自考英语写作基础教程优秀20篇

The laba festival, commonly known as "laba", namely the lunar December 8, the ancients worship our ancestors and gods, pray for harvest auspicious tradition, some areas have the tradition of drinking laba rice porridge.Legend has it that day and the Buddha sakyamuni into way, known as the "magic festival", is one of the grand festival of Buddhism.

Somehow called "la" end of the month at the age of three: the meaning of the "la, also", combine the meaning of a new era (sui, etiquette volunteers record);The "la with hunting", and refers to the good hunting for the beast ancestor worship to god, "la" from the "meat", "the winter" is to use meat;Spring-heralding "three yue" la, pursuit of epidemic diseases, and the tradition of "Buddha into a festival, is also a" tao ", actually is the origin of December eighth day for LaRi, so to speak.

腊八节，俗称“腊八” ，即农历十二月初八，古人有祭祀祖先和神灵、祈求丰收吉祥的传统，一些地区有喝腊八粥的习俗。相传这一天还是佛祖释迦牟尼成道之日，称为“法宝节”，是佛教盛大的节日之一。

何故岁终之月称“腊”的含义有三：一曰“腊者，接也”，寓有新旧交替的意思(《隋书·礼仪志》记载);二曰“腊者同猎”，指田猎获取禽兽好祭祖祭神，“腊”从“肉”旁，就是用肉“冬祭”;三曰“腊者，逐疫迎春”，腊八节又谓之“佛成道节”，亦名“成道会”，实际上可以说是十二月初八为腊日之由来。

考研英语应用文写作范文之感谢信感谢信

结构要点感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：

1． 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢；

2． 展开叙述这件事；

3． 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。

Suppose your were recommended by Professor Sun to get further education in Yale University last June and now you have been admitted by that university. Write a letter to Professor Sun to express your gratitude in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Professor Sun,

I am writing to extend my gratitude to you—without your help I would not have been a postgraduate student of Applied Mechanics Department of Yale University.

Last June, you helped me with no reservation when I applied for Yale University. You wrote a recommendation letter for me to Professor W, the dean of the department. You gave me instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters. Whats more, you also taught me how to take care of myself and get along with others, which I believe are lifes great lessons.

Your help enabled me to fulfill my dream to pursue my studies in a great university. In the following days I will remember what you have told me and work and study hard to be a capable, conscientious and responsible person.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

感谢信

语言注意点感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。

Suppose you were taken good care of by Aunt Sun when you pursued your studies in Los Angels where Sun lived. Write a letter in about 100 words to extend your appreciation. Do not

sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Aunt Sun,

It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere gratitude to you for your hospitality and consideration while I pursue my bachelors degree at University of California.

As soon as I arrived in Los Angeles, you found me an apartment near my university. When I met with difficulties you often sent your daughter to help me and when I felt homesick you often talked to me patiently. You told me how to improve my efficiency in both work and study and how to get on well with teachers and schoolmates. Furthermore, you invited me to dinner on nearly every weekend.

Without your help, I would not have graduated with honors and found a satisfactory job back here in China. I know I can never repay you for everything you have done for me in the past four years, but you can be sure that I

Best regards.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming ll never forget it.

升初作文怎么写，怎么才能构思一篇好作文。孩子在忙碌的同时，家长也开始为孩子忙碌着，或在图书大厦买作文书，或要孩子背诵一篇好文章按题目套文，其实这样的方法是有一定风险的。撞中了叫运气，反之则倒霉。

那么在小升初的作文中，孩子们到底该从哪些方面去着手准备呢?

一、素材的多角度立意

意大利着名画家达芬奇的老师对达芬奇所说的自己画蛋的体会：即使是同一只蛋，只要变换一下角度，形状便立即不同了。这告诉我们对生活中发生的事件我们可以多角度分析。文章源于生活，它的立意亦应多角度进行。

我们以一个发生在同学们身边的事件为例。

今年春天，我和爸爸来到高尔夫球场，第一次学打高尔夫球。看教练做很简单，我按照教练的要求去做，却发现和想象的不同，要么杆碰不上球，要么球出去就偏离了方向，经历了一次次失败，我终于成功了。

就这一事例，我们可从如下角度立意：

1、最大的敌人是自己，战胜自己就会走向成功;

2、一招一式，看似简单，做起来难，失之毫厘，谬以千里;

3、成功需要方法;四、运动带来快乐

这样，一个素材，可以根据命题的不同，确定立意，设置情节，确定描写重点。但无论从哪个角度立意，打球的动作细节是不能丢的。

二、练习写好文章的细节

学生练习作文的过程中，很多孩子注意了情节的起伏，语言的流畅，但总感觉文章空泛，这是为什么呢?忽视了细节描写。

怎样写好细节，简单地说，细节描写要还原生活，去发现场景细节、服饰细节、语言细节、动作细节、心理细节等，按照生活本来的面目去描摹。一篇文章，恰到好处地运用细节描写，能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用。

如何将陌生叔叔帮我把车修好写细，我们首先要还原生活场景，在头脑中勾勒出雪中修车图，再从这一图画中去寻找描写的细节。

这是一位同学的作文片断：叔叔迅速地摘下手套，用右手拿着链条，左手帮着把链条搬过去，链条一点点地扣上去了，一节一节地扣住了后轮的齿轮。咣当一声，链条滑了出来，这一次努力前功尽弃。我的心咯噔一下，万一叔叔告诉我修不好，我该怎么办呀!可事情并非如我想象，只见叔叔向拢起的双手呵了呵气，又蹲下了身子。他为了不让链条弹开，用右手把链条往前面齿轮上套住，然后右手拉住链条往后齿轮上移，左手护住链条不让它再滑出来。后来，他看到位置有些偏，就用左手把它移正再装，洁白的雪花落在了他冻得通红的满是油污的手上，我知道他的手一定很冷，很冷，可他的心一定很热，很热。终于，链条一节一节地和齿轮扣住了。他猛一转脚踏板，车子居然又完好地转动起来。文章中最直观的细节是叔叔修车的动作细节，摘、拿、套、拉、护、移、转等动词的使用，写出了叔叔雪中修车的不容易，突出了人物精神。其次应当是外貌细节和心理细节的描写衬托了人物美好的心灵。

每个人观察生活的角度和经历不同，再现的生活场景也就不同，但无论采用怎样的方法，我们达到这样一种境地为最好做到写人则如见其人，写景则如临其境。

三、整理生活中的素材

努力回忆六年来的校园生活，家庭生活中记忆尤为深刻的小事，哪怕是一次单手磕鸡蛋的经历都不要放过。因为孩子有对生活的观察、积累，有真实的体验、感受，他的表述一定会具体而生动，他所表达的情感一定是真实的。翻翻过去的作文、周记，从多个角度，搜集这样的素材，将细节完整地记录下来，进行分类整理。

有些家长大量地看作文选、杂志，想帮助孩子从上面搬些素材下来。我不大同意这样的做法，因为那不是孩子的生活，他很难像成人一样具有缜密的思维，进行合理的想象情节，他也很难描摹当时的细节，这样的作文不能打动读者。不如让作文选、杂志成为勾起孩子回忆生活的媒介，从与作者相似的经历中挖掘写作素材。如：从作文选上看奶奶为我掖被子的细节，想到冬天，妈妈买药回来，为我滴眼药时怕我嫌凉而搓手的动作，这样一来写母爱的文章就有了素材。

四、努力锤炼文章的语言

佳酿总是经过酿造才有它独特的芳醇，文章也是一样，经过锤炼的语言才是有生命力的语言，孔子说言之无文，行而不远。说的就是这个道理。

我们可尝试这样的几种方式，让语言焕发色彩。

在句式变换上下工夫。在表达强烈的情感时，可以将陈述句用反问、设问或感叹句的形式表达。

在准确地运用词汇上下工夫。在文章中可以用一些拟声词来丰富表达;另外，可使用叠词使描绘更加准确，而且能使语言具有节奏感，从而让语言富有音乐美。再有，四字词语和成语的使用，会使语言表达更为简练。 在恰当地运用修辞上下工夫。修辞不但使文章语言生动活泼，而且能调节音节，增强语言的音乐美，提高语言的表达效果。例如：风追着雨，雨赶着风，风和雨联合起来追赶着天上的乌云，整个天地都处在雨水之中一句，意思是说大雨来了。但是作者使用了拟人的手法，把风、雨当作正在奔跑的人，飞快地追赶天空的乌云，这样一说比大雨来了更能表现出雨来的之快、之急、之大。当然，修辞方法还有引用、夸张、排比、设问、反问等等，我们应根据需要采用。

作文基础是总结的在进行作文写作中所应用到的一系列写作手段，小编收集了高中作文的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

越来越浮躁和急功近利的高中作文教学，已经迫不及待到不顾学生初中一人一事记叙为主的写作基础，也不等高中慢慢引导转变需要渐进的过程，直接在区统考就要求以议论为为主的话题作文。我的急就章是紧急作以下三项训练。实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。所以，再附上我以往整理常见话题作文论证角度举隅以供临考抱抱佛脚：

初高中作文的脱胎换骨

一、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金;而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

二、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进，前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

话题作文训练举隅

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛;要合理出新，不落俗套。2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

