自考英语写作基础教程(合集20篇)

“诗者，在心为志，发言为诗”，是人们对美好事物的向往与追求。这是很久前看的一段解释现代诗歌的话，而在《文学理论》一书上对现代诗歌的描述则是：诗歌，是最古老的一种文学体裁。我想，这里“最古老”的定义肯定是广义的，因这指向的诗歌包括古典诗词，和现代诗歌。我们都知道，现代诗歌在我们国家发展只有短短数十年历史。然而就是这短短数十年，现代诗歌突飞猛进，取得了很可以骄傲的成果，其间诞生了许多杰出的现代诗人。

按诗人何三坡在答记者问时的一句话说“中国的现代诗歌，已经进入盛唐时期。”由此可见，现代诗歌在此间快速风靡的人群和热度，也由此可见，现代诗歌日新月异，正以最快速度和最高水平，爬向另一座更高的山峰。

下面我就现代诗歌的写作技巧和手法阐述几点，如果不够水平，还请诗友们多多包涵和支持。

一、语言和意境的运用

我们都知道，现代诗歌有三个明显而具体的要素，它们是：语言，意境和韵律。由此可见语言和意境对一首现代诗歌有多么关键的作用。如果要鉴赏一部现代诗歌的好坏，这两个因素是首先的，必不可少，也是不能忽略的。

语言来自于生活，这一点我们都知道，但任何体裁文章使用的语言，都不是真正在生活里的语言。“艺术来源于生活，更高于生活”，其实这指的也就是任何文学体裁的语言来源于生活，但也“必将高于生活。”

作为一种诗意化的文学体裁，在语言这方面，就更有着不可言说的重要作用和魅力了。一首现代诗歌里，如果语言优雅而别致，就必定有一些嚼头和看头;而如果语言使用不当，就会败坏整个作品的氛围和格调。至于意境，我个人认为也就是能渲染作品和氛围的一些东西，可以是一幅幅打开的画面，由远及近，或由近及远，也可是一种感触或哲思，禅意。也就是说意境的划分大致两类：有形和无形，能看得见的物体和画面，就是有形的意境，还有一种意境是无形，因为并没有那种画面和物体，这种意境存在的只是一种思想，或感悟。

下面，我们通过具体作品，来领略一下语言和意境的魅力。

首先我们来阅读诗人何三坡的诗歌作品《麻雀》

麻雀

雪在大山下降落

房屋蹲在雪地里

屋顶上蹲着炊烟

麻雀们打扮成

秋天的叶子

从树杈上落下来

又顷刻间

回到树上去

短短数语，诗人却已利用优雅的语言和意境，向我们敞开了一幅优美的画面。“雪在大山下降落/房屋蹲在雪地里/屋顶上蹲着炊烟”，在这三句简单诗句里，我们能体会到一种很美的意境，这是一种有形意境，“洁白的雪花，房屋，雪地，炊烟”，几个朴实的物象，在不经意间，已起落有致呈现在读者面前，其实已营造了一种特别雅致的意境和氛围，源自大自然的宁静与圣洁，引人入胜，又令读者浮想联翩。而“从树杈上落下来/又顷刻间/回到树上去”，实际上也算是一种有形兼无形的意境了，在这种无形的意境里，我们不仅看到了麻雀，叶子，树木，还有一种视觉和思想的辽阔，有着不少感悟和思考，严寒下动物们乐观生存，努力向上，对于人类，实际上又是一种巨大的鼓励和感恩。

“麻雀们打扮成/秋天的叶子/从树杈上落下来/又顷刻间回到树上去”，在这里我们还能领略到诗人语句和叙说的优雅，“麻雀们打扮成/秋天的叶子”，几乎没有过多的修饰，而带给读者的却是无比干净和明朗，“从树杈上落下来/又顷刻间回到树上去”，在安静的画面里，突然峰回路转，可爱的麻雀向上飞起，带领读者的视线上升，上升，在不经意间，宁静的画面在动，向上飞翔和超越。短短的诗歌作品也由此获得了巨大成功。在此，我们足以领悟到了语言和意境给作品带来的巨大魅力。

二、韵律和节奏的把握

凡是接触过文学的人，我们都知道韵律的意思。在古典诗词里，韵律的作用十分重要，如果缺少了韵律，或韵律不整，那么古典诗词就不能叫诗词，最好的诗词也会失去看头。

新文化运动后，在早期的现代诗歌里，诗人们对韵律的把握非常周到而细致。在早期现代诗歌作品里，我们经常能读到那些韵律和节奏把握都很巧妙的好作品，这些好作品带给我们的感受，通常是阅读轻快，优美，抑扬顿挫，也或干练，大气，醇厚，回味悠长。这些韵律和节奏的佳作，同时也是最好的朗诵作品。

那么我们再回过来，带着节奏与韵律的品味，来欣赏先哲现代诗人的佳作。

再别康桥(节选)

——作者徐志摩

轻轻的我走了

正如我轻轻的来

我轻轻的招手

作别西天的云彩

那河畔的金柳

是夕阳中的新娘

波光里的艳影

在我的心头荡漾

软泥上的青荇

油油的在水底招摇

在康河的柔波里

我甘心作一条水草

那榆荫下的一潭

不是清泉，是天上虹

揉碎在浮藻间

沉淀着彩虹似的梦

……

全诗共七节，每节四行，每行两顿或三顿，不拘一格而又法度严谨，韵式上严守二、四押韵，抑扬顿挫，朗朗上口。这优美的韵律和节奏在作者把握下，诗人打开的叙说仿佛一湖水美丽的涟漪，带着清凉和透彻，渐渐荡开在读者面前。如果轻轻朗诵起来，就更有一番滋味了，那缓缓打开的美丽而恬静的物象“云彩，金柳，夕阳，新娘，……”，“轻轻的走了，轻轻地来了”，一幅幅春天碧绿的画面映入读者眼中，“在康河的柔波里/我甘心作一条水草”，……真是温暖而心动，惬意而轻快，柔情并美妙，又仿佛一曲曲轻轻的歌儿，回荡在我们耳边。

这也就是很多诗人以为的，现代诗歌，不仅是诗，更是一曲优美的歌儿。纵览诗人的作品，品味其完美的韵律和意境，我们才知道，现代诗歌，有着多么巨大的魅力，令人陶醉。

而在数十年后的今天，现代诗歌翻越了无数个台阶。今天的现代诗歌完全是自由的，充满个性，它们大气，奔放，内敛，开阔，并无忧无虑。也就是说，在今天现代诗歌表达上，众多诗友也许抛弃了诗歌原本该具备的韵律，但节奏仍旧是必不可少的。在某个意义上说，节奏其实就代表了作品的一种气势，也可以说是一种风格，如果节奏把握得巧妙，它将成为诗人们的一种个性，也可能由此诞生各类风格，形成百家争鸣。

三、清新灵动法

我们都知道，诗歌都是由每个细致的句子构成。这里的清新和灵动，指的都是句子的表达和结构。一个句子的构成，有许多种方式，在表达上，一般个人都喜欢用自己惯用的手法和个性来组织语言，有拖沓的，凝练的，清新和雅致的，也有繁琐和啰嗦的，诗歌水平和风格的差异，我想首先就是来源于一个人组织语言能力的差异吧。清新其实只是一种感觉，是清爽和鲜活的组合。如果一个句子的组合或一首诗歌的表达能达到这点，给读者默默间送去清爽和鲜活，又怎能不令读者喜欢和动容?

而灵动，则是指表达中蕴含一种无形的力量和动感，使陈旧的画面鲜活，使静止的物象跳跃，使暗淡的颜色明亮，甚至能令死去的物体重生!由此，我们可见灵动有多么巨大的作用，也由此可见，灵动的“动”实际上就是一种无言的力量。下面我们具体以诗来分析。

冬日阳光

它们翻过墙壁，防盗网

翻过紧闭的玻璃，纱窗

轻轻跳下来

游荡在房间里

多么活泼的一群鱼啊

它们穿金黄衣裳

它们游弋在凛冽的空气里

它们游弋在洁白的地板上

我静静的看着

仿佛寒冷的时光复苏

仿佛那些欢悦的鱼儿，就

游弋在我温暖的心海里

在这首精致而短小的诗歌里，我们能领略到诗歌这种文学体裁带给我们的无比温暖与美好的感觉，浓浓的诗意贯穿其中。这首诗歌最大的特点就是清新和灵动，此外画面感也特别强。在第一节“它们翻过墙壁，防盗网/翻过紧闭的玻璃，纱窗/轻轻跳下来/游荡在房间里”，在这我们看到了作者清新的语言，没有琐碎和繁杂，而“翻过”、“跳下来”、“游荡”等一系列动词又恰到好处，由远及近，引领读者的视线和感官，清清爽爽。

在第二节，更是有一种意蕴的美感和动感，这里的冬日阳光被“默化”成一群群活泼的鱼，“它们穿金黄衣裳/它们游弋在凛冽的空气里/它们游弋在洁白的地板”，阳光本是安静的，甚至有静止之觉，而作者利用巧妙的比喻和叙说，令安静的事物游动，令安静的画面跳跃，由此，则不得不叹息清新和灵动的神奇作用。

而在第三节，作者则又巧妙地升华了动感，将画面的动感继续拉伸，利用灵动的句子，轻轻向上跳动，“我静静的看着/仿佛寒冷的时光复苏/仿佛那些欢悦的鱼儿，就/游弋在我温暖的心海里”，呵呵，阳光普照万物，也普照每个人的心海，“仿佛那些欢悦的鱼儿，就/游弋在我温暖的心海里”，温暖的阳光变成一群金色的鱼，它们温暖而热烈的游进一个人的心房，也游进了读者的心房。如此温和与热烈，如此柔情与细腻，此情此景，又怎能不令人欢欣!

四、拟人法

说到拟人，我们都知怎么回事，而诗歌里的拟人，并不是单纯的比喻，如果是这样，那么诗歌就要丢失原本具备的诗意，语感和意韵。

诗歌中的拟人法，是指将要表达的主题或物象形象的人物化，或借用人物的某些个性的特点来咏物，如果表达恰当，甚至能让虚拟的人和真实的物共成一体，借人咏物，以物喻人，取得的效果，自然不可比拟。

下面我们来看看拟人法的神奇作用

月光

作者：何三坡

你提着裙子从后山上下来

树叶们在晚风中浮起

月光在木门上涌动

呵呵，读何三坡的作品，总有着更多的感动和喜悦。在这短短的三句话里，作者利用寥寥数字，干脆利落，打开了无数美丽的意象，尽管短小，读起来却余香满口，意韵无穷。“你提着裙子从后山上下来”，很明显，这是用的拟人法了，因为月亮不是人类，更不会穿上属于女人的漂亮裙子。

静夜。月圆。树叶晃动。月光洒落在木门上。伫立在夜色里的诗人，看到皎洁的月亮挂在上空，晕黄的月光慢慢挥洒下来，美得令人浮想联翩的月亮，此刻在诗人眼内，不是一个没有温度和情感的物体，而是一个温柔并优雅的女人。“你提着裙子从后山上下来”，什么的样的女人才会有如此的优雅和淡然呢?必定是温尔多情，必定是美到极至。

由此，在诗人笔下，将一轮明月拟人化为一个无比温柔并优雅女人，带着不可言说的华美和宁静;同时，诗人在借人咏物的这一刻，又以物喻人，也就是说，在将月光比喻成的女人，同时又将女人升华成月光的无限境界，这里诗人又默默无声赞叹了天下女人，象月光般皎洁，纯净的女人，正好是艺术的最大升华。

五、素描法

说到素描，我们都知道是怎么回事。就是用铅笔在白纸上画下物体或人像，也可以是抽象的思维。那么，诗歌是用语言组合起来的，又怎么来用笔来绘画呢?

