用了半命题作文的形式。半命题作文根据有无提示语可分为有提示语和没有提示语两种形式;根据题目空缺的位置可分为前空式、中空式和后空式。

写这类作文的前提是要按要求补全题目。需要注意的问题是：

1.斟酌已给出的半个题目信息，再结合自己的生活经历、写作特长、写作内容等将其补全，成为全命题作文，巧妙地让陌生的新题变成自己熟悉的旧题，从容地完成一篇熟悉的作文。例如有关“读书”“亲情”“学校生活”之类的作文相信同学们已经写过不计其数的文章，我们可以将2005年重庆中考作文题“那是一首歌”写成“读书经历是一首歌”“母爱是一首歌”“学习生活是一首歌”。也可以将2005年江苏省无锡市中考作文题“精彩”演变成相类似的形式。

2.注意审清题面要求，明确选材范围。如2003年湛江中考作文题要分清“生活”与“生命”的不同。

3.标题切忌大而空，要力求展示个性风采。标题是一篇文章的“眉目”，它关系到一篇文章的格调、精神和色彩，好的标题能使人产生强烈的阅读愿望。

4.立意要鲜明，集中，新颖。

例如：“生活因__更精彩”和“生命因__更精彩”都是半命题作文，限制较少。空缺处可以填名词、动词、形容词，如音乐、读书、挫折、爱等，也可以填短语，如得到关注、奋力拼搏、遭遇苦难等。题目一旦确立，就要善于从平凡的生活彩链中挖掘出最耀眼、最闪光的那一节来写，要写出精彩的一瞬、精彩的场面、精彩的心灵感悟。总之，要突出精彩，突出填写的词语，突出主题。

其次，表达的角度要巧。在突出主旨的前提下可以有选择地使用悬念、插叙、呼应、对比等技巧，要设计好文章的开头和结尾，适当穿插议论和抒情，行文中要注意反复点题。

另外，选材要新。要善于调动多种描写手段打动人，以此引起读者情感上的共鸣。

作文分数占了语文试卷的半壁江山，同学们需要引起足够的重视。下面是整理的2017年中考作文开头和结尾写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、“卒章显志”式的结尾——

这种结尾方式也叫“画龙点睛”式，也就是在结尾点明文章的中心思想。这是用得最多的结尾方式。而“点睛”的方式又可分为下面几种：

1、用抒情式点题结尾。如“老师，无论我走到哪里，我都走不出您的视野。感谢您的一路呵护，一路鼓励!”(《感谢恩师》)抒发了对老师的感激之情。

2、用希望式点题结尾。如“把理解带到人吧，尽量给别人减少一分病苦，增添一分快乐!”(《最爱的人，别伤他最深》)

3、用推理式点题结尾。如“有一颗感恩的心，会让我们的社会多一宽容与理解，少一些职责与推委;多一些和谐与温暖，少一些争吵与冷漠;多一些真诚与团结，少一些欺骗与涣散……”(《有一颗感恩的心》)。作者用“有一颗感恩的心，会……”的句式，点明了“要有一颗感恩的心”这个主题。

4、用表决式点题结尾。如“可以确定的是，无论前路阳光明媚，或是崎岖陡峭，我会坚定地——痛并快乐着。”(《痛并快乐着》)既点明主题，又回应文题，可谓一箭双雕。

5、用展望式点题结尾。如“我，我的未来不是梦!”(《我的未来不是梦》)

6、用感悟式点题结尾。如“她让我懂得了宽容，学会了宽容。”(《宽容》)

7、用比喻式点题结尾。如“诚信是诚实，诚信是守信，诚信是一句承诺，诚信是许诺后的行动，诚信是一根不屈的脊梁。”(《诚信——世间最美的》)把诚信比作脊梁。

8、用号召式点题结尾。如“友善的微笑可以压倒一切，无论来自亲人还是陌生人，关键在于真诚和友好。让我们以友善的微笑面对人生，面对生活，面对别人。那么，世界将会更美好的明天。”(《友善的微笑》)

9、用引用式点题结尾。如“请听一位名人关于学习的论述吧——当你感到痛苦悲哀的时候，最好是再学些什么东西，学习会使你永远立于不败之地……既然这样，我们何不去学习呢?”(《一首诗的启示》)引用名言。再如“让我们再背一遍何其芳的诗吧：”生活是多么广阔，生活是海洋，凡有生活的地方，就有快乐和宝藏。‘“(《乐就在平凡生活中》)引用现代诗句。还如”云南是云海，日月之行，若出其中，星汉灿烂，若出其里。“(《云南云》)引用古诗句。

