自考英语写作基础教程通用20篇

一、了解高分作文的特点

要想作文获得高分，必须了解高分作文具有的特点，才有助于我们朝之而努力。高分作文一般具有以下特点：

1、书写工整，书面整洁，很少有涂改痕迹。

2、分段合理。全文分段一般不止一个自然段，让阅卷老师很容易就能找到作文所要求写的要点和重要句子。

3、要点齐全，不缺要点。

4、首尾呼应，自然成一体。

5、使用了大量的高级词汇和句型。阅卷老师一看就知道这个同学的功底非不一般，自然就给打高分了。

6、开头言简意赅，不啰嗦，不偏题，迅速引入主题。

7、段与段之间，自然过渡。有合适的连接词。

8、句与句之间，有恰当的连接词，使之自然成一体。

9、全文中同一个意思，基本没有重复使用某一个词、短语或者句型等，说明这个同学的词汇量不同寻常。老师自然就对该作文有好感了。

10、能够恰当使用谚语、格言等给文章添彩。

二、勤积累，巧准备

要想作文得高分，除了了解以上的特点外，还要在平时的学习中注意一下方面：

1、牢记课标词汇是基础

一篇作文多数是由积极词汇写出来的，这些词汇主要来源于课标。因此，牢记课标词汇是写好作文的基础。

2、掌握课标词汇和短语的用法

要想作文不扣分或者少扣分，有个要求是作文的语病少。怎么能够减少语病呢?这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中反复通过练习，掌握课标词汇和短语等的用法。例如，对于assoonas、stopsomebodyfromdoingsomething、other、another等的用法很多学生就经常出错。

3、高度重视同一个意思的多种表达方式

高分作文有个特点是：让老师发现你拥有丰富的词汇量，你的水平高人一筹。这由何而来?靠我们在平时学习过程中，逐步积累起来的。比如：今年的中考作文，谈的就是帮助他人的问题。同一个意思“帮助”，假如你就用一个动词“help”，岂不显得你词汇贫乏?假如你在作文中不断地变换方式，用help、givesomebodyahand、giveahandtosomebody、beinneedof等以表达“帮助”同一个意思，岂不更好呢?

像这样的例子很多，比如：大家都觉得很简单又很基础的“表示姓名的方式”就有：MynameisJim.I’mJim.I’mcalled/namedJim.I’maboycalled/named/withthenameofJim.等等。

表达年龄的方式有：Sheis12.Sheis12yearsold.Sheisaged12.Sheisagirlof12(yearsold)。Sheisagirlaged12.等等。

很显然，使用高级一点的更好。

4、加强练习，积累经验

学习语言最好的方法是运用，作文也不例外。我们要想作文得高分，必须经常练习，才能提高水平。

5、充分利用作文范文

很多资料书上都有作文范文。诚然，他们有很多值得借鉴的地方。

我们怎么利用它们呢?首先，我们先不要看文章，自己先思考一下：假如你来写，你会怎么去写，会用到哪些词或者句子等。然后去比较，勾出其中的好词佳句，并且把它摘录在专门的作文册子上。供写作时选用。

另外，背一些范文也是很有必要的。

6、背诵一些谚语和警句

作文中如果出现恰当的谚语和警句，会有锦上添花的效果。

三、精心审题，沉着写初稿

很多同学看到作文后，下笔就写。这是不对的。一则很容易写偏题、写出病句，涂改后书面又不整洁，影响得分。

其实，会写作文的同学都知道，审题非常的重要，可以防止很多毛病，提高得分。那么我们审题要做些什么呢?

审题主要要做一下事情：

1、审人称、时态、体裁等

审题时，要求我们要弄清楚这篇文章主要使用的人称是第几人称，什么时态、什么体裁。这些问题解决后至少不会犯很严重的错误：全文皆错。例如，如果一篇文章，本来应该一般过去时，你的每句话却用了一般现在时态。你想想，那还能得高分吗?

2、明确必须表达的要点

高分作文有个特点是要点齐全。如果漏掉一个要点，则要扣分。因此我们必须认真细读其要求，把必须表达的要点勾出来。保证不漏掉任何一个要点。

3、罗列出可能会用到的短语、句型，确定好使用哪个?

4、确定好如何分段

1. the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

2. Nothing is + ~er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

3. ~cannot emphasize the importance of ~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

4. There is no denying that + S + V ... (不可否认的...)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

5. It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

6. There is no doubt that + 句子~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：There is no doubt that our air pollution leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的空气污染令人不满意。

7. An advantage of ~ is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

8. The reason why + 句子 ~is that + 句子 (……的原因是……)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air / The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

9. So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此……以致于……)

例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们浪费不起。

10. Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V(虽然...)

例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. 【by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不】

虽然我们的国家富有，但我们的生活品质一点也不令人满意。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

同学们在习作中经常要描写景物，你你知道怎样写好写景作文吗？下面是小编为大家带来的小学生怎样写好写景作文的知识，欢迎阅读。

一、学习抓景物特点的几种方法。

同学们，地各有貌，不同的环境有不同的特点。因此，我们要仔细观察景物，抓住特点写具体，让人有身临其境之感。请看以下片断，想想作者是怎样抓住景物特点写的。

1.出示“夏日的中午，万里碧空上飘着朵朵白云。这些白云，有的几片连在一起，像海洋里翻滚着银色的浪花，像层峦叠嶂的远山，有时在一片银灰色的大云层上，又飘浮着一朵朵大小不一、形状不同的云朵儿，就像岛屿礁石上怒放的海石花。”这个片断作者是抓住了白云的形状、大小进行描写的。

2.请同学们再读以下几个片断，看看这几位作者又是怎样抓住景物特点写的？

①“这地方的火烧云变化极多，一会儿红彤彤的，一会儿金灿灿的，一会儿半紫半黄，一会儿半灰半百合色。葡萄灰，梨黄，茄子紫，这些颜色天空都有，还有些说也说不出来，见也没见过的颜色。”这个片断作者抓住了火烧云的色彩绚丽的特点进行描写的，从而反映了火烧云的美。

②“远处，几棵栎树呆立不动，一群一群的羚羊和驼鸟走来走去。一条弯弯的小河缓缓地向东南流去，岸边盛开着一簇簇美丽的鲜花。”这个片断作者抓住了栎树、羚羊、驼鸟、小河、鲜花的数量进行描写的。

③“傍晚，青蛙‘呱呱’地叫起来，啄木鸟‘笃笃’地啄着树杆。甲虫‘嗡嗡’地叫。扬科躺在河边静静地听着。”这个片断作者抓住了青蛙、啄木鸟、甲虫发出的声响进行描写，反映了小音乐家扬科对音乐的喜爱。

3.写景除了抓住景物的形状、大小、色彩、数量、声响这些方面进行描写外，还可以从那些方面抓住景物的特点进行描写呢？还可抓住景物的神韵、动态变化来写。例如

①“现在正是枝叶繁茂的时节。这棵大榕树好像在把它全部生命展示给我们看。那么多的绿叶，一簇堆在另一簇上面，不留一点缝隙。翠绿的颜色明亮地在我们眼前闪耀，似乎每一片树叶上都有一个新生命在颤动，这美丽的南国的树！”这段描写作者抓住了大榕树枝繁叶茂中所表现出的神韵进行描写，使我们感觉到她充满了生命力。

②以上描写“火烧云”的片断。作者是抓住了火烧云短时间里色彩变化多、快的特点，反映了火烧云的美、奇。

③“清晨，江面上格外平静，碧波荡漾，银光闪烁，海鸥在江面上展翅飞翔。此时，我总爱伫立在江堤上向北眺望吴淞口，那一望无际的江面，水天相连。一陈清风拂来，猛吸一口新鲜空气，顿时令人心旷神怡。江堤边的树林里，鸟儿清脆的叫声此起彼伏。一群老人在堤岸边散步，打太极拳……当阳光撒满江面的时候，江面开始沸腾了。你看，那大小船只来来往往，川流不息。机帆船的马达声、大轮船的汽笛声，江浪的撞击声交织在一起，奏响了一支雄壮的交响乐。“呜“的一声汽笛。一艘万吨轮由远而近，所到之处涌起两排巨浪，呈八字形，像两条白龙朝两面三刀岸滚来，浪花扑打在江边的岩石滩上，溅起一簇簇白花……傍晚，夕阳把江面映得通红。此时，我和小伙伴们总爱到江边的岩石堆上捉螃蜞。一个傍晚可捉二、三十只。晚上，沸腾的江面恢复了宁静。这时，停靠在码头上的万吨巨轮灯火辉煌，和天上的繁星交相辉映，把船边的江水也映红了。江风阵阵，迎面袭来，驱散了夏日的暑意。”这个片断作者抓住了江面从早到晚的变化，写出了江面特有的美景。

④我们的教室和操场中间，有一条甬道，甬道两旁是两排齐刷刷的梧桐树。春风给它满枝叶苞，点点鹅黄，片片嫩绿。夏日，一张绎叶就是一个绿色的巴掌，托着一轮骄阳。一棵树就是一把漂亮的遮阳伞，树下清风习习。梧桐美在秋天。每天中秋过后，几场秋雨。几阵秋风，把那叶子染成锈红色。此时，蓝王码电脑公司软件中心高空，秋阳淡光，梧桐白白的躯干，红红的树冠，显得分外娴静、妖娆，优雅、庄重。走在这甬道上，置身在画图中，沉浸在恬适的氛围里。不必可惜，西北风一夜刮尽树叶，那遍地铺金，不正象征这金色的丰收季节吗？冬天，梧桐粗壮的树干，光秃的枝桠，倔强地挺立在那里，顶严寒，斗风雪。看到它，缩颈袖手的人会挺起胸来，凝视它的身影，会油然而生敬意。这个片断作者抓住了梧桐树在一年四季的不同特点，反映了作者对校园梧桐树的喜爱和赞美之情。

二、总结抓景物特点，写好景物的几种方法。

同学们，以上这些片断告诉我们，要写好景物，可抓住景物的形状、大小、色彩、数量、声响、神韵、变化等这些方面进行描写。这样就可抓住景物的特征，使读者感到鲜明生动，有身临其境之感。当然，并不是在写每样景物时，都要运用以上这些描写方法，应根据所写景物的特征，有所侧重地选择景物描写方法，而且写时要展开丰富的联想。另外，还须注意描写景物也要按一定的顺序，一层一层地写。有的按景物的远近写；有的按方位写；有的按整体与局部的关系写，等等。但不能像列清单一样地把所有景物都写下来，要抓住特点，有重点地写。最后，要说的是：不管写什么景物都要写出自己的真情实感。

描写景物开头

在文章的开头，运用景物描写，为文中所写的人和事渲染环境、提供背景，能给人以美好清新的印象。写景的内容，可以是天气情况、自然风光、建筑设施，可以是动景静景、远景近景、美景劣景、大景小景等。小朋友们都爱好景物，也最喜欢写景，这种开头，会一下子抓住读者，有助于增强读者的阅读兴趣。

当然，开头运用景物描写，要注意三个方面：一是写景的文字不能过多，不能一写到景物，就没完没了，无始无终，结果，景物写了很多，显得头大身子小，文章不匀称；二是要重点突出，主要景物多写一些，次要景物点一下即可，不能样样都写，结果都没有写好；三是写景是为人和事服务的，要与文中所写的人和事有密切关联，景与人事不能脱节，更不能把景物写成了文章的累赘。

请看下面这个开头

瓦蓝瓦蓝的天，丝丝缕缕的轻云如烟般缭绕，夕阳的光辉洒满田间，万条金线接天浮动，玫瑰色的光彩，映在绿得发黑的菜上，叶面上像抹了一层油，亮闪闪的。

这段文字，是习作《路过天堂》的开头，用的全是景物描写，主要是仰视之景，夕阳下的美景，蓝天、轻云、夕照的光彩、碧绿的菜叶，渲染了美好的情境，为写“我”下文“路过天堂寨”提供了优美的环境背景。读后有身临其境之感，令人心驰神往，显然是一个好的开头。