呵呵，写诗时咱们不必借用铅笔，有时候，语言就是最好的铅笔，在我们的手中，利用意境和韵律，咱们可以描绘出一幅幅比铅笔和白纸更加美丽的画面。而且，这些画面里，不只有美丽，粗犷，细腻，或朦胧，还有图画作品所不能及的柔美，感性，优美的意境，诗意，以及打开的哲思，读起来余香满口，回味悠长。

下面，我们在诗歌作品里来感受一下素描法的魅力。

深秋

广袤的大地

湖水搁浅。接近枯黄的草

灌木萧瑟

狗尾草仍在翘首花白的等待

清凉的风涌过来

那些深黄的野菊花

在舞动后

打出轻轻的寒颤

这里作者很明显使用了素描的手法，利用诗歌语言来绘画，极好地打开了一幅深秋的画面。这里我们不仅看到了一幅秋天遍布山野的画面，还读到了这些画面里所有事物的美丽和诗意。“广袤的大地/湖水搁浅。接近枯黄的草”，仿佛是一幅摆放在眼前的画面，背景是广袤的大地，这是远和大的视觉，之后映入眼帘的就是背景里的景物了“湖水搁浅。接近枯黄的草”，仍旧是背景里稍远一些的事物和景象，慢慢的，画面感在拉近：“灌木萧瑟/狗尾草仍在翘首花白的等待”，于是我们看到了低矮的“灌木”，灌木旁有“狗尾草仍在翘首花白的等待”。这就是作者在第一节打开的画面。这个画面里我们还同时领略到了不少大自然真实的颜色：搁浅的湖水，枯黄的草，灌木萧瑟，狗尾草花白的等待。在绘画作品里，作者得花费大量时间和颜料来搭配制作各种颜色，而在诗歌素描作品里，则只需寥寥数语，便可达到画面所具备的大多感官，由此，又不得不再次赞扬文字的奇妙。

在第二节里，我们能看到画面感的升华，以及思想艺术升华。原来作者要表达的不仅是一幅深秋的画面，还有更深刻的对大自然和植物不屈不挠的赞扬。“清凉的风涌过来/那些深黄的野菊花/在舞动后/打出轻轻的寒颤”，“那些深黄的野菊花”应该就是画面中的主体了，在描叙众多暗淡的颜色后，作者最后指向的是一种“深黄色的娇嫩”。在深秋，万物枯涩，河水搁浅，唯有坚强而美丽的野菊花傲立在凛冽的环境里，即使“清凉的风涌过来”，骄傲的野菊花，也仅仅是“舞动后，打出轻轻的寒颤。”如果一个人，在不论遇到多大的困难和挫折时，都能像这无名的野菊花一样骄傲和挺立，无视一切寒风冷雨，那么，这又该是怎样灿烂的人生风景!

六、排比法

感觉这是一个很简单的写作手法。生活里我们经常会用到这个手法。所以也就不再解释排比的结构和意义。咱们具体来谈谈排比在诗歌里的作用，以及排比方法在诗歌语言里获取的力度与深度。

我们都知道一首好的诗歌，不只是语言的诗意和表达的舒缓和清新，还需要一些思想和力度。在黑暗年代，有力度的文学作品同时也是针对现状以及对一种光明和良知的唤醒，比如鲁迅先生就曾留下“与其苟延喘息，不如从容燃烧”的有力名句，也因此而唤醒过千千万万民众。

在和平的年代，咱们自然不必去呼唤光明，但对于生活里千千万万美好，善良，坚强，正义，宽厚而纯朴的人或事物，植物，咱们都可尽情赞扬，并歌颂，哪怕是一滴水，一根草，一缕金色阳光，都蕴含了无比的智慧和感恩，是完全值得我们去歌颂的。而在表达的力度上，排比不失为一个极度蕴含力度的方式。

下面我们来通过海子的诗歌作品来鉴赏排比的魅力。

故乡

作者：海子

在黑夜里为火写诗

在草原上为羊写诗

在北风中为南风写诗

在思念中为你写诗

这首名为故乡的短诗，呈现在读者面前只四个短句，四个排比。然而带给读者的却是不一般的力度和感受。作者运用排比的手法，一点一点由远及近，由模糊到清晰，由抽象到细微，由弱及强，利用朴实的语言，极大打开了一种对故乡热烈的思念之情，同时又借用排比的叙说，热烈歌颂了思念中的故乡无比美好，此外还借用排比表达了诗人对未来美好家园和生活的无比向往。

“在黑夜里为火写诗/在草原上为羊写诗”，两个朴实的排比，却又不失大气和厚重，“在黑夜里为火写诗”，表达了一种思想和情感的热烈，黑夜里原本潜伏了火焰，火焰却又随时能燃烧黑夜，驱除黑暗和寒冷，带给人们无比的热切和希望，这是这首诗歌的起笔，纵观分析可见作者的起笔多么热烈而高亢，却又含义深厚，大气凛然，由此带动读者进入下一个境界，“在草原上为羊写诗”，在诗人这句由高亢到温和与深情的叙说中，无意中多了许多柔情，在诗人的表达中“草原”其实隐喻的是故乡，而“羊”，实际上是离开家乡的每一个游子;或者说这里也蕴含了一个无形的意境“故乡”，诗人虽已离开故乡，而美丽的故乡却又无处不存在于诗人的思维和意识形态中，同时诗人要表达的还有对美好生活的向往和寄托，对美好家园的无比幻想。“在草原上为羊写诗”，实际上诗人要歌颂的还是拥有草原的羊，有着多么巨大的幸福和快乐，而离开了草原，羊儿又会多么孤单和失落，——离开故乡的孤独的游子，有着多么的无助和思念?

“在北风中为南风写诗/在思念中为你写诗”，这两句看似减轻气势的诗句，在一种无比思念和柔情中渐渐结束全诗。“在北风中为南风写诗”，看似不可能的逆向思维，却在前两个排比的随后，并未减轻对故乡的渴望或思念之情的力度，而是利用另一种表白来加大了叙说的力度，这里的“北风”可隐喻成诗人远方的居住地，“南风”则为远方思念的“故乡”，在诗人逆向的风里，不仅有无奈距离的现状，还有游子在远方对故乡深深的渴望之情，以及从不曾减少和削弱的对故乡的热恋，包括对未来家园和美好生活的无比向往，——故乡，远在他乡的诗人，在深深眷恋中无比温柔远望你，“在思念中为你写诗”!

七、隐喻

简单的说，隐喻是一种比喻，用一种事物暗喻另一种事物。然而，隐喻是一种神奇的语言现象，很多时候能触动读者的心弦，带动读者产生意想不到的效果。隐喻大体分三种：无形的隐喻、有形的隐喻、以及有形与无形结合的隐喻。

我们知道，好的诗歌作品，必须具备一些内涵和深度，而隐喻又不失为诗歌体裁中一种能很好打开深度和内涵的一种表达方式之一。

在上一个鉴赏作品海子的《故乡》中，我们其实就欣赏到了隐喻的魅力，那么我们再来通过托马斯的诗歌作品《农村》来领略隐喻的作用。

农村

作者：R.S.托马斯

谈不上街道，房子太少了，

只有一条小道

从唯一的酒店到唯一的铺子，

再不前进，消失在山顶，

山也不高，侵蚀着它的

是多年积累的绿色波涛，

草不断生长，越来越接近

这过去时间的最后据点。

很少发生什么;一条黑狗

在阳光里咬跳蚤就算是

历史大事。倒是有姑娘

挨门走过，她那速度

超过这平淡日子两重尺寸。

那么停住吧，村子，因为围绕着你

慢慢转动着一整个世界，

辽阔而富于意义，不亚于伟大的

柏拉图孤寂心灵的任何构想。

在国外优秀的众多诗人和诗歌作品中，我一向偏爱托马斯和他的作品。作为威尔士二十世纪最强硬，最纯洁，最持久的抒情诗人之一，他多次获得多种诗歌奖项，留下了大量优秀的诗歌作品。

在上面的诗歌作品中，作者多处使用了隐喻。“倒是有姑娘/挨门走过，她那速度/超过这平淡日子两重尺寸”，这里的姑娘隐喻成“时尚”，也同时无形隐喻成美的概念和代名词。

“那么停住吧，村子，因为围绕着你/慢慢转动着一整个世界”，这里诗人将村子隐喻成全世界，带动村子里所有人和物象转动。在这个诗歌作品中，诗人这样的隐喻思维新颖，也奇特，在一瞬间带动读者思想，简单，有力，而又让人不可思议。

八、修辞的节制

“修”，指修饰，“辞”，本意是辩论的言词，后引申为一切的言词。“修辞”是指在表达语言过程中，利用多种语言手段，以尽可能达到更好表达效果的一种语言活动。

我们知道，作为文学体裁的一种，诗歌有着与别的文学体裁不能比拟的细腻与柔情，所以更需要修辞的运用来达到诗意化和个性化。而修辞的巧妙把握和利用又是重要的，如果不使用修辞，那么诗歌必定是不能成诗歌的，而如果修辞泛滥，则诗歌语言难免会繁琐，拖沓，如同浓妆艳抹的女人般粗俗，令人索然无味。

在几年前，我的好朋友落日惊鸿曾送我一句话：“与其下笔如神，不若削字为诗”，细细想来，全是道理。由此可见修辞的节制，又是多么重要，而节制运用修辞，难免又是一门学问了。

下面我们来具体感受一下作品中修辞节制的魅力。

天鹅

作者：何三坡

它们在山间

散步打盹清理翅膀

躲过了世上的尘埃

依旧是何三坡的作品，全诗共计二十一个字。然而却向读者呈现了无比优美画面，“它们在山间/散步打盹清理翅膀”，这样干脆的表达诗意浓厚，思维清晰，蕴含了大自然宁静的景观和乐趣。“躲过了世上的尘埃”，这句诗同时又隐含了诗人要表达的人类心态中另一种潜在状态和境界，也就是心境，并不乏哲思和禅思，这也是主题的深入和升华。整个小诗歌读起来清新而欢快，读后余味深长。

诗人将要蕴含深度和表达的物象，浓缩在短短二十一个字里面，几乎没有一个多余的字眼，而取得的效果，留下的思考，却丝毫不比长篇作品差。由此足见修辞的节制，对一个好的诗歌作品多么重要。

九、返璞归真法

几乎所有人都能理解这个成语的意思。“返璞归真”指回复到其原始的淳朴本真状态。璞，本义是蕴藏有玉的石头。也指未雕琢的玉。这里引申为天真，淳朴的意思。

写了那么多年诗歌，也读了那么多年诗歌，近两年我一直固执认为，自然，真诚，朴实，用心灵吟唱的作品，就是好的诗歌作品。也就是抛开写作手法的雕琢，语句和修辞的华丽，用朴实的句子表达最朴实的感情，那么这样的诗歌作品也就是好作品了。下面我们来读海子的作品《面朝大海，春暖花开》。

面朝大海，春暖花开

作者：海子

从明天起，做一个幸福的人

喂马，劈柴，周游世界

从明天起，关心粮食和蔬菜

我有一所房子，面朝大海，春暖花开

从明天起，和每一个亲人通信

告诉他们我的幸福

那幸福的闪电告诉我的

我将告诉每一个人

给每一条河每一座山取一个温暖的名字

陌生人，我也为你祝福

愿你有一个灿烂的前程

愿你有情人终成眷属

愿你在尘世获得幸福

我也愿面朝大海，春暖花开

都知道这是海子名作，几乎是脍炙人口的佳作了。然而，将这作品仔细阅读和品味下来，我们最大的感受就是质朴，平易近人。整首诗歌里句子朴实，真诚，蕴含了诗人的善良，宽厚，和无比诚实，以及思维里潜伏着的温暖与幸福。这里我们还能看到诗人笔下描述的无比热烈的希望和未来。在这首诗歌作品里，我们找不到诗人刻意雕琢的痕迹或运用的写作手法，整首诗歌没有华丽或刻意的修饰，诗句平实而耐读。

然而它却打动了无数读者的心扉，成为闻名天下的佳作。即使是从未接触过诗歌作品的朋友，在读到这温暖而朴实的叙说后，也会有说不尽的欣喜和感动。“我也愿面朝大海，春暖花开”，这老少皆知的名句里，表达的不仅是以一种希望和期待，还有诗人对未来美好的向往，以及对生命无比美好的劝慰和珍惜。

“陌生人，我也为你祝福/愿你有一个灿烂的前程/愿你有情人终成眷属/愿你在尘世获的幸福”，呵呵，有什么比这更质朴的，还有什么比这更美好的，蓝天祝福白云，阳光祝福大地，春天祝福秋天，我深深地祝福你，陌生的朋友，“愿你有一个灿烂的前程/愿你有情人终成眷属/愿你在尘世获的幸福”!

