中考英语书面表达写作技巧课件【汇编20篇】

08年浙江义乌中考英语作文范文：义乌作为一个国际商贸名城，吸引了越来越多的国内外游客来旅游购物。因此，建设一个绿色，文明的义乌显得尤为重要。请你以为题，写一篇短文。

参考词汇：environment duty,rubbish,plstic,pollution,plant

要求：（1）语句通顺，语意连贯，书写认真 （1）词数809左右。文章开头已给出，不计入词数

（3）可适当发挥（文中不能出现真实的人名和姓名）

As we know,Yiwu is an international city.________________________________________________________

参考中考英语作文范文：

How to build a greener city

As we know,Yiwu is an international city. It attracts more and more people to come and do business.So its our duty to build a beautiful green city. As students,we shouldnt throw rubbish anywhere on the ground or use too many plastic bags. Ask the factories not to put waste water into the river and wed better not go to school by car so that we can reduce the air pollution. Whats more, we should plant more trees and flowers to make our city greener. Lets work hard for our city tohave a good environment.

如何建立一个更绿色的城市我们知道，义乌是一个国际城市。它吸引更多的人来这里做生意。所以建立一个美丽的绿色城市，我们的责任。作为学生，我们不应该把垃圾扔在地上的任何地方或使用太多的塑料袋。要求工厂不要把废水排入河中，我们最好不要坐汽车去学校，我们可以减少空气污染。更重要的是，我们应该种更多的树和花来绿化我们的城市。让我们努力工作，为我们的城市有一个良好的环境。

Dear Ms. Reinhart,

I am terribly sorry that I failed to arrive at BLCU last Friday. I hope

that this did not mess you up completely, although I know that you had already

made some special arrangements for my visit with you parents and friends. I am

very sorry about all that. I am sure you will be sympathetic, however, when I

tell you that my father is dangerously ill in hospital, and that I found it

impossible to leave for the visit when he is in this state.

My father was working very hard on his project on protecting the

environment. I know the project has come to a very important stage. He and his

assistants did not take regular rest for three weeks. Last night, my father had

a heart attack and was soon sent to the hospital. The doctor said my father was

in a very serious situation, and, he might need an operation.

24 hours have passed. Nothing has changed. I have to stay at the hospital.

I will let you know if there is any good news.

I am sorry again and look forward to seeing you soon.

Yours sincerely,

Tom Williams

想让你的作文更上一个台阶吗？想让阅卷老师们耳目一新、眼前一亮吗？快来学习今天这几个亮点句型吧，让你的作文脱颖而出，让你的中考取得一个更好的分数！

一、~~~the + ~ est + 名词 +（that）+ 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most+ 形容词 + 名词 +（that）+ 主词 + have ever + seen（known/heard/had/read, etc）

Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

Yao Ming is the tallest basketball player that I have ever seen.

姚明是我所见过的最高的篮球运动员

Liu Xiang is the most hardworking sportsman that I have ever seen.

刘翔是我所见过的最勤奋的运动员。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

Nothing is more important than to potect our environment.

没有什么比环保更重要的事。

Nothing is more important than to gain knowledge.

没有什么比学习知识更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

We cannot emphasize the importance of education.

我们再怎么强调教育的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的……）

There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

There is no denying that Lin Zhiling is the most charming actress I have ever seen.

不可否认，林志玲是我所见过的最有魅力的女演员。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道……）

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的……）

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（……的优点是……）

An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create(produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

An advantage of taking exercises is that it can make us keep healthy.

锻炼身体的优点是它可以让我们保持健康。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（……的原因是……）

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此……以致于……）

So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费。

So beautiful is Xi Shi that we all like her.

西施是如此美丽，以致于我们都喜欢她。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然……）

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈……愈……）

The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着……，……能够……）

By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

By reading, we can broaden our horizon.

通过阅读，我们可以扩大视野。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （……使……能够……）

Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

Travelling enable our life to be enriched,

旅行能丰富人们的生活。

Watching movies enable our horizon to be broadened.

看电影能开阔视野。

1.巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

2.一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

3.以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

4.穿插流动

5.粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

6.烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大。

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又 如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

7.画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

8.前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

9.卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

10.一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象；船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波；自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波；由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

11.欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。 采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

导语：一个没有同情心的人，是冷酷残忍的人;一个没有同情心的世界，是冷漠可怕的世界。但同情心不会自发产生，同情心也要靠精心培植和维护，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

我很喜欢小品演员蔡明，这倒不是因为她的演技和容貌，老实说，这两点她也就是平平而已。让我感动的是她的一件小事，蔡明每见到街上有人乞讨，总要给钱。朋友劝她说，这些乞丐看着可怜，其实有不少都是假的，人家就是靠这发财的，家里的小洋楼都盖起来了，比你住得还宽敞。蔡明点点头，若有所悟。可是下次碰见乞丐，她还照样掏钱。朋友问：你怎么还傻呢?她解释说，万一这个是真乞丐，他家里没盖楼呢?一个富于同情心的演员，也许无法成为表演大师艺术巨匠，但可贵的同情心，却会使他的人格大放异彩，受到人们的敬重和热爱。

在19世纪末叶的西伯利亚，富于同情心的小镇居民，常常在深夜房外的窗台上放着酸奶、面包和旧衣服，以供那些从流亡地逃跑的十二月党人食用，一些著名的十二月党人，就是靠着这些食物和衣服才逃出了冰天雪地的西伯利亚。小镇居民的名字至今谁也不知道，更不见经传史册，可他们的善举，不仅温暖了冻饿之极的十二月党人，也至今还温暖着我们的心田。

培根说：“同情在一切内在的道德和尊严中为最高的美德。”孟德斯鸠也说过：“同情是善良心所启发的一种情感之反映。”所以，人不可无同情心，同情心可以使人变得可亲可敬，变得伟大崇高。诗人杜甫，只有写下“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”那样滚烫的诗句，才能戴上人民诗人的桂冠;诗人龚自珍，发出“落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花”的肺腑心声，表现出悲天悯人的博大胸怀;面似冷峻的鲁迅先生，则因“俯首甘为孺子牛”的拳拳之心，更显其思想之深邃，道德之高尚;而不辞辛苦千里迢迢，到遇难矿工家里慰问吊唁，潸然落泪，温家宝总理用满腔真情告诉我们什么叫“情为民所系”。

同情心还可以让世界充满爱。南亚海啸灾难发生后，世界各国人民纷纷解囊相助，中国人也不甘落后，短短几天就捐赠了数十亿元的现金与物资。这次灾难，也是对地球村居民同情心的一次大检阅，大洗礼。还有一件事也使我们很感动，今年的维也纳新年音乐会，为悼念海啸遇难者，在演奏中取消了最欢快的《拉德斯基进行曲》。音乐中断了，主持人走上台，悲壮地讲到海啸灾难，讲到此刻要向灾民捐款，为此，今晚将不再演奏《拉德斯基进行曲》。可以说，这是历年来一次最人性的维也纳新年音乐会。

一个没有同情心的人，是冷酷残忍的人;一个没有同情心的世界，是冷漠可怕的世界。但同情心不会自发产生，同情心也要靠精心培植和维护，心灵里播下爱的种子，才能长成同情之花;全社会都为同情心叫好呐喊，才能形成一个充满同情心的好环境。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：什么是温暖?就是在需要帮助时帮助你，什么是温暖?就是在失败时鼓励你，什么是温暖?就是在远去的路上祝福你，什么是温暖?就是用心去爱你!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一是在美国，曾有个小女孩儿给林肯写信，希望他留起胡子，林肯极认真地读了这封信，不仅立刻给孩子回了信，还真的留起了胡子。