挑出十个最贴近学生现实生活的话题供临战训练选用：

1、以“快乐”为话题

2、以“理解”为话题

3、以“友谊”为话题

4、以“渴望”为话题

5、以“读书”为话题

6、以“信赖”为话题

7、以“幸福”为话题

8、以“关心”为话题

9、以“变化”为话题

10、以“家”为话题

议论文写作ABC

A.学习横向展开议论——并列式结构

议论文有一些基本结构形式，如并列式、递进式、对照式、启感式、总分式等。其中并列式是典型的横向模式，即先提出总论点，然后并列地从几个方面分别对总论点加以论述，即论述部分是由并列的几个分论点的论述组成的。并列式的几个分论点常常放在每段开头，以显示层次。采用这种结构形式的关键，是能够对一个总论点从不同的侧面来加以认识，并能够并列地排出几个能说明总论点的分论点来。

横向并列式结构的优点：首先，能使文章思路清晰，条理分明。议论文重在阐明道理，而要说明某个问题，如能分成几个方面来进行论述，往往可以使议论显得有条不紊，多而不乱。其次，从议论的力度和效果来看，采用横向结构往往能使议论气韵酣畅，有如重浪排阔，给读者造成强烈印象，从而增强了议论的说服力。再次，议论时恰当合理地采用横向结构，能显示出作者在特定的思维范围内的不同指向的深度开掘，体现出作者思维的深刻程度。可以说，横向结构是应试作文写作中快速成文的有效方法之一。使用横向并列式结构要注意的几点：第一，要考虑分论点的轻重关系、主次关系、先后关系、时间关系。第二，形式要一目了然，即每段中心句应在段首作中心句。第三，要多角度地观察、分析、认识事物。第四，分论点角度要统一、不能交叉包容。

最常见的并列式模块：排比开段，从一个大范围里几个不同侧面点去逐一分论;古往今来时间式：昨天—今天—明天，历史—现实—未来;远近高低空间式：个人—单位(班级、学校)—社会(国家、民族、国际、人类社会)，或者倒过来，从社会到联系自我。

初学者也可以用正反对照式的两分法结构，为避免结构简单，论证不全面，建议在分论中再分论，来达到论证较完整充分的效果。

B.学习纵向展开议论——层进式结构

议论文纵向层进式结构的基本特征：层进式结构即文章各层次之间层层深入、步步推进的关系，各层的前后顺序有严格要求，不能随意改动。这是议论文经常使用的一种结构方式。

一般说来，一个有社会意义的问题的提出，一种倾向、一个观点的形成都有其历史的原因、现状的原因和将来的原因，探讨这些原因，就构成了论证的纵向角度。

所谓纵向论证联系，是指总论点、分论点和小论点之间的逻辑论证顺序，以及分论点之间，小论点之间的逻辑论证顺序。议论文内容之间的纵向逻辑联系，具体表现为议论文的纵式结构，其特点在于议论文的思想体系是纵向展开的。毛泽东同志指出：“写文章要讲逻辑。就是注意整篇文章，整篇讲话的结构，开头、中间、尾巴要有一种关系，要有一种内部的联系，不要互相冲突。”(毛泽东;《农业合作化的一场辩论和当前的阶级斗争》《毛泽东选集》第五卷，第217页)只有恰当处理议论文内容的纵向逻辑联系，才能使议论文有严谨的结构。

一篇议论文为了阐述总论点，要列出几个分论点，每个分论点扩展为一个部分，各个分论点之间，各个部分之间，应有内在联系。每个分论点又分为几个小论点，每个小论点又扩展为一段，各个小论点之间，各个段之间，也应有内在联系。这样，全篇议论的纵向逻辑联系便体现出来了，并且相应地形成了议论文的完整体系和严谨结构。

层进式的基本结构是“是什么—为什么—怎么办”，文章的各个层次之间，环环相扣，步步深入.或从现象到本质，或从原因到结果，或从一般到特殊等等。层进式比并列式和对照式更能体现思维的缜密，能使文章更灵活，更具有个性化色彩。

C.议论段落的基本构成

1.提出分论思考的问题：可直接立论，也可以用比喻引导。

2.或引证或解释分论的具体意思、理论出发点和依据。

3.例证，简约概述论据，仅陈述与自己分论相关的部分事实，大胆略去为人熟知的来龙去脉，具体过程。必要时可以堆叠多个有不同区别的材料，组成“集束炸弹”。也可以引用更详尽的理论论据来增加说服力。

4.对论据作必要的阐释，使之更贴近符合自己的分论角度;也进一步夯实自己的论述基础。

5.有力归论，使分论进一步有效发挥强大的逻辑力量。在例证和阐释过程中，可尽量多选用高一现已学过的多种论证方法，如对比、类比、喻证、假设推论等方法，努力减少对叙述的依赖性，增加有效议论的分量。

32个思品道德话题论证角度

1.爱国

论证角度：①爱国是公民的神圣使命②爱国就要为祖国的崛起而努力③爱国要从自我作起④爱国不能盲目排外⑤爱国就不会为祖国的贫穷而悲观

2.改革

论证角度：①改革是一个循序渐进的过程②改革需要全民族的同心同德③改革不能不付出代价，忍受阵痛④改革要牺牲小我，顾全大局⑤改革才能最终消除社会弊端

3.法制

论证角度：①法制是民主的保障②法制之网必须疏而不漏③法制是约束权力的利器④法制的松驰必然导致社会道德的沦丧⑤法制的严厉是使公民树立法制观念的捷径

4.教育

论证角度：①教育是国家富强的先决条件②教育是一项跨世纪的投资③教育是摆脱愚昧、走向文明的阶梯④教育在富裕之后更要重视⑤教育可以减少犯罪，维护社会安定

5.廉政

论证角度：①廉政能为经济建设保驾护航②廉政才能取信于民③廉政有且助于净化社会空气④廉政才能保证市场经济公平竞争⑤廉政建设必须严格立法，强化监督

6.正义

论证角度：①正义代表着科学、理性和良知②正义是一种社会公正的体现③正义必须以强大的力量为后盾④正义是除暴安良的旗帜⑤正义是当今时代迫切的呼唤

7.爱心

论证角度：①爱心可以温暖人心，使社会充满浓郁的人情味②爱心奉献的回报就是享受到别人的爱③爱心可以减少社会不安定因素④爱心的丧失是源于社会的公正的丧失

8.竞争

论证角度：①竞争可以推动人类文明的创造②竞争能使真正的人才脱颖而出③竞争可以增强人的危机感与挑战意识④竞争要遵守法律规则与职业道德⑤竞争必须具备顽强的斗志和良好的心理承受能力

9.美德

论证角度：①美德可以克制人欲，完善人类本身②美德可以获得别人由衷的信任和永恒的敬仰③美德的标准随着时代的变化而变化④美德沦丧中获利的人将成为别人沦丧美德的牺牲品⑤美德纳入法制的轨道才能迅速普及

10.财富

论证角度：①财富本身无善恶，关键看如何运用②财富追求的天性可以调动人的积极性③财富是满足高层次精神需要的物质基础④财富能给智者带来享受，却不能使愚者摆脱空虚⑤财富的获取不可逾越法律，损人利己

11.自由

论证角度：①自由是一种不能违犯法律的权利②自由的获得与社会的发展相辅相成③自由只有在安定的社会中才能真正享有④自由意味着对他人权利有尊重⑤自由被不正当地束缚就会压抑人的创造活力

12.真理

论证角度：①真理是最公正的历史裁判②真理的捍卫需要大无畏精神③真理的认识是一个曲折的过程④真理道出容易，化为行动难⑤真理不怕批评，不能靠人数多寡判定

13.理想

论证角度：①理想远大的青年是中国未来的希望②理想的实现不能耽于幻想，一蹴而就③理想的真谛在于追求的过程而不在追求的结果④理想的达成需要历经坎坷，埋头苦干⑤理想的追求应当与社会需要相契合

14.青春

论证角度：①青春的真谛在于心灵的年轻②青春是未来的奠基石③青春只有苦斗的义务没有消闲的权利④青春稍纵即逝，切莫虚掷光阴⑤青春的热情点燃时代精神的火炬

15.创造

论证角度：①创造是人才的本质②创造要有渊博的知识③创造要克服隋性敢于标新立异④创造力的萎缩导致民族活力的窒息⑤创造是苦思冥想之后的一种享受

16.多思

论证角度：①多思可以领悟人生，洞察社会，获得心灵的自由②多思能够使人摆脱浅薄，走向睿智③多思才能举一反三，活学活用④多思与勤学相辅相成⑤多思使事业的成功事半功倍

17.才智

论证角度：①才智的本质特征是创造②才智善于与社会需要结合才能闪出灿烂的光华③才智来源于学习和实践④才智日益成为现代社会决定胜负的利器⑤才智缺少了道德的规范将走向反面

18.求知

论证角度：①求知意味着给愚暗的心灵点起光明的圣火②求知是现代社会参予竞争、成名成才的需要③求知最大障碍是坐井观天，自命不凡④求知和思索结合起来才能融汇贯通，运用自如⑤求知既要学习书本知识，又要认识现实社会

19.实干

论证角度：①实干意味着不能光说不练②实干是通向成功的彼岸的桥梁③实干要力求巧干，避免蛮干④实干应有科学的指南和切实的目标⑤实干是对空谈的最有力的反驳

20.磨难

论证角度：①磨难是走向成熟的一个难得机会②磨难可以砥砺人的意志的性格③磨难是竞争社会里人所面临的一种挑战④磨难有助于正确认识自我⑤磨难中最需要坚定不移的人格和乐观向上的精神