十、结尾的巧妙处理

一直觉得一首好的诗歌作品，不仅有好的开头，好的主旨，还应该有个漂亮的结尾。这里的漂亮，并不是指华丽的表达或句子结构。而是相对于作者表达的中心和主题，在结尾时利用寥寥数字，或将主题拉到高处，或提出问题，或留下思索，或巧妙解答问题，极大打开主题和空间的深度，给读者留下思考或哲理，余味深长。

巧妙处理诗歌的结尾有什么作用呢?第一，假使一首诗歌作品，在表达上一般，开头或主旨平淡，但一个高高扬起的结尾有时却能弥补诗歌前体和中间的不足，令一般变得雅致，令平庸变得精彩，甚至带给读者峰回路转的感觉;第二，不管诗歌的开头或中间处理如何，结尾仍是重要的，大家都知道“虎头蛇尾”并不是一个好的物象，结尾的把握不当，也甚至就败坏了诗歌之前留下的完美气息，成为一个可遗憾的败笔;第三，我们都知诗歌这个文学体裁潜伏着唯美的格调，而结尾的处理更能带动这种内功格调，不论主题和表达的手法，以及深度，我想，读后能令读者余味无限，回味深长的作品，那么就必定有一定的魅力了;第四，如果是有力度的诗歌作品，语言和主旨把握得当，结尾处理巧妙，那么还能更大限度打开作品表达的力度和深度，令诗歌整体更具说服力，更能征服读者的视觉和感官。

下面我们来读托马斯的作品《时代》。

时代

作者：R.S.托马斯

这样的时代，智者并不沉默，

只是被无尽的嘈杂声

窒息了。于是退避于

那些无人阅读的书。

两位策士的话

得到公众倾听。一位日夜不停地

喊：“买!”另一位更有见地，

他说：“卖，卖掉你们的宁静。”

纵览全诗，作者表达的语言不是很多，然而作者数处运用了隐喻的手法，整体和主题要表达的都是一种讽刺，一种对现实(时代)的尖利的讽刺。而为加大这种讽刺的深度和力度，作者结尾处理的两句，无疑是十分棒的，它甚至是全诗最高的亮点，成为全诗最有力度的精彩之处。以致读者读后，在这种力度的表述里，不得不钦佩作者这有力度的阐述，和对时代，对时代“买卖”的一种憎恨和鄙视。

然而，作者更巧妙之处在于，这么精彩的结尾，竟然不是来自作者自身结构的语言，而是引用两位“策士”的对话：“一位日夜不停地喊：买!/另一位更有见地，他说：卖，卖掉你们的宁静。”这样的引用在一定程度上，极具真实感，因此说服能力也十分强，远比诗人精心结构的语言获得的力度要强得多。因而读者在读完这个短诗后，感官会暂时停留在这有力地引用对白里，思维会不自觉被诗人带动，留下各种思索。

一、追根溯源——什么是策论文

所谓策论文，简言之即文章的正文部分以提对策为主。近几年的国考和省考文章命题中都有所涉猎，且题干或要求中已限定只能写策论文。例如：

[2013年国考地市]请以“让……大放异彩”为题，写一篇内容充实的文章。

要求：1.用恰当的文字替换“让……大放异彩”中的省略号部分，是指构成一个完整具体的文章标题;2.主题应与“给定资料”相关，但素材不必拘泥于“给定资料”要结合生活中的具体感受，切忌空谈政策;3.观点鲜明，结构完整，语言流畅;4.字数800-1000字。

[2010年广东省考]针对材料中所反应的问题(仅限所给材料)，以“进一步加强农民工工作”为题，写一篇800字左右的策论文章。

要求：措施全面，结构完整，条理清晰，行文流畅，针对性强，具有可操作性。

二、明确规范——策论文的文章格式

作为申论的文章写作，行文规范是文章的基本要求，也是体现政府机关工作的基本特点。对于策论文写作理应体现以下之规范：

P1：开头 概括材料，分析主题、提出总论点

P2：分论点一(段首为对策性分论点)

P3：分论点二(段首为对策性分论点)

P4：分论点三(段首为对策性分论点)

P5：结尾 总结升华

从此规范可见，策论文的基本特点在于文章主体段落必须以对策加以呈现，望考生能谨记。

三、避免误区——策论文的注意事项

当前很多考生在写策论文的过程中有以下两个误区:

误区一：策论文即文章只能写对策，不能有分析。这是很多考生在文章写作常犯的一个错误，申论文章的写作在于说理，说理势必有理有据，因此自当有分析有对策，分析愈透彻，方显对策之针对性。

误区二：文章主体段落有对策即为策论文。申论文章角度的区分不在于文章篇幅的大小，对策多即为策论文，这是常见的误解。而根本性的判定文章是否为策论文在于段旨句是否为对策。

四、学以致用——策论文分论点来源

古语有云“他山之石可以攻玉”，不管是作为考生平时的知识积累，或是来自于材料中主题所涉及的对策都可成为文章写作的分论点。

以2013年国考地市文章写作为例，材料中谈到了很多文化发展的对策，例：发展文化人才、搭建文化阵地、扶持本国文化事业、重视传统文化教育，都可成为本文写作的分论点，考生可根据对策与主题之间的关系以及对策之间的密切程度酌情筛选，确定分论点。

同时，考生还可根据平时的积累，对于文化发展的对策也可以结合自身，从实际中出发，例如，扎根群众，提高文化自觉性;认真学习，提升文化自信;抵制西化，捍卫文化尊严等等，从这些方面进行论述，进而打造“人无我有，人有我优”的文章写作亮点。

我们已经谈到通过人物传记和分别从三个方面来研究人物关系的人物创作的基础了。小编收集了电影剧本写作基础，欢迎阅读。

我们已经谈到通过人物传记和分别从三个方面来研究人物关系的人物创作的基础了。

现在该怎么办呢?

你怎样才能把对一个人物的零碎和杂乱无章的想法变成为一个活生生的、有血有肉的人物呢?怎样才能把他变成你能与之结为一体的人物呢?

你如何给你的人物“注入生命”?如何去构成你的人物呢?

这是有史以来的诗人、哲学家、作家、艺术家、科学家和教士们反复思索的问题。至今没有确切的答案。它是创作过程之所以具有神秘感和魔力的一个重要因素。

关键的词是“过程”。需要一种途径去实现它。

首先，要创作人物的来龙去脉(context)。然后把内容注入其中。来龙去脉和内容——这些抽象的原则是你创作过程中珍贵的工具。它们构成一个概念。书中将要经常用到。

这就是来龙去脉：

比如说一个空杯子。向杯子里面看，杯子里是一个空间。这个空间里盛着咖啡、茶、牛奶、水、热可可、啤酒或其它液体。这些液体就是杯子的内容。

这个杯子盛着咖啡。杯子里盛咖啡的空间就是来龙去脉。

想着这个，我们往下讲这个概念就清楚了。

让我们从来龙去脉的角度来探讨构成人物的过程吧。

首先，确定人物的需求。

在剧本的过程中，你的人物想要达到什么目的或得到什么东西呢?

想要一百万元钱?抢劫曼哈顿银行吗?要打破以上竞速纪录吗?要象乔·沃伊特那样到纽约去成为“午夜牛郎”吗?要象《艾丽斯不再住在这儿了》中的艾丽斯那样去实现到加利福尼亚的蒙特雷当一名歌手的长期梦寐吗?要象理查德·德莱福斯(Richard Dreyfuss)在《第三类接触》中那样去搞清楚“究竟发生了些什么”吗?这些全都是人物的需求。

可问你自己——你人物的需求是什么?

然后，做出人物的传记。正如前面所建议的，你写上三到十页，多写点也行，弄清你的人物是谁。为了有一幅清晰的图景，你可能想从人物的祖父写起。别管写几页稿纸，你所开始的这个过程在创作的准备阶段中还要继续增长和发展。人物传记是为你自己写的，根本无需摆进剧本中去。它只是供你用来创作人物的工具。

人物传记完成之后，就可以进入人物的外在生活部分了。你要从人物生活的职业的、个人的和私生活的等因素分别加以考虑。

来龙去脉——这就是起点。

现在让我们来探讨什么是人物的问题。

什么是人物呢?

人都有什么共同之处?我们都是一样的，你和我——我们都有同样的需求、同样的愿望、同样的恐惧和不安全感。我们都希望被人爱，希望得到人们的喜欢，希望能成功、幸福和健康。我们在本质上是一样的。某种东西把我们联系在一起。

可是什么东西把我们区分开来呢?

把我们区分开来的是我们的观点——我们怎样看待世界。人人都有自己的观点。

人物就是观点——即我们看待世界的方式。这是一种来龙去脉。

你的人物可以是作父母的，因此就有“作父母的”观点。他可以是一名学生，那就会用“学生的”观点来看待世界。你的人物可以是政治活动家，就象《朱莉娅》(Julia)中的范尼莎·雷德格雷夫(Vanessa Redgrave)。那是她的观点，她为之献身。家庭主妇有其特殊观点。罪犯、恐怖主义者、警察、医生、律师、富人、穷人、妇女——解放了的或反之——全都会表现出个人的和独特的观点。

你的人物的观点是什么?

你的人物是自由党人还是保守党人?他(她)是环境论者呢?还是人道主义者?或是种族主义者?是相信命运、天数或占星术的人吗?是相信医生、律师、《华尔街日报》或《纽约时报》的人吗?或者是相信《时代周刊》、《人民报》和《新闻周刊》的人吗?

你的人物对自己的工作持什么观点呢?对婚姻呢?他是否喜欢音乐?如果喜欢，喜欢的又是哪一种音乐呢?这些因素都成为你的人物的独特而有机的组成部分。

我们都具有某种观点——要保证你的人物具有个人的和独特的观点。你创造了来龙去脉，内容就随之而来了。

例如，你人物的观点可能是认为不加限制地捕杀鲸鱼和海豚的行径是道德上的错误。他通过捐赠，提供志愿服务，参加集会，参加示威请愿，穿印有“救救鲸鱼和海豚”字样的汗衫等活动来支持这种观点。鲸鱼和海豚是地球上智力水平最高的两种动物。有的科学家推测它们可能“比人更精明”。科学资料证明海豚从未伤害或攻击过人类的任何成员。还有许多关于海豚保护第二次世界大战中落海的飞行员和水兵免受鲨鱼的凶猛攻击的故事。必须有一种方式去解救这些智力发达的生命形态。你的人物可能会以拒绝购买金枪鱼来抗议商业渔民滥捕鲸鱼和海豚。

要想办法使你的人物以行动来支持自己的观点并使之戏剧化。

人物还是什么呢?

人物还是一种态度。这也是一种来龙去脉，是展现人物观点的一种感情和行动的方式。人物的态度是高傲的?还是卑下的?是个正面人物?还是反面的?乐观的还是悲观的?

对生活和工作充满热情还是意志消沉的呢?