三、景物的描写手法。

所谓描写景物，通常指描写自然景物，但也包括对社会景物即社会环境的描写。

景物描写是小学生作文的重要内容。景物描写的内容十分广泛。山川大地，风雷云电，春夏秋冬，清晨午夜……以及这些事物的交错组合就构成了景物描写的对象。写作的目的则因文而异。有的在歌颂祖国山河的壮丽，有的则借写景而抒发某种感情。

要写好景物，应该注意以下几个方面

一、抓住景物的特征。

对所写景物认真观察，抓住特点，是写好这类文章的前提。而能否抓住景物的特点，关键在于作者细心的观察，并将观察所得铭记于心。正所谓静观默察，烂熟于心。因此，要求在观察中，善于抓住不同季节、不同时间、不同地区中景物呈现出的颜色、形态、声响、气味等方面特有的变化，善手通过眼、耳、鼻、舌、身等感官去观察、体会。这样，才能抓住景物特征加以描写。为此，一要注意不同季节的特征。一年有春、夏、秋、冬四季，季节的变化会引起景物的变化。每个季节的景物都有各自的特征；二要注意时间变化的特征。有的景物在不同的时间往往各有特征。白昼、夜晚、早晨、黄昏都为景物涂上了不同的色彩；三要注意气候不同的特征。同一景物在雨中、风中、雾中、雪中所展现的景观是不同的，四要注意不同的地理特征。南方、北方、城市、乡村、高原、平地，不同的地域，有着各自不同的景物特征。

二、要选好观察的角度。

选好观察的角度，就要先确立好观察点。要根据表达的需要运用固定立足点和变换立足点观察景物的方法，或远观、或近觑、或仰视、或俯瞰。同时，要注意观察的顺序，是由近及远，还是由远而近？是由上而下，还是由下而上？这是指空间的变换。还可以时间的变化或游览的先后为顺序。这样，所描写的景物才不会杂乱无章。总之，要做多角度、多侧面的描写。

三、安排好描写的顺序。

景物描写的顺序一般分为空间顺序和时间顺序两种

空间顺序--一般是取一个固定的观察点，按照视线移动的顺序依次写出各个位置上的景物。还有一种空间顺序，不取固定的观察点，而随着观察者位置的转移来描写景物，这叫做游览顺序。

时间顺序--同一个地方在不同的时间里，其景物是有变化的，按一定的时段依次写来，可以表现出景物的丰富多姿，使人产生美的感受。时段有长短之分，长时段如春、夏、秋、冬，短时段如晨、午、暮、夜。选用哪一种时间顺序，应视描写对象的特点而定，

四、要融情于景，表达主观感受。

国学大师王国维曾断言：“一切景语皆情语”。景物是客观的，而写景之人则是有情的，作者对任何景物，总会有自己的感情。没有感情色彩的景物只不过是苍白美丽的“躯壳”，难以达到感人的目的；同时，观察、描摹景物的过程本身也是写作主观感受的过程，因此，要在写景的字里行间，自然渗透感情，寓情于景。做到情景交融，物我一体。写景贵有情，在描绘客观景物的同时，要把自己的喜怒哀乐等思想感情融注到作品中去，使读者产生共鸣，进而给读者带来愉悦之情，陶醉之情，将读者带入特定的情景之中，受到美的熏陶，获得美的享受。

五、运用动静结合的手法。

只写静景，很容易使文章呆滞，而只写动景，又可能失去稳定。只有将静态描写景物形态特征和动态描写利于传神的长处结合起来，所绘景物才会具体、生动，给读者留下深刻的印象。

描写景物需要绘形、绘色、绘声，仿佛使人看得见、摸得着、听得到，这就需要尽可能选用那些生动形象的语言。因而要善于找到最能表现景物特征的动词和一些恰当的形容词，尤其要善于运用比喻、拟人等修辞方法，但要注意不能堆砌词藻。

[写作基础：小学生怎样写好写景作文

1. 不用说……

It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：It goes without saying that it pays off to keep early hours.

不用说早睡早起是值得的。

2. 在各种……之中，……

Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

在我看来，玩电脑游戏既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do/that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

=It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：At least it will prove how honest you are.

那至少可以证明你很诚实。

8. 状语从句

⑴ 如果你不…，你就会… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

⑵ 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

⑶ 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一.��清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不...... I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

领导讲话是秘书部门常见的文字材料，是秘书人员必须熟悉和掌握的一种文体。怎样撰写领导讲话，笔者根据自己十年办公室工作的实践认为，应从以下三个方面去努力。

一、在写作特点上，注意奏好四部曲

第一，进入领导角色。进入领导角色是写好领导讲话的前提。因为领导讲话是领导意志的直接反映和完整表述。如果不能站在领导的高度，就写不出符合领导要求的好稿来。因此，秘书人员要有意识地使用领导眼光，运用领导魄力，高屋建瓴，观察问题，分析问题，处理问题，使所写的讲话材料既有气势，又有魄力;既有广度，又有深度。不能脱离领导，站在局外，凭自己的主观想象去东拼西凑。

第二，展示领导艺术。领导讲话是一种论事说理的文字材料，是一种展示领导才华的公开形式，应认真对待。讲话的内容一般包括三个方面：上级机关要求做什么，为什么;我们要做什么，怎样做;不能做什么，为什么不能。因此，它要求讲话材料既要体现一定的理论水平，又要展示高超的领导艺术。

第三，推出领导举措。领导讲话通常是为了部署某项工作或开展某项活动而作出的。因此，必须有明确的指导思想和过硬的工作举措。常见的领导举措有：提高认识、加强领导、抓点带面、督促检查、总结评比等。

第四，运用领导语言。正确运用领导讲话时的特殊语言，可以起到加强效果的作用。必须认真研究语言表述问题，努力做到全面、完整、准确、肯切。讲话材料中常见的领导语言有：传达精神的概括语言;分析形势的完整语言;布置工作的肯切语言;开展动员的激励语言。

二、在写作方法上，注意定好六步棋

一是查阅文件，吃透精神。对上级机关下发的正式文件和上级领导作出的重要讲话，要认真阅读，细心研究，把握要点，吃透精神。只有这样，才能使所撰的讲话材料体现上级文件精神，符合上级政策规定。

二是深入调查，摸清情况。要写好领导讲话，就要熟悉基本的和全面的情况。只有深入细致的调查，才能得到准确的情况。“没有调查，就没有发言权”，道理就在于此。调查没有深度，讲话就没有力度。因此，起草讲话稿之前，要主动深入基层，运用多种方式，从不同角度、各种层次、多个侧面做“解剖”性调查。通过实地调查，获得来自基层单位的实际情况。

三是研究消化，提炼升华。对调查获得的材料进行梳理筛选，去粗取精，去伪存真，再经过理性的分析研究，使零乱松散的素材达到凝炼升华的高度，形成一个鲜明的主题。

四是征求意见，罗列提纲。形成文字材料之前，必须慎重地向领导本人征求意见，包括篇幅的长短、内容的多少、表扬事项与批评事项等等。征求意见之后，就可以根据领导的要求、调查的情况和会议的主旨，拟定提纲了。

五是挥笔疾书，一气呵成。文章的框架扎好了，就如画家画梅有了主干，下一步就是添枝加叶、排花润色了。经过一番构思酝酿之后，若要动笔行文，最好找个安静的地方，集中精力，一次完稿。如果断断续续，“三天打鱼，两天晒网”，就可能影响到文章的连贯性和逻辑性。

六是字斟句酌，严审细核。一次写成的稿子毕竟有点粗糙，必须认真细致地进行修改和校核。讲话材料的修改，要从整体着眼，从局部入手。不仅要从大的方面如观点、材料、结构等方面考虑，而且要从小的方面如题目、语言、标点等方面加以修改。

三、在写作技巧上，注意把好三道关

领导讲话的结构一般包括导言、主体和结尾三部分，也就是通常所说的“三道关”。

(一)导言。导言是文章的先导语言，是讲话稿的开头，类似于新闻报道中的导语。其内容可以是全文提要，也可以是概括介绍。一般介绍会议的性质、背景、主题、任务、形式、程序、目的以及方法步骤等。这段文字尽管在整个报告中份量不大，但颇为重要。它既是标题及事由的承接，又是主体内容展开的序幕，对全文起着提纲挈领的作用。

(二)主体。主体部分是领导讲话的核心，可分为“上级指示精神”和“本地工作部署”两个部分。“上级指示精神”主要包括：会议的性质和概况;对当前形势的最新看法;对某种工作的评价和估量;对下级工作的指示和要求。传达上级指示精神应坚持详尽的原则，该写的一定要写清楚。“本地工作部署”，主要包括的内容有：本地区在全局范围内所处的位置;过去工作积累的经验;当前的有利条件;落实上级机关或领导指示精神的举措;总结评比和奖惩办法。进行工作部署是落实上级指示精神的关键环节，要注意必要性和可能性的有机结合，注意全局利益与局部利益的有机协调。安排“上级指示精神”与“本地工作部署”所占篇幅时，应注意两点：当领导讲话的重点是传达精神时，“上级指示精神”所占篇幅要长;当领导讲话的重点是部署工作时，则“本地工作部署”所占篇幅要长。

(三)结尾。结尾是领导讲话的收尾部分。一般表明讲话人对会议的看法、希望和祝愿，是对全篇讲话内容的总结、概括和升华。领导讲话的结尾通常可分为“升华主题”和“祝愿会议”两个部分。“升华主题”所起的作用是强调前面的讲话内容，把会议的气氛推向高潮，其形式有五种：一是总结式。对全文进行总结概括，起强调作用。二是召唤式。向参加会议的同志或一定范围内的同志发出号召。三是预测式。对某项工作的完成情况作出分析与预测。四是希望式。对会议或某项工作寄予的希望。五是鼓舞式。为完成某项重要工作任务而鼓劲加油。“祝愿会议”所起的作用是表明对会议的态度。常用的祝词有“预祝大会圆满成功”、“祝各位代表身体健康”等。

写作领导讲话的各个部分应遵循三条原则：一是导言部分的简明原则;二是主体部分的详尽原则;三是结尾部分的升华原则。

关于领导讲话稿的写作基础：

第一部分 起草领导讲话稿的基础工作

领导讲话稿是情况信息的积累与凝聚、政策的阐发、理论的深化、工作的要求、研究的结晶、实践的总结和领导意图的体现。要起草好领导讲话稿，关键是要做好与起草领导讲话稿相关的基础工作。

一、起草领导讲话稿的主要基础工作

起草领导讲话稿的基础工作主要包括三个大的方面:一是政策理论和业务准备。二是情况资料准备。三是对领导意图、脉搏的把握、准备。具体包括以下七个方面内容:

(一)资料工作。第一，尽可能全面、客观、准确地掌握情况信息，即做到搜集资料不厌其多、整理资料不厌其烦、储存资料不厌其杂。第二，搜集的资料必须分门别类，分专题或专卷存放。第三，对搜集的资料要及时学习、分析、研究，真正把“死东西”变成“活东西”。第四，搜集资料的方式既可以个人单独搞，也可以集体统一搞，理想的模式是个人与集体结合起来搞。

(二)综合工作。第一，根据起草领导讲话稿的需要，经常自觉地开展自我服务性的综合工作。第二，根据领导的决策需要，开展为领导决策服务的综合工作。第三，综合工作贵在经常有用。第四，为起草领导讲话稿所做的综合工作，应有别于一般的综合材料工作，应以短小精悍的小综合材料为主。

(三)调查研究。第一，要经常围绕领导决策和公安中心工作，抓住一些鱼待解决的重大问题和突出矛盾，深入调查研究，力争发现一些重要的倾向性问题，提出一些有重要参考价值的意见或建议。第二，要通过调查研究摸到重要的有用情况，研究出有价值的成果。

(四)形势分析。第一，当前情况与未来发展趋势相结合。第二，既要看到有利形势，又要看到不利形势。第三，要有深入、精辟的分析，既有鲜明的论点，.又有充足的论据，一还要有科学的论证。