21.自信

论证角度：①自信是竞争取胜的首要条件②自信的基础是智慧和才能③自信可以产生的巨大精神力量④自信是冷静的自我评估而非妄自尊大⑤自信可使人处变不惊，反败为胜

22.进取

论证角度：①进取才能获得人生的辉煌②进取才能把握今天，创造明天③进取意味着超越平庸④进取应该准备有所牺牲⑤时取的黄金岁月是青春时代

23.探索

论证角度：①探索要有“吃螃蟹的勇气”②探索是永无止境的追求③探索才能开创社会的未来④探索应该以科学的武器为指导⑤探索要不怕失败，敢于再辟蹊径

24.实践

论证角度：①实践是检验真理的唯一标准②实践是求知的最终目的③实践可以使理论更加完美④实践的成功以顽强坚韧的精神为动力⑤重视实践不能轻视书本知识的学习

25.勇气

论证角度：①勇气可以在竞争中先声夺人，占据主动②勇气不和智慧相结合是匹夫之勇③勇气不是盲目抗争，作无谓牺牲④勇气是突破模式、走向创造的心理基础⑤勇气意味着不苟且，维护人格尊严

26.乐观

论证角度：①乐观可以获得巨大的人生鼓舞②乐观的实质是正视现实，采取对策，走出困境③乐观的源泉是对自身能力的自信④乐观是满怀希望和危机意识的统一⑤乐观并不等于自我满足，安于现状

27.机遇

论证角度：①机遇偏爱才干超凡的人②机遇不能坐等而要去创造③机遇的把握要当机立断④机遇因人而异，不能盲目模仿⑤机遇的失去无须怨天尤人

28.志节

论证角度：①志节使人锐意进取，奋发图强②志节意味着要立长志，不要常立志③志节是自我激励的精神武器④志节使人能够忍受磨难，乐观向上⑤志节是一个民族傲立于世的精神支柱

29.奉献

论证角度：①奉献是社会责任②奉献的实质是我为人人，人人为我③奉献要从干好自己本职工作做起④奉献的精神来自切合实际的道德教育⑤奉献是竞争机制的补充和完善

30.友谊

论证角度：①友谊长存的基础是志同道合②友谊意味着一种责任，而不是一个机会③友谊的大敌是斤斤计较，嫉贤妒能④友谊范围的广泛是参予社会的一大优势⑤友谊的维护不能忽视适度的礼节

31.遵纪守则

论证角度：①遵纪守则是立身之本。②遵纪守则有利于安定团结。③慎独是遵纪有力保证。④加强纪律性可以无往不胜。⑤遵纪守则应成为一种社会风气。

32.科学发展观，第一要义是发展，核心是以人为本，基本要求是全面协调可持续，根本方法是统筹兼顾。

攻克英语写作：滴水穿石，积累成章

考研作文作为考查考生语言表达等综合能力的题型，是考研英语的压轴戏。考生在日常复习中应更趋向于积累。考研作文的复习和提高是与一些科学的学习方法和有效的学习技巧分不开的，在此，万学海文考研英语辅导专家提供大家一些练习方法及技巧，希望对同学们有所帮助。

考研作文分为大、小两类。小作文多以应用文体裁为主，例如求职信、感谢信、辞职信，道歉信等，这类作文不需要复杂华丽的文采修饰，表意明确就可以了；大作文的题型多是通过图片或者提示文字，要求考生完成提示所透视出来的问题。命题范围，从近几年看，都比较倾向于当前社会热门话题或观念。

一、欲速则不达，步步行进

想要达到一定的程度，首先要向这个程度看齐。就写作来说，如果你想将自己的作文水平提高到一个质的飞跃，首先你要懂得去吸取别人文章中的精华。这个吸取精华的过程就是阅读。只有多阅读，才能够培养起良好的语感，才会知道如何去构思，如何去质疑别人的观点，表达清楚自己的意思。正所谓"读书破万卷，下笔如有神"。无论何时，大家都勿急躁，因为"跑"得好的前提是"走"，

作文这种慢火候才能提高的题更是如此，一步一个脚印才是写作稳步提高的策略。

近些年写作考题的内容和主题，基本都与当年的热点话题有一定的关系，所以平时多阅读英语报纸、杂志，能够帮助你掌握更多的话题资源。对于比较热点、比较重要的主题，可以有目的地进行搜集整理。阅读的过程也应该讲究方法，应该以泛读与精读结合的方式进行学习。一些好的文章建议你读过以后做英文阅读笔记（即观后感）。在读与写的过程中，你的写作水平自然会得到快速提高。

二、在研读中背记

除了读与写，还要进行适当的背。背诵是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。建议考生可以选择历年真题中的写作佳文，先是研究，思考人家是怎么构思，怎么写的，获得高分的闪光点在哪。再在理解的基础上记忆，更能够在无形中增强你的表达能力。同学们也可以拿一些英语原著名篇来读、背，这样可以加强自己的语感，使自己的表达更加地道。

三、每周一练，积累成章

表达能力需要考生平时多一点练习，给自己制定一个写作计划。一周至少练习一篇文章。在加强写作练习之后，你的文章才能够 "成章"。因此，实际动手的能力至关重要。平时训练的重点应该锁定在文章是否切题，行文是否表意明确、通顺，有无语法错误等。另外，一定要给每一次行文限定一个可行的时间。并且，按照这个时间严格要求自己完成。

如果你能够找到范文，然后在练习之后进行比较，效果会更加明显。假使没有范文作为标样，建议你可以找英语水平较好的同学看一看。也许评看你作文的这个考生英语水平不是很高，但个人看别人文章的缺点很容易看出来。如果条件允许，找老师请教一下最好。

掌握好的方法加之持之以恒，相信最后的成功一定属于你，继续坚定的考研信念，自信满满的走下去。

(一)屈原投江

(one) Qu Yuan River

为了纪念爱国诗人屈原，居民为了不让跳下汨罗江的屈原尸体被鱼虾吃掉，所以在江里投下许多用竹叶包裹的米食(粽子)，并且竞相划船(赛龙船)希望找到屈原的尸体。

To commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan, residents in order not to let Qu Yuans Miluo River jumped by fish and shrimp to eat, so in the river for the rice wrapped in bamboo leaves with many (dumplings), and race (rowing Dragon Boat Race) to find Qu Yuans body.

(二)曹娥寻父尸

(two) case of seeking father.

东汉孝女曹娥，因曹父溺江而亡，年仅十四岁的她沿江豪哭，经十七日仍不见曹父尸首，乃在五月一日投江，五日后两尸合抱而浮起的感人事迹， 乡人群而祭之。

The Eastern Han Dynasty filial daughter Cao E, drowned himself in a river because Cao father died, only fourteen years old, she cried along the ho, after seventeen days still do not see Cao father body, but in May 1st the river, five days from two dead and floating deeds, people group and sacrifice.

(三)白蛇传

(three) the legend of white snake

传说白蛇白素贞，为了报答许仙的恩惠，与许仙结为夫妻的凄美的爱情故事，传说端午节当天白蛇喝了雄黄酒，差点现出蛇形，加上法海白蛇及水淹金山寺的情节，都是脍炙人口的民间戏曲的曲目。

The legend of white snake and Bai Suzhen, in order to repay the grace of Xu Xian, and Xu Xianjie married the beautiful love story, the legend of the White Snake Legend of the Dragon Boat Festival a male Yellow Wine, almost a snake, white snake and flooded with sea Jinshan Temple of the plot, is a folk opera music win universal praise.

(四)伍子胥的忌日

(four) the anniversary of the death of Wu Zixu

传说伍子胥助吴伐楚后，吴王阖闾逝世，皇子夫差继位，伐越大胜，越王句践请和，伍子胥主战，夫差不听，却听信奸臣言，赐伍子胥自杀，并于于五月五日将尸体投入江中，此后人们于端午节纪祀伍子胥。

Legend has it that Wu Zixu will Fachu Wu, Wu helv Prince died, his successor, the victory of the king, and Wu Zixu battle, the king, do not listen, but listen to a word, give Wu Zixu Dutch act, and on May 5th the bodies into the river, then people in the Dragon Boat Festival worship Wu Zixu ji.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

中国民间的传统节日，在夏历五月初五，也叫“端阳”、“蒲节”、“天中节”、“大长节”、“沐兰节”、“女儿节”、“小儿节”。它是汉族的传统节日之一此外，端午节还有许多别称，如：午日节、重五节，五月节、浴兰节、女儿节，天中节、地腊、诗人节、龙日、艾节、端五、夏节、重午、午日等等。虽然名称不同，但总体上说，各地人民过节的习俗还是同多于异的。 时至今日，端午节仍是中国人民中一个十分盛行的隆重节日。

A traditional Chinese Folk Festival, in the fifth day of the fifth lunar month lunar calendar in May, also called the "Dragon Boat Festival", "Dragon Boat Festival", "day day", "long day", "Mu Lan day", "daughter Festival", "childrens day". It is one of the Chinese traditional festival the Dragon Boat Festival and many another name, such as: Good afternoon, section, section five, May Festival, bath Festival, daughter of festival, festival days, to LA, poet Festival, dragon day, AI Festival, at the end of five, the summer festival, afternoon, afternoon and so on. Although the names are different, but generally speaking, people around the custom of the feast or more than the same. Today, the Dragon Boat Festival is the Chinese people is still a very popular in the grand festival.

端午节是全年四大节之一。五月是毒月，五日是毒日，五日的中午又是毒时，居三毒之端。端午节又叫“五月端”。五月是整个热天的开端，五毒蛇开始活跃，鬼魅魍魉也会猖獗，这些都会给人特别是会给无所顾忌又无抵抗能力的孩子带来灾难，必须在五月端这天集中地为孩子消灾防毒，因此，人们又把五月端午节说成是“小孩节”或“娃娃节”。

The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the four major festivals throughout the year. May is the month of five days is poison, poison, five noon is poison, poison ranks three in the end. The Dragon Boat Festival is also called "the end of the May". May is the beginning of summer, the beginning of the five active snakes, ghosts and monsters are rampant, these will give people in particular will give no children and no resistance to bring disaster, must focus on that day in May at the end of anti disaster for the children, therefore, the people and the Dragon Boat Festival in May as a "childrens Day" or "doll festival".