10、用标题式点题结尾。如“21世纪的今天，不要再时时墨守成规。这个时代，要的是创造性的人才。朋友，记住：我创新，所以我生存!”(《我创新，所以我生存》)用自身的标题作结尾。

11、用议论式点题结尾。如“我们，这些初升的太阳，红色，橙色，金色，热力四射，正向全世界发出灿烂夺目的光彩。”(《我们是初升的太阳》)

12、用总结式点题结尾。如“感谢语文，是你不经意地从我身边走过，在不经意的回眸间，让我认识了安易，也了解了安易，欣赏了安易，在凄苦的经历中，不禁使人心生怜惜，疑虑而问，在那沉醉的旧途中，身世坎坷的女子是否找到了小路?”(《语文从我身边轻轻地走过》)既总结了上文内容，又点题。

13、用人言式点题结尾。即用文中人物自己的语言点题。如“又过了两年，他捧着中医学院针灸的毕业证书来向我爸爸报喜，他没有高傲的情绪，仍旧很谦虚。当谈到他的成长经历时他这样说：”黑暗中，我没有去捕捉那些东西，那些东西只会使我成为又瞎又聋的精神侏儒，而去探索真正的知识，学会自立的本领。现在的我已经很强大了，黑暗已彻底被我打败了。‘“(《黑暗中的探索》)用主人公自己的话，揭示了文章的主题。

二、“呼应开头”式结尾——

先看《战胜自己》的开头和结尾：

开头：善于战胜自己，这是我的长处。这个“自己”，是害怕困难缺少勇气的自己，成功时很得意洋洋的自己。

中间：……

结尾：善于战胜自己，这就是我的长处。困难前面不失掉信心，要有勇气战胜之：成功时不趾高气扬，要看到缺点，保持冷静的头脑。

这种结尾方式能使文章首尾呼应，结构完整，浑然一体。

三、“记叙事件”式结尾——

这种结尾方式能使文章显得含蓄，使读者有回味的余地。如《给我一个理由》的结尾：“我走出小店，看到太阳正对着笑。”含蓄地表达了善于微笑而得到了好的回报的主题。

四、“描写景物”式结尾——

这种结尾方式能对主题进行烘托突出的作用。例如《我经历的一次小波折》的结尾：“雨依旧下着，但变得温柔起来，天空明亮了许多，西方还出现了美丽的彩虹，我的心也轻松了许多。这次小小的波折我怎么能忘怀呢?”以美景衬托经过这场思想感情的雨水洗礼之后的“轻松之情”。

总之，结尾应像老虎的尾巴那样，漂亮而有力。

审题的目的是吃透命题人预设的条条框框，并尽可能地拓展开思路，然后确定最能扬长避短的写作方向。但如果审题不清，就有可能导致方向上、战略上的错误，这对于一篇考场作文而言将是毁灭性的。中考作文评分标准中对一类文一般有“切合题意”的描述，对于四类文以下则有“偏离题意或文不对题”等类似表述。《语文课程标准》中则强调“写作时考虑不同的目的和对象”和“有独立完成写作的意识”等表述。

【中考兵法】

技巧一：审题类型

看到一个作文题，先要判定它是何种类型的作文题：是全命题作文还是提供话题需要再自拟题的话题作文，是选择型半命题作文还是自由填写型半命题作文，是材料作文还是用材料引题的全命题作文或话题作文，是续写、扩写还是看图作文。如：

鸟儿的愿望是飞上蓝天，鱼儿的愿望是畅游大海，花儿的愿望是吐露芬芳，而你的愿望是什么呢?可能是为玉树灾区祈福，可能是为西南早灾祈雨，可能是为爸爸妈妈祈祷，也可能是为自己许下梦想……敞开心扉，尽情地写出内心的愿望吧!

请以“愿望”为话题，写一篇作文。

要求：(1)题目自拟;(2)文体不限; (3)字数不少于550字，诗歌不少于20行;(4)文中不得出现真实的人名、校名和地名。

这道题属话题作文，需“题目自拟”，可写成“不少于550字”的文章，也可以写成“不少于20行”的诗歌，“文体不限”更是提供了广阔的创作尝试空间。

技巧二：析透引语

绝大部分的话题作文、半命题作文;部分命题作文有引语或提示语。其作用一般有三种：一是拓展写作思路，降低文题难度;二是明确写作方向，暗示写作要求;三是引起考生情感共鸣，便于调动写作素构。审清引语的方法主要是提取关键词和切题联想。如：