(五)政策理论学习与研究工作。一是马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想。二是党和国家历史与现实的路线、方针、政策，三是法律、法规尤其是与公安工作有关的法律、法规。四是历史的和现实的公安工作的大政方针。第一，提高政策理论水平的唯一途径是学习、学习、再学习。第二，要多研究政策理论，多研究问题。第三，一要注意把理论与实践结合好，创造性地提出工作措施和要求。

(六)渊博的知识基拙。要具备文学知识、社会学知识、政治学知识、历史学知识、经济学知识及科技知识等。

(七)把握领导意图。第一，多留心、多留神，精心捕捉领导意图。第二，对于捕捉到的领导意图及时进行文字处理、归纳和提炼。第三，要注意加强对领导意图的研究、升华与正常发挥。

二、做好起草领导讲话稿基础工作的主要途径

(一)思想重视，增强意识。

(二)突出重点，有的放矢。

(三)注重实用，讲究实效。

(四)分工协作，共同负责。

(五)处处留心，时时动手。

(六)运用科技，提高质效。

(七)不断总结，逐步提高。

第二部分 领导讲话稿的起草工作

一、领导讲话稿的特点

(一)领导讲话稿本身的特点。第一，要有一定的高度，有的还要求有一定的理论色彩。第二，要有很强的实战性。第三，要有很强的针对性。第四，格式非常灵活。第五，语气特征非常讲究。第六，领导讲话的个性语言非常突出。

(二)领导讲话稿起草过程中的特点。第一，起草时间的有限性和时间分配的不确定性。第二，起草内容的不确定性。第三，领导讲话稿定型时间的后延。

二、领导讲话稿的种类

(一)从领导讲话的场合看，可以划分为汇报稿、发言稿、指示稿。

(二)从领导讲话的内容看，可以划分为工作报告、形势报告、动员报告、情况介绍、经验介绍等。

(三)从讲话的形式看，可以划分为正式发言稿、即席讲话稿、开幕词、闭幕词、电视讲话稿、广播新闻稿、讲课稿。

(四)从会议上讲话的具体时间看，可以划分为开始时的报告与结束时讲话两种基本形式。

三、领导讲话稿的基本结构

(一)“三段论”结构:第一部分主要是情况、工作，第二部分是问题、原因，第三部分是措施、建议。

(二)“独联体”结构:领导讲话稿的每一部分都独立成篇，各个部分可连接起来成文。 第一，领导讲话稿的长短要考虑讲话的时间要求。第二，根据讲话的重点，合理安排结构。第三，领导讲话稿的结构中，要注意导语部分、过渡段和结束语，以免使文章显得干瘪和突兀。第四，领导讲话稿的标题一般有直录式、点题式或主附式两种。

四、起草领导讲话稿的步骤

起草领导讲话稿的步骤一般要经过明确起草目的即审题，搜集、整理资料，确定主题和设计提纲，写作、修改、成文等过程。

(一)确定提纲。第一，要事先征求讲话者本人的意见，拟出提纲后交讲话者本人审定。第二，提纲最好是比较详细的纲目式的。第三，拟定提纲要尽量有新意。

(二)起草工作。第一，要注意提炼观点。第二，要特别强调逻辑性。第三，内容要高度概括，用语简炼、明快。第四，初稿起草时，要多从内容上、从大的方面考虑问题。第五，大、小标题都要准确、鲜明地概括本段、层的内容。

五、领导讲话稿的语言特点

(一)语言要符合讲话人的身份和场合。从身份上来讲，不同职位身份的人，讲话语言的虚、实程度不同。从场合来看，不同的场合，语言特点就有很大差别。

(二)语言要符合讲话人的个性特征。要在注意适当口语化的同时，从讲话者本人的角度出发，写出符合讲话者个人风格、特征的稿件。

(三)语言要讲究准确。包括情况、观点要准确，概念要明确，判断要恰当。

(四)语言要鲜明。一要观点鲜明。二要在布局谋篇上做到突出重点，论据充分，论点、证据、论证融为一体，能够纲举目张。三要在结构安排上层次清楚、分明。四要讲究方法。五要句子结构规范、简炼。

(五)语言要讲究生动。一要内容充实，分析精辟透彻。二要注意修辞方法的运用。三要注意提炼出有特色的文字。

六、领导讲话稿修辞上的特点

(一) 用词避免太专业化。

(二) 绘性用词要注意变换。

(三)恰当地使用限制性词语。

(四)规范地使用简化词。

(五)一些名词排列要规范。

七、起草领导讲话稿需要注意的一些问题

(一)要体现领导意图。

(二)要有新意或者说要求变化。

(三)要突出重点，不要面面俱到。

(四)要把握好起承转合。

第三部分 领导讲话稿的修改工作

修改领导讲话稿主要是在领导审定前、领导提出修改意见之后、正式印刷之前及形成正式文件之前。

一、领导讲话稿修改的重点

(一)主题思想:一是领导讲话稿的主题和提出的观念、观点、思路、目标、口号以及引申等，是否领导意图。二是这些观点、思路、目标是否符合客观形势和工作实际的要求。三是是否非常重要而又非讲不可。

(二)政策措施:包括方案、意见、政策、措施等方面，是否符合国家的法律、法规;是否符合党和政府的方针、政策及有关规定;是否符合本地实际，是否符合人民群众的根本利益和要求;是否具有较大的适用性和可操作性。

(三)文字表达:包括结构、层次、标题、语言、材料、引文、典型、事例等方面，是否符合事实、_符合逻辑、符合语法，是否鲜明生动。

(四)文面要求:即体式、款式、字体、字号、书写、序号、时间、页码、署名等是否规范。

二、领导讲话稿修改的原则

(一)在指导思想上:必须遵循实事求是、精益求精的原则。

(二)在工作作风上:必须遵循谦虚谨慎、认真负责、讲究效率的原则。

(三)在工作组织上:必须遵循多方求教、集思广益的原则。

(四)在具体工作上:必须遵循服从主题、提高质量、从大到小、从粗到细的原则。

三、领导讲话稿修改的组织形式

(一)集体修改。一是起草人员集体讨论，专人修改。二是起草人员集中一起，边讨论边修改。三是向会议或非与会人员印发征求意见稿，书面广泛征求意见。四是专门邀请有关领导或其他人员讨论修改。五是讲话者与起草人员共同修改。六是有重点地走访上级、基层，面对面地征求意见。

(二)个人修改。一要舍得割“爱”，并力戒片面性。二要多换一个角度认识问题，换一个思路考虑问题，换一种提法表述问题。三要与有关领导和人员多沟通，多虚心求教。

四、领导讲话稿中常见的问题

(一)主题思想方面:主题没有体现领导意图，认识不深刻，观念不新颖，概念不对，概括不当，观点不鲜明、不清晰、不全面、不准确等。

(二)政策体系方面:与上级政策相悖，与有关政策不衔接或政策不配套，政策界限模糊、失度等。

(三)文字材料方面:篇幅冗长、布局不合理、标题大而空、 典型不鲜明等。

(四)文面要求方面:行文不规范。

五、领导讲话稿修改的具体方法

(一)集体修改领导讲话稿的具体操作方法:边读边改法、 读后修改法、综合整理书面意见法、现场听取意见法等。

(二)个人修改领导讲话稿的具体操作方法:抓住重点深入 思考与推敲的多思法、反复阅读修改法、请人指正法等。

导语：议论文的基本特点是议论的说服性。下面是中学议论文写作基础介绍，欢迎参考！

议论文展开议论是以说服读者为目的的。它无论对什么问题、什么事物展开议论，无论在议论中表达什么见解，提出什么主张，讲述什么道理，或者反驳他人的什么观点，都是为了达到说服读者，令读者信服的目的。如果说，说明文的基本特点是它的解说性，要把说明的对象是“什么”向读者解说清楚，那么，议论文的基本特点则是它的说服性，从思维类型上来说，要回答出“为什么”，要讲出道理来说服读者。叶圣陶说：“说明文以‘说明白了’为成功。而议论文却以‘说服他人’为成功。”（《文章例话》）这正说明了议论文的基本特点。

议论文不但要论说对某一议论对象的见解，表示作者的态度（即观点），而且要阐明为什么提出这种见解，为什么抱这种态度。这个阐述“为什么”的过程，就是证明的过程。一个完整的证明，必须由论题、论点、论证几个部分组成。这几个部分也就是构成议论文特点的要素。它们各自担负着不同的任务。

论题，是指作者在文章中提出来要进行论述的问题，是论证的对象。

论题并不表明作者对客观事物的认识。如“人的正确思想是从哪里来的？”是个设问句，无所判定，不表示判断，只表达发问，等待回答。“论权威”、“青年运动的方向”，“我们的文艺是为什么人的？”也不是判断。它们都规定和限制文章的论述范围和论述的重点，决定着议论展开的方向和途径，是贯穿全文内容、组织结构的线索。论题一般都出现在标题或序言中，论题的表达方式是设问句，如“什么是人才学”，也常用突出主要意念的词组，如“青年运动的方向”等。一篇文章论述的论题是全文论述的中心，不仅议论文的议论部分要围绕它，就是非议论性的内容也要服从它，它是全文内容的中心线索，起着统摄全文的作用。

论点，又叫论断，在逻辑学上，论点就是真实性需要加以证实的判断。

它是作者对所论述的问题提出的见解、主张和表示的态度。它是整个论证过程的中心，担负着回答“论证什么”的任务，明确地表示着作者赞成什么，反对什么。

在较长的文章中，论点有中心论点和分论点之分。

中心论点，是作者对所论述的问题的最基本看法。是作者在文章中所提出的最主要的思想观点，是全部分论点的高度概括和集中。

分论点是从属于中心论点并为阐述中心论点服务的若干思想观点。各分论点也需要加以论证。凡经证明而立得住的分论点，也就成为论证中心的有力论据。

论据，是用来证实论点的根据，在逻辑学上，它是用来确定论题的真实性的那些判断。在证明中，它担负着回答“为什么”的任务。

论据，依据其本身的性质和特征，可分为事实性论据和理论性论据两类。事实性论据是对客观事物的真实的描述和概括，具有直接现实性的品格，因此是证明论点的最有说服力的论据。所谓“事实胜于雄辩”就是这个道理。事实性论据包括个别事例，概括性事例和数字。理论性论据是指那些来源于实践，并且已被长期实践证明和检验过，断定为正确的观点。它包括马列主义、**思想的基本原理，党在不同时期内的路线、方针、政策、科学的定义、法则和规律，一般的公理、常识以及成语、谚语等等。

论证，就是运用论据证明论点的逻辑过程和方法，也就是指材料和观点有怎样的逻辑联系，例如论据和论点之间呈演绎推理或归纳推理的联系。它担负着回答“怎样证明”的任务。

议论文不分长短，皆须具有论题、论点、论据、论证几个要素。这些要素紧密地结合在一起，缺一不可。共同完成证明任务。

（一）安排要富有逻辑效果

在论点与论据的安排中展开论证，是议论文写作的重要环节。安排得好与差直接关系到文章的中心论点能否得到突出，能否有说服力量。安排得好，不但思路顺畅，层次分明，而且富有逻辑说服效果；相反，不但思路滞涩，层次不清，而且缺乏逻辑说服力量。可见，富有逻辑效果地安排论点、论据展开论证，在议论文的写作中是多么的不可忽视。

各种文体的文章的安排规律基本上是相同的，但由于各种文体思维形式的不同，安排也有各自的特点。议论文不同于描写记叙的文章。它主要是按照事理的逻辑联系进行安排的。议论文一般是按着提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的次序来安排，表现在文章中是序论、本论、结论三部分。人们常把它称为“三段式”。这“三段式”是个基本型。由于论题、论点、论据的广泛，内容的各种各样，不仅序论、本论、结论三个大部分变化多端，就是其中每个小的部分如何提出问题，如何分析问题，如何解决问题，也是变化多端。