过端午节，是中国人二千多年来的传统习惯，由于地域广大，民族众多，部分蒙古、回、藏、苗、彝、壮、布依、朝鲜、侗、瑶、白、土家、哈尼、畲、拉祜、水、纳西族、达斡尔、仫佬、羌、仡佬、锡伯族、普米、鄂温克、裕固、鄂伦春等少数民族也过此节，加上许多故事传说，于是不仅产生了众多相异的节名，而且各地也有着不尽相同的习俗。其内容主要有：女儿回娘家，挂钟馗像，迎鬼船、躲午，帖午叶符，悬挂菖蒲、艾草，游百病，佩香囊，备牲醴，赛龙舟，比武，击球，荡秋千，给小孩涂雄黄，饮用雄黄酒、菖蒲酒，吃五毒饼、咸蛋、粽子和时令鲜果等，除了有迷信色彩的活动渐已消失外，其余至今流传中国各地及邻近诸国。有些活动，如赛龙舟等，已得到新的发展，突破了时间、地域界线，成为了国际性的体育赛事。

The Dragon Boat Festival, is a traditional Chinese habits of more than two thousand years, because of the vast territory, numerous nationalities, part of Mongolia, Hui and Tibetan, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Bai, North Korea, Tujia, Hani, Yu, Lahu, water, Naxi, Daur, Mulao, Qiang, Gelao, Xibe, Pumi, Ewenki, Yugur, E Lunchun and other ethnic minorities also have this day, plus many stories, not only have so many different section, but also has the same throughout. The main contents are: his daughter back home, the clock up like, welcome the ghost ship, hide afternoon, with midday leaf character, hang calamus, wormwood, travel sickness, Sachet, prepared sweet wine offerings, dragon boat race, tournament, batting, swing, give the child Tu Xionghuang, drinking realgar wine, sweet wine, eat a cake, salted eggs, dumplings and seasonal fruits, in addition to a superstitious activities have gradually disappear, the other has spread throughout China and neighboring countries. Some activities, such as dragon boat racing, has been the development of new, breakthrough time and geographical boundaries, become an international sporting event.

端午祭正式被韩国申请为非物质文化遗产，并已获得成功，这对我们中国人本国文化遗产的保护也是一次深刻的教训。

The Dragon Boat Festival was officially apply for non-material cultural heritage of Korea, and has been successful, which is the Chinese people to protect their cultural heritage is also a profound lesson.

生活的积累是写作的源泉，就像罗丹所说的“美是到处都有的。小编收集了如何写好作文的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

一、观察是写作的基础

1、注意平时积累，做生活的有心人。

生活的积累是写作的源泉，就像罗丹所说的“美是到处都有的。对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而缺少发现。”因此，我们要培养学生做生活的有心人，善于留心观察身边的事物，到大自然中去陶冶美的性情，到社会生活中去发现美的事物。只有生活丰富多彩、热爱生活的人，思想才会活跃，感情才会丰富，才可能写出感人的文章。

2、留心观察，善于捕捉事物特征。

正如[***被屏蔽词语]指出的：“一棵树的叶子，看上去是大体相同的，但仔细一看，每片叶子都有不同。有共性，也有个性，有相同的方面，也有相异的方面。”因此，要注意培养学生细心观察的习惯，使他们在细心观察的基础上善于找出同类事物千差万别的个性和特征。

3、注重阅读，丰富间接生活积累。

生活的直接积累对写作是十分重要和有意义的，但受着时间、空间的限制，人的精力和经验总是有限的，不可能任何生活都直接参与、直接体验。因此，要培养学生善于阅读的好习惯，因为大量的知识要从书本中来获得。同时，使学生养成写阅读笔记的学习习惯。俗话说：“好记性不如烂笔头。”只要大量阅读，善于积累，同样可以从中获得对生活的丰富感受，提高生活的认识。

二、分析题意，提炼素材

没有材料或材料不足，自然写不好文章。但有了材料如果不精心选材或选材不当，仍然也写不出好文章。因此，要提高学生的写作能力，还要重视培养学生的审题立意、谋篇布局的能力。

1、审明题意，选取材料。

材料是为主题服务的，因此，在选择材料前，必须要明确文章的体裁及文章所要表达的中心思想。我们有些学生往往不舍得割舍材料，有用没用一起上，这样就会造成“下笔千言，离题万里”的结果。所以，在写作时，首先要明确主题。在教学中除了引导学生注意分析课文题目，培养审题技能以外，还可采用一些具体方法，培养学生概括、提炼的能力。如，让学生把自己作文的中心思想浓缩为一句简短的文字，即提炼出“主题句”。采用这种浓缩法，对提高学生审题立意的技能，是十分有益的。

其次，要选取典型材料，即那些反映事物本质，有代表性、有说服力的材料。同时，还应注意材料的真实性和可信性。

2、立意要深刻，创意要新颖。

无论何种体裁的文章，都需要通过材料烘托主题。因此，看一篇文章是否成功，首先就要看作者是否是透过现象，抓住本质，对生活是否有深刻的认识和独到的见地，即立意要深刻。

其次，在立意深刻的基础上，还要看作者的创意是否新颖，即作者在文章中所提出的见解，所抒发的感受，不落俗套，否则人云亦云，则没有新意。因此，在写作训练中，应拓宽学生视野，鼓励学生大胆想象，在文章中体现自己的独特性，这样就会抓住读者，给人一种新鲜醒目的感觉。要做到创意新颖，关键是写作的角度要新。因为现实生活丰富多彩，客观事物纷繁复杂，人物千姿百态，即使是同一生活现象，同一人物或同一景物，只要观察者的角度不同，就会表现出不同的侧面。因此，角度新也就是立意要新，观点要新，构思要新。

三、注重表达能力的培养

作文能力一般包括认识生活和反映生活两方面的能力。认识生活需要敏锐的观察力和深刻的分析能力，而反映生活则需要准确的表达能力。因此，在教学中，教师应采用多种方式训练学生的表达能力。

1、课堂上进行口头表达能力训练。

学生表达能力的体现，首先表现在是否有敏捷的思维和准确的语言表达能力，因此，训练口头表达能力是不能忽视的。在课堂教学中，训练口头表达能力的方法是多种多样的。例如讲提纲，可让学生口述自己作文的提纲大意，这样不仅可以提高学生的构思能力，而且可以了解学生的逻辑思维能力。再如，可采用讲故事、谈感想等方法培养学生不仅言而“有物”，还要言而“有序”。否则七嘴八舌，前后无序，虽训练了说的能力，却不能增强学生的思维能力和语言组织能力。除此之外，教师还可以组织学生就提出的问题进行研讨或辩论，这样可以锻炼学生“言之成理”、“出口成章”的本领。

2、采用多种方法，训练学生书面写作能力。

写作训练的方法是多种多样的，但无论哪种方法，目的都是为提高学生的写作能力，它包括观察能力、分析判断能力和语言文字表达能力。因此，我们应首先让学生养成写日记和记笔记的好习惯，这样有益于学生积累作文的素材，有效地解决作文时感到“无话可说”的问题。同时，培养学生写真事、说实话的好文风，以及快速准确的文字表达能力。因此，它一向是中学语文教师作为提高学生写作能力的一项重要的经常性的工作。

其次，可进行模仿性写作练习。因为我们的课文就是很好的范文，在学习了文章的写作技法、特点后，可以让学生模仿范文自行命题。如，学习了抒情散文《白杨礼赞》可让学生模仿其笔法，写一些抒情性文章《烛火赞》、《粉笔赞》、《雪》等等。如学习了说明文《景泰蓝的制作》，可以让学生模仿说明文的写作方法，介绍一下自己的小制作、小发明或对某一事物进行观察后，写成说明文。像这样类型的写作训练，既结合了教材、范文，又可跳出教材范文的框框，能较好地调动学生的写作积极性，对所学的文体能做到较好的掌握和训练。

再者，教师可收集一些材料、漫画、哲理故事等，让学生根据所给的内容进行写作，这样既锻炼了学生的观察力、思考力、想象力，又能挖掘出学生的思想深度和认识程度，既培养了学生写作的基本能力，又开发了他们的智力。

语言教学中能力的培养，重在写作能力的培养。因为对学生作文能力的考核，实际上是对其思想认识水平、知识水平、能力与智力的综合性考核，这种考核能在一定的广度与深度上反映出学生实际的语文水平。由此可见，提高学生的作文能力是十分必要和重要的。

下面是语文迷网为大家整理的一些英语写作常用的句子，希望对你有帮助。

1、Time flies.

时光易逝。

2、Time is money.

一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.

岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.

时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.

时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.

光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.

昨日不复来。

9、Tomorrow comes never.

切莫依赖明天。

10、One today is worth two tomorrows.

一个今天胜似两个明天。

11、The morning sun never lasts a day.

好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。

12、Christmas comes but once a year.

圣诞一年只一度。

13、Pleasant hours fly past.

快乐时光去如飞。

14、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢娱不惜时光逝。

15、Time tames the strongest grief.

时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

16、The day is short but the work is much.

工作多，光阴迫。

17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.

今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。

18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.

明天如有事，今天就去做。

19、To him that does everything in its proper time,one day is worth three.

事事及时做，一日胜三日。

20、To save time is to lengthen life.

