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自考英语写作基础教程(精选20篇)

导语:我就是我,是有颜色不一样的烟火。哈哈哈。以下是小编为大家收集的几篇这就是我英语作文。供大家参考阅读。希望喜欢。

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中考英语作文写作要素

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一、审题要清

看到考题后,先不要急于动笔,要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面,确定短文的中心思想,不要匆匆下笔,看懂题意,根据提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、要点明确

要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点,同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力,把情景中给出的各个要点逐一罗列出。

三、列出提纲

为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词语记下,形成提纲。

四、写顺全文

写短文时要做到五个方面:

1.避免使用汉语式英语,尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。

2.多用简单句型,记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或独立主格结构等较复杂的句型。

3.注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。语态、时态要准确无误;主谓语要一致,主语的人称和数要和谓语一致;注意冠词用法,例如:It takes Tom half an hour to go to school by bus.中的an不能写成a;注意拼写,例如:fourteen,forty,ninth等不要写成forteen,fourty,nineth等;注意标点符号和大小写。

4.描写人物时,要生动具体,可以选择使用下列词汇,例如:外形:tall,short,fat,thin,strong,weak,pretty等;颜色:red,yel-low,blue,white,green,brown,black等;心情:glad,happy,sad,excited,anxious,interest-ed等;情感:love,like,hate,feel,laugh,cry,smile,shout等。

5.上下文要连贯。同学们应把写好的句子,根据故事情节,事情发生的先后次序(时间或空间),使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理,使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法:并列关系:and,as well as,or…;转折关系:but,yet,how-ever…;时间关系:when,while,after,before,then,after that…;因果关系:so,there-fore,asaresult…;目的:in order to,in order that,so as to,so that…;列举:for example ,such as…;总结性:in general,in all,in a word,generally speaking…

五、没有病句

中考作文时,由于时间紧、内容多,同学们出错在所难免。因此,改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分,根据错误多少来扣分。因此中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手:(1)看字数是否达到要求,看有无遗漏要点。

(2)看文体格式是否正确规范。

(3)看有无语法或用词上的错误。

(4)看单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错,标点符号有无遗漏或用错等等。

(5)注意时态、语态、人称是否上下文一致。

六、先打草稿

考试中,书面表达应做到先打草稿,写完后多读几遍,检查是否有误,然后再抄到试卷上,注意字迹要工整,不涂、不画、不勾不抹,避免不必要的扣分。

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篇1:2024高考英语写作素材:关于母亲节的资料

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母亲节是美国法定的全国性节日。在每年5月的第二个星期日举行。为母亲过节最早源于古希腊的民间风俗。那时,古希腊人每年春天都要为传说中的众神之母、人类母亲的象征——赛比亚举行盛大的庆祝活动。但这时还未形成母亲节。

Mothers day in the United States legal a national holiday. Held on the second Sunday of May each year. Mother festival originated from the ancient Greek Folk customs. At that time, the ancient Greeks in spring every year as a symbol of the legend of the mother of the gods, human mothers -- Serbia held a grand celebration. But at this moment is not formed on Mothers day.

1906年,美国的安娜·贾维丝小姐遭受到母亲突然去世的强大打击,因为她太爱自己的母亲了。如何表达对母亲的怀念和感激呢?贾维丝小姐决定实现母亲生前渴望创立一个母亲节的遗愿。为此,她首先提出了设立母亲节的设想,并为此而四处奔走,历尽艰辛。同年,她还在家乡费城组织了第一次庆祝母亲节的活动。她还分别给国会议员、政府官员、教师以及新闻界写了上千封信,恳求帮助。她的热诚和努力,终于赢得了社会各界的普遍支持。1914年,美国国会通过决议,并由威尔逊总统亲自签署,将每年5月的第二个星期天定为母亲节。当时很多国家成千上万的欧战中阵亡将士的妻子、母亲正深陷在痛苦之中,美国母亲节的创立,使她们得到了极大的安慰,引起了强烈共鸣。母亲节的活动丰富多彩。节日这天,家庭成员都要做各种使母亲欢心的事情,并向她赠送礼品表示祝贺。