一是在印度，泰戈尔曾收到过一位小姑娘的信，信中问道：“爷爷，我想用您的名字给我的小狗命名，行吗?”泰戈尔不仅立即回信表示“坚决”同意，还特意在信中加了一句：“不过，命名之前，最好先征求一下小狗的意见。”

自然，这也叫温暖。

当矮小、瘦弱的陈贤妹将被车碾压的小悦悦抱起来的时候，她想不到自己因此成为舆论中心。目不识丁的陈阿婆很不解：“我在广州那边救人，那些人坐单车坐三轮车摔倒我去拉他们起来，也没事啊，我怎么知道这次捧起一个小女孩会是这么大的一件事。”

陈贤妹不知道，在她之前，已经有18个路人“路过”小悦悦身边而没有采取任何行动。对陈贤妹来说，抱起小悦悦只为对得起自己的良心。

对于良心，北京师范大学文化学者于丹认为，良心是我们内心对是非一种很本能的判断……我们今天坚持平凡的良心，不是因为我们崇高，正因为我们脆弱。因为我们和我们的老小都需要平凡的良心，也许就在下一分钟，也许就在下一个路口。

一、策划书名称

尽可能具体的写出策划名称，如“×年×月××大学××活动策划书”，置于页面中央，当然可以写出正标题后将此作为副标题写在下面。

二、 活动背景 ：

这部分内容应根据策划书的特点在以下项目中选取内容重点阐述；具体项目有：基本情况简介、主要执行对象、近期状况、组织部门、活动开展原因、社会影响、以及相关目的动机。其次应说明问题的环境特征，主要考虑环境的内在优势、弱点、机会及威胁等因素，对其作好全面的分析(swot分析)，将内容重点放在环境分析的各项因素上，对过去现在的情况进行详细的描述，并通过对情况的预测制定计划。如环境不明，则应该通过调查研究等方式进行分析加以补充。

三、 活动目的、意义和目标：

活动的目的、意义应用简洁明了的语言将目的要点表述清楚；在陈述目的要点时，该活动的核心构成或策划的独到之处及由此产生的意义（经济效益、社会利益、媒体效应等）都应该明确写出。活动目标要具体化，并需要满足重要性、可行性、时效性

四、资源需要：

列出所需人力资源，物力资源，包括使用的地方，如教室或使用活动中心都详细列出。可以列为已有资源和需要资源两部分。

五、活动开展：

作为策划的正文部分，表现方式要简洁明了，使人容易理解，但表述方面要力求详尽，写出每一点能设想到的东西，没有遗漏。在此部分中，不仅仅局限于用文字表述，也可适当加入统计图表等；对策划的各工作项目，应按照时间的先后顺序排列，绘制实施时间表有助于方案核查。人员的组织配置、活动对象、相应权责及时间地点也应在这部分加以说明，执行的应变程序也应该在这部分加以考虑。

这里可以提供一些参考方面：会场布置、接待室、嘉宾座次、赞助方式、合同协议、媒体支持、校园宣传、广告制作、主持、领导讲话、司仪、会场服务、电子背景、灯光、音响、摄像、信息联络、技术支持、秩序维持、衣着、指挥中心、现场气氛调节、接送车辆、活动后清理人员、合影、餐饮招待、后续联络等。请根据实情自行调节。

六、经费预算：

活动的各项费用在根据实际情况进行具体、周密的计算后，用清晰明了的形式列出。

七、活动中应注意的问题及细节：

内外环境的变化，不可避免的会给方案的执行带来一些不确定

性因素，因此，当环境变化时是否有应变措施，损失的概率是多少，造成的损失多大，应急措施等也应在策划中加以说明。

八、活动负责人及主要参与者：

注明组织者、参与者姓名、嘉宾、单位（如果是小组策划应注明小组名称、负责人）。

注意：

1、 本策划书提供基本参考方面，小型策划书可以直接填充；大型策划书可以不拘泥于表格，自行设计，力求内容详尽、页面美观；

2、 可以专门给策划书制作封页，力求简单，凝重；策划书可以进行包装，如用设计的徽标做页眉，图文并茂等；

3、 如有附件可以附于策划书后面，也可单独装订；

4、 策划书需从纸张的长边装订；

5、 一个大策划书，可以有若干子策划书。

注：1、该策划书格式由我和我的学生助手张志永共同完成，感谢他的辛勤劳动；

2、本格式主要参阅书目类别为：营销策划、项目管理和创业计划指导书；

3、swot分析是现代管理一种分析技术，我们认为它的应用领域广泛，特将其引入大学活动策划 附：进行一次大学活动的基本步骤

一、活动若办，策划先行。策划是办活动的脉络，一份好的策划是成功的前提。

二、获得支持。获得领导的认可与支持，是一件非常有必要的事情；获得大型媒体的支持，你的活动就会变得特别好办，而且多半会成功。

三、组织任务小组，分配人员职责。权责相应，每个人都要非常明白自己的责任。注意，分配任务要以人为单位，而不能说某件事“你们几个做”，这样这件事情基本做不好。有几个方向：指挥中心，外联赞助组，现场工作组，宣传媒体组，现场秩序、礼仪接待组、应急人员。打印出权责清单，让每个人看得明明白白。并且，每天碰头一次，及时汇报进展，以便处理各种信息；

四、赞助或其他经费来源：寻找赞助商，与他们进行艰苦地谈判，最后取得双方能认可的协议，这是活动需要。有了经费，一切好办；注意：广告不能太过分，谈判一定掌握尺度，否则商业味道可能让晚会failing！

五、组合资源。有很多的道具、物品需要你尽快找到。就像个rpg游戏，你要懂得怎样获得资源，组合资源。

六、进行宣传。调足参与者的胃口，是广告、海报或其他媒体的职责。

七、现场必须有一个指挥中心，负责及时调度；

八、进行过程中，要有至少一种让所有工作人员沟通的方式。比如手机短信，纸条或手势。

九、特别提醒，那些领掌的，托儿，制造气氛的人员要特别安排好。想办好活动这是必须。

十、认真把参与活动的高层人物送走，不要失去任何礼节，记得向那些辛勤劳动却默默无闻的人员致敬！你的荣耀，他们才是真正的缔造者。当然，也欣赏自己的成功吧。

一、道理论据：

1、什么是路?就是从设路的地方践踏出来的。从只有荆棘的地方开辟出来的。——鲁迅

2、想要做人生竞技场上留下的人，只有不怕创伤去搏斗。——芥川龙之介

3、经过的道路是艰苦的，坎坷不平的。可是，无论如何，那是一条美好的道路。在那条路上，一步一个血迹，也是值得的。——罗曼罗兰

二、事实论据：

牛顿和实验室。牛顿致力于光学、力学和化学的研究，经过长期的努力，发现了万有引力定律，对科学事业的发展作出了极其伟大的贡献。当人们问他是怎么发现万有引力定律的，他简单地回答说：“我一直在想、想、想……”牛顿的大部分时间都是在实验里渡过的，有时成月地呆在实验室里，不分昼夜地苦干。饿了，啃点面包，实在劳累了，就打个盹，直到在实验室里得出明确的结果，他才肯从实验室走出来，稍事休息。

三、拼搏的励志句子：

1、现实是很残酷的，就像战场一样，败者为寇，胜者为王。

2、有很多人都说：平平淡淡就福，没有努力去拼博，又如何将你的人生保持平淡?又何来幸福?