节省时间就是延长生命。

21、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

22、Take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

23、When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。

24、Make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

25、according to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4 000 000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

26、although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

27、an increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

28、in fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

28、in the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活得时间更长成为可能。

30、in view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

31、it is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

32、many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康

33、many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

34、no invention has received more praise and abuse than internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评

35、no one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

36、people equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

37、people seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

38、proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

39、the latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感

40、the majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

下面是关于高考英文写作的技巧以及必备高分句型，希望对同学们有所帮助!

一、要善于模仿

一些同学的办法往往是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，真正的模仿重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在高考写作中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行：“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”。如果要表示“总是能够”的概念，很多同学提笔就会写can always，但理想的句子应该是用双重否定表示强烈的肯定，用never fail to。

二、要灵活变通

在批改过上万份同学们英语作文中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“What is it made of”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“It is made of Miss Hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。比如在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn’t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作如果结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了，适当地填入观点、素材，文章就自然而然立起来了。

临考在即，同学们要牢记英语写作的基本要领，特编顺口溜如下：细审题，巧构思，列要点，防遗漏。写日记，同汉语;书信，通知格式要牢记。看清图表细梳理，写人记事按顺序;完稿后查遗漏，整洁干净莫忘记。

英语写作七类万能句型必备

一. 结尾万能句

Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……

Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……

Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……

There is no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。

All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有...…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

二. 引出话题万能句

Recently, the problem of… has aroused peoples concern.

最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。

The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。

Nowadays, overpopulation has become a problem we have to face.

如今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。

It is commonly believed that…=It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……

Many people insist that…

很多人坚持认为……

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……

A lot of people seem to think that…

很多人似乎认为……

三. 引出观点万能句

Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that... However, others believe that…

人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……

People may have different opinions on…

人们对……可能会有不同的见解。

Attitudes towards drugs vary from person to person.

对毒品的态度因人而异。

There are different opinions among people as to…

关于……，人们的观点大不相同。

Different people hold different attitudes toward failure.

对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。

四. 提出建议万能句

Here are some suggestions for handling…

这是处理......的一些建议。

The best way to solve the troubles is…

解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已想出许多办法来解决这个问题。

It is high time that we put an end to the trend.

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。

It is time to take the advice of… and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…

该是采纳……的建议并对……的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…

毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。

Obviously,… If we want to do something… , it is essential that…

显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是...…

Only in this way can we…

只有这样，我们才能……

It must be realized that …我们必须意识到……

五. 预示后果万能句

Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that … will lead us in danger.

很明显，如果我们不控制这一问题,很有可能......会使我们会陷入危险。

No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that…

毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则很可能……

It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

很紧迫的是，应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。

六. 论证万能句

From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.

在我看来，支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。

I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…

我无法完全同意这一观点……

Personally, I am standing on the side of…

就个人而言，我站在……的一边。

I sincerely believe that…

我真诚地相信……

In my opinion, it is more advisable to do…than to do…

在我个人看来，做……比做……更明智。

Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …

七. 给出原因万能句

This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …

这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。首先，……第二，……第三，……

Why did …? For one thing,... for another(thing),...

为什么......?一则，...... 二则，......

I quite agree with the statement that… The reasons are chiefly as follows.

我十分赞同这一论述,即……，其主要原因如下。

五一劳动节，始于美国工人在19世纪90年代为争取8小时工作日而进行的斗争。自那以后，世界人民便开始庆祝这一天 - 国际劳动节。这个日子在全球所扮演的角色体现了它的力量：正是在这一天，全世界所有的工人们宣布为了共同的目标而一起奋斗。

Labor Day, began in USA workers for the 8 hour day struggle in nineteenth Century 90s.. Since then, the people of the world began to celebrate this day, international labor day. It plays role in the world embodies its strength: it is in this day, the whole world all workers announced strive together for a common goal.

在许多个五一劳动节里，工人们都受到镇压，他们的活动被禁止，流血事件还时常发生。五一节逐渐失去它原来的意义，成为了独裁者和集权统治的政权对抗工人运动的一种标志性装饰;又或者就是一个平平安安的法定假日。尽管事实如此，工人们仍然满怀信心地庆祝劳动节，因为大家都知道这个社会是靠着我们的力量、眼睛、双手和智慧而不断地发展和强壮，还需要我们不断地支持。

In many Labor Day, workers are suppressed, their activities were banned, the bloodshed has often happened. Five one Jie gradually lost its original meaning, become a kind of decoration workers movement against dictator and symbol of power centralization rule; or is a peaceful holiday. Despite the fact that, workers are still full of confidence to celebrate the labor day, because we all know that this society is relying on our strength, eyes, hands and wisdom and constantly development and strong, we also need to continue to support.

正是在这一天，我们坚持体面的工作、工人健康、饮食和住房、教育和文化表达，都是我们应得的权利，而不是特权。我们志在获得这些权利。然而在这一天，我们从未胆怯卑微地去找法官和狱卒，从未守在财长们进行会议的地方，从未说服他们工会是有益于做生意，也从未要求进行更多的对话。正是在这一天，我们大声地说出：你们的银行，你们的买断、买回，给我们带来了痛苦和大量的失业工人;你们的贸易协定和专利制让工人们无法谋生，更破坏了所有人类获得食物、水和药物的权利。正是在这一天，我们大声地说出：我们不仅要建设一个更加美好的世界，而且，我们也坚决不会让世界越变越差。

It is in this day, we adhere to the expression of decent work, health, diet and housing, education and culture, we are right, not a privilege. Were aiming to acquire these rights. However, on this day, we never fear to the judge and the humble, never keep in the finance ministers meeting place, never persuade their union is beneficial to do business, never asked for more dialogue. It is in this day, we say: your bank, you buy, buy back, causing pain and a large number of unemployed workers to our trade agreements and patent system; you let the workers were unable to make a living, even destroy all humans for food, water and medicine to the right. It is in this day, we say out loud: we not only need to build a better world, moreover, we also determined not to let the world become worse.

五一劳动节是大家庆祝过去、庆祝现在和庆祝未来的日子。我们庆祝的方式就是争取应有权利和向全世界表达我们争取权利的决心。让我们一起大声又自豪地庆祝五一国际劳动节吧。

Labor Day we celebrate the past, now and future day celebration to celebrate. We celebrate the way is to fight for their rights and express our determination to fight for the rights of the whole world. Let us loud and proud to celebrate International WorkersDay.

一.作为一个准SAT考生，需要明确以下几点：

2.从读题、写作到最终润色和定稿，共有25分钟时间。

3.作文要求自己的观点辩论，所以使用第一人称和发生在自己身上的例子是完全可以的。

4.作文得写在线上，且最多只能写两面，超出不给纸。

5.作文由两位考官给分，每人给1-6分，总分在2-12之间，考官受专业评分训练。如果两考官评分相差1分以上，会请第三位考官裁定，因此评分相当客观。

6. 每个考官平均花不超过2min的时间批改作文，考生可以自己去尝试一下两分钟内阅读一篇字迹陌生潦草的文章是什么样的概念，然后就会意识到考官一定在有意识地在文章中寻找一些要素和章法。

7. 写作部分(writing)分值为800分，而作文(Essay)占整个写作(writing)分值的三分之一。

正如以上第2点指出，SAT Essay写作中，时间无比珍贵。俗话说，万事开头难。对于中国学生而言，要迅速通过brainstorming确定好立场并写出比较漂亮的开头尤其困难。

本文将重点指导考生五分钟内审题并创作出漂亮的首段。

第一步：审题立意

一般，SAT作文题目由两个部分组成(如上Figure 1): 提示(Prompt，Figure 1小方框内文字)和写作任务(Assignment，Figure 1划红线的文字)。Prompt往往是源自某些名言语录或者

某些文学作品，主要是用于启发考生的思考。当我们看assignment的时候，我们可以沿着prompt提示的方向去思考，也可以直接按照自己对于assignment来思考。我们以Figure 1中的考题

作为本文中讲解的范例。读完这个题目后，首先要做的是用2-3min时间完成以下几个任务：

i. Understanding the topic (理解话题),

ii. Brainstorming for examples(头脑风暴回顾案例),

iii. Taking a position(确定立场),

iv. Creating an outline(创建提纲).