有人憧憬雪花飞扬的冬，有人心仪草长莺飞的春，有人喜欢阳光灿烂的夏，有人钟情天高云淡的秋。岁月更迭，四季交替，总有一个季节让人期盼，总有一片天空让人翱翔，总有一段往事让人回味，总有一份精彩属于自己。

请以“总有我的季节”为题写一篇文章。

要求：将题目抄在答题卡上;除诗歌、剧本以外文体不限;不要少于600字;文中不要出现本人(或暗示)的姓名、校名。

从引语我们可以看出，题目中(将“季节”可以指“冬”“春”“夏”“秋”的自然季节，也可以指“属于自己”的“一片天空”“一段往事’“‘一份精彩”等难忘经历和精彩回忆。

技巧三：理清“要求”

文题后面往往都有—个“要求”或“注意”，它常对写作范围、文体、篇幅等方面作一些限定，有的给出的是副标题，要求自拟题目作文，有的要求只能写成记叙文或议论文，有的特别要求写成书信体，而有些要求则隐含在引语之中。如：

(1)以“我读_______ ”为题，写一篇文章。

要求：(1)在横线上填上一本书的书名，将题目补充完整;(2)文体不限(诗歌除外);(3)不少于600字;(4)文中不得出现真实的人名、校名、地名。

(2)书信是我们交流思想、表达情感最常见的方式。《与朱元思书》描绘了一幅充满生机的大自然画卷;《就英法联军火烧圆明园致巴特勒上尉的一封信》愤怒地谴责了侵略者的罪行;《傅雷家书》传递着动人的舐犊之情;《致女儿的一封信》则用充满诗意的故事阐释了生命的真谛……请你选择一个渴望交流的对象，以写信的方式追忆往事、传递情感、关注现实、畅想未来，展开心灵对话吧!

请以“写给_________ ”为题，写一篇文章。

要求：(1)请选择下列五个词语中的一个，填入标题横线处，使之完整(自己班主任 温总理 蚂蚁 未来);(2)字数不少于600字;(3)文中不得出现真实的人名、地名、校名。

这两道题都是半命题作文。但要求又不同于一般的自由补写型的半命题作文。第(1)题“要求”中明确指出要填写的是“一本书的书名”，如果补写成 “我读懂了他”“我读小说的经历”“我读故我在”等当然就属于跑题了。第(2)题则属于五选一的选填型半命题作文，补写内容不能游离于所供五个对象之外。当然第(2)题的引语部分“以写信的方式”也限定了文体必须是书信体。

记叙文的写作最讲究的就是要做到首尾照应，以下是小编整理的记叙文写作首尾照应的技巧，欢迎参考阅读!

首尾式照应

首尾式照应，就是在文章开头出现的事物或语句，在文章结尾又再次出现，从而构成首尾呼应的关系，使全文形成一个首尾圆合、严密无懈的整体。首尾式照应的作用，主要表现在两个方面，一是在内容上，它可以强调某种思想感情，强化主题意义，加深读者印象，提高表达效果。二是在结构上，它可以增强文章的完整性和回环美。

首尾式照应在记叙文中的运用，常见的有两种情况。

一是运用倒叙方法的记叙文，必然是首尾照应，这种情况最多，也最典型。例如《记一辆纺车》，它运用了倒叙的方法，首尾照应很严密。请看首尾两段的有关内容：

首段：“我曾经使用过一辆纺车，离开延安那年，把它跟一些书籍一起留在蓝家坪了，后来常常想起它。想起它，就像想起旅伴，想起战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。”

尾段：“就因为这些，我常常想起那辆纺车。想起它就像想起旅伴和战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。围绕着这种怀念，也想起延安的种种生活。……”

这两段文字，在内容上、感情上、修辞上、时间上、地点上、表达方式上等方面，几乎都是相同的，前者放在开头，领起全篇，造成悬念，揭示主旨，激发读者阅读的兴趣。后者放在结尾，总结全文，强调中心，回扣文首。这样，既强调了作者与纺车的密切关系，又深化了纺车的不平凡意义，使文章形成了一个很严密的整体。

二是运用顺叙方法的记叙文，也有首尾照应的，但没有运用倒叙方法记叙文的照应那么周密，那么严整，运用的频率也不高，难度却较大，但如果运用得好，会产生别出心裁的效果，例如莫怀戚的《散步》，是一篇用顺叙方法写成的记叙文，其中就运用了这种照应的方法。

先看开头：“我们在田野散步：我，我的母亲，我的妻子和儿子。”

再看结尾：“这样，我们在阳光下，向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去，到了一处，我蹲下来，背起了母亲，妻子也蹲下来，背起了儿子。……”