戏剧就是冲突。要还住：你越能清楚地确定人物的需求，就越容易给这些需求制造障碍。这样就产生了冲突。这有助于你创作一条紧张而富于戏剧性的故事线索。

这在喜剧中也是一条卓有成效的规律。尼尔·西蒙的人物一般都具有一个能激发矛盾的简单需求。在《告别了的姑娘》(The Goodbye Girl)中，理查德·德莱福斯扮演一个从芝加哥来的演员，他从一个朋友手里转租了一套纽约公寓套房，当他到那里时，发现房间被朋友原来的同房(玛莎·梅森Marsba Mason饰)和她的年轻女儿(奎恩·库明斯Qui-nn Cammings饰)占了。他想住进去，但她就是不搬。她声称这套间是她的，占有在法律上总是占上风的。这一冲突是他们关系的开端，它基于双方各自都认为自己是“对的”。

《亚当的肋骨》(Adams Rib)则是另一种情况。在迦逊·卡宁(Garson Kanin)和路斯·高顿(Ruth Gordon)所写的这个剧本里，史宾塞·屈塞(Spencer Tracy)和凯瑟琳·赫本(Katherine Hepburn)主演两个律师。他们是夫妻，同时又是法庭上的对手。屈塞对一个被控向丈夫开枪的妇女(裘迪·霍莉黛Judy Holliday饰)进行起诉，而赫本则为她辩护。这是一个有关男女“权利平等”这一基本问题的出色的喜剧情场。这部影片摄于1949年，它预示了女权

斗争运动，至今仍是一部经典的美国喜剧电影。

确定人物的需求，然后针对这一需求制造障碍。

你对你的人物知道得越多，在故事结构中创作的尺度就越宽。

人物还是什么呢?

人物还是个性。每个人物从视觉上都显示出一种个性。你的人物是欢快的?幸福的、伶俐的、机智的或外向的?还是严肃的?腼腆的?内向的?是举止可爱，还是难以接近的、

邋遢的、死心眼儿的、呆头呆脑的或缺乏幽默感的?

你的人物具有什么样的个性?

她是为人冷谈的、凶悍的，还是恶作剧的?这些都是人物的个性特征。它们都反映着人物。

人物还是行为。人物的实质就是动作——什么样的人干什么事。

行为是动作。比如说一个人从高级轿车中走下来，锁上车后穿过马路。他看到路边水沟里有一个镍币——那么他怎么办呢?如果他四下看看，见没有人瞧着就弯腰去拾起那个镍币。这个行为向你揭示了这个人物性格的某些方面。如果他四下看看，见有人瞧着他，就没有捡起那个镍币。这也向你揭示了这个人物性格的某些方面。他的行为把这个人物性

格戏剧化了。

如果你是在一个戏剧性情境中设置你的人物的行为，就可能引导读者和观众深入审视自己的生活。

行为向你揭示很多东西。我的一个朋友得到一次飞到纽约去接洽工作的机会。去还是不去，她的心情是复杂的。这次去谈的正是一项她很想做的既有地位工资又高的工作，可她拿不定主意是否下决心搬到纽约去。她为此斗争了一个多星期，最后还是决定去了。她收拾起行装开车到飞机场去，可当她把车停在飞机场时，“不小心”把钥匙锁在车里，而发动机还开着。这是行为动作展现人物的一个完善例子。这件事向她揭示了她内心始终明白的事——她并不想去纽约。

这样的一个场景可以说明人物的许多东西。

你的人物动不动就生气吗?他是象马龙·白兰度(Mar-lon Brando)在《欲望号街车》(A Streetcar Named Desi-re)中那样生起气来就乱扔东西吗?还是象马龙·白兰度在《教父》中那样虽然怒火中烧，却只是阴险地冷笑，并不表露呢?你的人物赴约总是迟到、早到还是准时呢?你的人物对官方的反应是象伍迪·艾伦(Woody Allen)在《安妮·霍尔》中那样当着警察的面撕毁司机的驾驶执照吗?建立在独特的性格特征基础之上的每一个动作和话语都可以扩大我们对你的人物的认识和理解。

如果你在剧本中写到某处时不知道你的人物在这种情境下该怎么做的话，那就到自己的生活中去找吧。看你在类似的情况下会怎么办。你自身就是最好的材料来源。好好练习。

你既然提出了问题，你就能解决它。

在我们日常生活中同样如此。

一切取决于你对人物的了解。在剧情发展过程中你的人物想达到什么目的?是什么驱使他努力去达到目的?或者没有达到?在你的故事中，他的需求或目的是什么?为什么他

们在那里?他们要得到什么?读者和观众对你的人物感觉如何?这是你作为作家的任务—在真实的环境中创作真实的人物。

人物还是什么呢?

人物还是我所谓的启示。在故事进程中我们了解到人物的一些事情。比如在《秃鹰的三天》中，罗伯特·雷福德在邻近的一家饭馆叫午饭吃。我们知道他有文化，是个“收集了世界上最全的一套退稿信”的作家。然后，我们极富于戏剧性地接受了他适应新情况的那种态度。这新情况就是有人要杀他，而他还不知道是谁和为什么。小劳伦佐·杉波尔

(Lorenzo Semple)和大卫·雷菲尔(David Rayfiel)的紧凑的剧本向我们展现了罗伯特·雷福德这一人物的某些东西。

剧作家的职责是把人物的不同方面展现给读者和观众。我们必须对你的人物有所了解。在剧情进展中，人物往往和观众同时了解到他在故事中的困境。这样人物就和观众一起

寻找那个支持戏剧动作的情节点。

同一性也是人物的一个方面。“他就好象我认识的某人”，这一识别因素是作家所能得到的最大的赞誉了。

动作即是人物!一个人的所为，而不是他的言谈，表明他是一个什么样的人。

上述所有的性格特征——观点、个性、态度、行为——在构成人物的过程中都是互相关联并且会互相重叠的。这样你就有了选择的余地;你可以选用这些性格特征的全部或部分，也可完全不用。但是知道了它们是什么，你就能得心应手地掌握构成人物的过程。

这一切都来自人物的传记。从人物的过去可以得出观点、个性、态度、行为、需求和目的。

在写作过程中，写到二十页到五十页纸.你才会发现人物开始向你说话，告诉你他们要做什么，说什么。一旦你和他们有了接触，和人物建立了联系，他们便自为了。让他们

做他们想做的事。要相信你有能力在“白纸黑字”的阶段选择动作和方向。

有时你的人物可能改变故事线索，而你也可能拿不定主意是否让他们做下去。那你就让他们做下去，看看会发生什么事。最糟也不过是你花几天时间认识到自己犯了个错误。犯错误也是很重要的。出事故、犯错误也会带来意外的收获。如果犯了错误，只要重写这一部分，一切就又重回正轨了。

我的一个学生来找我。他告诉我他正在写一出戏。这出戏要有不幸的“悲剧性”结尾。但在第三幕开始的时候，他的人物开始变得“滑稽”了。不断出现插科打浑的对话，而且结局也变得滑稽、不严肃了。每当他坐下来写的时候，幽默不停地涌现出来;他无法制止。他变得灰心丧气，最后因失望而放弃了。

他几乎是找我来认错的。他开诚布公地解释说，他已束手无策。我建议他坐下来再写.就让字和对话听其自然地写出来。如果是滑稽的，就让它滑稽好了。那么他就能看到写

出来的结果。如果它一直是滑稽的，而他又不喜欢，那最多把它锁到抽屉里存放起来就完了。然后再回过头来按他最早的设想重写第三幕。

他照办了，果然灵验。他扔掉了第三幕的喜剧方案，然后按他早先严肃的方案写了一稿。这个喜剧是他不得不写的;但又是必须摆脱的。这是他回避“完成”剧本的一种方式。作家常常在一个作品接近完成时，坚持写下去而没有写完。完成之后你还有什么可干的呢?你是否读过一本书而不愿读完它呢?我们都曾有过。只要承认它是一种自然现象就

行了，不必为此担心。

如果你遇到这种情况，那你怎样想就怎样写，看看结果如何。写作总是要冒风险的，你很难知道结果如何。最糟也不过是你再花几天时间重写那些行不通的东西!

只是别指望你的人物从第一页就开始跟你讲话。这样是行不通的。如果你作了创造性的研究工作，并熟知你的人物，那么你就会体验到某些阻力，然后才能有所突破，和你的人

物发生接触。 你的全部工作、研究、准备工作和思考时间的最后结果将是那些真实、生动、可信的人物——真实环境中的真实人物。

这是我们共同的目的。

写作练习：旅游活动（中段考范文）

【单元财富运用】

假定你是李华，上周末和家人开车去大角湾度假。请你根据以下要点，给你的美国朋友Tom介绍你的旅游经历。

1. 出发时间：周六早上7点；

2. 准备物品：零食、衣服、相机等；

3. 旅游活动：游泳，欣赏海水、海滩、日出和日落等美景，吃海鲜，买纪念品；

4. 你的感受。

【注意】：1. 词数100；

2. 开头已给出，但不计入总词数；

3. 可以适当增加节，以使行文连贯。

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

步骤1：认真审题，提炼要点。

一定体裁：记叙文，记叙一次旅游活动

二定时态：旅游发生在过去，因此描述旅游前的准备和过程都应该采用一般过去

时；而感想则可以用一般现在时或现在完成时。

三定要点：结合写作内容，整理和罗列要点。

表达旅游活动的常用词汇：

步骤2：整合信息，连词成句。

1. 星期六早上7点开车出发。

_____________________________________________________________________

2. 准备好零食、衣服、相机等。

__________________________________________________________________

3. 在海滩游泳，欣赏海水日出和日落等美景。

__________________________________________________________________

4. 吃海鲜，买纪念品；

___________________________________________________________________

5. 谈感受。

___________________________________________________________________

步骤3：连句成段，用上适当的关联词。

not only…but also…, where, what’s more /besides / in addition, then, because…..

【我的作文】

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

论文是以议论和说理为主的文章，其主要表达方式是议论。下面是小编分享的高考议论文的写作基础，欢迎大家阅读！

论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。论点是统摄全文的观点，是全文的灵魂，也是其它两个要素围绕的核心。论据是用来证明论点正确性的材料——足够的事实或正确的道理，它必须服从并服务于中心论点。论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程，它是论点和论据之间的逻辑联系纽带。论据和论证必须指向明确，且有说服力，才能形成整体合力，从而影响别人的想法，接受文中的主张。这就要增强议论的“向心力”。

“向心力”原来是个物理学概念，是指使质点(或物体)作曲线运动时所需的指向曲率中心(圆周运动时即为圆心)的力。这里我们借用这个概念来形象说明一下议论文的写作吧。这个“心”就是中心论点，这个“向心力”指的就是论据、论证的说服力;增加“质点质量”——材料或加大“速度”——论证即可增加“向心力”。为了证明自己的论点的正确，我们常常要从不同的角度，多方面地给出论据，并运用多种论证方法来证明论点。如果这些论证和论据是有系统的、有说服力的(当然是正确的)，那议论的向心力就会增强，中心论点就能使人信服。反之，则会弱化向心力，甚至还会产生离心现象，将极大地削弱论证力度，最终使论点“立不住”，甚至“不可信”，达不到使人信服的目的。

对论据而言，首先要增强论据的真实性、典型性和新颖性。真实性是基础，不能随意捏造，因为议论文要靠论据来支撑，如果有一个论据是假的，那读者就会“窥一斑而见全豹”，推而广之，进而全盘否定你的观点。对于引用名人名言，一定要写明谁说的，否则就会减少可信度，读者大都有“因其人而信其言”的思维定势，所以平时是要“牢记”一些名人名言在脑中的。典型性是“公信力”的保证，家长里短、道听途说当不得论据，所举论据应该是众所周知、公认的事实或定理原理，而且是最典型的，这样才能以一当十，增强说服力。新颖性是在前两者基础上，突出论据的新鲜感和时效性。其次要扩大论据的覆盖面。一般来说，文中所举论据应避免重复，尽可能兼顾不同领域、范围(有时同一领域的多数量也能增强说服力)。“古今中外”、“社会科学、自然科学”、“个人、集体、国家”是思考的几个常见维度。第三要注意论据的表述。对道理论据一般表述为“某人说过某话”就可以了，对事实论据的表述则要注意内容表述的指向性。要在陈述事实的同时，鲜明地将与中心最密切的关联处清晰地表达出来，而不是淹没在材料中让读者猜测、揣摩，而且还要着重对事实的结果进行交待，以增强说服力。一般在叙述时要关注四个要点：“人、事、果、倾向性词语”(某人做某事最终结果怎样)。“倾向性词语”是指能清晰表明与论点一致性的“醒目”的词语或语句，使论据与论点保持逻辑上的高度一致性。当然，无论是举例还是引用，在这之后最好加上分析说理的句子，以使论据与论证紧密结合形成合力，共同有力地证明论点。例文很好地体现了这些特点。

对论证而言，要增强论证的严密性，这需要学习一些逻辑知识。可以说，逻辑性是议论文的“生命”。我们一般总会用到归纳法和演绎法。归纳是由个别到一般，演绎是由一般到个别;归纳法限于“已知”，指向“温故”，演绎法助人探求“未知”，指向“知新”。运用归纳法时注意不要“以偏概全”，把话说死说绝了，需要辩证、全面;运用演绎法时注意“推论”的合理性，要符合逻辑。特别要注意语言的准确性和严密性，用语要恰当，造句求精密。

[高考议论文的写作基础

导语：When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜於雄辩。

Adversity leads to prosperity.