第二步：创作首段

确定了立场，接下类的重头戏就是快速创作文章的首段。首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一，一个好的首段应该完成以下几项任务:

i. Grab the graders’ attention(引发读者兴趣)

ii. Narrow down the topic & Position(告诉读者本文的话题和主旨)

iii. Transit smoothly to the examples(自然过渡到主体段)

毋庸置疑每个考官一次性需要给上百篇作文评分，而大部分的文章都有类似的观点，甚至给出的例子也是相同的。为了让你的文章脱颖而出，你必须设法让你的文章变得有趣，

在一开头就引人入胜，而且这个创作过程必须在2-3min内完成。这里给各位考生重点推荐两种万能开头写作法：“循循善诱”法 和“先扬后抑”法。

“循循善诱”法

“循循善诱”法作为引起读者兴趣的首段，是最常见的。之所以称之为“循循善诱”，是因为写作会按照从大范围到小范围、从概括到具体的循序渐进的模式展开，从而将读者“引诱”到文章的主旨，即作者的立场。

以上是笔者为各位准考生创作SAT Essay首段提供的两套“快餐”。相信各位考生经过多次练习和一定的积累，可以迅速掌握这些方法。当然，有了一个很好的开头你的文章已经成功一半了，另一半就应该交给主体段了。下面我们来看看主体段的写作技巧。

(二)留学路书SAT写作的核心内容通常也叫做SAT写作主体段落，在全文起着主心骨的作用。为了能简单明了的写明主旨意思，大家在备考时还需要多练习。下面就为大家介绍一下如何写好SAT写作主体段，期间又要注意些什么。

对于采用一般的四段式和五段式的SAT写作结构而言，中间的主体段在第二段和第三段。作文能取得一个什么样的分数，也就成败在此了。

1.详细叙述自己的观点。

SAT写作是表达对题目的一种看法，在主体段部分，要详细的叙述一下，自己的这种观点的原因。

SAT写作无非就像我们语文的作文。我们是在学习人家的英语，把它变成自己的表达和思考方式。

2.准备充分的例证。

在这部分中，需要大家调用自己所有的例子储备，展现对英美历史事件，人物事迹的掌握和认知程度，这里你可以灵活一点。挖掘该事件和你的论点的关系。为己所用。可以多看一些名人传记，

关心时事，善于思考，做一个兼收并蓄的人。

这三段的结构可以采用论点+例子+感想的方式，用到1-3个事例，尽量用到专有名词，具体时间，数字等等，如Norman Conquest，Peter the Great, Fitzgerald等，加强自己的文采。

他们的事迹比较具有普遍代表性，换句话说就是什么题目都能挖掘挖掘内涵，套的上去。。。。

举例子时注意例子的真实性、典型性、及权威性。

文章例证过程中结构要清晰明了，对于句子和句子之间的逻辑关系一定要交代清楚，前因和后果更要分清。事例的叙述中，时间是非常好的顺序，需要把握。

3.前提是掌握词汇、句式和段落。

当然在解决这些问题的同时，大家要掌握一个基本问题，就是对词汇，句式和段落的掌握，也就是最基本的英语写作知识的掌握。

以上就是SAT培训频道小编为大家准备的SAT写作主体段怎么写的详细内容。包含了论述观点、充分地例证和写好主体段的前提。大家在冲刺阶段一定要对这些问题加以锻炼。

一、应用文的概念

应用文是国家机关、企事业单位、社会团体以及公民在日常工作、学习和生活中办理公务或个人事务时所使用的、具有某些惯用格式的文章的总称。

二、应用文的种类 行政公文：如公告、通告、通知、通报 通用类 事务应用文：如计划、总结、会议记录

公务文体

法律应用文：如起诉书、自诉状

经济应用文：如经济合同

专用类

礼仪应用文：如欢迎词、欢送词、开幕词、祝词

应用文 涉外应用文：如涉外函电、备忘录

书信类：如证明信、推荐信、感谢信、申请书

私务文体 条据类：如借条、请假条

其 他

新闻文体：如新闻、消息、通讯

其 他：如论文

三、应用文的作用

1、规范和准绳作用

2、宣传和教育作用

3、交流和沟通作用

4、凭证和档案作用

四、应用文的一般特点

1、实用性 2、程式性 3、时效性 4、朴实性

在学习英语写作之前先来看下练习写作对你的英文有什么样的帮助：

好处1、辅助提升口语语言组织力

好处2、提升语法

好处3、帮助背单词和句型。

了解到联系英语写作带来的好处后让我们来看看学习英语写作有哪些方法：

零基础英语写作入门方法一：背单词

单词是英语写作的基本构成之一，拥有大量的词汇才能写出你想要的文章，背单词有很多方法用mp3在零碎的时间边听边背边写，还有单词前后缀记忆法等众多方法，只要掌握其中一种适合你的方法，就开始大量的充实你的词汇吧。

零基础英语写作入门方法二：语法

语法是将单词串联在一起变成文章的那根线，学习好语法是整个英语阅读的重中之重。推荐熟读语法俱乐部，同时搭配大量的阅读自己感兴趣的文章，在大量的语境中去领受感悟本书的妙处。

零基础英语写作入门方法三：长时间的练习

写日记，这是最简单最长久的写作练习你不需要有任何的准备，这是你会接触到最基础的写作练习，你可以写任何你感兴趣的事情，你要做的就是拿起笔和本子把自已生活上的点点滴滴用英文记录下来。下面就是我的第一篇英文日记！

"today i rest,i stayed at home.sister call me go to the mother.i want not go there,because i must go to the company .去领 clothes.刚刚上完课come back.at home i find my 皮 shoes.now 要穿皮shoes了,write 日记好搞笑，还可以写点english了,i believe 以后 i sure i会更好。”

大家可能会看不懂这篇文章。你可能会觉得很好，说老实话当我现回过头去看我以前的日记我看了也觉得很好笑。但这就是我的第一篇英文日记，我的英文写作就是从这里开始的。你会发现写得非常直白，简直就是中文翻译毫无语法可言。但没有关系每个人开始都是这样的。

在写日记的开始阶段，你可能会像我这样不知道怎么去写或跟本无法组织语言，你可以像我这样按自已大脑里中文的想法去写，把会的单词都写上去不会的就用中文代替。在这个阶段你更多的是在使用你所学的词汇，有时候你会觉得这样很好玩。每天坚持写一篇，慢慢的你会发现你用的中文越来越少了有时候整篇文章都可以用英文写出来，随着你英语学习的进度不断推进，你在写句子的时候你不会直译了，你开始吧语法考虑到你的语言组织里面去。

当你要表边一个句子又找不到这个单词的时候，这种映像会深深的印在你的脑海里，当你在收集单词时候你就会注意收集那些非常实用的单词了。你会背更多的单词因为你想终有一天我的整篇文章是用英文写的。对于初期的写作，我认为就是这样写吧，请注意兴趣的培养。

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

英语写作注意两点

一、先审题，弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题，语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面：

1.认真地看两遍题目，包括提示，全面了解写作要求。

2.理清思路，确定体裁、框架结构和内容。

二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。

从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量，将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”：多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。

写作训练是掌握技能的必经途径，所以，要掌握应用文的写作，学生必须多练。因此，作为《应用写作》课的科任老师必须要掌握一套激发学生愿意甚至喜欢进行应用文写作的教学技巧。

一、兴趣与写作的联系

(一)兴趣的概念

兴趣是人积极探究某种事物的认识倾向。这种认识倾向使人对某种事物有稳定的指向、倾向，并具有向往的心情。如对书法感兴趣的人，不论是现场观摩即席挥毫还是观看电视上的书法讲座，都会全神贯注;在日常的谈论中，对书法也会津津乐道;对报刊杂志上有关书法展览和比赛，也总是予以极大的关注。

由此可见，要使学生喜欢应用文的写作，我们作为老师的，就是要想方设法使他们对应用文的写作产生兴趣。

(二)兴趣与需要的关系

兴趣和需要有着密切的联系。兴趣的发生以一定的需要为基础。当一个人有某种需要时，他必然会对有关事物予以关注，也就是对有关事物发生兴趣，不仅反映已有的需要，又可产生新的需要，不断探究，并在需要的基础上激发动力，去做好或完成感兴趣的事情。

需要对于兴趣的产生是直接的，而应用文是一种在日常生活中非常实用的文章，在学习、生活、工作中经常用到，所以，只要我们做老师的，做个生活的有心人，就不愁找不到写应用文的需要。学生一旦对应用文有了需要，也就对应用文的写作产生了兴趣，那学生怕写应用文的难题就迎刃而解了。

二、激发学生进行写作兴趣的种类

激发学生对应用文的写作兴趣，按照对象的不同，可以分为以下几种:

(一)学校实际的需要

《应用写作》是一门应用性行极强的学科，即使在学校读书期间也可能经常用到。在一个学期里每个阶段都可能会用到一些应用文。一般来说，开学初估计要用到的应用文有计划、规章制度、通知等;学期中可能遇到的有:申请书、演讲稿、广播稿、新闻、调查报告等;期末可能用到的有求职信、总结等。读书期间运用的知识，对于学生来说是最感兴趣和最容易掌握的，所以，作为《应用写作》的科任老师，应该要因地制宜，因势利导，利用学生要写好这类文章，争取得到好的结果这个心理需求，学习和掌握所学的应用文。

(二)社会现实的需要

社会上每天都会发生很多新事情新情况，这些新事情新情况有些是意义重大，如汶川大地震、中国2008年的奥运会、神舟飞船上天、爱国人士保钓行动等大事可以写成新闻;有些社会上的事情与学生有直接的关系，如有关禁止中小学生进入某些娱乐场所的通告、青少年犯罪的通报等，都可以通过引导，激发学生的写作兴趣和热情。

(三)学生家庭的需要

一个家庭就是一个社会的缩影，一个家庭不管是贫穷的还是富裕的，都会经历很多事情，这些事情都很有必要用到一些应用文，从而获得较大的利益和保障。如果一些比较富裕的做生意的家庭，可能要写的应用文将会有:广告、合同、法律文书、请柬等;比较困难的家庭也可能要用申请书、感谢信等。不管哪一种情况，老师都可以引导学生进行写作，帮助学生，为家庭提高经济效益，创造幸福和谐的生活，。

(四)学生自身的需要

学生在读书过程中，也会很多时候要用到应用文，如入学时学生干部竞选，可以学习演讲稿的写作，提高竞争能力，为班级、为自己写计划，做好一个学期的打算;一个学期里可能有的活动如演讲比赛、田径运动会、晚会，这些活动就可以写演讲稿、新闻稿、解说词;期末如果是毕业班的学生，就要引导写求职信，以期通过有创意、水平高的求职信，谋得一份好工作。

(五)创设情境的需要

应用文虽然也被称之为实用文体，但并不是所有的应用文在学生的读书时期都可以用得上。实际上，《应用写作》这本教材里，有很多文体学生在读书期间是用不上的，如公文的大多数文种、经济应用文、涉外应用文等，对于这些文体，科任老师只能创设一定的环境和情景，让学生有一种身临其境的感觉，从而使之不写不快，这样同样能达到训练写作，巩固和提高应用文写作水平的目的。