In 1906, the United States miss Anna Jarvis suffered a strong blow to the sudden death of her mother, because she loves her mother. How to express thanks and remembrance of her mother? Miss Jia Weisi decided to realize the mothers desire to create a mothers day wishes. To this end, she first put forward the idea of the establishment of mothers day, and this everywhere, experienced all kinds of hardships. The same year, she was at his home in Philadelphia organized the first mothers day celebrations. She also gave members of Parliament, government officials, teachers and journalists wrote thousands of letters to ask for help. Her hard work and dedication, won widespread support from all sectors of society. In 1914, Congress passed a resolution America, and by Wilson president personally signed, will be held on the second Sunday of May is mothers day. At a time when many countries of Europe in the memorials wife, mother is mired in pain, the creation of the United States Mothers day, so they are a great comfort, aroused a strong resonance. Mothers Day activity of rich and colorful. On this day, family members have to do to make mother happy things, and to congratulate her gifts.

各家的父亲在这天则主动管理家务和孩子,以便让妻子休息一天。美国加利福尼亚的芬德尔镇庆祝方式尤为独特,即在每年的这天都要举行为期一周的“活动雕塑比赛大会”。现在,世界上已有43个国家公认这一节日,可以说,母亲节已成为一个世界性的节日了。

The house and the children active management in this day the father, in order to let his wife one day of rest. California American fendall town celebration is particularly unique, in every year of this day will be held the week of "mobile game conference". Now, 43 countries in the world have recognized this holiday, it can be said, mothers day has become a worldwide festival.

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篇2:英语写作素材积累:50句经典句子

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下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理提供的英语句子,供大家写作参考。

1、Time flies.

时光易逝。

2、Time is money.

一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.

岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.

时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.

时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.

光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.

昨日不复来。

9、Business neglected is business lost.

忽视职业便是放弃职业。

10、One today is worth two tomorrows.

一个今天胜似两个明天。

11、The morning sun never lasts a day.

好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。

12、Christmas comes but once a year.

圣诞一年只一度。

13、Pleasant hours fly past.

快乐时光去如飞。

14、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢娱不惜时光逝。

15、Time tames the strongest grief.

时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

16、The day is short but the work is much.

工作多,光阴迫。

17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.

今日事须今日毕,切勿拖延到明天。

18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.

明天如有事,今天就去做。

19、To him that does everything in its proper time,one day is worth three.

事事及时做,一日胜三日。

20、To save time is to lengthen life.

节省时间就是延长生命。

21、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时,时来不可失。

22、Take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时,不然时去无声息。

23、When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失,时不再来;机会一过,永不再来。

24、Make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

25、Strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

26、Work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做,明朝可能阻碍多。

27、Punctuality is the soul of business.

守时为立业之要素。

28、Procrastination is the thief of time.

因循拖延是时间的大敌;拖延就是浪费时间。

29、Every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

30、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

31、Wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡,胜于财富。

32、Wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银。

33、Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识,胜于手中有钱。

34、Wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识,代价虽高也值得。

35、Doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

36、If you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识,须从勤苦得。

37、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

38、A handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识,当得大量的学问。

39、Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进,不能跃进。

40、Learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

41、It is good to learn at another man’s cost.

前车可鉴。

42、Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.

知识之于精神,一如健康之于肉体。

43、Experience is the best teacher.

经验是最好的教师。

44、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是知识之父,记忆是知识之母。

45、Dexterity comes by experience.

熟练来自经验。

46、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

47、Experience keeps a dear school,but fools learn in no other.

经验学校学费高,愚人旁处学不到。

48、Experience without learning is better than learning without experience.

有经验而无学问,胜于有学问而无经验。

49、Wit once bought is worth twice taught.

由经验而得的智慧,胜于学习而得的智慧;一次亲身的体会,胜过两次的教师教导。

50、Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

拓展阅读:段首万能句子

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。

Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides,______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______ while. Obviously,______,but why?