1、序论

序论，是议论文的开头部分，即是提出问题，明确中心论点，使读者对文章所要论述的内容，首先有一个概括的了解，并引起注意。常见的序论写法有如下几种：

A  直接申明自己的主张和看法，提出中心论点。例如：

有步骤、有选择地引进国外先进的技术和设备，使引进工作更好地为国民经济高速服务，这是当前一项重大的经济方针。

B  交代背景，说明写作的目的和原因。例如：

检验真理的标准是什么？这是早经无产阶级的革命导师解决了的问题。但是这些年来，由于“四人帮”的破坏和他们控制下的舆论工具大量的歪曲宣传，这个问题被搞得混乱不堪。为了深入批判“四人帮”，肃清其流毒和影响，在这个问题上拨乱反正，十分必要。

C  提示内容，对全文作扼要的介绍。例如《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》第一段：

关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题，这是一个总题目。为了叙述的方便，分为十二个小题目。在这里，也要说到敌我矛盾的问题，但是重点是讨论人民内部矛盾问题。

D  因事设问，启人思考。例如：

武钢孟宪成同志对一米七轧机工程所提的意见，十分肯定，很值得我们认真读一读，想一想。花费了全国人民节衣缩食攒下来的钱，引进了当代最先进的轧钢设备和技术，为什么收不到应有的经济效果？今后怎样减少以至杜绝这种得不偿失的建设工程？

E  从日常生活现象落笔。例如；

笼里养着两只母鸡，一只爱唱，另一只喜静。主人根据母鸡下蛋之后报唱的现象，以为所有的蛋都是那只唱鸡产的，因此很偏爱它，捉得蟑螂也专是喂给它吃，但日子一久，秘密揭穿了：原来那只唱鸡下蛋很少，而不叫的那只却一天一个，且蛋刚落地就一声不唱离开鸡窝，由那只唱鸡站在蛋边大喊大叫。

下文便由此及人，主张人要少高谈阔论，多干实事。

G  引经据典，说古道今。例如《不要打错了屁股》说的是领导干部有了错误，要引咎自责，不要向下推卸。它的开头是这样的：

《龙文鞭影》中有一则《库狄杖吏》的故事：“南北朝库狄连姓，愚鲁，居室常患蝇，乃呼门吏杖之。曰:汝所司何事！乃故放其入来。”本来门吏只负责看家护院，哪里管得了苍蝇，可是愚蠢的库狄却以不忠于职守把苍蝇放进来为罪名，把门吏痛打了一顿。这就是打错了屁股。

上述叙论部分的开头，只是几种常见的类型。

序论是议论文之首，在一篇文章中具有重要作用。好的序论简明扼要，既能鲜明的提出问题，统领全文，又能引人入胜。抓住读者。

2、本论

本论是议论文的分析问题部分，也是论证中心论点的重点部分。它的任务是分析问题，组织论据来证明论点的正确或反驳谬论的错误。

这一部分的安排和论证层次要有严密的逻辑性。论点和论据的联系，论述的先后次序，文章的层层推理，这些都要根据事理的内在规律，并考虑说服效果来组织安排。要做到纲举目张，环环相扣，使观点和材料有机地，富有逻辑效果地统一起来。

本论的安排一般有以下几种形式：

A  并列式

并列式也叫平列式。它的安排特点是对中心论点所涉及的几个主要问题，分别进行论述。几个层次之间的关系是平列的，它们从不同角度来表现文章的论点。如张友渔的《论健全社会主义法制》围绕健全社会主义法制，正确地运用社会主义法制，以保证“四化”的顺利进行这一论点。讲了三个方面的问题：社会主义民主与社会主义法制的关系；社会主义法制在当前的重要作用；切实保障法律实施是进一步健全社会主义法制的关键。

B  推进式

推进式也叫递进式。它的安排特点是根据各层次之间的层层深入、步步发展的关系来进行论述。如周恩来的《要造成一种民主风气》郑重论述艺术民主的问题。文章开头部分就指出：现在有一种不好的风气，就是民主作风不够。接着，文章针对“一言堂”，不让别人讲话的弊病，对症下药，阐明“我们所发表的意见，都允许大家讨论、商榷”的道理。最后集中分析批判“五子登科”（套框子、抓辫子、挖根子、戴帽子、打棍子）的坏风气，只有去掉“五子登科”的坏风气，民主风气才能建立起来。再如陶铸的《崇高的理想》由远到近，从古到今，围绕中心论点，步步深入地阐发实现共产主义是我们最崇高，最伟大的理想。

C  推进和并列的结合式

这样安排的文章，一般是篇幅较长的。这样的文章往往是以安排形式为主，中间杂以别一种安排形式。如《中国社会各阶级的分析》开头提出问题，接着就对各个阶级进行分析，然后综合起来得出结论。文章步步深入，层层展开，用的是推进式。然而，在对各阶级分析的那一层次中，又逐一分析了地主买办阶级、中产阶级、小资产阶级、半无产阶级和无产阶级，用的是平列式。就整篇来而言，这叫推进式中包括着平列式。作者运用这种结合形式，完满地表达了文章的内容，收到了好的表达效果。

以上是议论文本论安排的三种基本形式。形式是为内容服务的，本论部分究竟采取哪种，这要根据文章内容的需要决定，不能随意安排。

3、结论

结论，是议论文的解决问题部分。引论提出问题，本论分析问题，结论做出答案。结论是全文的综合与概括，总结与提高。

（二）论证的方法

议论文的写法主要是论证。论证，从形式逻辑角度说，是运用论据证实论点的全部逻辑推理过程，这个过程表示论据和论点之间是用何种逻辑的方法联系起来或统一起来的。

那么，论点和论据究竟是怎样联系起来的呢？或者论据是以怎样的方式证明论点的呢？这就是论证方法的问题。论证的方法同推理形式有联系，但又不尽相同。它是多种多样的，人们可以根据不同的需要灵活地运用。下面介绍几种比较常用的。

1、举事例

举事例就是用典型的具体事实作论据来证明论点。通常所说的“摆事实”就是这种方法。这是运用归纳推理形式进行论证的一种方法，易于掌握，用得也普遍。

举事例论证，最重要的是注意论据和论点方向的一致性和紧密的统一，不可有距离。例如有一篇文章谈到写作要勤于观察，勤于思考问题时，举例道：

著名大作家、诗人莎士比亚就善于观察生活，提炼素材，写了大量的悲喜剧以及诗歌，终于成了不朽的艺术大师。伟大的物理学家牛顿，在傍晚乘凉时发现苹果往地上掉，为什么不往天上掉？经过反复实践，终于得出了地球表面上的物体都受到地球的引力这一科学论断。

这里，举莎士比亚一例还可以，虽然说得不够透彻，但与论点总还有一定的直接关系；举牛顿的事例则不恰当，因为他虽然也观察、思考，但非写作中的事。

2、事理引申

这种方法是用人们已知的事理论据来证明论点。这是运用演绎推理形式进行论证的一种方法，所以又有叫“演绎法”的。例如下面一段文字：

坚决执行中央的路线、政策和发扬民主并不矛盾，而是相辅相成的。中央的决策是在广泛地发扬民主的基础上形成的。中央允许同志们遵照正常的组织程序提出意见，但是绝不准从事党章所不允许的活动。这就是说，我们并没有限制民主。但是，一个共产党员，特别是领导干部，不允许随便发表和中央相对立的意见或不一致的意见。我们大家都晓得，步调一致才能得胜利。

这里面提到的“步调一致才能得胜利”就是一个大家已知的“大道理”，用它来证明“干部和党员都要团结在党中央的周围，坚决执行中央的路线、政策”这个论点是很有力量的。

运用事理论证常常表现为引用名言警句。名言警句具有公认的真理性，用它们来证明某一具体事物的真实性，是极有说服力的。这类例子很多，就不再赘述。

使用事理论证，特别是引用名言警句立论，应注意：

A  引用的事理与论点真正构成一种紧密的内存联系。

B  对于引语一般要作一些阐明、说明，不要引完就单下结论，以免给人浅薄的感觉。

C  除了由于论辩的需要，必须引用大量的论述外，引语要力求简洁。作者要善于抓住引语的精华。

3、反证

顾名思义，反证不是从正面直接来证明论点，而是从反面间接地证明论点。这是运用演绎推理形式进行论证的一种方法。先看下面一例：

如果反对实事求是，反对从实际出发，反对理论和实践相结合，那还说得上什么马克思列宁主义、**思想呢？那会把我们引导到什么地方呢？很明显，那只能把我们引导到唯心主义和形而上学，只能引导工作的损失和革命的失败。

这段文字中“如果”之后用的便是反证法：不是从正面讲实事求是会怎样，而是从反而讲不实事求是会怎样，来证明实事求是的意义。在论证中，凡是为了证明自己主动提出的论点的正确，先证明与这个论点相矛盾的另一个论点是错误的，或者为了证明对方论点是错误的，先证明与其相矛盾的另外一个论点是正确的，都是反证法。

4、类比

这种方法是将一类事物的某些相同方面进行比较，以另一事物的正确或谬误证明这一事物的正确或谬误。这是运用类比推理形式进行论证的一种方法，例如：

回顾苏联托洛茨基派在一九二三年这一年中反党篡权活动的史实，我们不难看出：王张江姚“四人帮”一九七六年在我国进行的篡党夺权活动，在很多方面就是托洛茨基匪帮的故伎重演。在本质上“四人帮”和托洛茨基匪帮没有什么不同，他们都是穷凶极恶的野心家，祸国殃民的害人虫，不择手段的阴谋家，彻头彻尾的反革命。这两个黑帮在共产党员和无产阶级专政国家的伟大领袖逝世前后，走的是同样的阴谋篡党夺权的反革命道路，遭到的也是同样的人心丧尽，完全破产的可耻下场。

“四人帮”与托洛茨基派有许多相同之处，可以类比。通过类比，“四人帮”篡党夺权的反革命面目暴露得更加清楚。

在进行这种类比论证时，特别应当注意所类比的事物一定是一类，具有本质方面的相同点，如同上例。如果不属一类事物，虽有某些相似之点，只可以比喻，而不能类比，例如把革命人民对反动派的坚决斗争同武松对老虎的斗争相比，只能说是比喻而不能类比。

最后谈谈练基本功的问题。基本功对拿笔杆子的人很重要，不练是不行的。俗话说：“拳不离手，曲不离口”，绘画的人常画，唱歌的人常唱，而搞文字的人怎么可以几个月不写东西呢？……

这里，写作、绘画、歌唱可以类比，因为这些都属于文艺创作的范围，有相同的本质属性。

5、对比

对比，是将论据中截然相反的两种情况进行比较。因为比较的双方形成鲜明的对照，互为衬托，所以，这种方法特别能突出一方面的性质，具有很强的论证力量，因而，用得也很普遍。

对比有两种情况：一种是“横比”，一种是“纵比”。“横比”是把同一时期的两种性质截然不同的事物进行比较。例如《赞牺牲精神》，开始列举了太原工学院副教授栾弗，归国定居的年轻女科学家赵芬，上海生物制品研究所九旬老人徐良董，浙江省象山县无机轻体板材厂女青年郭秀莲与王竹平等人，为建设四化甘愿牺牲一时一已的利益直至个人生命的模范事迹，作者热情地赞扬了人们的牺牲精神。接着，文章批评另外一些人：

可惜，现在有些人还缺少这种牺牲精神。他们脑子里装的不是党和人民的利益，不是四化大业，而是个人眼前的“实惠”。不是吗？……这种极端利已者的人生观，和前面那种人相比，显得何等渺小，和我们今天的历史重任何等不相称？

牺牲精神是可贵的、高尚的，由于以利已广义者的人生观来反衬，显得更为可贵、高尚。真善美与假恶丑总是相比较而存在，相斗争而发展的。人们在实践中认识到这一点，所以，在写作中能够经常运用这种论证方法。

“纵比”是把同一事物在不同时间的不同情况作比较。比如现在有些文章在论述党的某一经济政策的正确性时，往往讲到一个地区，一个单位的生产形势，群众生活过去与现在的变化，使用的就是这种对比方法。

