中考英语书面表达写作技巧课件汇总20篇

Today mother took me to skate. I was very happy. But I hadnt expected I fell down as soon as I got in. Today I didnt know why my two feet were out of control. If I wanted to head east， they would head the opposite. I fell down from time to time. My hands and face were all dirty. I thought maybe it was because that I hadnt skated for a long time.

On my way home， I thought that whatever one wants to do， he must work hard at it， so he can make progress. Skating is like this， so it study.

导语：毅力是我们坚强的后盾，鼓舞着我们奋勇向前，为我们的成功奠定基础。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

毅力是实现理想的桥梁;毅力是驶往成才的渡船;毅力是攀上成功的阶梯。

毅力是成功的保证，它可以让我们毫不畏惧。有句话说："顽强的毅力可以克服任何障碍。"拥有毅力的人面对困难无所畏惧，拥有毅力的人就有了坚持的决心，向他的梦想奋勇向前。海伦。凯勒拥有毅力。因为一次高烧，她被迫失去视力和听力。在常人眼里，她是一个普通的残疾人，她的生活也许一生都要被人照顾着，就这么迫于生活的无奈，在毫无光明的世界中这么坐以待毙的生活。可是她有放弃吗?答案是没有，她创造了奇迹。由于失去听力，不能矫正发音的正误，她说话含糊不清。她为了能清楚的发音，用一根小绳系在一根金属棒上，叼在口中，另一端拿在手上，练习手口一心，写一个字，念一声。在这样的自身条件下学习，成就了她美国著名女作家，教育家，慈善家，社会活动者的荣耀身份。这是她的毅力所给予她的毫不畏惧的勇气。

毅力是成功的保证，它可以让我们拥有坚持不懈的心。1999年的阿里巴巴的创办者马云，他是有着对梦想的坚持不懈。他曾想考重点小学，失败了;想考重点高中失败了;考大学更是考了三年才考上;想考哈弗也没有成功。但是他有毅力，他有坚持不懈的心，有勇往直前的精神。俗话说："宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来"。他通过努力最终成功了。他没有放弃对梦想的坚持，他用自己的毅力证明，终有一天，人的梦想是可以实现的，如果你坚持。

毅力是成功的保证，它可以让我们收获梦想。如同马云的梦想实现，古往今来，多少位成功人士的梦想在他们的毅力下坚持实现了。西汉司马迁少年时就涉猎群书，立志继承父业。正当他撰写《史记》进展顺利的时候，"李陵事件"的牵连，使他遭受宫刑。面对这奇耻大辱，他不是叹息，沉沦，而是锐意进取。凭借着他的毅力，才有了"通古今之变，成一家之言"的《史记》。

毅力是人的一种精神意志，它可以支撑起你的软弱，可以给你勇气面对眼前的窘迫。它是你的精神支柱，支撑着你陷入困境时勇往直前。它可以为你创造奇迹，可以成就你的辉煌人生，它是你人生中灿烂一页的必要嘉宾。因为毅力，所以勇敢;因为毅力，所以坚持;因为毅力，所以不屈。因为毅力的支撑，所以坐拥功成名就。

毅力是我们坚强的后盾，鼓舞着我们奋勇向前，为我们的成功奠定基础。毅力结出胜利的果实，是成功的一种保证。

网络小说写作技巧一：选择大众喜欢的题材。一个小说要有好的题材和故事梗概才能吸引广大读者，才能获得认可，好的题材来源于生活，也来源于大众的喜好，利用好这一点，我们的网络小说一定火。

网络小说写作技巧二：要充分运用想象力。想象力是一个作家最起码的基本素质，不管你是写什么的，都需要有丰富的想象力，网络小说也是如此，要充分利用自己的想象力。

网络小说写作技巧三：书名要新颖，吸引人。有一个好的书名，大家浏览的就多，小说不仅仅是写给作者个人的，更多的是写给广大读者的，只有拥有了广大的读者，我们的网络小说才能畅销。

网络小说写作技巧四：详尽的故事情节要交代清楚。不管我们是长篇小说还是短篇小说，详细的故事情节要给读者交代清楚，掌握了这一技巧，我们的亮点就会更突出，读者也会更进入故事当中。

网络小说写作技巧五：将新鲜的词汇加入到小说的写作当中。流行的都是好的，不管是什么，都是这样的。日常生活中我们有很多的新鲜词汇，在小说中可以加入，会给小说增色。、

网络小说写作技巧六：宣扬一定的精神，有自己的魂。小说要流行除了故事，还需要一种精神和魂，只有有魂的小说才可以更受大家喜欢，才可以让我们读小说的人受益，也会让我们的小说长久流传下去。

Dear Ms. Reinhart,

I am terribly sorry that I failed to arrive at BLCU last Friday. I hope

that this did not mess you up completely, although I know that you had already

made some special arrangements for my visit with you parents and friends. I am

very sorry about all that. I am sure you will be sympathetic, however, when I

tell you that my father is dangerously ill in hospital, and that I found it

impossible to leave for the visit when he is in this state.

My father was working very hard on his project on protecting the

environment. I know the project has come to a very important stage. He and his

assistants did not take regular rest for three weeks. Last night, my father had

a heart attack and was soon sent to the hospital. The doctor said my father was

in a very serious situation, and, he might need an operation.

24 hours have passed. Nothing has changed. I have to stay at the hospital.

I will let you know if there is any good news.

I am sorry again and look forward to seeing you soon.

Yours sincerely,

Tom Williams

纵观中考所考记叙文，都具有以下特点：思想内容健康，有较强的道德导引性;语言优美，情感真挚;记叙文的文体特点突出，规范典型。

其考察角度有以下几点：

1、考查对文章的整体感知和理解。

这种考题主要是考查考生是否读懂了文章的内涵，是否对文章记叙的中心了然于心。其文题的设置常与文章的标题结合在一起。如2003年重庆市题《生命中不能承受之痛》的第一题为：本文所说的“生命中不能承受的痛”具体指什么事?概括全文内容回答。又如2003年武汉市题《一桩奇特的诉讼案》的第一题为：这桩诉讼案原因“奇特”在哪里?第二题为：用精练而明确的语言概括本文主旨。以上所举三题均为最为常见的考查对文章整体感知和理解的命题形式。这种问题的本质其实是要探寻文章记叙的事件的核心。

( 教师应对学生做如下指导：对于这样的问题最好不要急于作出回答。虽然这种问题常在前两题中出现。但在做题时不妨先从其他题目入手，而把这种问题放在最后。在读透文章的基础上理清文章的脉络，找出文章的线索，弄懂文章题目的表面含义和内在含义，然后进行语言组织，完成答案。)