3、人的命运只有两个结果。第一就是穷困，处处都受环境限制，感觉无法展现自己，第二就富裕，可以轻松自如地用钱为自己开路，享受快乐幸福的生活。

4、人生在世，萎缩不前，就只能贫困过一生，又何谈幸福，现实是经济社会，连喝一杯白开水都可能要钱，没有钱就只能过风雨飘摇的日子!连平淡都谈不上。

5、钱虽不是万能的，没钱是万不能的，一切美好都必须以金钱作保障，金钱来源于拼搏，没有拼搏精神，就是富裕也会变贫穷，坐吃山空，及使有金山银山，到最后也会变成穷光蛋，就是做个守财奴，想保持原财产不动，都还需拼搏才行。

6、人生我们要做个强者，要有足够的拼搏精神，幸福才属于我们!

7、人贫困不是错，只要我们有足够的信心去拼搏，仍然可以扭转乾坤，改变命运，走向成功!

8、要改变命运，必须有顽强的拼搏才会成功，现实是残酷的，就像战场一样，我们必须时刻高度警惕，才不会被刺中要害，才不会倒下。

9、人生是战场，需要冲次，需要拼搏，处处布满陷井，一不小心就会中埋伏，就会遭遇失败，永无翻身之日，但我们拼搏一定要方向明确，有目标性拼搏，才会成功，幸福才会属于你。

10、不是所有的拼搏都会成功，我们不能盲目的拼搏，必须带上我们的智慧，将属于我们的机会牢牢抓住，才会多一份成功。

11、人生如战场，遇到劲敌或长久不能取胜时，就必须用智取，人生不可能一帆风顺，在某些关键时候，就必须用计，智慧永远是人取得成功的关键。

12、人生如战场，两军对垒，光有皮夫之勇是不行的，必须有计谋，有一定安排与计划才可以，做任何事，都要仔细思考，不能盲目去奋斗，以免去不必要的浪费与失败。

13、想要生活稳定，想要过得幸福，又谈何容易，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，我们必须下苦功夫才行，在拼搏的同时，别忘了正确掌握方向与目标，加上足够的信心与智慧，才会成功，才有幸福的生活。

14、如果你们问我的人生如何，我要告诉你们，我还是个穷书生，不过，我正在拼搏中，就像上战场一样英勇奋斗，也许会成功，也许会失败!但是，只要我努力拼搏过，我的心是快乐的，所以，我也是幸福的。

15、我们不说为功名利禄而拼搏，最起码也该为自己的将来奋斗，所以我们一定要富有拼搏精神。

[中考写作素材：拼搏

导语：英语作文在英语试卷中还是相当重要的一部分，你知道写作有哪些技巧吗?下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

初中英语作文分为四等。一等文：13-15分;二等文：9-12分;三等文：5-8分;四等文：0-4分。教给大家十个字，搞定初中英语写作，帮你拿到一等文。

要点+结构+逻辑+语法+亮点

要点：

实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：

中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。2014年中考英语写作技巧

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：

这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：

其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：

当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

英语作文依靠的是同学们的语感和平时的积累，但是在面临中考的紧要关头，要想在短时间内提高英语写作水平不是一件容易的事情，这就需要同学们掌握中考英语作文写作技巧。

导语：节约能源是每个公民的责任和义务，那么作为中学生，我们该如如何节能呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

提示：1.步行或骑自行车去上学;最好不坐公交车或私家车;

2. 使用节能灯，少开灯，离开时记住关灯。

3. 节约用水，注意随手关好水龙头

4. 节约用纸，随身携带手帕。

5. 要有回收利用废品的意识。

提示词：private car 私家车 energy-saving light 节能灯handkerchief 手帕

要求：1. 要包括以上所有要点，要做到行文流畅、脉络清晰

2. 词数为80-100.

It’s our duty to save energy. As middle school students, what should we do to save energy?Firstly, we can walk or ride a bike to school. We’d better not take the bus or the private car. Secondly, we should use energy--saving lights when you leave the room. Thirdly, we should save water. Don’t forget to turn off the water tap after using it. Fourthly, we also need to save paper. It’s a good idea to bring a handkerchief with us. Fifthly, we should learn to recycle waste things such as cans, paper and bottles.

In a word, we should try our best to save energy.

【参考译文】

节约能源是我们的职责。作为中学生，我们应该做些什么来节约能源?首先，我们可以步行或骑自行车上学。我们最好不要乘公共汽车或私家车。其次，我们应该使用节能灯当你离开房间。第三，我们应该节约用水。使用后别忘了关水龙头。第四，我们还需要节省纸张。带上手帕是个好主意。第五，我们应该学会回收废物，如易拉罐、纸张和瓶子。

总之，我们应该尽最大努力节约能源。

1、【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人，重点在后。介绍该人，如肖像描写。

②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

2、【中间】一种情况：一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。

另一种情况：几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

散文写作——构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考，在探索，在继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养、功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。

散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其它文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

导语：佛家善说“因果”，那么，“他为善”便是“因”，“凤彩蝶报恩”便是“果”。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

已经是冬天了，一只蝴蝶在寒风中摇摇摆摆。终因体力不支落到了地上。这是一只七彩的蝴蝶。他以为它死了，就将它捡起，没想到这只蝴蝶挣扎了几下。“这只蝴蝶还活着!”他十分惊喜地叫道。于是，他跑着将这只蝴蝶送到了自己家的花园，然后将它放到了一朵花上。蝴蝶美美地吃起了花蜜，它的翅膀也逐渐恢复了光泽。蝴蝶吃饱了之后，绕着他飞了两圈，然后不顾他的挽留，飞向了远方。他遗憾地望着蝴蝶远去的方向，发出一声叹息：“保重自己，蝴蝶!”他不知道。他救了一只凤彩蝶。

几年之后。他长大了，继承了家业，成了一方富豪。他心地慈善，救济过许多穷人。然而，有一天，他忽然得了一种十分奇怪的病，许多名医都束手无策。但有道是，偏方治怪病。于是，他的父母又走遍全国去寻访偏方。功夫不负有心人，历经一年之后，他们终于访得了一个偏方――一个以凤彩蝶为药引的偏方。但什么是凤彩蝶呢?那个提供偏方的游医说：“我也只是听说过，并没有亲见，据说，凤彩蝶有七彩的翅膀。”听了这个线索，他的父母立刻派人去四处寻找。

听说这个消息的他，此刻正住在全国最好医院的最好病房。望着窗外美丽的风景，他的脸上没有任何对死亡的恐惧，他只希望那只大难不死的七彩蝴蝶不要再落入魔爪。随着时间一天天过去，他的病也越来越重了。窗外的花在一天天地开放，风景也越来越美了。他知道，在这里的花全都开放的那一天，死神就要降临了。但他笑了，是为那只蝴蝶而高兴，因为它还活着。

那天，窗外的花全都开放了。许多人慕名来看风景。都惊叹造化神功。而他，也安心地笑了。突然，他愣住了，因为，他看到了那只蝴蝶轻轻地从窗外飞进来，飞到了他的手上。他的父母也看到了，大喊：“快!抓住它!”他一听，立刻使出平生最后的力气，将蝴蝶扔出窗外，并想关上窗子，然而，窗子一动也没动，因为，他，去了。