逆境迎向昌盛。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难朋友才是真朋友。

A friend is a second self.

朋友是另一个我。

A friend is best found in adversity.

患难见真友。

All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻;尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。

A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.

远亲不如近邻。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Business before pleasure.

事业在先，享乐在後。

Diligence is near success.

勤奋近乎成功。

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

刻苦是成功之母。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在於培养品德。

Every brave man is a man of his word.

勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。

Every man is the architect of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。

Every man is the master of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。

Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

Faith will move mountains.

精诚所至，金石为开。

Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.

友谊是两人一条心。

Grasp all, lose all.

贪多必失。

He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.

没有知识，才是贫穷。

Health is above wealth.

健康胜於财富。

Health is better than wealth.

健康胜於财富。

He who does not advance falls backward.

不进则退。

Honesty is the best policy.

诚实是上策。

Hope is life and life is hope.

希望才有人生，人生要有希望。

Idle young, needy old.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

If you dont aim high you will never hit high.

不立大志，难攀高峰。

I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.

成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。

Improve your time and your time will improve you.

珍惜时间，时间才会珍惜你。

In doing we learn.

行而知。

Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.

勤勉是幸福的右手，节俭是幸福的左手。

In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.

在人生的搏斗中，只有日日前进不甘失败的人，才能获胜。

It is dogged does it.

天下无难事，只怕有心人。

Judge not according to the appearance.

不要以貌取人。

Labour is often the father of pleasure.

勤劳常为快乐之源。

Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。

Like tree, like fruit.

有其因必有其果。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.

抓住大好时机，切莫等闲错过。

Never too old to learn.

学到老，学不了。

No great loss without some small gain.

塞翁失马，安知非福。

No one can call back yesterday.

往日不复返。

No sooner said than done.

言而必行。

No sweet without some sweat.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Nothing is impossible to willing mind .

有志者事竟成。

Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.

天下无难事，只怕不努力。

Nothing is really beautiful but truth.

只有真理才是真美。

No time like the present.

只争朝夕。

One cannot put back the clock.

光阴一去不复返。

Overdone is worse than undone.

过犹不及。

Paddle your own canoe.

自立更生，自食其力。

Perseverance is vital to success.

不屈不挠是成功之本。

Second thoughts are best.

三思而行，再思可也。

Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.

自信是英雄的本色。

Self-trust is the first secret of success.

自信是成功的首要秘诀。

Success belongs to the persevering.

坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。

Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.

成功来自於克服困难的斗争。

The first element of success is the determination to succeed.

成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。

The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.

懂得越多，就越知道自己懂得不多。

Union is strength.

团结就是力量。

Virtue is a jewel of great price.

美德是无价之宝。

Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.

浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。

When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.

没有希望就不会努力。

Without a friend the world is a wilderness.

没有朋友，世界就等於一片荒野。

You cannot judge a tree by its bark.

人不可貌相。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

阅读是写作的基础，古人说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟”，就很好的讲明了阅读与写作的关系。我们初学诗歌写作，只有多读多思考，才能体会到佳作的精髓，在加上不断的练笔，便在不知不觉中学到了写诗的技巧，写出优美的诗句那是很轻松的事情。

要学写儿童诗，必须引导学生多阅读诗歌精品，引导孩子学会欣赏儿童诗。为此，我们可以搜集摘抄一些优秀的儿童诗，让学生朗读它，欣赏它。要学会体会、感受儿童诗所表达的意境，努力用自己的审美去探索美、发现美、创造美，这样往往能从所欣赏到的儿童诗中折射出儿童诗创作的灵感。

古代名家李白、杜甫、白居易、骆宾王等创作的诗歌，很多适合孩子阅读，除选中教材的之外，教师还可以筛选、补充一些。

当代作家中，比较有名气的儿童诗人有冰心、柯岩、樊发稼、金波、高洪波等，郭沫若、叶圣陶、艾青等名家也创作过儿童诗，教师可以为学生搜集整理或引导学生借阅、购买一些相关书籍，开阔学生的视野，触动学生创作的灵感。

一、【名诗欣赏】

我在教学生写以“春天”为话题诗歌，师生先共同欣赏着名儿童诗作家金波的《春的消息》

风，摇绿了树的枝条，

水，漂白了鸭的羽毛，

盼望了整整一个冬天，

你看，春天已经来到!

让我们换上春装，

像小鸟换上新的羽毛，

飞过树林，飞上山岗，

到处有春天的欢笑。

看到第一只蝴蝶飞，

它牵引着我的双脚，

我高兴地捕捉它，

又爱怜地把它放掉。

看到第一朵花迎春开放，

我会禁不住欣喜地雀跃，

小花朵，你还认得我吗?

你看我又长高了多少?

来到去年叶落的枝头，

等待它吐出新的绿苞，

再去唤醒沉睡的溪流，

听它唱歌，和它一起奔跑。

走累了，我躺在田野上，

头顶有明媚的太阳照耀。

是谁瘙痒了我的面颊?

啊，身边又钻出了嫩绿的小草……

熟读后，师生一起总结出这首诗的写作特点：诗人以一颗童心与大自然无拘无束地交流，冬去春来，大自然苏醒了，那小鸟、蝴蝶、花朵、新芽、溪流都显得如此亲切。当“我”躺在初春的田野上与大地共享明媚阳光时，那嫩绿的小草竟悄悄地又来和“我”玩耍，诗人巧妙地运用了拟人的写法，把人与自然之间那种和谐，那种默契，表达的妙不可言。

二、【争做小诗人】

1、让我们以“春天”为话题，可以写春山、春水、春花、春雨还可以写春天的人们。自定题目，写首诗歌。

2、小组评议，选取佳作，全班交流。

3、佳作展示。

春雨

龚伟

春雨，是一位着名的音乐家

听，他又开始演奏了

沙沙沙，沙沙沙

那悦耳的声音

是青蛙苏醒的闹钟声

是小草冲出地面的拥挤声

春雨，是一个百宝箱

看，宝物正送给人们

什么宝物

哦!是桃花的清香

是柳树那长长的辫子

是大自然的五彩芬芳

点评：小作者把春雨比喻成音乐家和百宝箱，通过合理的想象写出了春雨给大自然带来的生机。小作者通过春雨写出了大自然美丽壮观的景象，写出了生命对春天的渴望。

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensive quality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)

46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。

No garden without weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

如何写通顺的英语

英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

书面语言表达一般分为三个过程：思维、组织、表达。先是思维，把要写的东西在脑中思考，这往往是个别的，孤立的一些素材，很凌乱琐碎；因此要对此进行组织，把这些思维作出整理，使其条理、系统化，但这还是较粗糙的，可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误；最后才是表达，把组织过的材料仔细推敲，确无问题了再落笔成文。

在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等，这就是写作。上述的三个过程，最难的就是第三个过程，这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。

总之，要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

那么，究竟怎样才能写好作文呢？

阅读优秀范文

首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。

加强练词造句训练

其次，要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

了解英语写作格式

还有，要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英语写作入门的书，对英语写作有一个初步的概念，如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。

用英语写日记

要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。

总之，平时学习语言素材积累多了，体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高，到作文下笔时就会得心应手，水到渠成。

一、首段

第一段四个句子,第一句宏观描述图画,并谈图画看似可笑但发人深思.第二句写出图画最强烈的视觉效果,第三句是主题句,谈用二十个单词的爆发力句型谈该现象对个人的发展和进步有破坏性,并引发思考,第四句是用贬义词批判这个现象是强烈的指责。

1、As is vividly depicted in the picture, which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.

2、The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably,

3、Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主题 which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity.

4、This phenomenon of 主题 should be condemned severely or made illegal.

二、中间段落

中间段落从两方面论证问题的危害，并举例论证，预测危害的趋势

第二段七个句子,首先第一句从宏观上谈这种现象的总的有两到三个点危害或者原因,第二句谈这个现象的第一个危 害,用 “not only, but also”的五星级句子,通常是谈对个人身心健康的危害性, 第三个句子谈第二个危害,通常是用一个豪华级的比较级的句子,让老师耳目一新,通常是谈这个现象对社会的危害.第四个句子谈对家庭或学校的危害.第五个句 子谈一个代替 “for example”的十五个单词的好句子,意思是说没有更好的例子来证明正如下文.第六个句子是例子群体的出现,谈根据一项调查表明,80%以上的人只要从 事经历过这个消极的现象一定会对个人在精神和生活上有危害.最后一句话是预测趋势的二十五个单词的钻石级的句子,谈以下预测趋势,表明这种现象再这样下 去,就会导致恶劣的结果出现,甚至是毁灭性的后果。

1、To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward.

2、To begin with,主题 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life.

3、In addition, nothing is more harmful than主题 to contradict with a harmonious society.

4、Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主题 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see.

5、No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below .

6、According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主题will live a dull life or even feel loss of hope about the future.

7、If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something.

三、结尾段落

最后一段要强调解决问题，谈的两点建议通常是提高人们的意识，加强执法

第三段六个句子, 第一个句子是下个结论,谈解决问题的必要性.第二个句子是第一个建议谈的是加强立法惩治这个现象,第三个句子谈提高人们的觉悟关于着这个现象能提高人们对 这个现象的觉悟.第四个句子谈个谚语,谈一下实践我的建议的重要性.五个句子谈解决的任重道远.第六个句子是解决问题之后的美好的未来。

1、From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主题.

2、On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something.

3、On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction.

4、However, it is easier said than done.

5、Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.

6、Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.

There is no consensus [knsenss] 一致of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion(观念) is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。

Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测

Lets prevent H1N1 from happening to usDuring the last few months,H1N1 ful has set off across the whole world.If we have the right way to prevent it ,it wont scare.Here are some suggestions for you:First of all,you should cover your mouth with a napkin whtn you cough re sneeze,Next youd better stay away from the public place if possible, if you have to,please wear a mask.Wash your hands carefully before meals and always keep your windows open so that the air will be fresh.At last,try to do more excisice to make your body strong so that you can stay in health.I think this is the most important.