2、 考查对文章重点词句的理解。

这种考题主要是考查考生对文章个别词句的理解能力。一般情况下，这些考查的词句在文中都有其特定的含义，考生在解释时要注意灵活运用，要符合文章的语言环境。典型考题如2003年新疆乌鲁木齐市题《星期一早晨的奇迹》的第一题为：请根据语言环境，解释文中两个加点词的意义。2003年重庆市题《生命中不能承受之痛》的第三题为：爸爸“读懂了女儿通过手掌传递给他的语言”，女儿“语言”的具体含义是?2003年江苏省盐城市题《牵着母亲过马路》中第一题为：第(1)段中写“年近花甲的母亲喜不自禁”，第(7)段中写“母亲的眼中闪过惊喜”。母亲为什么喜不自禁?母亲为什么眼里闪过惊喜?这几道题或针对词语或针对句子设计题目，要求考生进行正确理解。这些词和句子一般来说都是理解文章内涵的关键部分。

(教师对学生的指导：做这类题目要把握一个准则：词不离句，句不离段，段不离文。也就是说解释词语和句子都必须回到文章中去，在词语和句子所在的特定语言环境中进行理解。决不可望文生义，随意揣测。做题步骤是(1)看清题干要求，锁定词句。(2)回到文中，还原词句位置。(3)划定语言环境，前后勾连，综合信息。(4)组织语言，完成答案。)

3、 考查对文章描写手法的掌握。

对于记叙文而言，描写手法的运用是其最为重要的写作特点。一般来说，凡考记叙文阅读，描写手法大多是必考内容。所以考生必须将动作、语言、心理、神态、环境描写的特征熟记于心。对这几种描写手法的作用也要牢牢记住。典型考题如2003年陕西省题《最美的眼神》中第四题是：在塑造雒老师形象时，本文运用了什么描写手法?2003年我市试题《担子》第四题为：文章开头部分的景物描写有什么作用?2003年河南省题《选择》第一题为：第(6)段中划线句子属于——描写，表现了父亲——————的心理。这几道题考查的都是最常用的描写方法，对这样的题目，考生要争取获取满分。

(教师对学生的指导：做这类题目，只需把握一点。那就是准确区分各种描写手法，特 别要注意心理描写与语言描写的区别。此外各种描写的作用要记牢，并且要注意结合文章具体内容来回答其作用。)

4、 考查对文章修辞运用的理解与作用。

修辞运用在记叙文中必不可少，修辞运用得好，可以使文章更生动，更形象，使文章更富有表现力。修辞有两种，一是词语的铸炼，二是比喻、排比、拟人等修辞手法的运用。这两项内容都是中考记叙文阅读的重要考查内容。如2003年海南省题《母亲的纯净水》的第三题为：在“如果她把它看作是一件丑陋的衣衫，那么它就真的遮住了心灵的光芒”这句话中，有人说可以将“丑陋”改为“丑恶”。你认为可不可以?请说明理由。2003年河南省题《今晚入梦》第一题为：第(2)段中作者把————比喻为“祥和的云光”，这个比喻形象的表现了————。2003年山西省题《捅马蜂窝》的第七题为：文中加“─——”的句子用了比喻，结合文章理解其运用的妙处。从以上几体可以看出，中考语文记叙文阅读对修辞的考查难度并不大，修辞手法多集中在比喻等最常见的形式上。

( 教师对学生的指导：辨析词语的修辞效果要注意分析词语的意义、色彩、轻重、词性等，既要分析其不同之处，又要分析其相同之处，更要分析出为什么要用这个词。至于分析修辞手法的表达效果首先要掌握修辞手法的常规作用，比如比喻的表达作用一般是可以使文章表达更生动、形象，排比的表达作用主要是可以增强语言的表达力度，加强语言的气势。其次要具体结合文章内容具体说明怎样更形象了，怎样有气势了。)

5、 考查对文章思路的把握。

检验考生是否对文章的内容掌握了，最好的办法就是让考生将叙述的过程写出来，也就是理出文章的脉络。中考中此类考题比较常见，如2003年山西省考题《捅马蜂窝》的第二题为：围绕捅马蜂窝这件事，作者精心安排的思路是：————“我”捅马蜂窝————后院又有了马蜂窝。2003年山东威海市题《智慧的美丽》的第二题为：读完全文，请你用恰当的词语说明“我”的情感(心理)变化。( )——( )——( )----(流泪)。2003年北京市题《月是故乡明》的第一题为：作者在第4、5段中追忆了那些童年趣事?请按先后顺序填写，( )——(捉知了)——(   )——(   )——(    )。

(教师对学生的指导 ：做此类题从两点入手，一是读透文章内容，弄清所叙事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局。二是充分利用题目所给的提示结合文章内容进行前后推理。在上面几例中，需要学生填写的只是整个思路的一部分，学生应根据已知信息结合文章内容进行推断。)

6、考查学生知识迁移的能力与创新的能力。

近年的中考题中，为适应新课标的要求，在阅读题中出现了大量的开放性试题。这些题目或引导考生对文章进行深入思考，或启发考生运用已有知识进行创新写作。可以说，这种考题现在已成为各地命题的首选形式。在2003年的考题中，这种开放性的试题屡见不鲜。如2003年上海市题《成全一棵树》的第4题为：第17段写道：“他百感交集。”如果你是一个戏剧或电影的编剧，请你为他设计一段独白。2003年江苏盐城市题《牵着母亲过马路》的第6题为：这篇文章写得很感人，(1)你认为最使自己感动的内容是什么?(2)你受到了什么启发或教育?(能恰当引用古诗文、语言优美者可另加1-2分)。200年陕西省题《最美的眼神》的第5题为：读完这篇文章后，你最想对老师说些什么?请写出你想说的话来。

( 教师对学生的指导：开放性试题要用开放的眼光来对待。首先，做这类题不可循规蹈矩，只要不逾越提干的要求，尽可以畅所欲言。其次这类题目想象性较强，考生要根据要求大胆想象，如上面第一例就必须围绕“百感交集”展开想象，何谓“百感”?兴奋、愉悦、苦涩、痛苦等等都有才是百感。写作时就不能只写一种感受。再者，这类题目最讲究个性，讲究语言。在写作是要把自己平时的阅读储备发掘出来，写出文采，写出个性，写出独特。上面第二例中明确指出“能恰当引用古诗文、语言优美者可另加1-2分”，其目的就是要考生尽其所能，考出水平。)

在小学阶段，孩子们经常写的作文无非就是一些写景状物的，还有记录一件事情的作文，但是，要想在这简单的作文中拿到比较高的分数也不是那么容易的。下面，就和小编一起来看一看小学生记事作文的写作技巧，希望对大家有帮助！

怎样记叙好一件简单的事:

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;