6、因果互证

这是通过分析事理，揭示论点和论据之间的因果关系，来证明论点的一种论证方法。它可以用原因来证明作为论点的“结果”；以原因的必然性证实结果的必然性。例如刘少奇的《人的阶级性》中的一段：

人的阶级性，是由人的阶级地位决定的。这就是说，一定集团的人们，长期站在一定阶级地位，即站在一定的社会生产地位，以一定的方式，长期的生产着，生活着与斗争着，即产生他们的特殊生活样式、特殊的利益、特殊的要求，特殊的心理、思想、习惯、观点和气派，及其对其他集团人们与各种事物的特殊关系等等，而与其它集团的人们不同，或者相反。这就形成了人们特殊的性格，特殊的阶级性。

这段文字先讲了结果，亦即论点，然后讲促成这结果的原因，也就是论据。

7、比喻

用比喻来说明道理的方法，可以叫做“喻证法”。这是运用类比推理形式进行论证的一种方法。“喻巧而理至”，恰到好处的比喻往往能帮助说清道理。所以，这种方法也被广泛地应用于论证中。这类例子多得很。例如**在《一个极其重要的政策》一文中针对一些同志对实行“精兵简政”政策的意义认识不足，一连用随季换衣，孙悟空对付铁扇公主，“黔之驴”等三件事作比喻，深入浅出地加以阐明。再比如前面讲“引论”时举例的《下蛋、唱鸡及其它》一文，通篇是用鸡的形象来帮助说明问题的，给人的印象是具体的生动的，比喻是一种帮助说理的好方法，但由于任何比喻都是缺陷的，特别是同论点缺乏本质上的内在联系（有些喻体完全是文学作品中虚构的事物），所以，它不能作为论证的主要方法。要透彻有力的论证问题，主要还是靠对实际材料进行研究。《一个极其重要的政策》说理透彻，令人心悦诚服，主要不是靠几个比喻，而是靠对当时形势的科学分析。

8、归谬法

“归谬”，就是导致谬误。这种方法是先假定对方的论点是对的，然后用它作为前提，导出一个显然是荒谬的结论，从而证明对方的论点是错误的。这种方法仅用于反驳错误观点。

上面列举了几种主要的、常用的论证方法，其中，除了“归谬法”专用于驳论文章外，其余几种对于立论、驳论文章都是适用的。

论证方法作为人类思维活动形式的反映，是不难把握的。有时，我们所以感到难，除了由于书本介绍有关知识时显得过于零碎、抽象的原因之外，也有学习脱离实践的原因。联系实际，任何理论、知识都容易理解，也容易把握。掌握论证的方法，也是这样。只要把这方面知识的学习同我们日常的认识活动联系起来，再借鉴报刊上的优秀文章，又坚持练笔，一定会很熟练的运用这些方法。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：活动类作文属于叙事作文，在写作过程中重点表现活动的重点。下面是活动类作文写作基础，欢迎参考!

一、写学习和文体活动的作文类型

1.写一次学习或文体活动，反映校园生活的丰富多彩;

2.写一次学习或文体活动，表现同学们有着广泛的兴趣和爱好;

3.写一次学习或文体活动，表现全班同学的精神风貌和合作态度。

二、写学习和文体活动的参考题目

1.《记一次兴趣小组的活动》

2.《记一次学习的争论》

3.《记一次智力竞赛》

4.《记一次游戏活动》

5.《记一次_______比赛》

6.《一次快乐的周末联欢会》

7.《记一次升旗仪式》

8.《记一次入队仪式》

三、写学习和文体活动的参考开头

1.《记一次兴趣小组活动》的两种开头

第一种开头：下午第二节一下课，我们就一起来到了生物活动室，参加“红蜻蜒生物活动小组”。

第二种开头：“今天的红蜻蜒生物活动小组不知道活动什么内容?”下午第二节课下课的铃声一响，我们就议论开了。

2.《记一次智力竞赛》的两种开头

第一种开头：星期三下午，我们五年级举行了一场别开生面的学习竞赛：语文知识智力竞赛。

第二种开头：“善耕小学五年级语文智力竞赛，现在开始!”随着年级主任王老师的一声宣布，别开生面的竞赛活动开始了!

3.《记一次升旗仪式》的两种开头

第一种开头：星期一的早晨，天，格外地蓝;风，格外地柔，这一天，我们五(2)中队就要举行隆重的升旗仪式。

第二种开头：绿绿的草坪，高高的旗杆，一队队少先队员精神振奋，他们正等待着庄严的升旗仪式的到来。

四、写学习和文体活动的参考词句

书声琅琅/有条不紊/心不在焉/欢声笑语/静悄悄/掩卷沉思/频频点头/聚精会神/跳了起来/笑眯眯/有高有低/比唱歌还要好听/瞥见了/华丽/思路开阔/老高老高/乱蹦乱跳/冷不防/左瞧右看/仔细欣赏/轻轻飘浮/郁郁葱葱/变幻无穷/广阔无垠/心里痒痒的/端端正正/难分难解/一马当先/鼓起勇气/动作灵巧/不负众望/以守为攻/一鼓作气

1.队员们的脸上泛起了笑容，惊奇的目光变成了赞叹。

2.这时，全场静寂得连摄影师拨弄快门的声音都听得见。3.最吸引人的是五年级同学表演的“红领巾考察团”的节目。

4.我一出台，就在小白兔屋外的篱笆边探头探脑地张望着，台下的观众一下子哄笑起来。

5.“我”把嘴张得大大的，爪子伸得长长的，黑鼻子狂嗅着，活像一只真的大灰狼。

6.二十秒，不分胜负!三十秒，不分胜负!啊，五十秒，还不分胜负……

7.比赛开始了，投掷区内垒球、手榴弹像天上的流星一样飞落在很远的地方。

8.“砰”的一声，一颗红色的信号弹腾空而起，场上身穿各色衣衫的运动员，“刷”地从起跑线上飞出去，像一片彩云。

9.守门员敏捷灵巧的动作，博得全场热烈的掌声。

10.比赛场上响起一阵轰雷似的掌声，我们终于赢了!

五、写学习和文体活动的参考段落

1.去年夏天，我第一次到龙潭湖采集标本。那天天很热，我拿起捉蝴蝶和蜻蜓的网子，背着标本采集箱，在草丛中来回巡视着。忽然，不远的一棵小树上，一只蝉在鸣叫。我走到树下，抬头望去，只见一只螳螂从蝉的下面沿着树干爬了上去。渐渐近了，蝉没有发觉，还在叫着。螳螂又爬了几步，来到了蝉的后面，举起“大刀”，一下子把蝉按在下面，蝉不叫了，它受到了这突然的袭击，有些慌乱，它挣扎着想逃走。可绿色卫士似的螳螂哪里肯放过，它把蝉翻过来，让蝉肚皮朝天，然后挥动着“大刀”，一下刺进了蝉的肚子里。蝉疼得乱动乱叫，可螳螂不慌不忙，一口一口，把蝉吃下肚去。我看着看着有些吃惊，因为我从来没见过螳螂吃蝉。这一次真是让我大开眼界。

(采集标本活动让我增长了不少知识，见到了很多没有见过的精彩场面。)

2.同学们心情大概也和我一样，大家伸长了脖子，睁大了眼睛，盯着李老师的每一个动作。李老师从一个小瓶子里倒出一点深褐色的粉末，又在粉末上滴了几滴液体。几秒钟过去了，不见动静。教室里鸦雀无声，大家将信将疑地等待着。又过了几秒钟，只见石棉板上出现了一丝青烟，袅袅上升。不一会儿，烟越来越浓，还听见噼噼啪啪的炸裂声。啊，要烧起来了。果然，一下子腾起了蓝色的火苗，火越烧越旺。教室里一下子像开了锅似的，欢呼声，鼓掌声，议论声响成一片。

(小作者写声音的变化很有本事，你看他先是“鸦雀无声”，到“一丝青烟”，再到“噼噼啪啪”的炸裂声，最后是“像开了锅似的”，多么生动，多么有味!)

3.我俩摆开阵势扭打开了。我光凭着自己劲大，加之求胜心切，想一下子把他拉倒。可是越急，越乱了脚步。张忠对我的扭拉只是躲闪招架。忽然他看准我的一个破绽，脚下一使绊，使了个“拐把”，把我摔了个狗吃屎。第二次交手，我使出浑身解数，拿出平生力气，死扭硬拉，可他像一尊铁塔，任我怎么折腾他也摔不倒。突然，他一只手抓起我的脚，一只手在我胸前稍微往后一推，我又仰面倒在地上。周围又是一片叫好声。

(虽然很想赢，但是因为技不如人，也只好认输了。)

4.观众们一个个瞪大了眼睛看布条往哪儿走。正在这时，红布条慢慢向三(3)班方向移动了。周围的观众都喊：“三(3)班加油!三(3)班加油!”我们听到了喊声，都鼓起了勇气，脸涨得通红，眼睛睁得大大的，身子拼命往后倾斜，差点快碰到地上了。红布条又慢慢向我们班级移动。“哗……”比赛场上响起了一阵轰雷似的掌声，我们赢了。

(抓住了红布条来写，是很正确的。因为红布条是胜利的象征。)

5.轮到我们钉了。我迫不及待地把线浸了唾沫捻了捻。可是我这一捻，把那几个小毛头捻成又细又长的了，穿针的时候，我穿来穿去就是穿不进。我把毛头拽下来以后才穿了进去。接着，我在线的末端打结。由于线上有唾沫，打结的时候，老是粘在手指上打不起来，好不容易把结打好了。开始钉钮扣了，我用右手拿着针从布底下穿上来，可是没穿到钮扣眼里，倒戳在钮扣上。我觉得针前面硬硬的，还以为布是硬的呢，于是我就使劲地戳。哪知道针戳不穿钮扣，反而歪过来，正戳在我手上。这时我才感觉到钉钮扣不简单啊!一颗钮扣钉好了，该打结了，这一项我干得很顺利，一会儿就打好了。

(能把穿针引线的事情写得这样详细，不容易!的确，在写作之中，有的地方是要像穿针引线一样仔仔细细，认认真真。)

6.游戏一开始，同学们就高高兴兴地排好了队，有的同学认为画鼻子很简单，显出很不在意的样子;有的同学却皱着眉头在想画的办法。排在最前面的李红高兴得手舞足蹈，她刚把红领巾蒙到眼睛上，就迫不及待地向前大步走去。她事先也没看好目标，就走了过去，结果她越走方向越歪，旁边有个同学小声地说：“太往左了，往右!”她愣了一下，站住了，马上向偏右的方向走去，又太歪了。到了黑板前，她也不想想黑板的位置，就随便一画，结果把鼻子画到了头顶上，引得同学们哄堂大笑。

(写活动时，周围人的态度和言行是很重要的，不可缺少。这能起到渲染气氛和突出人物的效果。)

7.第四场比赛就轮到我们四年级同学了，我们全班同学按座号坐下后，只听得监考老师一声令下，比赛开始了。同学们连忙打开桌上发的试卷，迅速地算了起来。这时，赛场上一片寂静，我耳朵里只听到沙沙的写字声。“快做!”催促着自己，不断地挥动手中的铅笔。“八九七十二、八八六十四……”我默读着乘法口诀，还运用我自己的“加减速算法”，作出了一道又一道算术题。时间一秒一秒地过去了，我忘记了一切。嘿，快做完了，就剩下最后一道四则运算题了，我高兴得差点叫了起来。可就在这一瞬间，“收卷时间到!”随着监考老师的一声，比赛结束了。我不得不放下手中的笔。我拍着自己的脑袋，恨我自己做得太慢了，为什么不能按时完成呢?我低着头难过地离开了考场。

(有面的描写——赛场上一片寂静;也有点的描写，就是写我在赛场上的表现。点面结合，就立体化了，给人的印象就比较深。)

8.一声哨响，第三局比赛开始了。我的心怦怦直跳。我屏住了呼吸，用足力气，两只手像两把小钳子一样牢牢握紧绳子。在我前面的小胖鼓着腮，把牙咬得格格响，脸涨得通红。平时很文静的小芳也变得非常严肃，只见她的眼睛瞪得大大的，紧锁双眉，拼命地用力。尽管我们使足了劲，可绳子中央的红领巾并不听话，正偷偷向五(1)班那边移去。“加油!加油!”场外的小观众为我们急得直跺脚。“不要急，要沉着，劲往一处使，一定能胜利!”我们的班主任老师带领着啦啦队也在为我们鼓劲。

(写活动，要注意把“点”写好，所谓的“点”，实际上就是一个个人的情况，而不是一群人的情况。比如在这段文章里，作者写的是一场拔河比赛，当然有很多的人参加。在描写时，适当地描写一下个人的情况，能够把这场比赛介绍得更加详细。你看，这一段文字就写了“我、小胖和小芳”的比赛情况，使人能够更具体地了解当时比赛的过程。你觉得是不是这样?)