这两段文字的照应，主要体现在两个方面：一是情节的照应，即“散步”;二是人物的照应，即“我”母亲、妻子、儿子等祖孙三代四个人。而且，照应的顺序很有讲究，开头是“散步”总概，结尾是具体的“散步”;开头由“我”到“母亲”到“妻子”到“儿子”，结尾依然是这样的安排顺序。这样照应，既有序，又有物，既合理，又严密。

首尾式照应是使文章完整的最主要方法之一，运用时，有两点值得注意：一是照应的语句要有所变化，不能简单重复，否则显得呆板;二是开头和结尾的文字，要有明显的适应性，开头只能作开头，结尾只能做结尾，不能互换而用。

总结式照应

总结式照应，就是在文章有关段落的前面或后面，对上面或下面的内容进行总结或领起，这种总结总领式的语句或段落，至少出现两次，而且句式或段落的内容和形式基本相同，从而形成前后照应的关系，使文章浑然一体。

总结式照应既在内容上归束上文，领起下文，又在结构上勾连前后，具有明显的阶段性，有的从内容上，逐层引向深入，有的从感情上，依次推向高潮。它在内容上以总结总领为主，在结构上以照应为主。例如《白杨礼赞》这篇文章，全文共9个自然节，总结式照应主要体现在第4、第6两节。第4节：“那就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而实在是不平凡的一种树。”第6节：“这就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而决不是平凡的树。”这两段文字，前者总结是第3节内容，后者总结第5节内容，它们都是一名话，都是独立成段，二者不仅内容相同，都是说白杨树的不平凡，都是说白杨树的评赞，而且句式也都是相同的，都是二重转折复句，都是判断句加否定句，实际上，只有两个词之差，其余所用的文字也都是相同的。这样总结，就构成了明显的照应关系，使文章前后相联，彼此关照，避免了松散和拖沓，强调了白杨树的不平凡意义，总结很有深度和力度。

总结式照应的另一种形式，就是体现文章主题思想的语句在文中多次出现，如果出现在开头，则起领起作用，如果出现在中间或结尾，则起总结作用。这种照应阶段性不明显，但更自由灵活。《钓胜于鱼》这篇以记叙文为主的哲理散文，就采用了这种照应的方法。体现文章主题的语句是“我是为钓，不是为鱼”，这个句子在文中完整地出现有两次，一次是在第6节，二次是在第 18节，除此而外还有与之相近的句子，如第10节：“能够欣赏钓，而不计较鱼”;如第17节：“不是为鱼的钓者”等。这些语句，有的用于段落的开头，有的用于段落的结尾，概括领起，总结归纳，前照后应，十分和谐紧凑。

总结式照应有明显的阶段性，阶段的体现有两种形式，一是并列式，像《白杨礼赞》;二是递进式，如《钓胜于鱼》。运用时，要注意文章的发展顺序，是并列式还是递进式。如果是前者，总结的语句可以相同：如果是后者，总结的语句就要稍有变化，要符合递进的内容特点，还有，总结的语句宜简不宜详，以概括为主，表达上一般是议论或抒情。

伏笔式照应

伏笔式照应，就是在文章的前面为后面设下埋伏的内容。这种照应，有的体现在事物上，有的体现在线索上，有的体现在情节上，用得比较多的是后者。伏笔式照应讲究的是“伏”，“伏”的内容设计要服从全文的主要情节，不能旁逸。同时，后文要有对前文“伏”的内容的说明，使“伏”的内容有个圆满的交代，从而形式前伏后应的密切关系，使文章结构严谨。

伏笔式照应既有单一性的，又有多样性的，前者按一条线索设置伏笔，单线发展，这种照应，比较简单，读者容易掌握.后者多方面地设置伏笔，也多方面交代结局，这种照应有一定的难度 ，读者不易把握，但用得好，可以增加文章的结构美。例如，《挺进报》就运用了这种多样性的伏笔照应。

文章开头提到陈然：“决心学写仿宋字”，狱中党组织又指示陈然“心须坚持写仿宋字”，这两处都是伏笔，后来，特务们核对许晓轩的笔迹，得出“笔迹相同”的结论，这是对前面两处伏笔的交代，照应十分严密。如果前面没有那两处伏笔，这个结论就很难作出，如果硬写上这个结论，就显得突兀了，这是第一组伏笔式照应。

情感真切充沛有两层含义：一是情感要真，不能为情造文，更不能无病呻吟；二是情感要饱满充实，做到“情动于中而行于言”。要做到情感真切充沛，考生可以从以下几个方面人手：