要把事情的经过、因果写明白。

一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。

时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化。

将它们间接表示出来。如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了：“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。

在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。

为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。

一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。

适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。

要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。

引言：培养小学生的英语写作能力,应从培养良好的书写习惯、扎实的词汇句型开始。接下来小编给各位读者总结了一些小学英语写作必备句型，希望大家认真打好基础，不断提高写作水平。

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

(再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过小学英语写作必备句型小学英语写作必备句型。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V …(不可否认的…)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道…)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的…)

例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子(…的优点是…)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子(…的原因是…)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

当前，对于高考作文来说，首先要解决的问题，不是“怎么写”，而是“写什么”。很多考生拿到了作文题，往往不知道写些什么，脑子里似乎不存在所要写的东西。这到底是怎么造成的呢？高考满分作文，他们无一例外地写出了生活的丰富多彩，在写作上根本不存在“写什么”的问题。难道他们有不同于一般学生的特殊生活吗？一般来说，是没有的。要说他们与一般学生有什么不同，那就是他们的观察力和思考力比一般学生强，心灵比一般学生敏感，能够从生活中观察和感受到那些令人心动的东西。造成多数学生作文课上不知道“写什么”的原因，大概就是在这里。

那么，怎样解决“写什么”的问题呢？

叶圣陶早就说过，要在平时充实生活，丰富经验，增长阅历，养成认真观察、仔细认识事物的习惯，养成有条理地周密地推理判断的习惯。叶老还强调，“一个人要在社会上有意义地生活，本来必须要求经验和意思的精当、语言的确切周密。那并不是为了写文章，为的是生活。如果是为了写文章而去求经验和意思的精当，语言的确切周密，那当然是本末倒置。”这就是说，不是为了写作才去生活，才去丰富生活经验，而是为了生活才写作，写作是生活的一部分。如果能够把叶老的说法化为实践，那么“写什么”的问题不就迎刃而解了吗？从高考满分的优秀作文中，也可以看出，作者是怎样观察事物的，怎样思考生活的，怎样感悟周围人物的，怎样体验美好人性的。从这一切，我们不难获得关于“写什么”的启发。而对于“写什么”的问题已经基本解决的考生来说，“怎样写”则是需要解决的头等问题了。关于学习“怎么写”，鲁迅先生说过，“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着“‘应该怎样写’”。这就是说，应该从大作家的经典作品中去学。在中小学生语文教材中，大都是这类作品，它们应该是我们学的重点。最近几年颁布的语文课程标准推荐的课外阅读作品，也应该作为学习“怎样写”的对象。从这些作品中，学习作者怎样立意，怎样选材，怎样谋篇，怎样遣词造句。平时人们都说阅读是写作的基础，杜甫说“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，有人说“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”，正是从这个角度上说的。

同学们不妨带着写作中的问题去阅读经典作品，如朱德熙先生所说：“重要的是得联系自己，要‘心中有我’，就是说要设身处地去想：这篇文章要是让我来写，会写成什么样子，照这样写是比原文好还是不如原文。如果不如原文，那是为什么？从这样的角度去分析文章，一定有很多收获，特别是从中悟出许多作文的道理来。”

然而，在自己写作的时候，“愈不把阅读的文章放在心上愈好”。因为“阅读的文章并不是写作材料的仓库，尤其不是写作方法的程式”(叶圣陶语)。自己写作文，材料来自于自己的生活，应该寻找适合自己的作文内容的写作方法。换言之，从阅读中学习写作，只是借鉴，绝不是生搬硬套。

小编导语：英语作文是英语考试中的一个得分点，那么在写作过程中有什么技巧呢，下面是小编收集整理的相关资料，希望对您有所帮助。

1、首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” (我忘不了她)的结尾：

After her death， I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

2、重复主题，句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾：

I love my home town， and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

3、自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours， but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing， we lay down on the river bank， bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

4、含蓄性的结尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：

Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat， but on every face there was a smile.

5、用反问结尾

虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework?”(我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree， boys and girls?

6、指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：As we have said above， sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.

一、道理论据：

1、爱人者，人恒爱之;敬人者，人恒敬之。——孟子

2、国尚礼则昌，家尚礼则大，身有礼则修，心有礼则心泰。——颜元

3、一个人的美德决不能从他特别的努力来测度，而要从他每天的行为来测度的。—帕斯卡

二、事实论据：

1、徐虎爱岗敬业。由于种种原因，管道堵塞、污水餐溢是直是困扰我国城市居民的一大难题，如果在下班后或是节假日管道出了毛病，也只有干着急。可是在上海市管道工人徐虎负责的区段，人们则免去了这份烦恼。不管是下了班，还是节假日，也不管是刮风，还是下雨，只要知道有人家管道出了问题，他就随时上门维修，为了方便群众，他挂出徐虎信箱，每天都要打开看看有没有反映问题的纸条。后来，他又在节假日主动上门巡查，以便解决问题更及时。徐虎出名以后，参加的会议多了，但是他为群众服务、敬岗爱业的精神没变。一回来，他首先是去开信箱，一旦发现问题，带上工具就出发。

2、女司机拾金不昧一天上午，锡山市电子出租车有限公司贺驶员夏国琴，发现汽车后座上有一只黄色提包，打开地看，里面装着十几沓厚厚的人民币!再就是两本杂志，没有任何失主的线索。夏国琴在公司经理的陪同下，驱车来到乘客下车的地方寻找失主，在无锡畅通摩托车修配厂门口，正巧碰到了因丢失巨款而心急如焚的石家庄客人。当他从夏国琴的手中接过14万元巨款时，激动得热泪盈眶，忙拿出一沓钱表示感谢，被夏国琴婉言谢绝。据公司领导介绍，夏国琴接曾拾到乘客遗失在车的现金数千元及一部手机，均如数归还给了失主。

三、公德的名人名言

1、最有道德的人，是那些有道德却不须由外表表现出来而仍感满足的人。——帕拉图

2、只有在不仅消灭了阶级对立，而且在实际生活中也忘却了这种对立的社会发展阶段上，超越阶级对立和超越这种对立的回忆的、真正人的道德才成为可能。——恩格斯

3、道德是一种获得——如同音乐，如同外国语，如同虔诚扑克和瘫痪——没有人生来就拥有道德。——马克吐温

4、道德行为训练，不是通过语言影响，而是让儿童练习良好道德行为，克服懒惰、轻率、不守纪律、颓废等不良行为。——夸美纽斯

5、有两样东西，我思索的回数愈多，时间愈久，它们充溢我以愈见刻刻常新、刻刻常增的惊异和严肃之感，那便是我头上的星空和心中的道德律。——康德

6、有两种基督教道德，一种是私德，一种是公德。这两种道德如此不同，如此不相干，以致彼此之间像大天使和政客一样毫无关系。一年中美国公民有三百六十三天恪守基督教公德，使国家的完美性质保持纯洁无瑕;然后，在余下的两天，他把基督教私德留在家里……竭尽全力去破坏和毁灭他整整一年的忠实而正当的工作。——马克吐温