蝴蝶轻轻地又从窗外飞进来，飞到他的头上。突然，他们都消失了。

窗外，出现了一道七彩的虹桥。而他，正从虹桥的这一端缓缓地、缓缓地走向另一端……

【评析】

你可能实在于心不忍去说这是一个虚构的故事，因为被神化的凤彩蝶(七彩蝴蝶)从“复活远飞――一回再回――化身彩虹”，一直在牵动着你的心。佛家善说“因果”，那么，“他为善”便是“因”，“凤彩蝶报恩”便是“果”。而随着情节的推进，“为善”和“报恩”也愈来愈烈，直至悲壮收场，壮美落幕。工具书中说，“神话”是古代人民对自然现象和社会生活的一种天真的解释和美丽的向往。那么，就让我们把本文当做一则现代神话去细细品味吧。也许，信其真，更能让我们那颗柔软的心永存“天真”和“美丽”

古人言之：“文无定式”，然又有式可循，文章类型有异，开头写法亦有所不同。下面是小编为你带来的中考记叙文写作开头13法2017，欢迎阅读。

1.描形绘神式

文章在开头便描绘出主人公外貌神形方面的特征，运用生动形象的语言，恰当的表达方式，描绘出主人公外貌神形方面的特征，此为描形绘神式。

有个女同学在写《向大家介绍我》这篇文章时就用了这种写法：

站在你面前的是个初二学生，个子较高，脸型圆圆的显得有些胖，一对不大不小的眼睛上横卧着两道浓眉;血色不多的嘴唇经常抿着，下唇常有着比上唇突出的倾向，显出一副永远也不服气的样子，黑发理得短短的像个男孩子——这就是我。

2.开门见山式

文章一开头，就点明题旨，即开笔入题，此为开门见山。

如朱自清的散文《背影》是这样开头的：“我与父亲不想见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。”便是开门见山：“我”思念父亲，最难忘怀他的背影，它凝聚着父子间深厚、真挚的爱。有一种浓厚的感情气氛笼罩着全文。

如课文《秋魂》开头“人们啊，你可知秋天为何有一个丰厚的收获?因为它有着一个成熟的头脑。”这里“它有着一个成熟的头脑”就成为全篇的文眼，课文以此为纲，从“秋实”“秋色”“秋味”“秋风”“秋叶”“秋土”“秋景”七个方面来歌咏秋魂，文眼可谓起到画龙点睛的作用。

3.按埋伏笔式

文章开头叙述了一些使读者一见字句便知主人公后来境况的一种方式，比如要写一个不幸的母亲，开头便可这么写：

25岁时，一场不幸的车祸，夺去她亲爱的丈夫的生命，留给她的是无尽的痛苦和两个年幼的孩子。

读者一见开头片段，就会断定这个妇人在丧夫子幼的情况下，后来的情境会更加艰难，但为了把孩子培养承认，定会饱经沧桑，久经磨难，深深的爱子之情，崇高的母爱，体现于字里行间。然而，深深的慈母情换来的确实不幸的回报，真是太不幸了。

4.抒发情感式

文章开头时作者以饱满的激情，抒发出强烈的情感，或表达出对远方亲人的思念，或流露出人世沧桑之间的伤愁，或显示出壮志难酬的悲切，或抒发出对社会新人的赞颂。

如魏巍的《谁是最可爱的人》一文开头一段，作者以迫切的心情，用热情洋溢的语言抒发在朝鲜战场的深切感受，为全文讴歌我志愿军战士崇高的思想境界，伟大的牺牲精神而营造了浓郁的情感氛围，使得全文情感凸现，令人动情，催人泪下。

5.欲扬先抑式

作者要达到称颂主人公的目的，开头便极力贬低主人公，说他这也不行那也不是，然后一百八十度转弯，从相反的方面，揭示出主人公崇高的精神品质。此种写法，即欲扬先抑式。一个学生在写《我的父亲》一文时，为了塑造一个因小孩子不争气，成绩顶差，于是恨铁不成钢，对自己小孩子要求非常严厉，后阿里终使小孩子成材的父亲形象，便成功地运用了这种方式。

我从小就恨我的父亲，父亲也同样恨我。

简短的两句，欲扬先抑，写出了“我”对父亲的恨，是因为父亲对“我”严厉要求，写父亲“恨”我，因“我”贪玩不争气。然而正是由于父亲对“我”的严厉管束，才使我改变了坏习气，学习进了步。这种开头式，可说妙极了。

6.对比映衬式

即开头运用对比手法，陈述两种于主人公截然不同的情状，来衬托主人公某方面的优良品质的写法。

如习作《美丽的朝霞》一文叙写了以为纤弱而勇敢的姐姐，未救一误入车道的小男孩而献出了自己的生命，谱写了一曲动人的博爱之歌的感人肺腑的故事。开头是：“我常常到西边山头，看那美丽的朝霞。我站在这里，望着远方想念着你——姐姐……”小作者由绚丽的朝霞想到正值青春年华的姐姐，想到她如朝霞般美丽的品质，过渡自然而不露斧凿之痕。

7.由物及人式

开头写记者看到一件所叙述主人公有关的物品，睹物思人，从而引起下文对主人公事件进行叙述的一种写法。这种写法在追叙昔人往事时用的很多。有同学在写《卖豆腐的小姑娘》一文时，开头成功地运用了这种写法。

当我看到白嫩嫩的方块豆腐时，那位卖豆腐的小姑娘的身躯，就会从我的记忆深处跃现出来。

8.先闻其声式

指开头写主人公说的一句能表现主人公性格或心理特征的话，紧接着下文便是主人公出场内容，即先声后人的写法。鲁迅先生描写《故乡》中杨二嫂，《红楼梦》里王熙凤的出厂，就巧妙地运用了这种写法，生动传神地刻画了主人公的性格特征。

9.设置悬念式

文章开头叙写一些引起读者对主人公所从事件的发展和主人公命运满怀关切心情的语句，造成一种悬念。这种开头能激发读者急着往下看文的欲望，具有很强的吸引力。

如习作《“常胜将军”生死转》一文开头如下：“这常胜将军是何许人也?别忙，你且听我慢慢道来……”

这一开头很新颖有味，颇能吊人胃口，然后自然引出下文“常胜将军”生的威武，死的悲壮，并悟出一个道理“凡事都要慎重，来不得半点浮躁”。很值得借鉴。

又如课文《枣核》开头的“再三托付”“蹊跷”使人觉得如此牵挂一枣核简直不可思议，非要刨根揭底，看它个水落石出不可。

10.渲染气氛式

如习作《美，向我走来》记叙的是一位受伤的小女孩由悲哀、暴躁走向坚强的故事。文章这样开头：“秋深了，梧桐的叶子飘然而落，凄凉地在空中打着旋儿。天空是灰色的，空气冷冷的。偶尔飞过一只麻雀，传来的也是无奈的叫声……”极力渲染了一种感伤，映衬出下文中的主人公遭遇不幸后的落寞、悲凉。

11.巧妙诗句，活泼流畅

一些文质兼美的或蕴含哲理的诗句、名言、谚语等如果引得恰到好处，能为文章增色不少，世人眼前一亮、精神一振。语言亮丽优美的诗句能使文章充满诗情画意。

如习作《春天如诗》开头顺手拈来一句“轻轻的我走了，正如我轻轻的来”。这是引用徐志摩的《再别康桥》中的名句，自然地引出如诗般的春天迈着轻盈的步子走来。蕴含哲理的名言名句则能使文章显得厚重、有高度。

12.娓娓道出，顺理成章

以一种平稳的语调讲故事般地和盘托出，不显得故弄玄虚，不突兀离奇，能使读者感受到亲切、宁静。这话总手法常用于记叙故事情节明显的文章中，如小小说、寓言、童话等，显得落落大方。读者便自然沿着作者的思路去感受、去思考。如莫泊桑的《我的叔叔于勒》发生的地点、菲利普一家家庭背景，娓娓叙写他们拮据的家境，初步揭出他们爱慕虚荣的性格特征，如此，后文盼于勒——赞于勒——遇于勒——躲于勒的故事情节顺理成章，耐人询问。又如课文《最后一课》《皇帝的新装》《盘古开天辟地》等。