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篇3:2024中考英语写作如何做好结尾

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一篇文章的结尾,是文章的画龙点睛之处,如何用精简的语言,最精确地总结和概括文章的意思呢?今天,的名师为您总结了5种文章结尾的方式,一起来看看吧。

1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……

2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……

3、Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that …

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。

5、All in all, we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

有了以上的五种万能的结尾句型,我们在托福写作结尾的时候,就不用啰嗦一大堆又得不到分了。

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篇4:2024最新应用文写作基础知识

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应用文是人类在长期的社会实践活动中形成的一种文体,是人们传递信息、处理事务、交流感情的工具,有的应用文还用来作为凭证和依据。

一、【结构】

1. 结构的含义

结构是指文章内部的组织和构造,是作者按照主题的需要,对材料所进行的有机组合和编排,又称谋篇布局。文章的结构具有两重含义:一是宏观结构,即文章的总体构思、大体框架;二是微观结构,即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。

作用:

①使文章言之有体。“体”指体裁。应用文在长期的写作实践过程中,大都形成了比较固定的结构形态,也叫程式。

②使文章言之有序。合理安排结构,就是根据一定的思路,将零散的材料组织起来,使之条理清楚,成为一个有机的整体。

③使文章言之成文。通过精心安排结构,可以增加文章的文采,从而增强其可读性。

2. 安排结构的原则

①要服从表现主题的需要。主题是作者的写作目的、意图的体现,结构必须服从主题的需要,为表现主题、突出主题服务。例如怎样安排开头与结尾、怎样划分层次与段落、怎样设置过渡与照应、怎样确定主次与详略等等,都要围绕主题进行。这样,才能使文章组成一个严谨周密、内容形式统一的有机整体。

②要正确反映客观事物的发展规律和内在联系。应用文是对现实生活、客观事物的反映,客观事物总有一个发生、发展、结局的过程,作者对它的认识也遵循一定的规律。这种规律性,也就表现为文章结构的基本形式。

③要适应不同文体的要求。文体不同,结构的样式和要求也会不同。应用文不同于文学作品,不同类型的应用文体结构方式也存在着区别。

3. 结构的要求

①严谨自然。指文章结构精当严密,顺理成章。要求作者思路清晰,思维严密,以主旨贯穿全文始终,不枝不蔓。层次段落的划分要恰当,组织严密,联系紧凑,脉络畅通,行止自如。过渡和照应要自然,不能刻意的雕凿,更不能牵强拼凑。

②完整匀称。指文章各部分要配置齐全,比例协调,详略得当,完整合理,重点突出,符合格式要求。如文章一般都有开头、主体和结尾三部分,三部分比例要协调,主体要内容充实,不能虎头蛇尾或尾大不掉;对并列内容的处理,要注意处理好详写和略写的关系,以保证结构的完整和匀称,使之浑然一体。

③清晰醒目。大多数应用文不要求行文曲折波澜,而要求纲举目张、清晰醒目,以便读者把握要领或贯彻执行,所以常采用加小标题、写段首撮要、条目式等形式。这在一些法规性文体中最为明显。

4. 结构的内容

①层次与段落。层次是文章中作者表达主题的阶段和次序,是文章内容展开的次序。层次体现了事物发展的阶段,是问题的各个侧面和作者思维的过程,又称为“意义段”、“逻辑段”、“章”、“节”等。段落,又称“自然段”,是组成文章、表达思想最基本、相对独立的最小单位。段落的形式是层次的再分割,是文章意思的间歇或转换,以换行为为标志。两者有明显的区别,层次侧重于内容的划分,段落侧重于文字形式的表现。有时一个段落恰好是一个层次,有时几个段落表现一个层次或一个段落内有几个层次。安排层次有两种模式:

(1)纵式,即思路纵向展开的结构方式。具体有两种类型:时间顺序式和逻辑顺序式。前者是按照事物的生产流程、事情或事件的发展过程或时间的先后顺序安排层次。需要注意的是,采用这种结构方式,不能事无巨细地记流水账,要抓住事物发展的关键环节。逻辑顺序关系是按照事理内在的逻辑顺序安排层次。这种逻辑关系表现为:现象——本质,原因——结果,宏观——微观,个别—一般等。按照这样的关系先后为序、环环相扣、层层递进地安排结构,就是逻辑顺序。

(2)横式,即思维横向发展的结构方式。表现在形式上,它是把整体划分为若干相对的层次,各层次之间互不交织、平等并列,从不同方面和角度共同揭示了事物的整体面貌和主旨,或按照空间方位的变换,或按照材料的不同性质和类型,或按照问题的不同侧面等。这种结构形式,在应用写作中运用很广泛,述职报告、调查报告、总结等均可采用。

②过渡与照应。过渡是指层次与段落之间的衔接与转换,在文章中起着承上启下、穿针引线的作用。照应是指文章内容的前后呼应和关照,可以使文章结构周密严谨,浑然一体,还能使某些关键内容得到强调,突出主题。

一般情况下,当内容由总到分或由分到总时、意思转换时以及表达方式变化时,需要安排过渡。过渡的形式有段落、句子或词语。如上下文空隙大,转折也很大,常用过渡段连结。上下文空隙小,多用提示性的句子,如公文中,常有“特此如下通告”、“现将有关事项告知如下”、“为此,特制定本条例”等作过渡。在意思转折不大的情况下,多用关联词,如“因为”、“所以”、“但是”等作为过渡词。

在应用文中,常用的照应方法有:

(1)首尾照应,即在文章的结尾处,把开头交待的事或提出的问题再次提起,有的进一步加以概括、归纳、补充,如论文、总结、调查报告等。

(2)文题照应,即指在行文中时时照应标题,对主题加以强调、提示。如大多数公文标题中都包含着“事由”,文章内容自然要与标题相照应。

(3)文中照应,即文章自身前后内容间的照应,如某些细节和问题在行文中不断被提起,这样能强化印象,更好地实现作者的表达意图。

③开头与结尾。开头是全篇文章的第一步,可以起到统领全篇,展开全文的作用。结尾是全文的收束和结局,能帮助读者加深认识,把握全篇,达到预期的写作目的。

常见的开头方式有:

(1)目的式。就是将写作的目的和意义直接说明。一些公文常用这种方式,常用介词“为”、“为了”领起。

(2)根据式。就是开头阐明撰文的根据,或引据政策法令和规定指示,或引述全文,或引据事实和道理,常用“根据”、“按照”、“遵照”等领起下文。

(3)原因式。就是以交待行文的缘由作为开头,常用“由于”、“因”、“鉴于”等引出原因或简述某种情况作为原因,再引出写作目的。

(4)概述式。就是在开头部分对文章内容的背景、基本情况、主要内容加以概述。采用这一方式,能起到提纲挈领的作用。

(5)结论式。就是将结论、结果先作交待,再由果溯因。

(6)提问式。就是开篇提出问题,然后引起下文,常见于调查报告的写作。

(7)引述式。常用于有具体规定格式的文体中,如“合同”,或引述下级来文、上级指示精神,或有关政策法规,以此作为撰文的依据。如批复、函等常用这种方式。

常见的结尾方式有:

(1)自然收尾式。就是在主体部分写完之后,事尽言止,自然收结。

(2)总结归纳式。指在主体写完后,对全文的主旨进行简要的概括,总结全文。

(3)强调说明式。是在应用文的结尾处,对全文的主旨意义、重要性进行强调,以引起读者的注意。

(4)希望号召式。就是在结尾部分提出希望,发出号召,展望未来,以鼓舞斗志。

(5)专门结尾用语式。就是在结尾处,采用特定的用语结束全文。

二、【语言】

1. 准确

准确,就是要正确地、恰当无误地表达出所要表达的内容,用词用语含义清楚,概念恰当明确,不产生歧义,不引起误会,无溢美之词,无隐恶之嫌。

要做到语言准确,必须要把握词语的分寸感和合适度。特别是要区分同义词、近义词在适用范围、词义轻重、搭配功能、语体雅俗、词性差别等方面的细微差别。

要做到语言准确,还要注意语意鲜明,不能模棱两可,含糊其辞,以免产生歧义,延误工作。如“大致尚可”、“有关部门”、“条件许可时”、“事出有因,查无实据”等表达含糊的词应谨慎使用。