7、只有心地善良的人才能易于接受道德的熏陶。谁要是没有受到过善良的教育，没有感受过与人为善的那种欢乐，谁就不感觉到自己是真实而美好的事物的坚强勇敢的卫士，他就不可能成为集体的志同道合者。——苏霍姆林斯基

8、许多道德家都曾谈到，人的诸种恶行中，骄傲为最，它以多种多样的形式出现，而又在极其繁复的伪装下隐匿，那种伪装好似掩盖月光的那层翳障，既是月亮的光辉，又是月亮的阴影，它虽可以把月亮藏匿起来，叫我们看不见，又因藏匿得不彻底而叫月亮泄漏了自身。——撒缪尔约翰逊

9、一种美德的幼芽、蓓蕾，这是最宝贵的美德，是一切道德之母，这就是谦逊;有了这种美德我们会其乐无穷。——加尔多斯

10、有道德的人不损人而利己，不害人而求名。——杜文澜

11、道德准则，只有当它们被学生自己追求、获得和亲身体验过的时候，只有当它们变成学生独立的个人信念的时候，才能真正成为学生的精神财富。——苏霍姆林斯基

12、所谓恶人，无论有过多么善良的过去，也已滑向堕落的道路而消逝其善良性;所谓善人，即使有过道德上不堪提及的过去，但他还是向着善良前进的人。——杜威

13、我认为，我认识的每一个人都有道德，虽然我不喜欢问。我知道我有。但我宁可天天教别人道德，而不愿自己实践道德。“把道德交给别人去吧”，这是我的座右铭。把道德送完了。你就永远用不着了。——马克吐温

14、我所谓共和国里的美德，是指爱祖国也就是爱平等而言。这并不是一种道德上的美德，也不是一种基督教的美德，而是政治上的美德。——孟德斯鸠

15、感情有着极大的鼓舞力量，因此，它是一切道德行为的重要前提，谁要是没有强烈的志向，也就不能够热烈地把这个志向体现于事业中。——凯洛夫

16、高雅的品味，崇高的道德标准，向社会大众负责及不施压力威胁的态度——这些事让你终有所获。——李奥贝纳

[中考写作素材：公德

导语：书到用时方恨少，事非经过不知难。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的关于喜爱读书的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.敏而好学，不耻下问。——孔子

2.书读百遍，其义自见。——陈寿

3.劳于读书，逸于作文。——程端礼

4.读书好，多读书，读好书。——冰心

5.读书忌死读，死读钻牛角。——叶圣陶

6.读万卷书，行万里路。——刘彝

7.书犹药也，善读之可以医愚。——刘向

8.书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲。——于谦

9.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子

10.读书有三到：谓心到，眼到，口到。——朱熹

11.发奋识遍天下字，立志读尽人间书。——苏轼

12.立志宜思真品格，读书须尽苦功夫。——阮元

13.书到用时方恨少，事非经过不知难。——陆游

14.旧书不厌百回读，熟读精思子自知。——苏轼

15.书痴者文必工，艺痴者技必良。——蒲松龄

16.读书之乐乐陶陶，起并明月霜天高。——朱熹

17.知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——孔子

18.求学将以致用，读书先在虚心。——佚名

19.读书也像开矿一样“沙里淘金”。——赵树理

20.与有肝胆人共事，从无字句处读书。——周恩来

21.我们读书越多，就越发现我们是无知的。——雪莱

22.不读书的人，思想就会停止。——狄德罗

23.早知今日读书是，悔作从前任侠非。——李欣

24.读书如行路，历险毋惶恐。—— 《清诗铎·读书》

25.外物之味，久则可厌;读书之味，愈久愈深。——程颐

26.凿壁偷光，聚萤作囊;忍贫读书，车胤匡衡。——许名奎

27.水滴集多成大海，读书集多成学问。——佚名

28.索取，只有在一个场合才能越多越好，那就是读书。——佚名

29.吃饭不嚼不知味，读书不想不知意。——佚名

30.造烛求明，读书求理。——佚名

31.读书对于智慧，就像体操对于身体一样。——(英国)谚语

32.交一个读书破万卷的邪士，不如交一个不识一字的端人。——《格言联璧》

33.读书不趁早，后来徒悔懊。—— 《清诗铎·趁早歌》

34.磋砣莫遗韶光老，人生惟有读书好。——《宋诗纪要》

35.至乐莫如读书，至要莫如教子。—— 《增广贤文》

36.三人行，必有我师也。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。——孔子

37.三日不读，口生荆棘;三日不弹，手生荆棘。——清·朱舜水《答野节问》

38.熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙《唐诗三百首序》

39.好读书，不求甚解。每有会意，便欣然忘食。——陶渊明

40.读书是易事，思索是难事，但两者缺一，便全无用处。——(美国)富兰克林

41.读书使人充实，思考使人深邃，交谈使人清醒。——(美国)富兰克林

42.读书志在圣贤，为官心存君国。——朱用纯

43.读书时，我愿在每一个美好思想的面前停留，就像在每一条真理面前停留一样。——爱默生

44.光明给我们经验，读书给我们知识。——奥斯特洛夫斯基

45.读书是我惟一的娱乐，我不把时间浪费于酒店、赌博或任何一种恶劣的游戏。——(美国)富兰克林

46.读书以过目成诵为能，最是不济事。——郑板桥

47.盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时当勉励，岁月不待人。——陶渊明

48.读书如饭，善吃饭者长精神，不善吃者生疾病。——章学诚

49.素食则气不浊;独宿则神不浊;默坐则心不浊;读书则口不浊。——曾国藩

50.读书无疑者，须教有疑，有疑者，却要无疑，到这里方是长进。——朱熹

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一.作为一个准SAT考生，需要明确以下几点：

2.从读题、写作到最终润色和定稿，共有25分钟时间。

3.作文要求自己的观点辩论，所以使用第一人称和发生在自己身上的例子是完全可以的。

4.作文得写在线上，且最多只能写两面，超出不给纸。

5.作文由两位考官给分，每人给1-6分，总分在2-12之间，考官受专业评分训练。如果两考官评分相差1分以上，会请第三位考官裁定，因此评分相当客观。

6. 每个考官平均花不超过2min的时间批改作文，考生可以自己去尝试一下两分钟内阅读一篇字迹陌生潦草的文章是什么样的概念，然后就会意识到考官一定在有意识地在文章中寻找一些要素和章法。