13.挑起争端，初见端倪

“文似看山不喜平”。正如戏剧文学中的矛盾冲突，是戏剧的生命，能揪住读者的心。根据内容的需要，可以在文章开头猛地摆出一个矛盾争端，造成石破天惊之效，使文章显得跌宕起伏，有波澜。

如课文《羚羊木雕》开头：“‘那只羚羊哪去啦?’妈妈忽然问我。”开篇便写出一种紧张气氛，显出妈妈的惊慌，“我”的惊吓，暗示了下文中的一场家庭纠葛，火药味浓浓的。

在学习英语写作之前先来看下练习写作对你的英文有什么样的帮助：

好处1、辅助提升口语语言组织力

好处2、提升语法

好处3、帮助背单词和句型。

了解到联系英语写作带来的好处后让我们来看看学习英语写作有哪些方法：

零基础英语写作入门方法一：背单词

单词是英语写作的基本构成之一，拥有大量的词汇才能写出你想要的文章，背单词有很多方法用mp3在零碎的时间边听边背边写，还有单词前后缀记忆法等众多方法，只要掌握其中一种适合你的方法，就开始大量的充实你的词汇吧。

零基础英语写作入门方法二：语法

语法是将单词串联在一起变成文章的那根线，学习好语法是整个英语阅读的重中之重。推荐熟读语法俱乐部，同时搭配大量的阅读自己感兴趣的文章，在大量的语境中去领受感悟本书的妙处。

零基础英语写作入门方法三：长时间的练习

写日记，这是最简单最长久的写作练习你不需要有任何的准备，这是你会接触到最基础的写作练习，你可以写任何你感兴趣的事情，你要做的就是拿起笔和本子把自已生活上的点点滴滴用英文记录下来。下面就是我的第一篇英文日记！

"today i rest,i stayed at home.sister call me go to the mother.i want not go there,because i must go to the company .去领 clothes.刚刚上完课come back.at home i find my 皮 shoes.now 要穿皮shoes了,write 日记好搞笑，还可以写点english了,i believe 以后 i sure i会更好。”

大家可能会看不懂这篇文章。你可能会觉得很好，说老实话当我现回过头去看我以前的日记我看了也觉得很好笑。但这就是我的第一篇英文日记，我的英文写作就是从这里开始的。你会发现写得非常直白，简直就是中文翻译毫无语法可言。但没有关系每个人开始都是这样的。

在写日记的开始阶段，你可能会像我这样不知道怎么去写或跟本无法组织语言，你可以像我这样按自已大脑里中文的想法去写，把会的单词都写上去不会的就用中文代替。在这个阶段你更多的是在使用你所学的词汇，有时候你会觉得这样很好玩。每天坚持写一篇，慢慢的你会发现你用的中文越来越少了有时候整篇文章都可以用英文写出来，随着你英语学习的进度不断推进，你在写句子的时候你不会直译了，你开始吧语法考虑到你的语言组织里面去。

当你要表边一个句子又找不到这个单词的时候，这种映像会深深的印在你的脑海里，当你在收集单词时候你就会注意收集那些非常实用的单词了。你会背更多的单词因为你想终有一天我的整篇文章是用英文写的。对于初期的写作，我认为就是这样写吧，请注意兴趣的培养。

中考英语作文范文春节见闻

Things Happened in Spring Festival Today, I went shopping with my parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. It was a rare

occasion because we hardly only get together few times in a year as a big family. On the way to the shopping mall, we watched the lion dance. Overall, we had an unforgettable day.

春节习俗与计划，如何过2009年的春节，假如你是LINGLING给外国朋友JHON发一份电子邮件。

The spring Festival

Dear Jhon :

The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is on January 1st according to the Chinese lunar calendar(中国的农历). It’s China’s New Year’s Day. So usually a month before the festival people begin to buy food clothes and decorations(装饰) for houses.

About a week before the festival housewives are busy preparing the new year dinner. And they will do a lot of washing and cleaning in the houses. People who are far away on business are hurrying to return home for the new year’s family reunion（团聚）.

On New Year Eve each family will gather tighter eating talking and watching TV for almost the whole night. And there will be some interesting programmes on TV. The children are the happiest of all because they can get presents from parents or grandparents.

On Lunar New Year’s Day after getting up people will eat dumplings. When they meet their neighbours or friends they’ll say: “Happy New Year!”

I am ready to spend with together my family on the Spring Festival I’am going to see my grandparents and friengs . I ’m going to Diseyland in HONGKONG with my parents I will revise lessinos do exercise every day help the old and children .Wellcom to China. Waiting for your e -mail.

Yours

Lingling

一、人物个性的刻画

1、人物表现的要素有：

a、独有的表情 b、习惯的动作 c、常用的对白 d、思想

y、意念和欲望 f、弱点和缺陷 g、角色的好恶习性

2、这些要素的运用：

以上要素都可以当作创作的工具，这些工具一定要善于运用，你可以将这些设定条列出来，然后有表现的部分做出记号，比较重要的个性部分，应该要不断重复的表现出来，以加深读者对角色的印象。

二、配角的运用和衬托

1、所有的配角，都是为衬托主角而设定出来的。

配角的类型：正面——导师型、爱慕型、协助型

不确定——神秘型、竞争型、丑角型

负面——陷害型

2、 协助型：时常和主角形影不离地出现，有难同当，有富同享的必备角色。

导师型：给予主角正确知识和观念的辅助角色爱慕型：主角心仪的对象，通常也会是(男)女主角，对主角心境影响很大，是影响整个剧情变化的重要角色。

神秘型：对主角会有明显的正面或负面影响，绝不会自己报上名来，通常他都会被神格化。

竞争型：实力一定不主角先占优势，但本身会对主角的隐藏实力感到兴奋或畏惧，不会阻碍主角的进步，反而会促进主角的成长，成为足以和自己竞争的对手。

陷害型：通常为了得到主角拥有的某样东西，或者是本身看主角不顺眼等不同理由，经常和主角作对，也是剧情中不可或缺的角色。

丑角型：常常会扯人后腿，作出很白痴、荒唐的事，为搞笑而声的角色。

3、 每个角色都有他必要的功能，就象在线游戏一样。

在你的剧情中必须不断地制造平衡，再将平衡打破，因此角色之间的互动也就相应的重要，正面的力量太强时，就表示危机感不足;负面的力量太强时，就表示主角的地位要崩溃。在这样的堆栈下不断地制造出高潮。

三、桥段的发挥和设定

1、对比法桥段：在主角的定位上，安排另一个桥段，与主角的设定做嫉妒的反差对比，这样的方式，容易让读者有一个度量的标准，更能突现出主角的不同。

如：一个走投无路的败家子遇到一贫如洗，但对未来充满希望的主角，两者产生极大的反差，更能衬托主角，塑造他的形象。

2、堆栈法桥段：把桥段的布局事先安排到一个高度，再将主角叠到这个高度上，自然主角就不费吹灰之力到达最高的位置。

如：一个传说中的剑客，，剑术相当精湛，没有任何人是他的敌手，一些挑战他的都在三招内被斩毙。但是离奇的是，在对上一个不起眼的中年流浪汉时被一击打败了，而当众人崇拜他时出现了一个十七八岁的少年，流浪汉称他为师傅。这样的范例说明了少年可能是更厉害的角色，背后或许有很多的想象空间，看是我们已经将这少年的能力和地位等级，运用其他人的力量拉到了一个非凡的高点。