9.楼上的一排教室灯火通明。陈强那个班的教室在最后一间。他依次从宽敞的窗户望进去，嗬，教室全都变了样：五色纸链织成的一道道彩虹在灯光下交相辉映，课桌都拼成了一张张长条桌，桌上铺上红格或蓝格的桌布，一瓶鲜花放在桌子中间的生日蛋糕圆盒旁。长桌的数目与小队的数目一致，讲台上也铺着桌布，放着鲜花。陈强觉得，那生日蛋糕在商店里给人的感觉只不过是一种精美的食品，可今晚放在教室里就有了另一种含义，不由得令人肃然起敬。

(写活动时，需要进行周围环境的描写，因为活动的地点需要介绍呀，是不是?所以，在描写活动前，应该先把活动的场地介绍一下。一般来说，活动前，总要先把环境布置布置。美一点，才能开开心心地搞活动呀!)

10.有趣的斗蛋比赛在热烈的气氛中结束了。斗蛋手们，有的高兴，有的难过，你瞧：胜利者正在津津有味地吃着蛋，他们一定觉得手中的蛋格外香吧!那些“败将”们呢，愁眉苦脸地看着那不争气的蛋，吃也吃不下，扔又舍不得扔。不过到了最后，他们还是偷偷地把蛋吃掉了。他们一定一边吃，一边安慰自己：蛋破了更好，还省得自己敲碎呢!

(写活动结束后的情景，这一段写得较好。特别是写那些比赛失败的选手们的心情，写得很有特色。作者不是净写他们的愁眉苦脸，还写了他们对自己的安慰，而且还的确有点道理。这种很有幽默感的句子，可以看出小作者的水平的确高人一筹。不过，大家有没有注意到，这些句子，作者全都是用一种猜测的语气写出来的，为什么要这样处理呢?)

11.我走进二楼的比赛室，看见许多选手已经在写了，就赶紧走到自己的座位上，拿出了文房四宝。我一边折纸，一边自己叮嘱自己：“千万不要紧张，要发挥出自己的最佳水平来。”我看了看边上的几位选手写的字，真不错，便更加感到自己肩负的责任重大。我暗暗下了决心：一定要战胜他们!我定定了神，就拿起毛笔，蘸足了墨水，开始写字。

(文中有两处心理描写。看起来，如果要表现自己的一种精神，就可以用这种手法。写的时候，可以用文中“叮嘱自己”和“暗暗地下定了决心”这样的句式，后面跟上冒号就可以了。)

12.中秋节的晚上，月儿格外地明，我和妈妈来到学校。不一会儿，老师宣布晚会开始。第一个项目就是竞选中队长。我和竞选对手——周玉，同时坐到了主席台上。我的心怦怦地跳着，再看看一旁的周玉，他也是那样地紧张。我想：如果竞选失败，那多难为情……

(竞选中队长，这种场面的确是够让人紧张的。作者通过写景，写竞选对手周玉和自己的内心活动，把这种紧张一层一层地写出来了。)

13.哗哗哗……一阵阵热烈的掌声;哈哈哈……一阵阵朗朗的笑声。这里出了什么稀罕的事?啊，原来是我班女同学正在进行梳辫子比赛。前几天，同学们就得到了这个消息。今天上午第三节课，比赛正式开始了。一个个女同学站到了讲台前。我们男同学不时地在后面挤眉弄眼，悄悄议论着，谁能取胜。

(写活动，开头很容易写得一般化，或是简单地交待时间，或是简单地交待地点，等等。这里的一段文字就显得与众不同。你看它的开头，又是拟声词，又是排比句，非常地新颖，很能吸引读者。)

14.夜幕降临了，操场上燃起了熊熊的火焰，营火晚会开始了，全场欢腾起来，大家手拉手跳起了优美的集体舞。同学们的表演更是精彩。瞧，张刚和李强的相声多么有趣，逗得大家合不拢嘴;夏艺同学的电子琴独奏，让人暗暗称赞;田珂同学的魔术表演，让同学们琢磨不透，联想翩翩……

(用一两句话简单地介绍当时活动的情况，这很有必要。如果全是详细的描写和叙述，没有简略的介绍，这就像没有绿叶的红花一样，是不够完美的。当然，反过来也一样。)

15.班里联欢会进行击鼓传花游戏。鼓停时，拿着花的同学就要表演节目。顽皮的刘平又开始捣鬼，他一直抓住花，咚咚咚——鼓点刚落，他眼疾手快，猛地把花丢给旁边的沈晴。花在沈晴的怀里打了个转，落到了地上，沈晴傻乎乎地把花捡在手里，这才知道上了当。她犹豫了半天，还是被推到场中。她挠挠头皮，又使劲咽了一下口水。“来来，唱一个!来来，唱一个!……”经不住同学们再三欢迎，她只得放开嗓子唱了起来。

(写那朵花在沈晴怀里的情景，写得很不错，细致而又生动。)

六、写学习和文体活动的参考题材

1.举行各种学习竞赛，让同学们在充满趣味和竞争的学习气氛中得到知识，丰富课外生活;

2.老师让同学们学做小老师，一帮一，一对红，大家很欢迎这种学习的形式;

3.我们的课外活动很是丰富，我们搞了写字比赛、漫画比赛、普通话比赛、诗歌比赛、小品比赛、童年回忆录写作比赛等等;

4.我们的学习活动不仅在课堂里，而且有时还安排在工厂里，田野里和大街上，老师们是让我们认识到社会就是一个大课堂，知识的学习并不局限在教室里;

(以上可以作为写学习活动的题材。)

5.班级举行文娱活动，活跃同学们的课外生活，同时也是在锻炼大家的各种能力;

6.班级举行自炊活动，同学们自带米、菜和煤炉，在教室里做了一桌饭菜;

7.班级里举行小奥运会，与国际奥运会的项目基本相同，大家感到很有兴趣;

8.班级举行**比赛，大家经过几轮赛事，最后比出了冠亚军;

9.班级里掀起了学下国际象棋的活动，两周以后，大家还举行了国际象棋的比赛。

(以上可以作为写文娱和体育活动的题材。)

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

不少同学在问了，英语作文怎么写?如何写好英语作文，下面是小编为大家收集的初中英语作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

初一英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。

1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时;写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。

2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident ”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。

3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，” “to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”;又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。

4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but ”“not only...but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。

5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。

注意事项

最后将英语写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：

1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。

2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。

3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。

4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。

5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

英语写作水平的提高是一个渐进的过程，只要同学们在平时多加训练，多读文章，做一个有心人，就能在英语作文中取得理想的成绩

导语：观后感，就是看了一部影片或连续剧后，把具体感受和得到的启示写成的文章。所谓“感”，可以是从作品中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受作品中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因观看而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因观看而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。观后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在观看后的基础上发感想。简单来说就是观赏过后的感触。

所谓“感”，可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，小编提醒大家必须注意以下几点：

第一，要读好原文。“读后感”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有掌握，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。

第二，排好感点。只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可以写成读后感。

第三，选准感点。一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。

第四，叙述要简。既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。

一、纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以“读”为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精；在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以“看”为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，(1)、一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列；(2)、左边顶格写上收信人的姓名；(3)、正文部分；(4)、祝愿的话；(5)、写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

二、各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。

1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时；写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。

2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。

3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，”“to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”；又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。

4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but”“not only。。。but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。

5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。

三、最后将中考写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：

1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。

2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。

3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。

5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

图画作文是近年大学英语四级写作中出现频率较高的一类文体,考生要特别加以重视。众所周知，题目所给出的图画必然反映了一定的社会现实或者揭露出某种社会现象。相比其他的文体而言，这类作文难度较大，既要求考生通过文字形式分析出图画内容，又要将图中所包含的的思想内容准确地表达出来。为此，应届毕业生网就此类作文写作步骤予以如下几方面的指导和点拨。

一、审题立意

四级作文写作过程中最关键的步骤就是审题，不仔细审题就会很容易使作文跑题，因此这是必不可少的第一步。此步骤要注意两点：一是分析题目和图画，确定文章的命题类型，抓住中心思想，联想此作文要求的写作主题。二是进一步确定给定的题材及此作文要考查的重点内容。也就是说，通过审题，考生要对作文谈论的主要话题心中有数。

二、组织结构

审题之后，根据分析的结果草拟提纲并组织安排段落，确定文章的整体结构。一般而言，考生可将图画作文转化为三段式提纲作文。开始段描述图画内容；中间段解释图画所反映出来的深层意义；结尾段引出结论，总结全文。各段的主题句要条理清晰，以使自己要表达的内容有更好的把握。每段的重点都应集中于描述图画规定的内容。选用的词句应紧扣图画主题、突出重点、前后连贯、表达清楚。

三、检查修改

考试过程中，很多考生由于紧张、仓促等原因，很容易犯一些简单的错误。因此，最后留出几分钟时间来修改所写内容是很有必要的。然而，切忌大幅度地对作文惊醒修改，因为这样会破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师对试卷的印象。修改时可以从两点着手：

语法方面。包括时态是正确、名词单复数是否对应、被动主动语态是否正确、主谓是否一致等。

词汇方面。包括连接上下句或段落的关联词、固定搭配、及物不及物动词的使用、习惯用语是否使用正确等。同时，单词拼写错误和标点误用都是扣分点，考生应尽量避免此类错误。

综上所述，四级写作需要遵循上述步骤，即审题立意、组织结构、检查修改。祝考生顺利通关！

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

导语：写英语作文是有规律可循的，你记住了一些英语句型，就可以直接套用。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

1.welcometosp欢迎到某地

Eg.WelcometoChina。

2.What’sthematterwithsb./sth?

出什么毛病了?

Eg.What’sthematterwithyourwatch?

3.bedifferentfrom与---不同

Eg.TheweatherinBeijingisdifferentfromthatofNanjing。

4.bethesameas与……相同

Eg.Histrousersarethesameasmine。

5.befriendlytosb。对某人友好

Eg.Mr.Wangisveryfriendlytous。

6.wanttodosth。想做某事

Eg.Iwanttogotoschool。

7.wantsb.todosth。想让某人做某事

Eg.Iwantmysontogotoschool。

8.whattodo做什么

Eg.Wedon’tknowwhattodonext。

9.letsb.dosth。让某人做某事

Eg.Lethimentertheroom。

10.letsb.notdosth。让某人不做某人

Eg.Lethimnotstandintherain。

11.whydon’tyoudosth?

怎么不做某事呢?=

Eg.Whydon’tyouplayfootballwithus?

12.whynotdosth.?怎么不做某事呢?

Eg.Whynotplayfootballwithus?

13.makesb.sth。为某人制造某物=

Eg.Myfathermademeakite。

14.makesthforsb。为某人制造某物

Eg.Myfathermadeakiteforme。

15.What…meanby…?

做……是什么意思?

Eg.Whatdoyoumeanbydoingthat?

16.likedoingsth。喜爱做某事

Eg.Jimlikesswimming。

17.liketodosth。喜爱做某事

Eg.Hedoesn’tliketoswimnow。

18.feellikedoingsth。想做某事

Eg.Ifeellikeeatingbananas。

19.wouldliketodosth。愿意做某事

Eg.Wouldyouliketogorowingwithme?