7. 写作部分(writing)分值为800分，而作文(Essay)占整个写作(writing)分值的三分之一。

正如以上第2点指出，SAT Essay写作中，时间无比珍贵。俗话说，万事开头难。对于中国学生而言，要迅速通过brainstorming确定好立场并写出比较漂亮的开头尤其困难。

本文将重点指导考生五分钟内审题并创作出漂亮的首段。

第一步：审题立意

一般，SAT作文题目由两个部分组成(如上Figure 1): 提示(Prompt，Figure 1小方框内文字)和写作任务(Assignment，Figure 1划红线的文字)。Prompt往往是源自某些名言语录或者

某些文学作品，主要是用于启发考生的思考。当我们看assignment的时候，我们可以沿着prompt提示的方向去思考，也可以直接按照自己对于assignment来思考。我们以Figure 1中的考题

作为本文中讲解的范例。读完这个题目后，首先要做的是用2-3min时间完成以下几个任务：

i. Understanding the topic (理解话题),

ii. Brainstorming for examples(头脑风暴回顾案例),

iii. Taking a position(确定立场),

iv. Creating an outline(创建提纲).

第二步：创作首段

确定了立场，接下类的重头戏就是快速创作文章的首段。首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一，一个好的首段应该完成以下几项任务:

i. Grab the graders’ attention(引发读者兴趣)

ii. Narrow down the topic & Position(告诉读者本文的话题和主旨)

iii. Transit smoothly to the examples(自然过渡到主体段)

毋庸置疑每个考官一次性需要给上百篇作文评分，而大部分的文章都有类似的观点，甚至给出的例子也是相同的。为了让你的文章脱颖而出，你必须设法让你的文章变得有趣，

在一开头就引人入胜，而且这个创作过程必须在2-3min内完成。这里给各位考生重点推荐两种万能开头写作法：“循循善诱”法 和“先扬后抑”法。

“循循善诱”法

“循循善诱”法作为引起读者兴趣的首段，是最常见的。之所以称之为“循循善诱”，是因为写作会按照从大范围到小范围、从概括到具体的循序渐进的模式展开，从而将读者“引诱”到文章的主旨，即作者的立场。

以上是笔者为各位准考生创作SAT Essay首段提供的两套“快餐”。相信各位考生经过多次练习和一定的积累，可以迅速掌握这些方法。当然，有了一个很好的开头你的文章已经成功一半了，另一半就应该交给主体段了。下面我们来看看主体段的写作技巧。

(二)留学路书SAT写作的核心内容通常也叫做SAT写作主体段落，在全文起着主心骨的作用。为了能简单明了的写明主旨意思，大家在备考时还需要多练习。下面就为大家介绍一下如何写好SAT写作主体段，期间又要注意些什么。

对于采用一般的四段式和五段式的SAT写作结构而言，中间的主体段在第二段和第三段。作文能取得一个什么样的分数，也就成败在此了。

1.详细叙述自己的观点。

SAT写作是表达对题目的一种看法，在主体段部分，要详细的叙述一下，自己的这种观点的原因。

SAT写作无非就像我们语文的作文。我们是在学习人家的英语，把它变成自己的表达和思考方式。

2.准备充分的例证。

在这部分中，需要大家调用自己所有的例子储备，展现对英美历史事件，人物事迹的掌握和认知程度，这里你可以灵活一点。挖掘该事件和你的论点的关系。为己所用。可以多看一些名人传记，

关心时事，善于思考，做一个兼收并蓄的人。

这三段的结构可以采用论点+例子+感想的方式，用到1-3个事例，尽量用到专有名词，具体时间，数字等等，如Norman Conquest，Peter the Great, Fitzgerald等，加强自己的文采。

他们的事迹比较具有普遍代表性，换句话说就是什么题目都能挖掘挖掘内涵，套的上去。。。。

举例子时注意例子的真实性、典型性、及权威性。

文章例证过程中结构要清晰明了，对于句子和句子之间的逻辑关系一定要交代清楚，前因和后果更要分清。事例的叙述中，时间是非常好的顺序，需要把握。

3.前提是掌握词汇、句式和段落。

当然在解决这些问题的同时，大家要掌握一个基本问题，就是对词汇，句式和段落的掌握，也就是最基本的英语写作知识的掌握。

以上就是SAT培训频道小编为大家准备的SAT写作主体段怎么写的详细内容。包含了论述观点、充分地例证和写好主体段的前提。大家在冲刺阶段一定要对这些问题加以锻炼。

四六级作文中有一类题型，是大家提到就会头疼万分的，bingo，你答对了，就是言语理解型！这类题目要求大家根据题目要求中的一句谚语来写文章，比如曾经考的：Nothing Succeeds without a Strong Will；knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it。这些题目一旦出现，很多同学只能硬着头皮随便写写，甚至连放弃这次四六级考试

行动实践类

1. Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜于语言。

2. Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

3. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. 千里之行始于足下

4. Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。（mother是经典的表示“原因”的比喻，is the mother of也是一个经典句型。比如：Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。）

5. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

6. Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。（这句话没有语法错误，只是省略了形式主语It is）

7. Seek the truth from facts. 实事求是。

思想志向类

1. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同

2. Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

3. Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

4. Nothing seek，nothing find. 没有追求，就没有收获。

个人修养类

1. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

2. Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. 无德之类犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。（类似汉语中的：金玉其外败絮其中。）

3. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。

4. A small mistake will trigger huge consequences. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

5. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try. 世上无难事，只要肯攀登。

6. Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty. 世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。

7. One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy. 一个和尚打水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。（这句汉语谚语用英语竟然是这样翻译的~~~orz）

8. Take things as they come. 既来之则安之。

工作学习类

1. It’s never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。

2. More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

3. All work and no play make Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

4. One cannot put back the clock. 时钟不能倒转。5. One hour today is worth two tomorrow. 争分夺秒效率高。

6. Please the eye and plague the heart. 贪图一时快活，必然留下隐祸。

7. Success belongs to the persevering. 坚持就是胜利。（the+a.表示一类人，在这里the persevering表示坚持的人）

8. Health is better than wealth，health is happiness. 健康胜过财富，健康就是幸福。大家背诵这些亮点提升谚语，应该进行默写哦，千万不要写错了。同时这些谚语大家也可以灵活运用到其他写作题型中，千万不要禁锢自己的思维。

如何才能写好中考作文呢?下面是小编整理的2017年中考作文写作技巧精选，欢迎阅读。

记叙文在组材时要注意以下三点：

1.疏密有致。这就是人们常说的详略得当的问题。譬如写一个人，必然要通过几件事写一个人。如果每件事都作具体细致的描述，势必冗长，不仅时间和篇幅不允许，而且也会让读者生厌，如果件件都粗粗略述，那人物又不丰满。我们可采用详写一件，略写一件，再概写几件的方法，这样，就疏密有致相得益彰了。