一、事件真实，有感而发

有的同学在写作上下了很大功夫，可是写出来的作文却不感人，主要原因是叙述的事件不够真实。只有真实的事件，才能有感而发，才能引起读者共鸣。如魏巍的《我的老师》中，所写的蔡芸芝老师就是实有其人，文中所叙述的七件事也都是真实发生过的。因此，作者在叙述过程中，才能不时被这些事所感染。叙述第一件事“她从来不打骂我们”后，作者写道：“我用儿童狡猾的眼光察觉，她爱我们，并没有存心要打的意思。孩子们是多么善于观察这一点啊。”这种学生爱老师，老师爱学生的感情就显得非常真实。

特别需要注意的是，虽然我们在写记叙文或小小说的时候，也可以虚构，但这种虚构是建立在生活基础上的（即生活中这样的事确实存在过或将来会发生），也非凭空编造。都德的小说《最后一课》即是如此。普鲁士军队侵占了法国的阿尔萨斯和洛林，强迫这些地方的学校改学德语，这样的事情是真实存在的。

二、抓住细节，精心雕琢

朱自清的《背影》何以如此动人？那是因为作者抓住了父亲几次“背影”的细节，尤其是为“我”买橘子过铁道时的细节，作了细致的描绘。如：“我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青布棉袍，蹒跚地走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去，尚不大难……他用两手攀着上面，两脚再向上缩；他肥胖的身子向左微倾，显出努力的样子……”这是对父亲外貌和动作的细节描写，字里行间饱含着作者对父亲的拳拳之心，和父亲不顾年迈亲自为儿子买橘子的深沉的爱。生活中每个人的外貌和动作等都有其各自的特点，抓住这些细节作精心描绘，你的情感也就自然地融入其中了。

三、融情于景，情景交融

“一切景语皆情语。”情与景总是不可分割的。有时候我们只要把景物描绘出来，情感和心情也就表现出来了。如鲁迅的《故乡》开头：“时候既然是深冬；渐近故乡时，天气又阴晦了，冷风吹进船舱中，呜呜的响，从篷隙向外一望，苍黄的天底下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。”这几句深冬荒凉景色的描写，就将“我”悲凉的心情融入了其中。

此外，还可以融情于事，即在事件的叙述中，不动声色地融入自己的情感。

真题再现

阅读下面文字，按要求作文。

“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”，这是陶渊明的“闲”；“可以调素琴，阅金经”，这是刘禹锡的“闲”；“月色入户，欣然起行”，这是夜游承天寺的苏轼的“闲”……闲中有愉悦，有闲适，有悠然，有豁达，有淡泊……

日月星辰，山林湖泊，花鸟虫鱼……琴茗书画，吟咏歌舞，静思遐想……田野村庄，万家灯火……皆为“风光”。生活体悟，万千种种。

请以“闲对风光独自游”为题，写一篇文章。

要求：（1）自选文体（诗歌除外），不少于600字；（2）结合自己的生活体验，感情真挚，不得抄袭；（3）文中不得出现真实的人名、校名、地名；（4）请认真书写。

试题解读

此题是一道提供材料的全命题作文。文题分为三个元素，即“闲”“风光”“独自游”。

从第一段材料可以看出，“闲”和“独自”是相呼应的，因为“独自一人”，所以“清闲”；因为“心境恬淡”，所以“悠然自得”。第二段材料提示了文章的主体——“风光”，可以是自然景色，可以是人文意象，也可以是心之所爱。

就整个文题来说，意即闲时（或褒或贬，可以是主动“清闲”，也可以是被动“寂寞”）沉浸于一种风光（可取各种意象），自得其乐。

文章主题可以写寂寞不可怕，一个人也可以享受某种风光的快乐；或是保持恬淡宁静的心态，有利于充分感受一件事物的美等。

本题的题眼为一个“闲”字，文章中要充分体现这个字，如果只写了“感受××的美”“我从××中获得快乐”，或者干脆写了一篇单纯的游记，那就偏题了。

记叙文大致可以这样写：前面写有一次和旅行团出游，跟着导游跑，走马观花，只忙着拍照，回来后一直有遗憾。然后写某次有机会，自己一个人故地重游，优哉游哉，方全身心投入美景中，感觉这才是真正的旅行，才真正感受到了美。文章要着重前后对比。

这是最原始的模板，可以对其进行改造，主要就是写“闲”与“不闲”对风光（意象）的不同感受，强调要“闲对风光”。也可以直接写以闲适的心态做什么事都能感受到快乐的过程，全篇胜在描写细腻，文笔要好。