20.wouldlikesb.todosth。愿意某人做某事

Eg.I’dlikeyoutostaywithmetonight。

21.makesb.dosth。逼使某人做某事

Eg.Hisbrotheroftenmakeshimstayinthesun。

22.letsb.dosth。让某人做某事

Eg.Letmesingasongforyou。

23.havesb.dosth。使某人做某事

Eg.Youshouldn’thavethestudentsworksohard。

24.befarfromsp离某地远

Eg.Hisschoolisfarfromhishome。

25.beneartosp离某地近

Eg.Thehospitalisneartothepostoffice。

26.begoodatsth./doingsth。

擅长某事/做某事

Eg.WearegoodatEnglish。

Theyaregoodatboating。

27.Ittakessb.sometimetodosth。

某人花多少时间做某事

Eg.Ittookmemorethanayeartolearntodrawabeautifulhorseinfiveminutes。

28.sb.spendssometime/money(in)doingsth。

某人花多少时间做某事

Eg.Ispenttwentyyearsinwritingthenovel。

29.sb.spendssometime/moneyonsth。

某事花了某人多少时间/金钱

Eg.Jimspent1000yuanonthebike。

30.sth.costssb.somemoney。

某物花了某人多少钱

Eg.ThebikecostJim1000yuan。

31.sb.payssomemoneyforsth。

某人为某物付了多少钱

Eg.Jimpaid1000yuanforthebike。

32.begin/startwithsth。开始做某事

Eg.Thestartedthemeetingwithasong。

33.begoingtodosth。打算做某事

Eg.WearegoingtostudyinJapan。

34.callAB叫AB

Eg.TheycalledthevillageGumtree。

35.thanksb.forsth./doingsth。

感谢某人做某事

Eg.Thankyouforyourhelp。

Thankyouforhelpingme。

36.What……for?为什么

Eg.WhatdoyoulearnEnglishfor?

37.How/whataboutdoingsth.?

做某事怎么样?

Eg.Howaboutgoingfishing?

38.S+be+the+最高级+of/in短语=

Eg.Lucyisthetallestinherclass。

39.S+be+比较级+thananyother+n。

Eg.Lucyistallerthananyotherstudentinherclass。

40.havetodosth。不得不做某事

Eg.Ihavetogohomenow。

41.hadbetterdosth。最好做某事

Eg.You’dbetterstudyhardatEnglish。

42.hadbetternotdosth。最好别做某事

Eg.You’dbetternotstayup。

43.helpsb.todosth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.LucyoftenhelpsLilytowashherclothes。

44.helpsb.dosth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.HeusuallyhelpsmelearnEnglish。

45.helpsb.withsth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.Isometimeshelpmymotherwiththehousework。

46.makeit+时间把时间定在几点

Eg.Let’smakeit8：30.

47.takesb.tosp带某人到某地

Eg.Mr.WangwilltakeustotheSummerPalacenextSunday。

49.havenothingtodo(withsb)

与某人没有关系

Eg.Thathasnothingtodowithme。

50.主语+don’tthink+从句

认为……不……

Eg.Idon’tthinkitwillraintomorrow。

介绍信是介绍派出人员的身份和任务的专用信件。下面是小编为你带来的介绍信写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一、单位介绍信的相关概念

介绍信是介绍派出人员的身份和任务的专用信件。

二、单位介绍信的作用

1.介绍信主要用于联系工作、洽谈业务、参加会议、了解情况时的自我说明。

2.对于持信人而言，介绍信具有介绍、证明双重作用。

三、单位介绍信的种类

介绍信有两种形式：一种是便函式的介绍信，一种是带存根的介绍信。

四、单位介绍信的结构和写法

其一是便函式介绍信。

用一般的公文信纸书写。包括标题、称谓、正文、结尾、单位名称和日期、附注几部分。

1.标题

在第一行居中写“介绍信”三个字。

2.称谓

另起一行，顶格写收信单位名称或个人姓名，姓名后加“同志”、“先生”、“女士”等称呼，再加冒号。

3.正文

另起一行，开头空两格写正文，一般不分段。一般要写清楚：(1)派遣人员的姓名、人数、身份、职务、职称等。(2)说明所要联系的工作、接洽的事项等。(3)对收信单位或个人的希望、要求等，如“请接洽”等。

4.结尾

写上表示致敬或者祝愿的话，如“此致敬礼”等。

5.单位名称和日期

6.附注

注明介绍信的有效期限，具体天数用大写。

在正文的右下方写明派遣单位的名称和介绍信的开出日期，并加盖公章。日期写在单位名称下方。

其二是带存根的介绍信。

这种介绍信有固定的格式，一般由存根、间缝、本文三部分组成。

1.存根

存根部分由标题(介绍信)、介绍信编号、正文、开出时间等组成。存根由出具单位留存备查。

2.间缝

间缝部分写介绍编号，应与存根部分的编号一致。还要加盖出具单位的公章。

3.正文

本文部分基本与便函式介绍人相同，只是有的要标题下再注明介绍信编号。

五、单位介绍信的写作要求

1.接洽事宜要写得具体、简明。

2.要注明使用介绍信的有效期限，天数要大写。

3.字迹要工整，不能随意涂改。

介绍信范文

范文一：

_______银行_______支行：

我公司由于工作的需要，特派出我司工作人员李XX(身份证号：_______工作证号：_______)、_______(身份证号：_______工作证号：_______)等前来贵行办理______________工作事宜，望贵行给予协助办理。

特此证明

单位名称：_______

____年____月_____日

一、单项选择题

(1)先易后难：一些考题的答案比较容易选定，可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时，应以基础为主，主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。

(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识：应学会分析出题者考查的意图，明确相关题的测试点是什么，然后运用所学知识，进行分析、判断，再进行选择。

(3)利用暗示进行选择：注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。

(4)运用排除法：可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项，缩小范围，而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析，最后确定答案。

二、完形填空题

1、搭配判断法。

根据对以往试题的分析，搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

2、结构判断法。

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完形填空题中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

(1)转折、让步关系：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。

常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but，still，yet，however，though，although，no matter，in spite of，anyway，even if等。

(2)因果关系：

表示原因的连词或词组有：because (of )，due to，owing to，thanks to，since，for，as等。

表示结果的词或词组有：so，therefore，then，as a result，in consequence，consequently，thus等。

(3)递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。

常用的词、词组有：moreover，likewise，besides，in addition，also，too，not only…but also，apart from，what‘s more 等。

(4)对比、比较关系：对比观点或事物间的差异性，比较观点或事物间的同一性。

表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，conversely，unlike，oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like，in comparison，compare…with，as，just as等。

3、词义判断法。

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断、选择答案。

三、阅读理解

在做阅读理解题时，除了掌握前面介绍的基本题型、基本法则外，还要进行有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手：词汇、方法、侧重点。

1、词汇：猜词的技巧。

在阅读过程中，不可避免地会碰到不认识的单词，考试中又不允许查词典，有些不认识的单词对文章的理解影响不大，可以忽略。但有些不认识的单词则会影响阅读者对文章理解的正确性。在这种情况下，必需猜测词的含义，这就需要利用猜词的技巧了。

最基本的猜词技巧有两种：一是根据构词法的规则猜，构词法的规则在前面的章节中已有介绍，这里就不重复了;另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的描述、解释、列举、比较等，运用已有的知识，分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种：

(1)利用词根、词缀构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。

(2)分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say); e.g.;oor，in other words;to put it in another way等。如：

She is bilingual.In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.(bilingual：会说两种语言的)。

(3)分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。如：

It is difficult t

o list all of my fathe‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.(attribute：特质;才能)

(4)分析文中对该词的对比和并列表述推测词义。

利用上下文中的对比或并列表述猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however;on the other hand;nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：

If you agree，write “yes”;if you dissent，write “no”。(dissent：不同意）

导语：英语写作除了要求大家在词汇量和语法上有一定的积累外，也需要大家注意总结一些常用的写作技巧。下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望能够对您有所帮助。

一、“功能段落”突破CET写作

诚然，六级写作是需要背模板的，但绝不是盲目地背。

整篇背诵模板不是最有效的方法，因为模板的写作思路是固定的，然而很多时候试题的命题思路可能与所背模板思路不同。因此，可能导致“所背非所考”，甚至导致文不对题，生搬硬套。

但是，无论六级写作话题如何变化，一般都对应三个或两个汉语提纲。只要按提纲要求去写相应的内容段落，就做到了紧扣主题。历年写作提纲可以总结为六种功能段落：现象描述、危害分析(弊)、原因分析、建议措施、观点阐述(观点的本质为利弊：支持方观点等于分析“利”，反方观点等于分析“弊”)、意义阐述(利)。

如果能够掌握住六种功能段落的写作实际就掌握了六级考试写作考题的最本质特征。那样的话，无论题目如何变化，我们准备都是有的放矢的。反观，死背模板容易导致生搬硬套，甚至文不对题。

二、写作短期提分方略

在了解了六级考试在命题特点的基础上，考生在备考阶段最需要准备的是两个内容：思路和表达。思路解决怎么写的问题，表达解决写什么的问题。如果拿到一个作文题目，你知道应该按照什么思路去写，又知道应该写什么表达，这篇作文就已经成功了一半。

表达积累

表达分为四个层次：词句段篇。其中篇章层面只要按照提纲要求去组织文章即可，因此篇章方面不足为虑。段落方面按照“功能段落”的六种形式去识别，也小菜一碟。

背写：思路+表达

很多同学考前也在背，背的滚瓜烂熟，脱口而出，觉得自己水平很牛!上了考场也顺利将文章写了出来，却得了一个很低的分数，为什么?因为单词都拼错了。请牢记：口头背诵得再好不等于能够写对。背写是提高写作和翻译唯一也是最有效的方法。

那么，背写什么内容哪?答案是思路和表达。思路上文中已有论述，遣词和造句的表达方面应该紧密结合功能段落来背诵有效句式和用词。考生不必刻意追求适用难词，但可以将常见词汇稍作替换：如，

exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换very;

an army of/a great many/a host of 替换a lot of;

advancement 替换 development;

positive, favorable, promising(有希望的)， perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good;

give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause;

harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that替换think;

beneficial, rewarding替换helpful;

bear in mind that替换remember;

enjoy, possess替换have;

shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer……

表达精彩体现在三个方面：遣词、造句、连贯。

三、复习安排建议

总体原则：先背再写、阶段总结、适当模拟。

先背再写：基础较差同学一定要先背一些功能句式和教材相关范文，然后模仿该作文的思路和表达去写。背写的目的是积累语言表达实力，同时练习书写的公正和优美。建议书写较差的考生买本英语字帖练一下书写，也许你会有意外的惊喜。

阶段总结：每过一周就要问自己几个问题：所背诵的表达可以用来写什么类型的文章?该类文章的相关词汇或表达有什么?关键词如何避免重复?请记住：没有复习，没有巩固。

适当模拟：在熟练掌握背写了六种功能段落的思路和表达之后，可以结合适当题目在写作中运用所讲所背所总结提分词汇、句式。建议大家能够灵活运用，做到一例多用。

附注：

中心句放开端

文章中心句是整个文章的主题和写作围绕的中心，通常应该放在段落的开端，这样一方面能够让阅卷老师一眼看出文章表达的主旨意思，起到开门见山的作用;另一方面可以使文章条理层次更加清晰，逻辑性强，文章的整体结构合理。中心句在作文中可以起到承接上下文的作用，放在段尾也可以起到总结全文的作用。这一方法对于写作初学者来说还是有一定困难的，因此在六级考试中，为了减少不必要的错误和损失，大家尽量将中心句放到文章的开头以保万无一失。

关键词要具体

文章的中心句一般是通过关键词来表现和限制文章的主旨思想的，所以为了突出主题，关键词需要尽量写得具体些。这里对“具体”的要求主要体现在两个方面：一方面是要具体到能限制和区分文章段落层次的发展;另一方面是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。精确仔细地突出关键词是清楚地表达文章主旨、写好段落中心句的重要前提之一，这对考生来说有一定难度。