2. 简明

简明,指文字的简洁、明白,用较少的文字清楚表达较多、较丰富的内容,要“有话则长,无话则短”。要做到简明,首先要精简文意,压缩篇幅,突出主干,把无关或关系不大的内容删去。其次要反复锤炼,提高概括能力,杜绝堆砌修饰语,适当使用缩略语,如“五讲四美”等。第三,要推敲词语,锤炼句子,一句话就能说明白的决不用两句话,一个词能概括清楚的决不用两个词。恰当地运用成语、文言词语等,也有助于语言的简明。第四,要注意用词通俗,不用生僻晦涩的字句。应该指出的是,“简”要得当,不能苟简,要以不妨碍内容的表达为前提,绝不能为简而生造词语、乱缩略、滥用文言,不能让人不明白或产生歧义,引起误解。

3. 平实

应用文是为解决实际问题而写的,它的语言重在实用。一个字、一句话,往往至关重要。为了便于读者理解,应用文语言应力求平实。行文时多用平直的叙述,恰当的议论,简洁明了的说明。比如公文,它具有行政约束力和法定的权威性,因此,用语必须朴素、切实,不能浮华失实,不能乱用形容词或俚俗口语。

应用文写作要求用语平实,但平实不等于平淡。我国历史上保留下来的许多文章既是应用文,同时又是文学佳作。

4. 得体

应用文实用性强,讲究得体,一方面要适合特定的文体。按文体要求遣词造句,保持该文体的语言特色。如公文宜庄重,调查报告须平实,学术论文应严谨,社交文书需较浓的感情色彩,广告就常用模糊的语言,使用说明书则需具体实在,商业交际文书要委婉,合同书则要精确等。另一方面要考虑作者自己的身份,阅读的对象,约稿的单位,行文的目的,甚至与客观环境的和谐一致,恰如其分。比如需要登报或张贴的,语言要通俗易懂,需要宣读或广播的,语言应简明流畅、便于朗读;书信的写作,要根据远近亲疏、尊卑长幼的关系使用相应的语言;公文的写作要根据不同文种和行文关系而使用相应的语言,否则就不得体。总而言之,作者应有针对性地运用得体的语言取得最佳的表达效果。

三、【种类】

应用文的种类繁多,可以从不同的角度划分成不同的类别。

一、按其处理事情的性质划分

可以分为公务类应用文和私务类应用文。

公务类应用文是指为处理国家和集体的事务而写作和使用的应用文,即通常所说的公文。

私务类应用文是指为处理个人的事务而写作和使用的应用文,即通常所说的个人日常应用文书。

二、按表达方式划分

有记叙文、说明文、议论文。

记叙文是以记叙为主要表达方式的应用文;说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的应用文;议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的应用文。

三、按使用领域划分

(一)行政类应用文?行政类应用文包括国家行政机关公文和日常行政公文。

1.国家行政机关公文

国家机关公文是国家机关、社会团体或企事业单位处理事务的文件,主要用来传达和贯彻党和国家的政策法令,指导工作,提出要求,答复问题,通报情况,交流经验,传递信息。公文制作比较严格,具有一定的法律效力,在写作和使用时,要根据国家最新的行政机关公文处理办法,区分每类公文文种的行文要求和使用范围,确定适用的文种形式,确保其使用效率。