2.大胆舍弃。在一般情况下，记叙文总要交代事情的起因、发展、结局。可有的同学却有意略去其中的一个环节，文章反而更精练了。如有位同学写“我”与爸爸妈妈怄气、发脾气、使性子，终于得到一套新衣的经过。作者开笔就直接插入事情发展过程的叙述：

我一脚踢开了房门，妈妈关心地问：“蒂儿，回来了?”真是明知故问!我径直走进了自己的房间，倒在床上，大叫：“妈妈，衣服买了吗?”其实刚进门我就感觉到，衣服一定没有买。

这个开头用一“踢”字单刀直入，至于爸爸妈妈什么时候在什么情况下承诺买衣给“我”的则一概略去了。这样一开头就营造了一种“逼”的氛围，于是逼得妈妈唯唯诺诺，逼得爸爸惭愧不安。当“我”终于如愿以偿得到了一套新衣服后，才从他人口中得知，衣服是爸爸借钱买来的，“我”感到了无比歉疚。试想一下，如开头从买衣的起因絮絮道来，那文章能如此一气贯通吗?

开头可省，结尾也同样可省。有位同学在一篇题为《在车夫的影响下》的作文中写他骑车撞倒了一位“阿婆”，本想一溜了之，这时，他的脑海中闪现出鲁迅笔下车夫的形象。文章结尾写道：“雨开始往下洒，我向阿婆走去……”这个结尾何等简洁!至于如何关心、护理阿婆的事已不是本文的重点。作者在此戛然而止，既突出了“影响”，又留给了读者想象的空间。

3.自然过渡。要使文章前后浑然一体，就得注意上下文的过渡，这是文章组材不可忽视的问题。过渡的方式是多种多样的，有的是一个词，如“最”、“当然”、“不过”等。有的是一个单句;有的则是一个起着承上启下作用的复句，如有位同学在他的《我和书的故事》中先写自己利用课余时间攒钱买书的经历，后写了书对他书本知识的学习也起了很大的作用，中间的过渡句是：“阅读大量的课外书，不仅丰富了我的课余生活，使我增长了知识，它对我学习书本中的知识也起了巨大的作用。”;还有的是以一个小段来起过渡作用，如有位同学在他的《读父亲》一文中先用一组排比句写父亲在“我”小的时候对“我”的关心和教育：“当我第一次摔倒时，父亲叫我自己爬起来，我从父亲那里读到做人要坚强;当我不屑一顾于桌上的饭菜时，父亲带我走到卖火柴的小女孩擦火柴的雪夜，让我领略到‘谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦’的真谛。当我第一次背上书包走进学校时，父亲给我讲述了小萝卜头的故事，要我加倍珍惜今天幸福的生活。就这样，在读父亲的过程中，我逐渐长大了。”但是，“我”并不是一直这样顺从父亲的，“我”也有过对父亲的误解和厌烦。怎样过渡到下一个层次呢?作者设计了这样一个过渡段：

可是，当我认为自己已经长大的时候，自以为已经读懂了父亲这本书后，我对父亲产生了隔膜，我不再认真读透父亲的每一句话。然而，那一次却让我刻骨铭心地明白了我的无知和浅薄。

有了这样一些过渡，文章就上下勾连浑然一体了。

上面我们是从内容的角度谈了组材中要注意的问题，下面我们再从形式的角度谈谈怎样的组合方式更容易获得读者的青睐。

1.倒叙设悬式。这种方式就是先把故事的结局置于文首或在开头设置一个悬念，目的都在吸引读者，引起读者的阅读兴趣。如有篇题为《我终于解决了这个难题》的作文是这样开头的：

残月在天的黎明似乎没有往日晓星隐没的诗情。淡淡的晨雾中，一个矇眬的身影沙沙地挪动。仅仅为了一个无从回答的难题，父亲“无情”地将我“逐出”家门，开始了一天的“流浪”。我真不明白：有什么难题连老师和书本都无法帮我解决，而非得自己亲身感受才能领悟?

这个开头留给读者很多疑惑：父亲给“我”出的到底是一道怎样的难题?这道难题为什么“连老师和书本都无法帮我解决”?父亲为什么要把“我”逐出家门来解这道难题?一连串的疑问正勾起了读者阅读的欲望，促使他们要迫不及待地看个究竟。有了这样引人入胜的开头，文章也就成功了一半了。

2.标题串联式。这里所说的标题指的是小标题。用小标题串联全文，醒目而又别具一格。如有位同学写《生活中的发现》就用了三个小标题：“我被感动了”、“美就在身边”、“平凡也是美”。有的小标题设计还很别致，如有的同学用“喜”、“怒”、“哀”、“乐”四个字串联全文;有的则用标点符号为题，如“?”、“!”、“……”;还有的文章的小标题均由上一段的最后一句话引出，自然而又巧妙。如有篇题为《我的欢乐与烦恼》的作文，第一个小标题“欢乐的文学梦”用“17岁的日子有风也有雨，有欢乐也有烦恼，我仔细品味着——”引出，而第二个小标题“烦恼的情感小屋”则由“欢乐之余，也常常困扰于——”引出，读来别有一番情趣。

3.书信日记式。这是在不明确规定用书信和日记形式作文时采用的一种出奇制胜的方法。如有位学生在写《雷锋就在我们身边》的作文时，就以给远方的朋友写信的方式介绍了自己身边的好人好事，语言显得亲切自然，传统题目写出了新意。还有的同学在写《难忘的初中生活》时，把所写的三件事分别融进于三篇日记之中，而三篇日记的日期又代表了初中三年，这就省去了许多过渡和交代，使文章更加简练。我们还看到有篇文章巧妙地以日记标题中气候的变化来暗示故事的发展变化，如“多云——多云转阴——雨——大雨——多云转晴”，这里的气候变化实际上是一语双关，令人拍案叫绝。

4.以物为线式。天津有一年中考考了一个半命题作文《 的回忆》，有位考生便以“一片绿叶”为线索贯穿全文，通过老师爱绿叶、讲绿叶的故事、赠绿叶书签等事件，歌颂了老师如绿叶似的无私奉献的精神。全文始终扣住“绿叶”，以“叶”喻人，使文章格调高雅，耐人寻味。

当然，形式是为内容服务的，组材的方式也是因题而异的，如果为刻意求新而弄巧成拙，那就得不偿失了。

there is no doubt that dr. sun yat-sen is the greatest man that i ever known in my whole life. he set up the republic of china, so we call him our national father.

he was devoted to the revolution about forty years. his aim was to liberate china from the hands of the manchu dynasty. he had not met with result, but he was not discouraged at all. as a result, he accomplished his end in the long run.

to sum up, his strong will and indomitable spirit are worth our worship and imitation (are worth our worshiping and imitating).