设问扩充内容

中心句及关键词确定后，文章的大概框架已经清晰了，这时候就需要选择和主题有关的信息和素材来填充这个框架。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的行文方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问-解答(why-because)的方法，利用问题引出自己需要的话题再加以解答表现自己的观点，同时紧紧围绕主题。

大自然物换星移、雨雪云雾，一山一水，一草一木，甚至人们生活的一些环境。下面是小编分享的小学生写景作文的写作基础，欢迎大家阅读！

一、仔细观察，抓住景物特点。

第一要抓时序的特点。春夏秋冬，一年四季或晨、午、黄昏一天早晚，景色自然不一样。比如：《高大的皂荚树》中：“春天，下小雨啦。皂荚树为我们遮挡着，雨滴就不会很快调下来。我们就能够像平常一样，在操场上做体操，做游戏。夏天，暴烈的太阳当头照。有了皂荚树的遮挡，烈日就只能投下星星点点的光斑。我们活动在操场上觉得格外凉爽。秋天，皂荚树上许许多多得皂荚儿成熟了，那样子，就像常见得大扁豆。高年级得同学爬上树去，用带钩子得小竹竿把皂荚儿钩下来。小同学呢，把它们捡进筐里，交给老师。冬天，皂荚树落叶了。枯黄的小叶子，打着旋儿，不断地飘落，在地上铺一层一层。这时候，我们就把树叶扫到一起，堆放在墙脚下。”这些片断作者抓住了皂荚树在一年四季的不同特点，反映了作者对校园皂荚树的喜爱和赞美之情。

第二要抓场所的特点。

写景的文章有的指明了场所的，如《街头一景》、《校园春色》，就要把“校园”、“街头”、等这些场所的特点写出来。

第三要抓景色的特点。

不同的风景点特点是不同的，如有的是山景为主，有的以奇石闻名，有的借江湖增光，就应当抓住这些不同的特点，写出景物的个性。如：《火烧云》中：“这地方的火烧云变化极多，一会儿红彤彤的，一会儿金灿灿的，一会儿半紫半黄，一会儿半灰半百合色。葡萄灰，梨黄，茄子紫，这些颜色天空都有，还有些说也说不出来，见也没见过的颜色。”这个片断作者抓住了火烧云的色彩绚丽的特点进行描写的，从而反映了火烧云的美。

二、动静结合，写好景物特点。

在写景作文中，景物有静态与动态的区别。自然景色总是沉静的，但又都在不断地运动与变化之中。写景时既要注意静态的景，又在善于看出景中的动态，做到静中有动，动中有静，动静结合。描写时或先写静态后写动态，或先写动态后写静态，使景物处于静态与动态时的特征和谐完美地呈现在读者面前，只有这样，才能使文章中的景色特点“活”起来。如《第一场雪》中：“落光了叶子的柳树上，挂满了毛茸茸、亮晶晶地银条儿；冬夏常青地松树和柏树，堆满了蓬松松、沉甸甸的雪球。一阵风吹来，树枝轻轻地摇晃，银条儿和雪球儿簌簌地落下来，玉屑似的雪末儿随风飘扬，映着清晨的阳光，显出一道道五光十色的彩虹……

三、以情观景，借景抒情。

写景物的作文，不是为了写景而写景，它最终的目的是要表达人的一种情感。关键在于处理好“景”与“情”的关系。景与情贵在溶合，景中有情、情中有景，才能达到水乳交融、不可分离的境界。在方法上，可多加运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法，使景物带有人的特点，让写实与想象完美结合在一起。一篇优美的文章只有渗透了作者的真情实感，才能更好地表达文章中心，准确地抒发作者的情怀，使读者也能从课文美的文字中真切体会到景美物美，以及作者对景物的喜爱。如：《夕照》中：“太阳被裹上了橘黄色，没有了刺眼的光芒，稳稳地站在那排杨树上，没有丝毫衰老的样子。柔柔的光泻下来，给砖瓦房镀上一层华丽的金黄；房顶顿时化作一汪晶莹的湖水，每一片瓦都跳跃着的：“波纹”是夕阳得意的杰作。那平静的“湖面”难道不是被它踩碎的吗？啊，它和我一样调皮！”作者运用一连串的比喻和巧妙的拟人手法，写出了夕阳的柔美，落山时调皮的模样，使夕阳有了情感，有了生命活力，充分抒发了作者对夕阳的赞美，对夕阳的喜爱之情。

总的来说，写好景物就要抓住景物的特点，根据所写景物的特点，有所侧重地选择景物描写方法，写时要展开丰富的联想，并融入自己的真情实感。平时要多观察、多练习，把你所看到的最美的景色写出来，让读者感到鲜明生动，有身临其境之感。

[小学生写景作文的写作基础

微型小说又名小小说，超短篇小说，一分钟小说。过去它作为短篇小说的一个品种而存在， 后来的发展使它已成为一种独立的文学样式，其性质被界定为"介于边缘短篇小说和散文之 间的一种边缘性的现代新兴文学体裁"。阿·托尔斯泰认为："小小说是训练作家最好的学 校。"(《论文学》)

日本作家星新一指出："很久以前就存在着类似超短篇小说的作品。……但是，超短篇小说 这个名字的正式出现，是源于美国。"多数人推崇美国作家欧·亨利(1862-1910) 是创始人。他的近三百篇作品，情节生动，笔调幽默。其中《麦琪的礼物》脍灸人口。可以 这么说，超短篇小说具有立意新颖、情节严谨、结局新奇三要素。即在1500字以内，要概 括出普通小说应具有的一切。也可以说，微型小说是一种敏感，从一个点、一个画面、一个 对比、一声赞叹、一瞬间之中，捕捉住了小说--一种智慧、一种美、一个耐人寻味的场景， 一种新鲜的思想。

微型小说在写作上追求的目标是四个字：微、新、密、奇。

一、微。指的是篇幅微小，不超过一千五百个字。因此，构思和行文时必须注意字句的 凝炼，不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如马克·吐温的《丈夫支出帐本中的一页》。全文只有七 行字，却具有长篇小说的全部情节。

二、新。指的是立意新颖，风格清新。星新一写作一分钟小说，就极力追求"新"。他写道： "有些评论家把我的小说与美国的超短篇小说(Short-Short)混为一谈，这是不妥当的。 我是受了美国超短篇小说的影响。但是没有完全依靠，而是发挥了自己独特的风格和技巧。 我的小说强调一个新字，给读者以新题材、新知识，甚至让他们感到惊讶!"(星新一《一 分钟小说选》)为此，他常常借助于童话、寓言、科幻、推理等手法，通过非现实的题材或 现实题材的非现实笔法，反映他在现实生活中的独特的感觉，表现清新的主题，如他的《保 修》。 当然，微型小说的立意和其它形式的小说作品一样，有时并不是一眼能看出的，有时主题并 非一个，是多元化的，这都是可以的。例如美国著名科幻作家弗里蒂克·布朗写的一篇被称 为世界上最短的科学幻想小说："地球上最后一个人独自坐在房间里，这时忽然响起了敲门 声……"就写得十分别致而耐人寻味。

三、密。指的是结构严密。微型小说的作者在结构上，应力求时间、场所、人物都尽可 能地压缩、集中，使作品结构简练、精巧，如同微雕工艺品那样。因此，特别要在选材、剪 裁和布局上下功夫。

四、奇。指的是结尾要新奇巧妙，出人意料。微型小说的特点多半在于一个"奇"字。 中外作家的许多优秀作品就常在结尾处使人拍案叫绝。如邵宝健的《永远的门》的结尾就出 人意料。

对待微型小说的特点及技巧，一要弄通掌握， 争取在理论指导下站在较高起点上进行实践，二要灵活运用，甚至不去联系，让它们在潜意识中随时起到作用。还可以摹仿。照搬形式、技巧， 发扬精华，受到感应，并力求创新，出自己意。上述特点， 特别是"博采众长"中已经具备了微型小说的一些结构要求。以下再列出一种模式，供初学者学习。

模式如下：

【开头】要使人"一见钟情"。方式有三种：

▲造成悬念，引起兴趣。如《那团云雾》，开头就写不知怎的没了游兴，连山顶上也罩上一团云雾。

▲开门见山，进入情节。往往开头就是人物对话。

▲含蓄蕴藉，曲径通幽。往往描写景物， 烘托铺垫并有照应和伏笔。

【中间】结构主要有三种基本类型：

▲曲折生致式。

①单线曲折，一波三折。如王任叔的《河豚子》，写一农民在二三十年代的社会背景中，因穷困而自杀的过程：弄回毒鱼， 却看到孩子们兴高采烈;怕见惨象而出外， 回来后却见妻儿欢笑等待;吃后等死，却因鱼失去毒性，死不成仍要受苦。

②双线交叉，内在联系。一人两事，或两人一事;可以是两条明线，也可一明一暗，互为陪衬。如《小星的暑假日记》， 父亲编造假材料，儿子编写假日记。父亲打骂儿子后， 再要写材料时只好苦笑。

③反复回环，同中见异。如《奇妙的循环不等式》，车上只有一个空位，售票员不让老太太坐，却让"首长"坐。 司机上车后赶开"首长"请经理坐，经理的丈母娘正是老太太。 又如《他们都是瞎子》，写一对青年热恋、结婚、离婚时都看见一对瞎子相搀相扶。

④前后对比，双峰对峙。 如《变化》写一个业余作者先后发表两篇稿件后，单位领导不同的态度。

(5)欲扬先抑，欲抑先扬。前者，"扬"是主体， 却先在"抑"上着笔，突然一转归于"扬"。后者相反。这样，产生了情节发展的意外性，加强了相反相成的艺术效果。

▲重旨复意式。微型小说应以小暗示大，达到意义的升华;要讲象外之旨，言外之意，引起读者想象。主要采用：①象征。 用具体物象寓示概念或另一形象，但只起结构作用， 不是象在诗歌中着力描写的中心形象那样。如《枪口》， 写一官复原职的领导用别人送的枪打下猎物时，得知走后门的"枪口"也对准了他。 ②双关。如《向不通》， 写大学生向不通十年勤恳工作反不如工作差的升得上去，因而"想不通"。③比喻。如《"炮"炸宴席》， 写小孙子在酒宴上放炮仗捣乱， 又在爷爷不满新经理四十来岁年纪轻时放"炮"："你不是十八岁就当县长!爸爸三十出头就当厂长了! "④省略。这是一种具象化的空白。如《落果》， 老门卫退休后门口枣树上果子不熟就被打光，他写信给厂长："连几十张馋嘴都管不住，还管厂。"接着省略了厂长感奋、整顿厂风的情节， 而写第二年老师傅收到一包红枣。

▲采用其它文体和艺术体裁的特长。

【结尾】结尾宜巧，要"回眸一笑"。主要有三种：

▲画龙点睛，首尾呼应。如《那团云雾》，开头败了游兴，峰顶似乎有团云雾，结尾那团云雾也不见了。

▲戛然而止，含蓄隽永。如二百来字的《书法家》，局长在书法展览会上应邀不过写了两个拿手的好字是"同意"， 面对惊叹和要求只好无奈地说?quot;能写好的数这两个字……"这样结尾， 韵味无穷，艺术容量很大。

以上两种结尾方法只能撩起读者短暂的激动，最佳结尾是：

▲出人意外，扣人心弦。即"欧·享利式结尾"，其特点是"巧"。整个布局为结尾服务，读者以为情节东向演进， 结果却西向而行，抖包袱，亮底牌。这种结尾， 打破了情节发展惯用的结构手法，给人以新奇感，深化了主题，增加了容量。大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》就是这样，一对穷困夫妻为在节日时互送礼物而煞费苦心，最后礼物拿出来却没用：一个卖掉金表为妻子买了梳子， 一个剪掉长发为丈夫买了根表链。又如澳大利亚的《窗》，靠窗的病人每天为角落病人描述窗外美景，为苍白的生活增光添彩。 但是角落病人却见死不救，图谋到了靠窗的好位置，抬头望见窗外只是一堵高墙。