3、陷阱法桥段：运用桥段将主角慢慢逼向绝境，让读者一直为主角的危机而担心，再进行一个大的转变，使主角的位置正反颠倒，产生极大的落差，以突主角的能力。原则是，设定持续低潮的桥段，让转变过程迅速成为高潮，使主角能力加倍地突显。

比如：原本一直处在被欺负困境的主角，到最后才让读者知道，原来是主角一直在“大智若愚”，使得后期敌对方突然处在了下风。

四、善用伏笔

伏笔是作者为了表现某段重要的剧情，在先前便设了相关的桥段或提示，到故事进行了一个程度后，再将这个桥段或提示呼应出来的手法。

伏笔就象是一个隐藏的炸弹，它让剧情产生更多的变化，它的表现方式可能只有出现一次的画面，也可能是一段不经意的桥段，甚至有可能是一句对白;伏笔的埋设，不要和伏笔的呼应脱离太久，这样，读者的记忆可能会消失，而失去了伏笔的意义;伏笔的描述也可以是连续性的，在一个个段落中埋下伏笔的一个片段，最后在全部组合起来，这样方式的可以让伏笔体现的时间不断向后延伸。

1、伏笔离不开主题这是一个不变的原则，故事的重点只有一个，所有的因素都要因这样的原则而产生，伏笔的内容不要和主题无关，否则不但达不到效果，也有可能削弱了故事的力量。

2、不要使用过多的伏笔过多不同的伏笔，反而会让读者搞不清楚状况，失去了伏笔的意义，除非是有连贯性的伏笔，做连续性的埋设;过度的买弄伏笔，也会让故事的主题变的模糊不清。

3、成为转化的力量与高潮的爆发点伏笔的设计，目的是出乎读者的意料之外，这样的设计，也是剧情中转变的一种方式。伏笔的揭晓和呼应，时间点相当重要，这也牵涉到剧情的节奏问题，如果我们能善用伏笔，并在高潮点爆发，这是最好的表现方式。

4、记得收尾对伏笔的埋设，我们一定要相当的清楚，否则会变得虎头蛇尾，到最后突然小时了却没有清楚交代;前头埋伏了几个复辟，到最后就一定要相互呼应几个伏笔，如果我们的剧情太过复杂，建议最好能做笔记，再在编剧过程中不断地提醒自己，以免剧情结束后有所遗漏。

五、剧情的节奏

1、过山车原理我们说平淡的戏，可能提不起读者的兴趣，但是都是高潮的戏也会让读者过度紧张，变得麻痹;假设剧情的高低，就像一条起伏的曲线，我们可以分析出一个原则，就是高低起伏越大的剧情，达到的效果就越惊人，就像是游乐园的过山车一样，高低落差越大的段落，乘客尖叫的声音也就越凄惨，刺激的过程越高。我们可以称这样的原理叫做过山车原理。

2、剧情的拍子但是这里我们还要补充的是节奏。

如果高低起伏是坐标上的Y轴，那么X轴的部分可以说是拍子;音乐中一个小节可以是一拍，二分之一拍，也可以快到八分之一拍;节奏的快慢，相对的影响到人的情绪起伏，慢的拍子，给人平稳的情绪，而越快的拍子，则给人紧张的情绪，这样的原理也适用在剧情的结构上。

这里，大家应该注意到了，为什么说艺术是相同的原理，这个节奏同样的也可以体现在美术作品、书法、颜色及符号上等，都是同样的原理。

3、运用快慢的搭配来控制读者的情绪

a、平稳剧情搭配慢节奏 b、冲击剧情搭配快节奏

六、吊读者的胃口

很多新人编的故事常犯的错误，就是直肠子一路通到底，想说什么就说什么，很多不错的点子，还没有酝酿的过程，就直接演出来了。上面已经说了很多的激发，目的是在增加我们可以表演的手法，将我们想表达的重点，酝酿到最佳时机再爆发出来。明白地说，小说就像作家与读者的斗智，当我们安排的剧情，在一开始就已经被读者知道结局的话，读者还有想看下去的欲望吗?

1、让读者上钩

其实作者就是故事的主宰，你就是神，可以决定剧中任何角色的命运;同样的，你也可以决定你最精彩的点子，要在什么时候出现，只要是读者最想知道的答案，你就肯定不能太早让读者知道，但是每个过程却透露出一点点片段的信息，让读者急着想知道，又不能知道，然后便慢慢地被你的剧情牵着走。

2、最佳时机谜底揭晓

而让读者知道解答的时机，就像是在钓鱼一样，拉杆的时间点一定要准确，当鱼上钩时，太早拉了，诱饵还没有进到鱼嘴，鱼会跑掉;太晚拉了，诱饵已经被吃了，鱼也会跑。太早将答案说出，读者对你的需求还没形成，效果会打折扣;而太晚将答案说出来，读者失去耐心也会跑了。收放之间一定要掌握好，如果没有信心的话，不妨多让几个好友看看，给予一些意见，作为你修正的参考。

七、掌握主题

小说最重要原则应该就是掌握主题。当我们在进行创作时，无论有什么再好的点子，都应该以不偏离主题为最高原则。

觉得什么好就加入什么，没有想法就不断地假如其他的想法，这样的编剧方式是不正确的。我看到不少的小说都偏离的主题，常常是因为有了突发灵感，或许是没有好的想法，编不下去，就加入很多与主题不相干的进去，违背了主题。

1、如何不偏题

如果是能够加分的灵感，那是求之不得，一定要加进去，如果没有任何可以结合的可能，那么，就请将这个想法储存起来，说不定可以作为下一部作品的创意，。如果真的想不出点子，建议你回到原点，看看你先前的设定，只要之前的工作都做足了，一定可以从中找到一个方向的，你也可以在看看已经完成的剧情，是否有什么地方是忘了交代，或者可以延伸的;以读者的角度，反复地在你的作品中观察找寻可以接续的方向，也是一种方法;再不然，你就搁下笔，离开你的作品，做些其他的事情，让自己放松一下，因为可能你已经钻进牛角里无法自拔。

2、多线架构的使用原则

有时我们也会使用难度较高的多线架构，这样的编剧手法需要比较熟练的经验，对于大长篇的剧情，多线构架也变得必要，因为出现的人物越来越多，要交代的故事也不会仅限于一个故事，多线架构的注意重点大致如下：a、前后呼应：故事的主构架是固定的，在剧情当中会出现分支的剧情，但是记住，分支剧情最后必须在归于主题上，，否则会变成无法收尾。

b、主次分明：就是主题在分支架构出现后，逐渐被分支架构取代，分支架构变成主架构，这就是主题产生偏移，也是我们最当心的忌讳。因此，我们必须分清架构的主从系，才不至于编到最后反客为主。

C、懂得割爱：志气那也提过，有时候我们回有太多的点子，巴不得全部都挤到一部作品上。其实，当我们的剧情已经相当扎实的时候，就不要再画蛇添足，这会让读者产生麻痹，或者边得难以阅读。太复杂的剧情，通常也不太容易被大众接受，毕竟，小说是一种大众化的商品，我们要符合的对象也是一般的读者，因此，有时候割爱是必须的，保留一些好的创意，做瑕疵长做的题材。

八、制造高潮

平淡的剧情未尝不是一种表现的形式，如果你能将故事说的很平淡，却有撼动人心，那你的功力可就非比寻常了;平淡的手法其实也暗藏高潮，只是埋藏的很好不被看到罢了，对于创作的新人来说，高潮起伏的剧情会远比平淡的剧情容易处理多了，我们要先学会如何制造高潮，待经验丰富之后，再慢慢学者如何将高潮暗藏在剧情中。