满分作文

闲对风光独自游

我们有过美好的回忆，只是让泪水浸得模糊了；我们有过清高尖锐的灵魂，只是让时间磨平了棱角，在城市里浑浑噩噩，终日彷徨。

——题记

那一年，我的父母因为工作需要，把我丢在了老家。

在城市生活的我，还是不习惯再去住那有些年头的大宅子的。没有网络，没有娱乐设备，没有我熟悉的朋友，只有年老的奶奶和几个不甚熟悉的堂兄妹，还有那一眼望不到边的金色稻海和异常明澈的夜空。

有个晚上，我偷偷爬上了屋顶，我看到了与城市截然不同的风景。

在这里，城市的喧嚣被蝉鸣取代；没有了熙熙攘攘的人群，塘里的青蛙自觉奏响了夏日的交响曲；霓虹灯的颜色被月光取代，月光清冷地像一层纱覆在广阔无垠的田野上。抬头，无数的星星在夜空这块绛紫色的幕布上交相辉映，通过电线的缝隙，我看到了远方的山，蜿蜒起伏，好像一条盘旋的龙。

我简直看痴了。不经意间又回想起几个小时前发生的事情。我那么歇斯底里地闹着要走，奶奶劝着，哄着，似乎是她倦了，不知道为什么，她转过身去的那个佝偻的背影和我记忆中那个意气风发的女人逐渐交织在一起，再也分不开了。

现在想来，真后悔。是啊，城市哪里好？城市人一个个你挤着我，我挤着你，灵魂被挤成纤细的薄纸片儿，浑浑噩噩、麻木不仁地终日飘浮在城市上空。他们也有过清高、尖锐、血肉饱满的灵魂，只不过被日复一日、年复一年的喧嚣、物质、浮华、现实的城市生活磨平了棱角。也许只有在这乡村的夜晚爬上层顶赏月时，才能静悟那一份蝉鸣、蛙声、星光、山的影子，才能让心由内而外地归于平静，才能修补我们这些城市人因为太过用力、太过麻木而支离破碎的灵魂吧。

远方的天渐渐露出了鱼肚白，睁开惺忪的睡眼，电脑屏幕上“下一关”的字眼刺入眼中。昨天爸妈又为了工作没有回家，我又在电脑前睡着了，只是比平常多做了个梦。是时候回老家看看了。

名师点评

为了降低难度，命题者对“风光”作了详细解读，善意地提醒考生要拓宽选材范围。“独自游”引导考生关注自己的人生体验、审美体验，旨在希望考生更多地写出自己的个性体悟来。对于在书山题海中艰难跋涉的考生来说，这个题目颇具挑战性。

文章写小作者在城市回望农村生活，反思城市的喧嚣，向往童年时农村生活的悠闲自得，与命题者的思路暗合。文笔优美，画面感强。且行文时空集中，记叙文文体特征鲜明，结尾以梦醒作结，颇有深意。

文题练习

请以“有________才有真正的美丽”为题，写一篇作文。

提示：先把题目补充完整，然后作文。横线上可以填的词语有：志气、宽容、付出、自信、真诚、善良的心、无私的爱……

要求：（1）文体自定；（2）不少于600字；（4）文中不要出现真实的人名、校名、地名。

思路点拨

以“美”为话题的作文可谓司空见惯，但题目给出的部分中，“真正的美丽”限定了作文内容只能是对美的事物的正面描写与欣赏。可以表现自然景物之美，如“有雪的冬天才有真正的美丽”等；可以表现人情之美，如“有诚实才有真正的美丽”“有和睦才有真正的美丽”等。我们可以写一写为什么有这些才有真正的美丽，回答这个问题，是文章的重点。当然，我们也可以写叙事性的文章，通过事例来点明主题，可填“信念”，可填“生命”，可填“梦想”。作文可以随意一些，不要生搬硬凑，写出自己的理解，写出真情实感即可。

[中考作文高分技巧情感真切充沛

i think smiling is as important as sunshine. smiling is like sunshine because it can make people happy and have a good day. if you aren t happy, you can smile, and then you will feel happy. someone may say, but i don t feel happy. then i would say, please smile as you do when you are happy or play with your friends happily. you will really be happy again.

you don t like crying, right? so you must prefer smiling, because you know smiling will let people forget everything unhappy. every day, we see teachers or students and say, hi/hello! how are you? at the same time, you are smiling, right?

smiling can let you have more friends. with a smile, people will know you re a kind person. they will talk with you, so you will have more and more friends.

so i say, smiling is like a flower, the sunshine, warmth. it will give you happiness.

[中考优秀英语作文：微笑

导语：话题作文是今年来的中考作文的热点，下面小编带来话题作文的写作技巧，一起来看看吧!