三、激发写作兴趣的运用

学生对写作训练有了兴趣，这只是写作训练的第一步，也是非常重要的的一步。但要学生真正达到提高学生应用文写作水平的效果，还要做好一系列的工作。

(一)在教学过程中一定要把握好时机,

人们常说，机会是属于有准备的人。学校、社会、家庭、学生个人并不是任何时候都有应用文等着去写的，所以，我们做老师的就要做个有心人，把握好每一种文体练习的机会。

1.对于写学校需要的应用文，科任老师接到上课任务后，就要了解在一个学期中，学校、班级要开展什么活动，需要那些文体，做到心中有数。

2.对于写社会需要的应用文，科任老师要像抓小偷的警察一样时刻竖起耳朵，及时捕捉社会上出现的新事物新情况，然后把材料发给学生或者引导学生何如获取材料，最后要求按要求进行写作。

3.对于写家庭需要的应用文，科任老师应该在开学的第一节课后，就布置学生，关注自己的家庭需要，如有需要写的及时提出来，让大家一起写，把写得最好的应用文交给他的家里。这样，学生得到了锻炼，需要应用文的学生家庭又得到了一篇质量较高的应用文，真正起到了一箭双雕的作用。

4.对于写学生需要的应用文，方法与第一点差不多，只不过写作的目的而已。第一点的写作目的是为集体，这一点所说的写作目的是为个人。

5.对于创设情境而写的应用文来说，就不需要把握什么时机了。这种教学方法，不受现实的限制，更能发挥老师的能动性，只要老师充分发挥想象力，从趣味性以及从学生的切身利益相关的角度出发，创设出生动有趣的情景就可以说已经成功了。

(二)要根据需要调整上课的内容

应该说，绝大部分的应用文的文体都不会与上述五点需要同步，科任老师应该把需要用的文体调前或者推后来学习，然后按照学校、社会、家庭、学生的需要指导写作，由于所写的文体与学生的需要关系密切，学生一定会仔细听，认真写，从而达到学好应用文的目的。

(三)要做好指导工作

对应用文的教学，并不只是引导学生对写作感兴趣就行了，在教学中，首先要上好应用文的文体知识，然后指导学生认真审题，特别是指导好学生运用所写的文体知识，选取有用的材料进行写作。这个方面很重要，指导得好，学生就会觉得应用文并不难写，就会有兴趣写下去，指导得不好的话，结果也会相反，从而大大地影响应用文的教学效果。

(四)注意反馈信息，不断总结提高写作水平

学生把需要写好的应用文用到需要的地方之后，科任老师要时刻注意学生所写的应用文的效应和反响。例如是学生为自己写演讲稿的，就要了解学生的演讲是否成功、是否获奖。是学生为自己写求职信的，就要了解他们的求职是否成功，是为班级写规章制度的，要向班主任了解有没有采纳;是为家庭而写的法律文书，就要了解有没有帮助打赢官司;写的广告是否提高了经济效益;为社会而写的动态新闻稿件是否得到广播或发表等等。对于取得好结果的，要及时给予总结，找出成功的地方，便于今后继续发扬，取得更大的成功;对于失败的应用文，也要找出失败的原因，避免重蹈覆辙。

四、注意事项

运用上述方法进行应用文的写作教学时，还要做好以下几点:

(一) 兴趣与强制结合

兴趣这个东西，并不是人人都可以激发，种种文体都可以引起学生的兴趣，对一些启而不能发的学生或者难以激发写作兴趣的文体，做老师的必须实行强制的措施，强调写作的要求和交文时间。这样，才能达到全班步调一致的整体效果。

(二)方法交叉运用

以上五种激发学生进行写作的方法只是为了说明清楚而分开说明，并不是每一种文体只能用一种方法，有时候，同一文体可以用两种甚至几种激趣法。例如，写经济合同，既可以是为自己写的，也可以是为家庭和社会某些企业而写。通过多种方法进行引导，学生的写作兴趣就会更大，写作就会更积极，写作水平也就提高得更快。

(三)注重训练实效

按照唯物主义的观点，世界上没有一成不变的事物，也没有绝对最好的方法，激发学生对应用文写作兴趣的方法不是唯一，相信除了本文所列的方法意外，还有很多好方法，只要在实际训练效果明显的，就应该采用哪一种(包括本文没有列举的)。

一位著名的教育家说过这样一句话，没有教不好的学生，只有不会教的老师。的确，只要我们做老师的从多个方面、多种渠道去想，是有很多方法和技巧可以激发中职学生的对应用文的写作兴趣，从而提高他们应用文的写作水平。

想要写好英语作文平常肯定少不了积累，下面是语文迷网整理的关于中考英语作文的句子素材，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

升初作文怎么写，怎么才能构思一篇好作文。背诵一篇好文章按题目套文？其实这样的方法是有一定风险的。撞中了叫运气，反之则倒霉。下面和小编一起来看看小升初作文的写作基础。希望对大家有所帮助。

一、素材的多角度立意

意大利着名画家达·芬奇的老师对达·芬奇所说的自己画蛋的体会：即使是同一只蛋，只要变换一下角度，形状便立即不同了。这告诉我们对生活中发生的事件我们可以多角度分析。文章源于生活，它的立意亦应多角度进行。

我们以一个发生在同学们身边的事件为例。

今年春天，我和爸爸来到高尔夫球场，第一次学打高尔夫球。看教练做很简单，我按照教练的要求去做，却发现和想象的不同，要么杆碰不上球，要么球出去就偏离了方向，经历了一次次失败，我终于成功了。

就这一事例，我们可从如下角度立意：

1、最大的敌人是自己，战胜自己就会走向成功;

2、一招一式，看似简单，做起来难，失之毫厘，谬以千里;

3、成功需要方法;四、运动带来快乐……

这样，一个素材，可以根据命题的不同，确定立意，设置情节，确定描写重点。但无论从哪个角度立意，打球的动作细节是不能丢的。

二、练习写好文章的细节

学生练习作文的过程中，很多孩子注意了情节的起伏，语言的流畅，但总感觉文章空泛，这是为什么呢?忽视了细节描写。

怎样写好细节，简单地说，细节描写要还原生活，去发现场景细节、服饰细节、语言细节、动作细节、心理细节等，按照生活本来的面目去描摹。一篇文章，恰到好处地运用细节描写，能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用。

如何将“陌生叔叔帮我把车修好”写细，我们首先要还原生活场景，在头脑中勾勒出雪中修车图，再从这一图画中去寻找描写的细节。

这是一位同学的作文片断：“叔叔迅速地摘下手套，用右手拿着链条，左手帮着把链条搬过去，链条一点点地扣上去了，一节一节地扣住了后轮的齿轮。‘咣当’一声，链条滑了出来，这一次努力前功尽弃。我的心咯噔一下，万一叔叔告诉我修不好，我该怎么办呀!可事情并非如我想象，只见叔叔向拢起的双手呵了呵气，又蹲下了身子。他为了不让链条弹开，用右手把链条往前面齿轮上套住，然后右手拉住链条往后齿轮上移，左手护住链条不让它再滑出来。后来，他看到位置有些偏，就用左手把它移正再装，洁白的雪花落在了他冻得通红的满是油污的手上，我知道他的手一定很冷，很冷，可他的心一定很热，很热。终于，链条一节一节地和齿轮扣住了。他猛一转脚踏板，车子居然又完好地转动起来。”文章中最直观的细节是叔叔修车的动作细节，摘、拿、套、拉、护、移、转等动词的使用，写出了叔叔雪中修车的不容易，突出了人物精神。其次应当是外貌细节和心理细节的描写衬托了人物美好的心灵。

每个人观察生活的角度和经历不同，再现的生活场景也就不同，但无论采用怎样的方法，我们达到这样一种境地为最好——做到写人则如见其人，写景则如临其境。

三、整理生活中的素材

努力回忆六年来的校园生活，家庭生活中记忆尤为深刻的小事，哪怕是一次单手磕鸡蛋的经历都不要放过。因为孩子有对生活的观察、积累，有真实的体验、感受，他的表述一定会具体而生动，他所表达的情感一定是真实的。翻翻过去的作文、周记，从多个角度，搜集这样的素材，将细节完整地记录下来，进行分类整理。

有些家长大量地看作文选、杂志，想帮助孩子从上面搬些素材下来。我不大同意这样的做法，因为那不是孩子的生活，他很难像成人一样具有缜密的思维，进行合理的想象情节，他也很难描摹当时的细节，这样的作文不能打动读者。不如让作文选、杂志成为勾起孩子回忆生活的媒介，从与作者相似的经历中挖掘写作素材。如：从作文选上看奶奶为我掖被子的细节，想到冬天，妈妈买药回来，为我滴眼药时怕我嫌凉而搓手的动作，这样一来写母爱的文章就有了素材。

四、努力锤炼文章的语言

佳酿总是经过酿造才有它独特的芳醇，文章也是一样，经过锤炼的语言才是有生命力的语言，孔子说“言之无文，行而不远。”说的就是这个道理。

我们可尝试这样的几种方式，让语言焕发色彩。

在句式变换上下工夫。在表达强烈的情感时，可以将陈述句用反问、设问或感叹句的形式表达。

在准确地运用词汇上下工夫。在文章中可以用一些拟声词来丰富表达;另外，可使用叠词使描绘更加准确，而且能使语言具有节奏感，从而让语言富有音乐美。再有，四字词语和成语的使用，会使语言表达更为简练。   在恰当地运用修辞上下工夫。修辞不但使文章语言生动活泼，而且能调节音节，增强语言的音乐美，提高语言的表达效果。例如：“风追着雨，雨赶着风，风和雨联合起来追赶着天上的乌云，整个天地都处在雨水之中”一句，意思是说“大雨来了”。但是作者使用了拟人的手法，把风、雨当作正在奔跑的人，飞快地追赶天空的乌云，这样一说比“大雨来了”更能表现出雨来的之快、之急、之大。当然，修辞方法还有引用、夸张、排比、设问、反问等等，我们应根据需要采用。

导语：要写好微电影剧本，掌握剧本写作的一些基础知识是必备的，先来看看剧本的格式下面小编收集了一些微电影剧本写作基础，请大家认真阅读!