译文:

无疑的，中山先生是我一生知道的最大的人物。他建立中华民国，所以我他为我的国父。

他致力革命凡四十年。他的目的是清朝手里解放中国。他曾遭遇屡次的失败，但他却一点也不灰心。那是不需说的。结果，他终于达到目的。

总而言之，他坚强的意志和不屈不挠的精神(是)值得我们的崇拜和仿效。

话题作文是高考语文的一种重点，下面是小编整理的话题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、确定话题内容。一般来说，话题作文的题目大，范围宽，选材有一定的难度，每每让学生难以下手。怎样迅速选定材料呢?一是“化大为小”。它指的是通过对话题进行修饰、限制、补充等方法，将话题锁定在某一内容上，以缩小选材的范围，迅速捕捉写作的切入点。比如以“美景”为话题(辽宁2002年中考题)，你可以通过限制和修饰补充话题，使文章变成“校园美景”“家乡美景”“心中的美景”“美景其实也平凡”等等。二是“化虚为实”，有的话题比较抽象，是一个“虚”的话题，你就应该从实入手。比如“靠”这个话题(江苏盐城2002年中考题)，你可以往实处“靠”，爸妈靠科技致富，学生靠勤奋成才，运动员靠拚搏夺冠等，这样一来，文章的内容就充实了。

2、选择文体强项。话题作文的不限文体，给考生提供了自由广阔的写作空间，有利于考生张扬个性，发挥特长。因此，你应选定你的文体强项来充分展示你的写作个性。擅长叙事，你可选择记叙文;擅长说理，你可选择议论文;擅长抒情，你可选择散文;擅长想象，你可以选择童话;擅长讽刺，你可以选择杂文……比如以“水”为话题的文章(湖北襄樊2002年中考题)，你可以叙述一个停水后的故事，你可以说明水的性质、用途，你可抒发对“水”的情感，你可以议论“水滴石穿”“水能载舟，亦能覆舟”的道理，你可叙述“水”的童话，你可以想象说资源枯竭后地球的劫难等等。

3、强化创新意识。不少考生写话题作文唯恐误入“歧途”，总是选定一个四平八稳的切口写作，结果文章平平，根本上不了档次。其实话题作文本身就是一个创新，因此你在写作时也应放开手脚，大胆创新。这种创新首先是内容的创新。就是所选的材料不能人云亦云，要写出新的故事、新的观点、新的主旨。比如写“门”这个话题，写人与人之间的心之“门”就叫人击节赞赏。第二是文体的创新。你不能总是写记叙文、议论文、说明文三种文体，你可以写小说，写故事，写寓言，还可以采用各种应用文体。文体一变，能让人耳目一新。第三是结构创新。不能老用那几种传统的结构方式，你可以采用“小锻连缀”“反复穿插”“散点辐射”“镜头剪辑”“双线交织”等方式展开思路，开头结尾也要突破藩篱，不落窠臼。

写景作文主要的是在于景字。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学生写景作文写作技巧，希望可以帮助到大家！

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

写景作文写作要点

景物描写在记叙文写作中往往是必不可少的。可是许多同学在写作中不懂得景物描写的特点，有的描写模糊不清，有的分不清主次，有的缺乏情感，出现了许多不应有的败笔。那么，在记叙文的写作中应该怎样去描写自然景色呢?具体来说，景物描写应注意以下三个问题：

1、写景要有顺序。

人们观赏景物都有一定的规律：或定点环顾，或边走边看。描写时也应该顺其自然。例如老舍先生的《济南的冬天》一文，描写济南城周围的环境时写道：小山把济南整个儿围个圈儿，只有北边缺点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱，好像把济南放在一个小摇篮里。景物描写与作者的定点鸟瞰相吻合，自然清晰，形象准确。又如凡妮的《野景偶拾》一文，按照沿途所见，依次描写绕村的溪流，山梁的小路、盆地的高粱、山坡的谷穗、旷野的幽静、落日的霞光、宛如绸带的河流和公路、华美如贝雕的田野和山林。移步换形，有如移舟前进，时过景迁，景观随之改换，给人一种身临其境之感。

2、写景要有选择。

写景时应要有所取有所弃，抓住最能代表彼时彼地特征的景物加以描写，其它的景色则略写或不写。老舍先生的《在烈日和暴雨下》，为了突出天气变化的过程，就着力描写了杨柳的动态：一点风也没有时——枝条一动懒得动;有一点凉风时——枝条微微动了两下;风大起来时——柳条横着飞。通过杨柳的动态。显示了风的从无到有、由小到大，而对暴风雨降临时其它景象的变化，作者作了简略处理。这样，抓住特征，既形象地表现了天气变化的过程，又避免了描写的呆板重复，使得文字准确而精练。

3、写景要有情致。

人们观赏景物总是要带有某种感情的。因此，描写时也应该将这种感情一起表达出来，做到寓情于景，情景相映。鲁迅先生的《故乡》一文，反映旧中国农村衰败萧条，日趋破产的悲惨景象时，笔下的景色是苍黄的天空下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。而脑海中闪现出少年闰土的美好形象时，则为深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。景物描写之中渗透着作者爱憎分明的思想感情。以景促情，情景交融，有力地深化了文章的主题。

一、怎样审题

要作文，先审题。明范围，知题义;扣题眼，重点记;知数量，不离题;明人称，好下笔;附加语，须重视。写真情，出新意。

二、怎样观察

观察时，要巧妙。五感官，都用到。先用眼，仔细瞧，形色态，分辨好。触形态，善比较，观颜色，浓淡晓;看姿态，静动找。听声音，动脑筋。嗅气味，多闻闻;有顺序，抓重点;时间变，地点换，观察时，多体验;巧联想，抓特点;观察好，得用脑;多感官，结合好。

三、怎样收集材料

材料多，文章好;多读书，佳句找;勤观察，笔记好;多用心，善思考，勤摘录，多剪报。分条记，整理好;使用时，方便找;

四、怎样选材

选材料，须扣题。熟材料，反复比;选新颖，是第一;选真实，要牢记;选典型，有情趣。材料多，细琢磨;多比较，用心计。

五、怎样构思

先构思，后动笔;定中心，宜扣题。一文章，一中心;无须多，不偏离。想开头，思顺序;明重点，具体叙;线索明，思路清;巧过渡，会照应;时间变，按顺序;地点变，合事理;首和尾，要一致;立好意，才下笔。