读者在阅读你的作品时，总是在期待着你制造的高潮，你精心的规划，漫长的经营，为的就是将剧情中最精彩的部分，深刻地表现出来，感动读者的心，让读者为你哭为你笑。但如果没有表现好，这个作品其实就算失败了。

1、集中所有力量为了高潮：当剧情顺利的进展了，我们就要集中所有的注意力，制造出剧情中的高潮，我们应当集中所有的技巧，在关键的高潮点爆发出来，这样的剧情才会深入人心。

所谓的技巧，如：时间的流动、节奏、吊胃口、创意、主线、人物、场景、伏笔等

2、多不如好：剧情中的高潮不要放在架构上无关紧要的地方，其实也等同于不要偏离主线，等同于前面所有经营的方向不要偏离主题，这样的效果才能扎扎实实地呈现出来。

3、出人意外：另外，高潮的表现方式，希望哪个不要太过公式化，以往见过的各种表现方式是可以供作参考，但是最好我们能在多用点心思去变化，虚则实之，实则虚之，在与读者的斗智过程中，尽量能出乎众人的意料之外，才会让读者惊叹，总之，多想一点，就会有所不同。

4、持续的高潮：持续性的高潮是否是一种忌讳呢?我们希望与众不同，就必须要脱离框架，有时，忌讳的使用也是非常手段，能够达到非常的效果，如果我们在前期积蓄的能量是足以发挥到第二甚至第三次的高潮，那么，我们使用持续的高潮又未尝不可。

但是使用连续高潮时，须注意对读者的刺激性会产生麻痹，因此，该收的时候就要收，适可而止。

九、人性是故事的心脏

这里以漫画为题材来讲述这个道理。

有不少画技超高的作品，却不是最热门的作品，而有些热门的作品画技却相当平庸，道理其实简单，画面只是吸引读者第一印象的要素。就像是我们在街上见到一个帅哥一样，通常会不自觉地看上一眼，只能说是喜欢，但是要真正爱上他，甚至一生一世，那你就会考虑他的内在了。如果他像个木头人虚有其表，可能放在你身边一星期你都会觉得碍眼。因此，除了吸引读者的第一眼之外，如何留住读者完整地看完你的作品而不觉得厌倦，就是决胜的关键了，想想看那些连载数十册的漫画巨着，是如何留住读者的心长达十年以上的光阴而不变，更是为之而疯狂地追捧。

(写到这里，我突然想到前几年，就是漫画作品《棋魂》很红的那段时期，中国的围棋协会，不知道叫什么来这，忘名了，只知道他在中国的围棋界享有很高的知名度，在他新出的围棋小说中却大量地抄袭《棋魂》这部作品，结果使他在上海签名会时被大量的《棋魂》迷臭骂，更是有人流着泪当着他的面撕掉他的小说。这是何等的痛心啊!中国的名人尽抄袭了日本的作品，作为《棋魂》迷的读者(包括大部分的漫画迷)，是无法忍受的!结果他的网站论坛被骂的帖子超过 10000页，每天骂人的帖子接近1000页的数字增长。想想看，当是一部漫画作品就有那么多人的拥戴，这需何等的魅力。我想问问看，中国有几部的小说能达到这种效果?还有部《海贼王》的漫画，我看连载起码有个12年以上，拥护、支持它，为它而疯狂的漫迷有多少啊!他的销售书册有好几次位居日本漫画榜首，为什么?说白了，就因为是它可以让人大笑，也可以让人大哭的动漫作品，人物个性鲜明，故事发展令人匪夷所思，紧紧扣住“人性”来描述的作品。)

答案其实很简单，就是人性!我们必须给予剧中的角色有独特的性格，运用这些强烈的角色，将人性完整的表达出来。我们必须能控制读者的情绪，引发读者的人性，让读者该哭时狂哭，该笑时狂笑，这也就是戏剧的独特魅力。

因此设计选题时，人物也是担任相当重要的部分，有些好的题材，其实也是在人设前就已经成功了。记住设定选材时，也将人物与人性的表达重点预设进去。任何作品吸引读者目光的地方不是单纯的画技、华丽的语句，而是动人的故事，而动人的故事往往是由人性表现出来的。

十、同中求异

很多的经典题材或是成功的作品都是值得吸收参考的，世界上没有被创作出来的题材似乎已经很少了，对于我们的创作来说，经常会发现一个很多的创意题材，可能在很久以前已经有人做过了，或不久之后市面上出现雷同的题材，令你十分惋惜，这种撞车的情形是常常发生的。试想，当你的作品被忍耐怀疑有抄袭嫌疑的时候，你是不是会觉得无辜呢?

我们如何在信息和创意不断爆炸的年代中找到自己的定位，或者是在已经成功的题材中发现新的课题。即便是再经典的题材，因为时空的转换，和创作者成长环境的不同，也有机会出现不同的表达方式和新的内涵，因此，找出成功作品的骨架、精神及精彩的要素，加入自己新的想法及个人的特色重新包装，不难找出好的作品方向。

十一、格局的创意

不知道大家有没有看过电影的一些影视分析，大家都说张艺某的片子都是大格局，能做到像张艺某一样大格局的人为数不多的。

1、点型创意：这类型的创意，通常只用于一个小细节上，不适合做太长的延伸，在创作上是属于点缀的作用。

点型创意是一个独立的创意类型，她可以单独的存在，也可以任意地置入到剧情中需要的部分。

类似一句有趣的对白，或是一个搞笑的动作，这样的创意也能转换成为角色的口头禅或习惯动作。

在一个好的剧本里面，点型的创意是随时存在的，因为他就像一张完美的家具的装饰一样，让读者随时随刻都体会到作者的用心。

这样的创意是不具备延伸性的，我们在发想的阶段，如果是长篇的故事，则必须将这样的创意记录下来，无需放进故事骨架当中，因为发想阶段，筛选出重点是相当重要的，必须时割舍这样的创意也没有关系。

2、关键型创意：这类型的创意是属于剧情中重要桥段或转折点上的关键，他会影响到故事的延伸发展和呼应前头的伏笔，这样的创意也有可能形成一个短篇的故事关键型创意的特点就是他只为了某个单一的目的所产生的点子，不同于典型的创意，他的框架足以发挥到一个简单完整的故事。

关键型创意在长篇的故事当中，可以是一个段落的重要环节，数个关键型创意，便足以架构出一个长篇的故事。

发想时的重点，在于出人意料的情节转变，目的在于短时间内压缩读者的情绪，或引读者的注目。

长篇故事开场时的关键创意更是重要，因为读者在前几回的反应，决定了你这篇作品的后续生命，如果没有在一开始就运用关键型创意吸引住读者，后续的故事再精彩都可能徒劳无功。

3、架构型创意：也就是足以支撑个长篇故事或单元性故事的主要架构创意，这样的架构也就是我们所说的故事骨架，而故事骨架的好坏取决于构架型创意是否够力。

关于创意，除了及时捕捉突如其来的灵感之外，平时的积累也是很内重要的，拥有了一定的积累，对日后的创作会非常有帮助。

当以上所提到的创意灵感充分集合之后，才能构思出有趣深动的故事情节。

十二、发想创意的方法

1、市场分析法：观察目前市场上流行的素材，若是现有的素材大多已开发，则可运用两种以上的流行素材结合成为新的创作题材，这类的手法常常出现在偶像剧的创作上。小说也一样，奇幻的故事可以结合武侠，都市的故事可以结合奇幻等等!