话题作文要求宽松，没有审题障碍，看起来比较好写，但恰恰是因为这一点，往往易让学生走进误区。因此，以下几点尤其应该引起注意

1、不要把话题当文章。

话题作文的导语提供的是写作范围，并非作文题目。人家的话题是什么，你就以什么为题，否则就有可能出现不应有的失误，出力不讨好。

2、不要以为“文体不限”就是“不要文体”。

如果不管文体，信马由缰，文章就会不伦不类。所以一定要选定一种文体，然后按这一文体的有关要求写作。

3、不要摘录导语。

不少考生误将导语作为材料作文的“材料”，一开篇就“引”入文中，然后才开始或编述故事，或展开议论，这样的开篇自然也就成为文章的一大败笔。

4、不要泛泛而谈。

有些学生“拿”起话题就写，根本没考虑“大题小做”，浮光掠影，泛泛而谈，致使作文中充满了大话、假话、空话、套话，全文找不出明晰的中心。

5、不要游离“话题”。

少数同学对“话题”不假思索，写出来的文章根本没有触及话题，甚至与“话题有关的词眼也找不到，完全成了自由作文。因此，写作前一定要读懂“话题”，写作中一定要扣住话题。其实，有的文章只要在恰当的地方点示一下话题，文章就不担心离题了。

导语：每个人都来自不一样的地方，而这个地方就是家乡，你会怎么跟大家介绍你的家乡呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

My hometown is a beautiful place, it is in the countryside, because it is far away from the city, so the environment is very natural. The water is very clean, I can even see the fish and the mountain has many green trees. But I like the morning best, because the air is very fresh and there are voices from nature. The frogs and other animals always are calling in the morning, I like listening to their voices, they sound like the songs for me. What’s more, the fog makes the country look like the wonderland, I will never know who will come to me until it is close to me, I like this mysterious feeling.

我的家乡是个美丽的地方，它在乡村，由于它远离城市，因此那里的环境很自然。水很清澈，我几乎能看到鱼，山上有很多绿油油的树。但是我最喜欢早上的时候，因为空气很清新，还有很多来自大自然的声音。青蛙和其它动物总是在早上叫，我喜欢听到他们的声音，听起来像在为我歌唱。而且，雾气让整个乡村看起来像仙境一样，我永远都不知道谁向我走来直到它走进我，我喜欢这样神秘的感觉。

目前南通市正在积极创建全国文明城市，中学生也在为之努力。假如你是你是某中学的一名学生张通，请根据下列图表所示内容，给笔友John写一封电子邮件，介绍有关情况。

注意：1.邮件内容应包含所有要点，不要简单翻译，可适当发挥；

2.文中不得使用真实姓名、校名等信息；

3.词数90左右（邮件中已经写好了的部分，不计入总词数）。

4.参考词汇：civilized 文明的 respect 尊敬

Dear John,

Im glad to hear from you. Now let me tell you something about our city. Nantong is trying to set up a national civilized city. We middle school students are also doing something for it.

Zhang Tong

参考答案:

Dear John,

Im glad to hear from you. Now let me tell you something about our city. Nantong is trying to set up a national civilized city. We middle school students are also doing some things for it. We are all polite to our teachers. (In class, we listen careful to them./When we meet them, we always say hello to them./…)We also respect the old. For example, we help them cross the streets.

We are always ready to help each other.(When one has difficulty with his studies, others will help him at once./...)We often show our love to those in trouble. Last month, the students of my class donated money to the earthquake-hit areas.

Besides, we plant trees to protect the environment and make our city more beautiful.

Nantong is my hometown. I will do my best to turn Nantong into a civilized city.

Zhang Tong

[中考英语作文预测：周围的环境

出示习题： 开展一项动作游戏活动(比如：投乒乓球入盒子)请仔细观察两名游戏者的动作，抓住他们各自的特点，分步骤描述具体，注意两人动作的差异。

审题指导：内容要点，两名游戏者的动作

写法要点，抓住他们各自的特点，分步骤描述具体

写法指导：刻画人物，方法多样，其中对动作描写的偏好，可以说是任何一个作家都不例外的。高尔基认为，写人物要多行动少说话。老舍曾说，只有描写行动，人物才能站起来。当代心理学家们认为，人的内心是看不见摸不着的，只有动作才是真实可靠的。动作的确是透视人物心理的多棱镜。那么，怎样写好人物的动作呢?