最近这几个月里，H1N1病毒在全世界引发起来。如果我们用正确的方法预防它，免费学英语网站，它就不会那么可怕。这里有一些为你的建议：首先，当你在咳嗽或者打喷嚏的时候，你应该用手捂着嘴。然后你最好尽可能的离公共场所远一点，如果你必须去，免费英语学习网站，请戴上口罩。饭前仔细洗手，经常打开窗后这样使空气保持清新。最后你应该做更多的运动去使你身体更强壮，这样你就可以保持健康了。我认为这才是最重要的。

英语写作：Freedom in my Dream

综观2004年各地中考作文试题，半命题作文占有相当的比例。下面是小编为你带来的写作基础知识：半命题作文，希望对你有帮助。

一、什么叫半命题作文

半命题作文就是指作文题目只出现一半或一部分，另外一半或一部分由考生自己去补充的一种作文。

二、半命题作文的特点

有一半或一部分的命题权握在了作者手里，选材有较大的自由度，在一定范围内考生有一定的自主权，与全命题作文相比，有利于考生发挥自己的写作水平，可以较灵活自由的进行写作;与话题作文相比，适当作些限制，既可使评卷更准确，也可避免考生千题一文的套文现象。

三、半命题作文的写作方法

1弄清题意

半命题作文从形式上看，它由文字部分和填空部分组成，有的题目前还有一段提示语，后面还有具体要求。我们在拿到题目后，先要分析已有文字部分所表达的意思。如：“善待(亲人、生命、自己……)”(2004年四省国家课改实验区中考作文题)。从这个题目现有的文字部分即可看出，“善待”即好好地对待的意思，“善待”的对象可以是亲人、生命、自己……也可以是你觉得应该好好地对待的人、物或精神、品质等。再如：“讲给的事儿(爸爸、妈妈、老师、同学……)”(2004年辽宁大连市中考作文题)。从这个题目的已有文字可看出，本文应写事，而且是向别人叙说的口吻，叙说的对象是“爸爸、妈妈、老师、同学……”中的一员即可。

再看2004年江西省中考作文试题：

芊芊芦苇，触动了文人的心灵;巍巍“神舟”，触动了国人的心灵;眷眷亲情，触动了游子的心灵;殷殷师恩，触动了学子的心灵……同学们，相信五彩斑斓的大千世界里，一定也会有许多触动你心灵的人或事。

请以“，触动了我的心灵”为题，写一篇文章。

从该题的提示语中可以看出，触动了“我“的心灵的应该是一件很重要的事情或是特殊的人或情感。

此外，在几乎所有的文题后面都有具体要求，如“将题目补充完整”，“有真情实感”，“不少于600字”等等，这些在审题时也应引起重视，否则会影响作文的质量和得分。

2选好材料

补写好了文题，也就成了命题作文了，那我们就要按照命题作文的要求，对已经补好的文题进行审题，审人称、审体裁、审题眼、定选材范围。要将选择的材料进行认真的筛选，选出最有代表性的材料，用恰当的表现手法和生动的语言文字来表达文章的主题。

3补好文题

弄清了题意之后，就要考虑补充文题了。补充文题就是将半命题作文变为命题作文。补写文题时应注意以下几点：

1.要易写作。我们要充分利用半命题作文选材自由的特点，填上自己认为较容易写的内容。如“我和(小草、春天、智者、母亲……)的对话”(2004年河南省中考作文题)，你觉得所供选择的词语中哪个最好写，你就补上哪个，若觉得这几个都不怎么好写，你还可以另选词语。总之，应在题目要求的范围内，选择自己认为好写和有东西可写的内容填在横线上。

2.要确定体裁。在补充题目时要考虑你所写文章的体裁。一般考场作文对文体都没有要求，所以应根据自己的特长考虑是写记叙文，还是写说明文，或是议论文;是写人记事，还是写景状物，或是阐述某个道理。如“珍惜所拥有的”(2004年安徽省中考作文题)，文题对记叙、议论或书信、日记几种文体都适合，但是，你只能根据自己的特长，抓住一种文体，补题时应扣住文章体裁和写作对象。上文若作记叙文写，则可补上母爱、亲情、友谊等;若作议论文写，则可补上青春、生命、智慧等。

3.要内容健康。半命题作文给我们以自由选择材料的余地，但同时也放宽了题目本身的一些要求。有的考生往往填上一些消极、不健康的内容，给半命题作文带来了一些负作用，自然也降低了作文的品位。如“的滋味”(2004年云南省中考作文题)，就有考生在横线上填了“打麻将”、“抽烟”、“喝酒”、“自杀”等词语，让阅卷者瞠目结舌，甚为困惑。因此，我们在这方面应引起注意，不能凭一时的感情冲动，或是标新立异，填写上了一些消极、不健康的内容，应填写积极向上，反映青少年时代风貌的健康内容。

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。小编收集了提高英语写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

英语教学的目的在于发展学生的英语语言技能，培养学生良好的英语交际能力。《英语新课程标准》中语言技能包括听、说、读、写四项基本技能及这四种技能的综合运用能力，四者之间密切联系，相互渗透，互为基础。听、读是领会和理解别人表达的意思;说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高，而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。还需要学生有创造性、有合乎逻辑的表达思想的能力。目前的小学英语教学中，极其重视“听、说、读”的能力训练， “写”的教学基本一直停留在“抄写”阶段，没有开始真正意义上的写作教学。

一.写作准备阶段

(一)消除恐惧心理

自英语普及后，根据社会要求，杜绝“哑巴英语”，大多数的学校都从一年级就开设英语课程，到了四年级，学生的口头表达能力都很好，笔头方面就相对弱了。进行英语写作，他们就会觉得不自信，觉得自己水平达不到，能力也够不上。针对这点，就得需要教师在教学中，根据学生的实际能力安排教学。学生是教学的主体，要想教学有效果，就必须发挥学生的主动性。学生怕写作，一方面是觉得自己的所积累的词汇量和句子不够多，教师在教学中注重适量的拓展和培养积累单词，词组的好习惯，对句子进行举一反三的说。另一方面学生怕在写作中犯错，怕会因为一些小错误就受到老师的批评，就这方面，教师在指导时应多给予鼓励，只有让他们认识到了错误，改正了，才会减少错误，在鼓励中增强学生的自信心，从而消除他们对写作的恐惧感。

(二)创设写作环境

环境是非常重要的因素，人的成长需要好的环境，写作当然也要求有个好的环境。况且，写作是个复杂的思维过程，环境在此更显其重要性。在教学中，教师可以精心为学生创设一个积极、合作和富有鼓励性的环境，使他们乐于写作，充分发挥自己的思维能力。比如，在中年级的英语教学中可以安排学生对练习册上的短小语段摘抄下来，读读背背，培养语感;在高年级的英语教学中，可以安排写英语日记，一组的学生的共用一本日记本，每天由一位同学带回家写英语日记，内容及多少都不限制。老师每次都得对日记进行认真批改和给予鼓励性的评价。学生可以传阅，在其中他们能分享成功的喜悦，也扩大阅读量。

(三)传授基本知识

写作就像盖房子一样，有了材料，要把这材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋，这都需要老师的指导。英语写作技能的难度较大，学生也不能很快接受，提高英语写作质量也不容易，教师在进行英语写作教学时，要特别注意教学目标与学生特点，采用适当的教学方法，传授基本的写作知识。

1.科学指导学生对单词的识记，提高单词拼写的正确率，减少不必要的拼写错误。教师可以引导学生在阅读过程中和其他课内外学习中养成记单词的好习惯，同时也要鼓励学生注重词组及常用句型的积累，同时也要给与适合的场合让他们输出。

2.语法是英语学习中非常烦琐，枯燥的一项，小学生很难接受，但在教学中适当得进行句法结构操练还是必要的。让学生自然地接受语言结构，以便他们在写作时能正确地表情达意。

3.汉英表达存在着差异，如Ilikeit,too.中文的正确表达是：我也喜欢它。不会说成：我喜欢他，也。这就是中文和英文在词序上的不同，也是一种习惯表达的不同。没有特定的规律，这就需要学生多阅读，培养好的语感。

4.标点符号虽是小问题但不可忽视，教师应对此进行讲解，把两种语言中的标点符号的用法不同进行比较，阐明正确使用标点符号对正确表达思想十分重要。如，在表示一个人说话，汉语中用冒号和双引号，在英语中是没有冒号的，要表示一个人说话，得用逗号和双引号。

二.写作训练阶段

写作包括能用所学词汇、语法和句型造简单的句子、回答问题、改写课文、看图写话、依照学过的题材写小短文。这些需要循序渐进，要从最简单的语言和言语练习开始，从基本要求做起，由易到难，逐步提高要求，每一步都要有具体要求，切实可行。

(一)句的训练

词连成句，造句是英语写作教学的主要练习形式之一。可以先由教师提供词素，让学生学会连句，熟悉句子结构，为以后造句打下基础。教师也可以在教授一种句型结构时让学生改句子。而后，让学生自己造句，教师常常可以为学生造句提供一个结合实际生活的情景，这样可以避免注重语言形式，忽视内容，脱离一定的情景与主题。

句型转换也是训练形式之一，让学生在不改变语言意义的前提下进行句型转换练习，理解表达同一个意思可以采用不同的句型，这样可以避免写作时句型的单调与重复。

(二)段的训练

句连成段，可以进行看图写作，教师出示一幅图，让学生对其进行描述写成小段。看图写作有其长处，可以在写作过程中可以增加图片与英语思维、表达的直接联系、培养想象力、减少对中文的依赖。为了使学生更多地参与写作教学，激发他们对写作的兴趣，看图写作的图画老师可以让学生自己根据喜好，选择适合他们水平的图画或照片，带到课堂上使用。图画生动多样，大大激发了他们的写作兴趣，可以选一部分优秀的进行展示，评价，相互学习，这样能提高学生的整体水平。

(三)短文的训练

提供学生一些生活化的话题，选择的话题材料要接近学生的现实生活和学习。比如学生可以写自我介绍，写最喜欢的动物，学生会很活跃地思考，用最简单的句子表达他们的意思，表达他们的感情。

同时，也可以是对书本内容进行的扩充，如《牛津小学英语5B》，Unit4中出现了writeane-mail，在这里可以补充教授书信的格式，通过网络让学生学会用电子邮件发信，教师可以让学生结合自己的实际，与自己的朋友写e-mail,但要做到有信必回，这样才是有效的训练。如6B讲到seasons时可以给他们一个topic：Whichseasondoyoulikebest?Why?这样的话题是他们自己切身感受，学生们可以畅所欲言。

(四)阅读的训练

俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神。阅读是写作的基础，大量的，广泛的阅读，能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大词汇量，增强语感丰富学生的语言知识。教师可以指导学生读一些相同水平的文章、故事，记忆背诵一些典型的范文也是可以的。让学生在大量的阅读中积累词汇、句子，形成良好的语感，为学生更好的写作打下坚实的基础。

三.如何评价写作内容

学生的作文要及时地批改，对学生在写作中出现的错误，可以用一些柔和的方式指出，并给予他们指导，告诉他们怎么错了，订正在边上(订正在原位会使他们忽略他们的错误)，知道正确答案，再加以鼓励。这样，他们会慢慢积累知识。即使有学生的错误很多，也不要说“写得不行，不好”之类的话，打击他们的积极性，可以给予他们一些建议，给予他们多些指导这样会更好。

对于写的好的，可以当场给予表扬和鼓励，把好的文章读给大家听或者展贴出来，其余学生可以一起分享。俗话说“乐此不疲”，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在写作教学中要鼓励学生创作，培养他们创作的兴趣，好的作品可以将它们推荐到小学生学习报刊、杂志。这样，学生的积极性就调动了，他们也觉得有成就感，也更乐于写作了。

写作在英语教学中是不可忽略的一项，也是学生最难接受的。“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。”“滴水穿石非一日之功，冰冻三尺非一日之寒。”教师合理教学，学生长期持之以恒，做生活的有心人，做勤劳的小蜜蜂，多思考，多练笔，一定能对写作产生浓厚兴趣，提高英语写作能力。为今后的英语学习打下结实的基矗