六、怎样列题纲

构思好，列题纲;搭架子，行文畅。定顺序，理思路;明详略，细琢磨。首和尾，要贴妥。

七、怎样开头

开好头，是关键。直入题，时地点;设悬念，趣味见;描绘景，抒发情。借故事，吸引人;好诗句，引入文;借哲理，巧议论;先概述，再具体;要成功，须新颖;方法多，灵活用。

八、怎样结尾

结尾好，味无穷。自然收，渠自成;巧总结，中心明;善启发，留余声;要赞美，巧抒情;发议论，要点睛;象征景，味无穷;呼开头，暗照应;成一体，结构整。

九、怎样过渡

巧过渡，文无缝;衔接段，思路清。句过渡，用词语;巧铺路，很有趣。段过渡，句子好;架设桥，连接巧。篇过渡，用段落;妙连接，好处多。过渡处，要自然，忌生硬，忌死板;忌跳跃，忌突然。

十、怎样写具体

写文章，要具体。叙事文，重过程，细节处，须注意。写人物，动语神;细刻画，须用心;人物活，要逼真。状物文，抓特点，多形容，多修饰;善分解，巧对比。写景文，形色态，细心描，大胆想;静动态，重点忆。写活动，要注意：从整体，到部分;先场面，后聚焦。写联想，多比喻;可夸张，可排比;情趣浓，文具体。

十一、怎样绘景

描景物，怎下笔?写形状，须具体;绘颜色，浓淡宜;描形态，写情趣;多联想，多比喻;并列写，可排比;引诗句，妙无比;抓特点，按顺序，融入情，精描绘。

十二、怎样状物

状物文，要牢记：选好物，先熟悉。写植物，形色味，枝叶花，果实美，拟人化，用比喻;写成长，分四季，抓特点，重点记。写动物，描外形，分类描，要具体;写习性，抓特点，联生活，细节全，述感情，要自然。写物品，明来历，描外形，按顺序。形与色，要看清。写结构，知用途。抓重点，细描绘。人与物，用事例;生活趣，要典型。建筑物，远近看，抓特点，有重点;分层写，视点变;多联想，古今全;人物情，融其间。

十三、怎样叙事

叙事文，有人称;六要素，要记清;时地事，交代明;环境清，有人物;起因前，脉络连;写结果，别含糊。有重点，有详略;有细节，变化多;生活趣，人物情，事三折，文入胜。

十四、怎样记人

写人物，抓特点;描肖像，有重点;记衣着，不一般;言与行，要逼真，有细节，点神态;察心理，见精神。具体事，表特点。

十五、怎样修改

好文章，改百遍。读中改，细增删;多推敲，严把关。标点号，用恰当。调并换，文意畅;热加工，冷处理，互批改，互借鉴。改中写，技能练。

十六、怎样改写

改写文，有借鉴;改人称，语气变;改体裁，结构变。通读文，明要求;细比较，差异找。增删换，细推敲;多联想，要巧妙;多修改，达目标。

十七、怎样扩写

扩写文，有重点;明中心，抓要点;善想象，多描写，添细节，事不变;抒真情，巧议论;首尾新，故事全。

十八、怎样缩写

缩写文，意不变。理思路，明要点， 抓中心，留主干。 去枝叶，注意删。有首尾，有重点。

十九、怎样续写

续写文，要联想;人不变，事要变;新时间，新地点，新人物、新事件。变原因，变环境，变故事，变人称。新发展，结果变。合情理，出意料;故事妙，主题好。

二十一、怎样写看图作文

看图文，是创新。对照图，看仔细;一看人，二看景，三看事，分主次。推前因，想结果;多联想，想合理。看中想，求创新;写文章，要具体。

二十二、怎样写应用文

写日记，有格式，见闻感，都可记。自由写，随意记;天天写，要坚持。写书信，按格式，言得体，分层次;有中心，述真意。板报稿，要快捷;选材新，标题切;言简明，扬新风。应用文，格式明，多实践，活运用。

My English Study

How time flies! My three-year middle school life will be over soon。 Looking

back， I have many memories of my English study。

When I entered the middle school， I had so many difficulties with my

English。 I was not able to understand the teacher in class， and I couldn’t

master the words and phrases。 For a time I wanted to give it up。 Later， with the

help of the teacher and my classmates， I listened to the teacher carefully in

class， kept on reading English every day and spoke as much as possible。 Step by

step I made great progress in English。

In a word， only when you develop interest in studying English can you learn

it well。

中考英语作文难不难？其实不难，大部分主城区的同学都能得到12分以上，13、14分也是平常，但是要想得到15分甚至以上，就难上加难了。到底什么样的作文能得到16分以上？经过和中考命题组和阅卷组老师的交流，我们对中考英语作文评分标准做出了更深的理解。

一、中考英语写作的概述

关于体裁，本文包含记叙文和议论文两种最容易考到的类型，其他一些文体也有可能会综合涉及。

关于题材，同学们的反应可谓是几家欢喜几家愁。上海中考写作也有自己的特色：一般围绕着生活化、学校化来考察。近几年，考试题目实际上是一些比较贴近中学生活，为中学生能够的认识能力、生活经历所能驾驭的问题。比如：

2009年题目IWanttoDosomethingformySchool(我想为学校做的一件事)

2010年题目I‘mProudofmyself(我为自己感到自豪)

2011年题目Iamamemberof_____(我是 的一员)

2012年题目AlettertoJoe(给Joe的一封建议信)

2013年题目Howtoprotectmyself(如何保护自己)

2014年题目Thetimenextyear(明年此时)

你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗？实际考试中，许多学生却常常有无话可说的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态，取得高分呢？

归根到底这是一个英语基本功单词、短语和句型的问题。

英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升，必须进行多次的写作练习。因此，必须合理地设置训练步骤，遵循从初级到高级，从简单到复杂的原则去练习，经过一段写作实践之后，写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。

二、中考英语写作的评分标准

1、老师拿到的标准

写作水平的高低和文章的好坏，分数是最直接的评分标准，也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准？什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章？

评分标准：

1.整篇作文满分20分，其中内容8分，语言8分，结构4分。

2.内容贴切，句子流畅，用语准确，加整体印象分1分。

3.不满60个词，少15个词扣0.5分，610个词扣1分。

4.所有给出问题涉及的三项内容，每少一项扣3分。

5.每个拼写，大小写，标点符号等错误扣0.5分；同一的拼写错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

6.语法错误每项扣1分，同一错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

2、老师想看到的标准

语言(8分)：词固定搭配、高频重点词汇；句复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子！

内容(8分)：(总、分)论点、论据支持句；简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。

结构(4分)：语言结构句子重点突出、内容清晰；内容结构论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系；句数控制对于相对内容的句数掌握；亮点、出彩点排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。