一、要抓住特征性动作描写。

在特定的环境下，人物的动作具有相应的特征。我们要仔细地观察，抓住这些特征。我们常说：“行动从思想中来”，就是说人物的行动要符合人物的思想品质，每个人都有不同的性格，不同的感情，不同的内心世界。具有典型意义的人物动作描写，能使人物形象更加生动，更加鲜明。在描写人物动作时，不仅要写出他在做什么，而更重要的是描写他是怎样做的，并且要通过人物的动作描写，表现人物的性格特点和精神面貌。《彩色的翅膀》一课写守岛战士品尝海岛上结出的第一个西瓜时，是这样描写他们的动作的： “战士们都笑着，用两个指头捏起一小片来，细细地端详着，轻轻地闻着，慢慢地咬着，不住发出‘喷喷’的赞叹声。” 这种具有特征的动作描写，把战士们喜悦、激动、珍视、自豪的心情充分表达出来。

二、要写出连贯性的动作，描写一个人的动作要进行分解，也就是说一个人的动作是由一系列地动作构成的。把一个大动作分解成几个小动作，抓住人物最有特征的动作，一一进行叙述，那么整篇文章就能把人物动作写具体了。

炒菜

妈妈先把白菜一片片洗干净，又一片片摞起来，左手按住菜，右手拿起刀，一刀一刀地切着，把白菜切成一个个的小方块，剩下的菜叶放在旁边。开始炒菜了。妈妈先把锅坐在火上，等锅烧热后把油倒进锅里，不一会儿，锅里腾起了油烟，发出“嗞嗞”的声响。妈妈先把切好的葱花扔进锅里，等葱花变黄，腾起一股香味，又把菜倒进锅里，抄起锅铲，不停地翻动着。等菜慢慢由白变黄，妈妈再倒入酱油、醋，撒上盐，接着用铲子翻动了几下，撒上白糖、味精，迅速把锅端下来，翻炒了几下，就出锅了。妈妈炒的糖醋白菜，甜丝丝，酸溜溜，香喷喷，吃起来别有风味。这是妈妈的拿手菜呢!2014中考作文写作技巧：动作描写

妈妈是怎样炒糖醋白菜的呢?作者把妈妈炒菜的动作进行分解，用了表示连贯动作的词，然后抓住妈妈炒菜时最有代表性的动作，进行具体描写。如：先是——洗菜、切菜，开始——坐锅炒菜，又把——菜放锅里，再是——倒入调料，接着——用铲翻动。在这个片段作文里，由于用了表示动作先后顺序及动作连贯的词，清楚地写出了妈妈炒菜时的全过程，并且把妈妈炒菜时那熟练地样子清晰地展现在读者面前，给我们留下了深刻地印象。

三、准确运用动作词语。我们祖国的语言十分丰富，例如：表示动作的词有：拿、提、拎、推等等，运用哪些词语呢?这就要看文章的具体环境了。因此，在描写人物动作时，要准确使用词语，精选动词，力求把人物的动作写得准确、具体、鲜明，这样才能把人物的动作、形象，逼真地写出来。请你阅读下面的作文片段：

擦玻璃

别看张敏的个子矮，可是每次做扫除，她擦的玻璃最干净了!为了看看她到底有什么绝招儿，我仔细观察了她擦玻璃的动作。她敏捷地踩着椅子上了桌子，又从桌子迈上窗台。她先用一块干布掸了掸玻璃，然后再换一块潮湿的抹布，踮着脚，一只手抓住窗棂，一只手从上到下用抹布蹭玻璃。接着，又自上而下从左到右蹭了一遍。玻璃上有污点的地方，她就哈一口气，使劲蹭几下，还不干净，她又用手指抠几下，啊，污点终于被她消灭了。她从窗台上下来，站在地上，端详着被她擦得一尘不染的玻璃，美滋滋地笑了。原来她擦玻璃这样细致，还真有两下子呢!

这个作文片段在写张敏擦玻璃时，使用了“踩、迈、掸、踮、抓、蹭、哈、抠”等一系列的词，把擦玻璃的过程写得很具体，我们把这些词串连起来，在头脑中就会形成张敏擦玻璃又干净、又麻利的画面，从心底里佩服她把玻璃擦得一尘不染、又快又好地绝招。从这个实例中我们知道，恰如其分地使用表示动作的词，能够把内容写得充实、具体，把人物刻画得活灵活现，能够再现人物的思想品质，避免内容空洞无物。描写动作是为刻画人物，刻画人物是为了表达中心。因此紧紧围绕文章的中心，仔细观察，精心选择，具体描写，就成了写好人物动作的关键。我们要写出人物行动的方式和过程，并通过这种描写揭示人物的内心活动，显现人物的性格，这是我们努力的方向。

[中考作文写作技巧：动作描写