一、勤读、多背词汇，好精句

要想写好一篇文章，没有充足的词汇量是不行的。课文中的俗语和谚语的识记是通过背诵来完成。背诵是语言学习的重要手段，也是语言学习的必经之路。

1.背词句，背诵课文中的重点句型和短语尤其是课文中的俗语、谚语和经典句子。

2.背范文，将近几年高考中的作文和课文中好的段落以及报刊上的各种各样的体裁和优秀文章让学生多背，这样学生才能在自己的脑子中形成一定的写作框架，做到心中有数。

3.多读书，用英语进行思维。为了培养学生用英语思维的定势，增加对英语国家文化、社会风俗、风土人情、思维方式的了解，扩大视野，选择课外阅读，提高学生分析、判断、猜测、推理和领悟的能力。部分学生在写作时习惯用汉语思维，然后再逐句译成英语，结果写出来的文章是汉语式的英语。要想学会用英语进行思维，就要有计划、有目的地培养学生的语感。一个重要的方法就是大量阅读，选择精彩的词句、文章和佳句，引导学生阅读，摘抄或背诵来培养语感。

二、亲自动手，自己写作

教师应注重基本功训练，严格要求学生正确，工整，熟练地书写字母，单词和句子，同时注意大小写和标点符号。进行组词造句，组句成段练习时，要学生写出最简单的短句，为以后英语作文打好扎实的基础。这种练习可以安排在刚开始的训练中，要求学生能够用最基本的时态去完成写作。另外结合高中英语基础知识的复习，对学生提出较高写作能力的要求。

1.范例引路

学生在进行短文写作训练时，教师应提供各种文体的范文，讲明各种文体的写作要求和注意事项，如日记，便条，书信，通知的格式等，并给予必要的提示，并掌握各种体裁文章的格式。在平时的教学中，教师应该指导学生应对高考中各种体裁文章。

2.限时训练

教师当场发题，限时交卷。这样能促使学生瞬间接受信息，快速理解信息，迅速表达信息，提高实际应用和应试能力。这一步是关键，也是学生的的难关。必须要求学生在写作过程中牢牢记住以下口诀：“先读提示，要点与格式要弄清;时态语态要当心，前后呼应要一致;结构搭配，莫违背;文章写好细检查，点滴小错别忽视”。学生明确目的，并掌握要领后，要严格在规定时间内完成作业。

3.多想精炼

在平时的教学中，教师要求学生多看、多听、多想，用心体验和感悟身边的人和事，然后将自己的体验和感受用英语写出来。教师可要求学生每周写两篇，有话则长，无话可短。对不同水平的学生作不同的要求。鼓励表达自己的看法和体会。

此外，有时根据所学单元知识布置一篇作文，或给学生提供一些与时事或与学生学习活动和生活有关的材料。此类话题的现实性能诱发学生的写作兴趣，使其有话可写，有感而发;还能增强其信心，使其写作能力、技巧得到充分的锻炼和提高。对于有待进步的学生要及时励，激发其写作热情，增强其自信心。

4.自改互改

对照范文，学生先对已查出的表达有误的地方进行初改。范文不可能把各种表达方式都包括进去，况且学生作业中的错误也不尽相同，因此，还可安排学生互改。以同桌两人为宜，这样同时进行了改错训练。

三、培养学生良好的写作习惯

写作教学是一项“由简单到复杂，循环往复不断上升的”过程。不是一蹴而就的，需要教师在教学中由浅入深、由简入繁、由易到难、循序渐进。起始阶段，培养学生良好的写作习惯是非常重要的。要求学生做到以下几点：

1.认真审题。要求学生认真审读图表或提纲，领会意图，捕捉信息，确定文章时态及体裁。

2.写提纲。教师引导学生构思文章要点，写出每个段落主题句、关键词，然后确定细节和内容要点。

3.写初稿。经过审题和列提纲后，学生开始写作，教师指导学有意识地使用固定句型，使用关联词，把段落按逻辑顺序连成一体，形成基本连贯的初稿。

4.检查错误。检查是书面表达不可缺少的环节，学生完成初稿后，老师指导学生从以下六个方面进行修改和查错：(1)看要点是否齐全，有无遗漏;(2)体裁是否恰当，有无偏题;(3)内容是否连贯，有无缺词;(4)语法是否正确，人称、时态、语态、冠词及名词单复数等有无错误;(5)用词是否得当，有无习语及固定搭配等方面的错误(6)最后注意句与句、段与段之间有无合适的连接及过渡，经过有效的训练，学生犯的错误会逐渐减少，同时学生的书面表达能力会逐步提高。

总之，教学有法，教无定法。教师面对的教育对象是多样化的，因此在教学中一定要关注学生的个体差异，采取相应的措施，激发学生写作的兴趣。让学生参与实践，体验成功的快乐，循序引导，学生点滴积累，不断磨练，这样能达到理想的效果。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

【导语】英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。下面关于英语作文的写作方法，一起来阅读下文吧!

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

新闻必须是新近发生和新近发现的事实;新闻所报道的事实必须是有价值的;新闻必须是对事件的“报道”。下面是小编为你带来的 最新新闻写作基础知识 ，欢迎阅读。

把新闻作为一门科学进行研究，从1845年德国学者普尔兹所著《德国新闻事业》算起，迄今不过一百多年。若以美国新闻教育和研究事业的兴起为标志，也仅为一个世纪左右。我国的新闻学研究迟于欧美国家，于二十世纪二十年代开始进行。由于该学科作为一门专门的研究对象起步较晚，所以，我们在学习新闻的过程中，有时会发现一些著作的提法或者分类并不统一，但它们的基本要求和基本原理都是相通的。我国的新闻理论主要借鉴了西方国家的新闻学理论，但又有所不同。

(一)新闻的定义

新闻有很多定义，在不同的国家，不同的研究者对它有不同的定义。比如，在西方，对新闻的严肃定义有：“新闻就是变迁的记录”——英国《泰晤时报》，“新闻就是新鲜报道”——英国《牛津字典》等等，在国外对新闻的幽默定义也有许多，比如:“狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗才是新闻”——美国《纽约太阳报》博加特等。

我国学者对新闻也有一些定义，比如：“新闻就是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的很重要事实”——范长江;“新闻的定义，就是新近发生的事实的报道”——陆定一。

我们一般指的新闻，可以理解为：新闻是对新近已经发生和正在发生、或者早已发生却是新近发现的有价值的事实的及时报道。

这一定义体现了三个要点：新闻必须是新近发生和新近发现的事实;新闻所报道的事实必须是有价值的;新闻必须是对事件的“报道”。

新闻都是以事实为依据，真实性是新闻的生命，也是第一要素。

凡是新闻文体，不论消息报道，还是通讯、特写，在写作上都应当做到新、快、短、活。

(二)新闻的分类

新闻按体裁分类，大致可以分为：消息、通讯、新闻特写、以及新闻边缘体裁。新闻边缘体裁主要包括：报告文学、调查报告、采访札记、工作研究、来信等。

新闻分广义的新闻与狭义的新闻，上段的分类是按广义的新闻进行分类的，它们是报纸、广播、电视等媒体中常见的报道体裁。狭义的新闻专指消息，又称电讯(通过电报、电传、电子计算机传输的消息)。它是报纸上最经常、最大量运用的一种新闻报道体裁，也是最直接、最简练、最迅速地向读者传播新闻信息的报道方式。

(三)新闻的六要素

新闻要素，是指新闻构成的主要因素。交待新闻要素，是把事实报道清楚的起码条件。一般来讲，在传统的新闻学讲义中，我们常提到的是五要素，所谓五个W(When，Where，Who，What，Why——何时，何地、何人、何事、何故)。在西方新闻学有一个观点，认为新闻学除了五个W外，还应增加一个H(How——怎么样，何果)，也称新闻六要素。新闻六要素近年来在国内一些教材中得到认可。

(四)新闻语言

在写新闻时，有的作者常用写散文或者写评论的方式写新闻，其实，它们之间的语言要求是不一样的。文学语言是艺术的语言，评论语言是说理性语言，新闻语言则是表述事实的语言。

新闻语言作为一种独立的书面语体，它服务于事实的报道，具有质朴、实用的语言形态，明快而富有表现力的语言风格，讲求信息的运载量，使之适宜于社会的广泛传播。

新闻语言的特色可以概括为：客观、确切、简练、朴实和通俗。

1、客观。新闻语言的主要功能用于表达客观事实，而主观认识和感情的强烈外露，势必干扰读者(听众、观众)对事情原貌的了解和把握。比如说，我们讲某某员工工作认真，某某领导身先士卒，则不如用一些事情把它反映出来，让读者去品味，而不一味去下结论。

新闻语言的客观性，通常表现为：

1)中性词多于褒贬词，即客观地描述，而不随便下结论，或者评论;新闻中一般不使用评议性的语言，即使是评述性消息，作者的评述语言也极少，多讲究分析对比，然后自然将极其精练的评述语言自然落笔。

2)修饰语的限制性多于形容性，举例：昨日气温已开始回暖，最高温度已达15℃，这是用数字进行限制;如果写成：昨日气温已开始回暖，大家感到比前些日暖和很多，这就成了形容词性，不宜用作写新闻。

3)句子的陈述口气多于感叹口气。把一些事件或者现象以第三者身份客观描述出来，而不是以第一人称或第二人称去下结论或发表感叹。

2、确切。确切，就是准确，贴切。在新闻语言的使用上，要求精确性较高，力除消除语言的含混性，但并不完全排斥语言的模糊性。新闻的模糊语言不是语言含混不清，而是相对于精确语言来说，其精确度较低，但又不失之确切。比如，“近200吨”比“几百吨”，“30多厘米”比“几十厘米”要精确。

3、简练。新闻以简练为贵，以烦冗为病。新闻语言应简洁、洗练，干净利落，切忌拖泥带水。正如鲁迅说过，“简洁的文字，有着穿透读者心胸的力量”。写新闻提倡写短句，说短话，强调简捷直叙，少曲迂回，尤其忌语言杂质，不要让复杂的结构和修辞手段、表情语言淹没事实。比如，“在……的大好形势下，在……鼓舞下，在……的基础上”等等繁冗的句子都应避免。

4、朴实。质朴无华，具体实在，这是新闻语言的又一特色。新闻语言讲究朴实，就要“有真意，去粉饰，勿卖弄”。

5、通俗。新闻语言的通俗，要求从读者(听众、观众)的认识水平出发，运用群众熟悉的语言形式，即接近口语的书面语。在写新闻时，用语不以作者的认识标准为准，也不以行业内的认识为标准，而应是最广大的读者认识为标准，对一些特殊用词，或者专有名词，应加必要的注释。

一、结构的含义和作用

1.掌握结构的含义应用文的结构，是运用材料以表现主题的有序安排，是客观事物条理性在文章中的反映，为文章的组织形式和内部构造。文章的结构具有两重含义：一是宏观结构，即文章的总体构思、大体框架;二是微观结构，即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。2.了解结构的作用结构好比文章的骨架，是安排文章的具体形式，是将材料化为文章的手段之二。结构是表现主题的手段，是准确表达主题的必由之路，也是引导读者领会文章思想内容的向导。写文章只有找到恰当完美的结构形式，才能把主题和材料组合在一起，形成一个完美有机的整体。其作用具体表现在：

(1)使文章言之有体。应用文大多有较固定的结构形态，它是人们在长期写作实践中经过选择，逐步找到的最适合表现某种内容的最佳形式，也称之为“程式”。如简报、书信和行政公文类文书，具有相当固定的惯用格式。

(2)使文章言之有序。合理安排文章结构，就是根据一定的思路，将零散的材料组织起来，使之眉目清楚地成为一个有机的整体。

(3)使文章言之有文。精心安排文章结构，可以增加文章的文采，从而增强其可读性。

二、安排结构的条件

1.了解思路的含义及思路与结构的关系

在文章结构的两重含义中，总体构思是具体设计的前提和基础。总体构思也就是人们常说的“言有序”，是指对材料的安排要有次序，这体现了作者的思路。思路是安排结构的条件。

1、思路的含义

思路是作者思维活动的路线，是作者在头脑中梳理、组织内容材料的过程和结果。它是作者对客观事物自身条理性的观察、理解。

作者思路清晰，结构必然有条不紊;作者思路不清晰，结构必然紊乱。经过选择的材料，只有经过合理的组织安排，使之条理化、系统化，组成一个有机的整体，才能准确鲜明地表现既定的主题。