首先明确一点，剧本区别于任何一种文体形式，我经常看到有的朋友把剧本写成了小说或人物传记，这是不对的，至少是不专业的。剧本有自己专署的格式，写剧本从某种程度上说是个技术活。

写剧本也不是什么很崇高的艺术创作，这只是一个普通的工种，剧作家和清洁工人没什么区别，都是很普通的工作而已，所以每个人都可以写剧本，每个人都可以当导演。当然，既然是一个工种，就有自己的规范。这些规范也许不会让你迅速变成一个专家，但至少能使你看上去像一个专家。或者，不至于让你糟糕的格式成为审稿人枪毙你稿子的理由。因为一个审稿人每天要看三到四篇稿子，如果你的剧本格式看上去不怎么专业的话，他完全有理由翻上几页就把你的剧本扔在角落里凉快。

先来看看剧本写作常犯的错误：

1：把剧本写成了小说刚刚上面提到有的朋友把剧本写成了小说，不是不可以，但那个是文学剧本，根本不能用来指导拍摄和制作。举个例子，你可以在小说里花几页的笔墨来写一个人的身世，背景，家庭组成，或是用几页的笔墨来描写主角的心理斗争过程，但这些东西是无法表现在电影屏幕上的。你的剧本就是一个屏幕，你所要表现的是电影屏幕上能被观众直接看到感受到的东西。像心理活动这类东西是无法很好的表现出来的。加旁白?当然可以，除非你能忍受主角的画外音在一动不动的镜头里读几页小说。电影*画面表达情绪，你的剧本就是电影画面，要通过摄像机的角度来写，这可能引起第二个问题。

2：不必要的摄象机标注如果你这样写剧本：在5号升降台，用盘纳为升70型相机，60mm镜头，由8.5m摇至2m对焦…………如果你这样写，就算过了审稿人这一关，你的剧本也会被导演扔掉。你不需要教他怎么拍，这不是你的事。你在写剧本的时候完全不用担心相机的事。但是不是剧本就不要考虑相机了呢?也不是，你需要考虑相机的关系而不是位置。剧本里有自己的专用相机术语，多多使用这些术语，能让你的剧本很专业，至少看上去很专业。

1.Angle on 角度对准：比如BILL走出便利店，相机对准BILL。

2.Favoring 主要表现：BILL在一个大广场，人很多，但主要表现BILL。

3.Another angle 另一个角度：换个角度的相机表现BILL在大广场玩的很开心。

4.Wilder angle 更宽的角度：先表现BILL在广场的一角喝可乐，然后镜头拉远，表现BILL所在的广场。

5.New angle 新角度：换个角度表现BILL喝可乐，使镜头丰富。

6.POV 视点：从BILL的视点看东西。就是第一人称视角。

7.Reverse angle 反拍角度：BILL和SALLY在一起跳舞，先拍BILL看到的SALLY，再拍SALLY看到的BILL，通常是两人的POV互反。

8.Over shoulder angle 过肩镜头：相机越过BILL的肩头看到SALLY，BILL的肩头能把画面自然的分割，很常用的类型。

9.Moving shot 运动镜头：包括跟拍，摇移，追随等等，反正镜头是运动的，至于具体怎么动，还不是现在考虑的问题。

10.Two shot 双人镜头：BILL和SALLY在边喝可乐边交谈，这种镜头的相机不要随意移动，防止“越轴”。把BILL和SALLY两人连起来有一条轴线，相机只能在轴线一侧运动，如果越过这条轴线，在画面上BILL和SALLY的位置就会左右互换，引起观众视觉上的逻辑混淆。

11.Close shot 近景：强调SALLY美丽的眼睛，但一般少用为妙。

12.Insert 插入镜头：某物的近景，比如天色已晚，SALLY问BILL几点了，BILL抬起手来，接下来可以接一个BILL手表的特写，当然你还可以用此种镜头来换景，比如BILL移开手表时摄象机里看到的已经是夜晚的舞会了。

高考微作文也可以成为小作文，小作文虽〝小〞，但在写作中，学生经常出现错误，且错误颇多。以下在实际教学中的一些经验或许可用以指导学生的写作。

一、注意语言的简洁

这一点体现在两方面。其一，小作文字数一般是100┄300字，受篇幅限制，语言要求简洁明了。其二，如果是写应用文，则语言也一定要简洁，因为语言简洁是应用文写作的最基本要求。

二、注意审题

小作文的审题(即审读材料)很重要，决定着文章的成败。因为一个小作文的材料中，往往隐含了若干个写作要求，如不细心审读，抓不到这些隐含的要求，就很容易出现错误。例如：

一个孩子乘母亲不在，将家里的小闹钟拆了，母亲见后……

要求;根据上面的材料，展开想象，如果你是母亲，如何处置这个事情。请写出一个200字左右的处置过程。

这个小作文便隐含四个要求：(1)〝母亲见后〞，时间上必须要从母亲看见闹钟被拆之后写起;(2)〝如果你是母亲〞，行文中写作者必须是小孩的母亲，必须以小孩子母亲的身份出现，不能这样写：〝如果我是这位母亲，我会这样处置……〞;(3)〝200字左右〞，字数限定在200字左右;(4)〝处置过程〞，内容只能写处置的过程，而不能写结果和其他。

三、力求结构完整

小作文是片断性作文，而非篇章。虽如此，但不能一味忽略结构的完整性。一篇小作文如果能够做到结构完整，则效果会更好。例如：

在你的身边有许多可亲可爱的事物，请你任选其中一种，以《我眼里的___________》为题写一篇200字左右的短文。

有位学生在叙写完一只小猫的伶俐乖巧后，篇末一句〝我非常喜爱我家的小猫〞独句成段，这样，既抒发了情感，又收束了全文，使短文结构完整，比那些一味描写小猫的文章要好得多了。

要做到结构完整，可运用以下的结构方式：前后照应式、篇末点题式、总分总式(包括总分式和分总式)等。

四、注意表达方式的运用

受文体的制约，一篇文章总以某种表达方式为主，同时兼用其他表达方式为主。小作文也应注意这一点。如江西省2002年中考语文小作文题为二选一，(1)通过某一情景或场面，描写你最喜欢的色彩。(2)就你最喜欢的色彩，发表议论。无论选哪一题，或描写、或议论，总得以一种表达方式为主。但如果能兼用其他表达方式，如兼用议论和抒情，表达自己对某种色彩的某中看法和喜爱之情，则能使短文大为增色。

五、注意直接入题，不必铺陈

为表现中心，大作文可以大肆渲染、铺陈，好比助跑跳远，通过助跑可跳得更远。而作为片断作文的小作文，则不必铺陈。小作文好比立定跳远，不能助跑，站定就跳，它的写作必须围绕中心按要求直接写中心内容。如小作文〝请用200字左右的文字描写学校升国旗的场景〞，写作时就必须围绕中心内容〝场景〞直接描写，与这一场景无关的内容全都不能写。

六、注意时空的局限性，不能任意发挥和联想

有些小作文受篇幅影响，写作内容在时间和空间上受到很大限制。一般来说，只能写材料要求所制约的某一特定的时间和空间内的人或事，不能超出这一时空范围，不能不受时空限制而任意发挥和联想。再以〝描写学校升国旗的场景〞为例，空间上只能是校园内，不能超出范围。否则，势必使字数过多，内容不集中而不符合要求。

七、注意漫画类小作文的写作

要写好漫画类小作文必须做好以下三点。首先，必须认真审读漫画内容。有些漫画附有揭示该漫画所蕴涵的意图的词句，这类漫画易于读懂;而有些则只有图画没有文字。对此，考生要认真审读画面的每一个细节，任何一处都不能忽略。

其次，必须正确领会漫画所隐含的意图或问题，力求避免误解和错解。漫画的意图或是为了反映社会生活中的某一个问题，或是为了揭示某中道理，它总是隐含的。学生就要通过审读图画，联系现实生活实际，正确领会漫画的意图。

第三，写作时必须注意写作内容与漫画内容的联系，二者不能相互脱离。否则，所写的东西便成了无源之水，无本之木

另外，在写作时，必须要有使漫画与写作内容相联系的语句。这样的语句可以在开头，在中间，或在结尾。如在开头可写：〝这幅漫画告诉我们一个道理;……〞。结尾可写：〝……。这幅漫画给了我们这样的启示。〞有了这样的语句，便使漫画内容与写作内容联系了起来。

八、注意拟题

许多小作文并没有要求自拟题目，这时，学生可以不拟题目而直接写。这样既可以减轻写作难度，又可以节约时间。

如果要求自拟题目，则必须拟题。而为了琢磨一个恰当的题目，有时让人半晌难以下笔，焦急万分，此时不妨先把正文写好，而当正文一写好，再行拟题时，往往会出现柳暗花明、豁然开朗的喜人情景。