首先，我们必须先关注流行的信息，针对你有兴趣的题材，开始收集相关的资料，做基本的功课，最好也能到相关的场所实际体验，并与相关的人物进行访谈，会让创作的内容更贴近现实，当然，若是该题材是你亲身的经历将会更好，因为很多细节的部分描写更为主动。

2、趋势发想法：未来的世界一直是科学家们努力研究的方向，以往这样的想象都仅能从想象力丰富的脑袋中挖掘出来，庆幸的是现在这些对未来的预测我们也能在各类媒体中轻易地得知，而且也极可能的被实现，因此，除了以现在有的环境当作创意发想的方向之外，我们也可以多注意未来的趋势方向，越遥远的未来，想象的空间也就越大。

3、逆向思维法：一般人的思考模式会依寻自我或前人的经验甚至书本上的资料作为依据，而这样的方向也往往让创意受到了局限，尚若问题和答案在同一个圆圈的两个点上，而两个点又极为相近，如果依照经验，必须要绕完一圈才能获得答案，那么反过来走，可能答案就近在眼前了。

另外，与常人的思考逻辑完全相同，也就等同于没有新鲜感，没有刺激性。如果违反常人的思考方式，你可能就会轻易地找到的全新创意。

4、欲望满足法：其实许多创作都在满足人们对现实环境的不满足。人会有很多欲望，但是这些欲望大部分人一生都很难达成，小到希望能知道明天考试的答案，希望哪个同桌讨厌的小胖不要再欺负我：希望有一个超级帅哥或美女当你的异性朋友，等等。

现实生活达不到的事，人们希望能由幻想来满足自己。

十三、最后要注意的

永远觉得不足，在创作中不断地修正。

作为一个创作者，应该有求新求变的精神，因为读者不断地成长，市面上的作品也会不断地推陈出新，如果没有挑战的心态，作品便会变的陈旧，而渐渐脱离市场，你也会慢慢也退居幕后。

记住保留一种心态，就是永远觉得不足，也只有不足才会想要进步，也才会不断地吸收成长，你认为的高有多高，宇宙的尽头到得了吗?人类永远是渺小的，学习永远都不会结束。而在创作中，也不要自满，随时检视自己的作品是否还有更好的可能，因为作品面对的是各式各样挑剔的读者。特别是新的写手，很容易会被一些花言巧语的评语捧得天花乱坠，不能自我，还真以为自己写得很好了。我们面对的评语无论好坏，都必须朝不断创新、不断学习、不断超越自我的方向努力，这也应该是创作者的坚持。

在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学生记叙文的写作技巧，希望可以帮助到大家！

德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

有些小朋友看见同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来!”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨着。

那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢?

一、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知着的好眼力。

照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。

二、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。

在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。

三、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。

背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。

四、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。

从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上(意)想“深”，客观上(事)显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。

有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是：

吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。

这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。

总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。

不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座;不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。

那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢?

一、从自己的生活中去找

不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢?

其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。

二、做生活的有心人。

常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢?不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧?可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。

三、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。

一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗?不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。

四、打开思路，扩大视野。

有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。

法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢?是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢?原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊!”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。

罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手(次要部分)突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。

雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。

那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢?

一、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。

二、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。

一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。

一般说，记叙文在下面几种情况需要过渡：

一、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。

二、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。

三、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。

四、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。

一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况：

一、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。二、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。

三、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。

总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作文时千万不能忽视。

写文章应该怎样开头?怎么结尾?谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。全文摘抄如下：

有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性;报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊;报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”

看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路;有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮;所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。

到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是：

一、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。

二、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。

三、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么?难道你不想看下去吗?

四、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。

做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是：

一、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的：

下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

1 人活着 总是要得罪一些人的 就要看那些人是否值得得罪

When alive ,we may probably offend some people.However, we must think about whether they are deserved offended。

2 命里有时终需有 命里无时莫强求

You will have it if it belongs to you,whereas you dont kveth for it if it doesnt appear in your life。

3 没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。

No one indebted for others,while many people dont know how to cherish others。

4 永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。

Eternity is not a distance but a decision。

5 在回忆里继续梦幻不如在地狱里等待天堂

Dreaming in the memory is not as good as waiting for the paradise in the hell。

6 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹

Where there is great love, there are always miracles。

7 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。

Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes。

8 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。

If I had a single flower for every time I think about you, I could walk forever in my garden。

9 有了你，我迷失了自我;失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。

Within you I lose myself, without you I find myself wanting to be lost again。

10 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人

At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet。

11 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。

Look into my eyes you will see what you mean to me。

12 距离使两颗心靠得更近。

Distance makes the hearts grow fonder。

13 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。

If equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me。

14 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。

Love is a vine that grows into our hearts。

15 因为你，我懂得了爱。

If I know what love is, it is because of you。

16 爱情是生活最好的提神剂。

Love is the greatest refreshment in life。

17 有了你，黑暗不再是黑暗。

The darkness is no darkness with thee。

18 如果没有人爱我们，我们也就不会再爱自己了。

We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us。

18 治疗爱的创伤唯有加倍地去爱。

There is no remedy for love but to love more。

20 如果爱不疯狂就不是爱了。

When love is not madness, it is not love。

21 有爱的心永远年轻。

A heart that loves is always young。

22 爱情就像月亮，不增则减。

Love is like the moon, when it does not increase, it decreases。

23 灵魂不能没有爱而存在。

The soul cannot live without love。

24 生命虽短，爱却绵长。

Brief is life, but love is long。

25 爱比大衣更能驱走寒冷。

Love keeps the cold out better than a cloak。

26 没有了爱，地球便成了坟墓。

Take away love, and our earth is a tomb。

27 我的爱与你同在。

My heart is with you。

28 尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想!

I miss you so much already and I havent even left yet!

29 我会想你，在漫漫长路的每一步。

Ill think of you every step of the way。

30 无论你身在何处，无论你为何忙碌，我都会在此守候

Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you。

1、每一个成功者都有一个开始。勇于开始，才能找到成功的路。

2、任何的限制，都是从自己的内心开始的。

3、古之成大事者，不唯有超世之才，亦必有坚韧不拔之志也。

4、世界上那些最容易的事情中，拖延时间最不费力。

5、一天过完，不会再来。

6、再长的路，一步步也能走完，再短的路，不迈开双脚也无法到达。

7、世界会向那些有目标和远见的人让路。

8、即使爬到最高的山上，一次也只能脚踏实地地迈一步。

9、有事者，事竟成;破釜沉舟，百二秦关终归楚;苦心人，天不负;卧薪尝胆，三千越甲可吞吴。

10、这个社会，是赢家通吃，输者一无所有，社会，永远都是只以成败论英雄。

11、伟人之所以伟大，是因为他与别人共处逆境时，别人失去了信心，他却下决心实现自己的目标。

12、一个年轻人，如果三年的时间里，没有任何想法，他这一生，就基本这个样子，没有多大改变了。

13、任何一个行业，一个市场，都是先来的有肉吃，后来的汤都没的喝。

14、一流的人才，可以把三流项目做成二流或更好，但是，三流人才，会把一流项目，做的还不如三流。

15、勤奋是你生命的密码，能译出你一部壮丽的史诗。

16、不管多么险峻的高山，总是为不畏艰难的人留下一条攀登的路。

17、机会只对进取有为的人开放，庸人永远无法光顾。

18、因为穷人很多，并且穷人没有钱，所以，他们才会在网络上聊天抱怨，消磨时间。

19、怠惰是贫穷的制造厂。

20、最好的节约是珍惜时间，最大的浪费是虚度年华。