2、思路与结构的关系

在写作构思阶段，作者的思维活动异常活跃。确立主题，选择好材料，并进而考虑如何表达主题和如何安排材料，由此逐渐形成一条清晰、连贯、独到的思维活动路线——思路。此时，文章的大体框架已在作者的头脑中“闪现”出来。等到作者用书面语言把思路表达出来时，文章的结构也就具体安排好了。因此，作者思路与文章结构的关系极为密切。具体表现为以下三点：

(1)思路是形成结构的基础和内核。结构是文章最主要的表现形式。要使结构完整、严谨、匀称，动笔前，就需要作者匠心独运，形成清晰、连贯并具独创性的思路，进而“外化”成纲目清晰、严谨周密的结构。但是，文章反映客观事物，决不是对其原始形态的简单搬抄和复制，而是在符合客观事物发展规律基础上的主观创造。因此，不同的作者。不同的文体有不同的思路。思路开阔而有创见，文章的结构就新颖独特;思路狭窄而落俗，会使文章的结构板滞僵死;思路紊乱，文章的条理就必然不清;思路松散，文章的结构就不可能严密紧凑。(2)结构是思路的体现和反映。结构是思路的外显形式和文字载体。思路严密清晰，文章结构才能完整、严谨、清晰，主题才能得以准确地表达;思路紊乱、疏漏和闭塞，文章则会逻辑混乱、言而无序、首尾不能圆合。

2.了解锻炼思路的基本要求及锻炼思路的方法

(1)注意思路的条理性和逻辑性，使之清晰、周密、连贯。清晰，指展开思路要有顺序、有层次，同时对材料要加以区分和归类。周密，指思路要周到、严密，没有疏漏和缺损，不要顾此失彼，自相矛盾。连贯，指思维活动过程及其表达不仅要注意外在的次序，而且要处理好各个意思之间存在的衔接、并列、转折、因果、总分等内在联系，做到气脉贯通、流畅。

(2)注意思路的灵活性、独创性，使之活跃、开阔、敏捷。活跃与开阔，是指思路的开展要打破思维定势，进行多向探索，使之灵活、新颖而富有个性。敏捷是指思路的展开、梳理直至成型这一过程应该灵敏、迅速，使文章结构紧凑、气势流转而顺畅。

(3)养成良好的思维习惯。一是养成有序思考问题的习惯，由浅入深、由表及里、由此及彼。二是加强逻辑思维能力的训练。应用写作主要靠逻辑思维，要遵循“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”这一认识规律。

(4)写作前要通盘思考，立足于写作意图、目的和所用文体特点，确定如何起笔，主体分几个部分展开，怎样收尾。

一、语言的特点

掌握应用文写作语言的特点，即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化

作者运用语言的能力，主要体现在对各种文体语言的敏感和自觉把握、开拓上。应用文因其要交流业务、传递信息、宣传政策、一探讨问题，甚至需录存凭证的实用要求，其语言必然具有一些自身的特点：

1、信实性

要使各种信息得到读者的信任，其语言就应信实可靠，去伪存真，弃浮留实，不言过其实，在真实中获得自己的生命。要做到语言的信实必须做到以下几点：

(1)要掌握表述的分寸。在当用与不当用、偏高与偏低、偏大与偏小之间加以区分;事物的范围、性质要描述和归纳得恰如其分。要求表述的含义清楚，词语的内涵、外延明确，一切会导致歧义、多义和似是而非的象征、隐喻等等都应在排除之列，以免引起误解而致误导。如"成绩"与"成就"之分，"错误"与"缺点"之分，"大多数"与"绝大多数"的不同，"部分"与"大部分"的界限。

(2)表现要诚达。"诚"，就是要求有实实在在的内容，不能空话连篇，言之无物;不能装腔作势，哗众取宠;"达"，就是要求语言能原原本本地把内容表达清楚，忌浮言、假话。如介绍商品，性质、功能、售后服务、价格等都须实事求是，不吹嘘、不护短，才能在感情上取得顾客的信任。那些"王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸"的花言巧语，那种动辄"领导世界新潮流"、"誉满全球"的陈词滥调只会失信于读者，最终削弱商品的竞争力。

(3)数字要精确，字词运用要恰当。借助极富科学性和说服力的数字，发现问题、分析问题、解决问题。但应慎重，不能混用。如数字发生变化时表达要清楚，"增加了多少"与"增加到多少"并不一样;有关数字的词语要概念明确，比如"以上"、"以下"、"不足"、"超过"、"小于"、"大于"的用法不应给读者造成疑窦，如不要在"100公斤以上的"、"100公斤以下的"之后给读者留下"100公斤的"该怎么办的问号。

2、针对性

即看对象说话。许多应用文的语言，受客观环境和政策法规的制约，都应看准表述对象，因人、因事、因时、因地而异，不可千篇一律。给领导看的，要求语言庄重，文字简约;给群众看的，则要求深入浅出，语言通俗;介绍一件商品，要注意具体的对象、环境、内容和要求，做到随机应变，以获得最佳的传播效果。针对性强，就能使文章有的放矢，有助于解决问题。

3、规范化和专门化

应用写作的语言不同于其他写作，以书面语言为主。尤其在某些文种中，如命令等，只能用书面语言而不能掺杂其他语体，并大量使用规范化、专门化的词语。体现出以下特点：

(1)具有词语的稳定性与选择性的统一。所谓词语的稳定性，是指某些固定的词语相对稳定地使用于某些应用文。如介绍信的开头总以"兹有"开启下文，许多公文的结尾都以"特此"收束全文。所谓词语的选择性大多数的应用文都有一套比较固定的规范性习惯用语，供人们在写作时选用。这些习惯用语多用于应用文的标题、开头、引文、过渡与结尾处。例如：开头用语中的鉴于、为、为了、由于、遵照、按照、根据、随着、兹有、奉、近来等;结尾用语中的本、为荷、为要、为盼、此令、此复、希即遵照执行、希酌情办理、现予公布。特此函达、以上报告，请审核、当否，请批示、以上妥否，请指示等。

(2)具有句法的稳定性和灵活性的统一。所谓句法的稳定性，是指某些类型的句子在应用文中占有很大的分量。如总结中要汇报情况，请示时要阐述原因，求职信中要作自我介绍等，主要使用陈述句。应用文在有所陈述的基础上，往往要提要求，无论是上级对下级，还是下级对上级。如"以上通知，请遵照执行"，"以上请求，望领导批准为荷"等等。所谓句法的灵活性，是指在稳定性的基础上，适当地求新、求变。灵活恰当地选用句式，可使行文变化多姿，从而增强文章语言的表达效果，增强文章的外在美。例如，对事物下定义时宜用长单句、判断句;叙述事物时宜用短句;发号施令时宜用短句、单句、主动句。总之，选用什么样的句式，要根据表述内容灵活掌握。

(3)力求简洁，具有庄重感。应用文中，经常使用一些文言词语，如常用的有"经、业经、业已、兹、兹有、兹将、特、者、荷、取、于、而、则、为、为此、与之、依、逾、至、其、亦、以、尚、须、未、予、示、之……"，可增强文章的庄重感。

(4)用图式替代语言文字。图式包括图、画、符号、照片、表格、公式等。在应用文特别是科技应用文中大量使用，成为一种常见的辅助书面语言，从而形成应用文语言的又一大特色。

二、语言运用的要求

掌握语言运用的基本要求，即：语言要准确清晰、简洁明了、平实自然、得体妥帖、生动具体

1、准确清晰

准确，即用最恰当的词语和句子如实反映客观事物，表达作者思想。清晰，是指表达时要条理清楚，意思明白。具体应做到：

(1)用词造句要准确。用词准确是指能把握词语遣用的分寸感和合适度。应精选中心词，用准修饰语。能仔细辨析同义词、近义词的用法，对词义轻重。范围宽窄、程度深浅、感情褒贬、语体雅俗、词性差别等都能烂熟于心、姻熟于手。如："分散"和"涣散"都有"不集中"的意思，"涣散"是具有贬义性质的形容词;"分散"是具有中间性质的动词。"士气涣散"就准确，"士气分散"就不准确。另外，应用文常用数字说明问题，揭示事物之间的数量关系，所以数字运用要准确无误。

(2)用词造句要通顺。指合乎语法，合乎逻辑。通顺也是实现语言准确的保证。

(3)要注意语意鲜明。有时由于特殊需要，还必须使用一些模糊语言，即用一些在外延上不确定、表意比较含糊，以及在运用上具有弹性的词语，如"近年来"、"各地"、"时有"、"大多数"。"有关部门"、"条件许可时"等。该类词语使用恰当，不仅能增加行文的灵活性，而且有助于准确地表达意思，但应谨慎使用。

2、简洁明了

(1)简洁。所谓简洁，就是用较少的文字清楚表达较多、较丰富的内容。要抓住问题的关键，把话说到点子上。主要应做好以下四点：

一要善于观察事物，深刻理解事物，明确认识写作对象，把握住问题的关键。

二要反复锤炼，提高概括能力，杜绝堆砌修饰语现象;适当使用缩略语，如"五讲四美"等。

三要删除一切套话、空话、意思重复的话，向繁冗开刀。克服繁琐冗长的毛病是语言简洁的前提。

四要适当地采用文言词语及短语。文言词语(包括成语、典故)行文简练，富有表现力，写作时适当采用，言简意赅。然而，"简"要得当，"简"得让人不明白或产生歧义也不行。绝不能为简而生造词语。乱缩略、滥用文言以及一概排斥某些行文必需的程式化语句。(2)明了。所谓明了，就是指明明白白、清清楚楚，一是一，二是二。要做到明了，一是要考虑周到，言尽意止;二是要注意用词通俗，不用生僻晦涩的字句;三是在运用数字的时候，只须写出计算的结果，而不须表述具体的计算过程。

3、平实自然

应用文用语应平易通俗，浅显流畅。说明事实、讲清道理即可。不搞"曲笔"，不作夸饰，不堆砌辞藻，不追求华丽，不矫揉造作，不用生僻词语，以明白、实在、自然为上。

4、得体妥帖

(1)得体。应用文实用性强，讲究得体。主要应做到以下三点：

一是要适合特定的文体。按文体要求遣词造句，用词、语气、语体风格应符合特定的要求。保持该文体的语言特色和语言风格。如公文宜庄重，调查报告须平实，学术论文应严谨，祝谢哀问需较浓的感情色彩，广告就常用模糊的语言，使用说明书则需具体实在，商业交际文书语言要委婉，合同书的语言则要精确，颁布政策法令应庄重严肃，报喜祝捷要热烈欢快，提出申请该委婉平和，分析问题须有理有据。

二是语言适用于所写的应用文体的需要，做到需要文雅时，决不粗俗;需要委婉时，决不直露;需要明确时，决不含糊;需要模糊时，决不精确。

三是要考虑作者自己的身份，阅读的对象，约稿的单位，写作的目的，甚至还要考虑到与客观环境的和谐一致、恰到好处。比如需要登报或张贴的，语言要通俗易懂;需要宣读或广播的，语言应简明流畅，便于朗读;书信的写作，要根据远近亲疏、尊卑长幼的关系使用相应的语言;公文的写作要根据不同的文种和行文关系而使用相应的语言，否则就不得体。(2)妥贴。语言的妥帖则是指语言要合乎语法的一般规范。

5、生动具体

生动，即言词形象、逼真、有活力，能吸引人。应用文中有些文种的语言也是要求生动的，如讲话稿、调查报告、总结等。选择词语(尤其是动词的运用)时要精心，恰当、传神地运用一些修辞手法，如引用、比喻、拟人、排比等。如某篇调查报告中写当今择偶观时说："婚姻的含金量增大了。"就十分传神。语言具体，可使文章内容有血有肉，说理深刻有力。其关键在于对事物的仔细观察和深入了解。