2.日常行政机关公文

日常行政机关公文是指上述国家法定的行政机关公文以外的一些事务文件。是指简报、计划、总结、调查报告、规章制度,介绍信、证明信等用来处理单位内部日常事务,与具体部门进行工作联系的应用文。它们的行文格式不像公文那样严格,制作也比较自由。日常事务公文不具有法定的权威,一般不单独行文,如有必要,需另行备文,按法定公文处理,否则只作为参考材料。有些日常事务公文还可在报刊上发表。

(二)专业工作应用文

专业工作应用文是指在一定专业机关或专门的业务活动领域内,因特殊需要而专门形成和使用的应用文。由于分工不同,社会各行各业经管的事务有很大的差异。这样,在长期的工作实践中便逐渐形成了一些与其专业相适应的应用文,称为专业工作应用文。专业应用文除了要遵守应用文的一般规则外,还有很强的专业特点,外行人是不能写好的,如财经部门常用的预决算报告、审计报告、市场调查报告、市场预测报告、项目可行性研究报告、外贸函电、经济合同等;司法部门常用的起诉书、判决书、证词、辩护词、立案报告、破案报告;文教部门常用的教学计划、教学大纲、教案、教学管理条例;医务工作常用的病历、处方、护理日志、诊断证明书、死亡报告;外事工作常用的照会、声明、国书、意向书、备忘录、国际公约、联合公报等等。

在各类应用文中,专业工作应用文涉及的面最广,发展最快。随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步,社会分工会越来越细,为适应工作需要随事立体的应用写作新形式,也将会不断增多。

(三)日常生活应用文

日常生活应用文主要指个人用来处理日常生活事务和礼仪的应用文,如书信、电报、启事、请柬、讣告、日记、读书笔记。日常生活应用文与个人的日常生活、人际交往活动关系密切,使用范围很广。日常生活应用文虽然也有一定的格式,但不十分严格,写作较灵活自由。

以上只是从大的方面来划分。如果进一步,还可根据行文方向、内容性质或其他管理文件的标准来划分。

四、【表达方式】

1. 叙述

叙述,指的是把人物的活动、经历和事件发展变化过程交代出来一种表达方式。在应用文写作中是最基本、最常用的表达方式。

应用文写作中叙述的人称,有第一人称(“我”、“我们”)和第三人称(“他”、“他们”)。使用第一人称“我”、“我们”系指作者本人,或作者所代表的群体、单位,如书信、请示、报告、总结等文体的写作,多用第一人称。有时,为简要起见,常使用无主句。有的应用文体,如新闻报道、简介、调查报告、会议纪要,为表明作者立场客观、公正,传播的信息真实、可信,常采用第三人称写作。

应用文中的叙述方式有顺叙、倒叙、插叙、分叙等。应用文中记叙事件的发展过程,介绍单位的基本情况,一般都是按顺叙,即时间先后为序来叙述。其原因在于,应用文重在实用,不求委婉、曲折,故多采用直接的笔法叙事、说理。倒叙、插叙、分叙等用得较少,只在通讯、消息、调查报告的写作中才用得上。

应用文中的叙述要力求真实、准确,不带主观感情色彩;线索清晰,表述完整;以概述为主,尽可能用概括的语言说出其前因后果、来龙去脉,使读者了解其梗概。

2. 说明

说明,就是用简明扼要的文字对事物、事理及人物进行解说的表达方式。目的是使读者对事物的形态、构造、成因、性质、种类、功能,对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、关系等有一个鲜明的了解和认识。

说明在应用文中使用广泛,如解说词、广告词、说明书、简介等文体,主要是用说明的方法来写的。其他文体如经济文书、科技文书、诉讼文书、行政公文等,也常常借助说明的方法解释事理,剖析事理。

说明的方法多种多样,在使用过程中应注意:定义说明要求“被定义者”和“定义者”外延相等,用语简明准确,具有科学性,不能用否定形式,避免“同义反复”;解释说明要求抓住要领,言简意明;分类说明注意根据写作意图选择恰当的分类角度,再次分类只能依据一个标准,各类的总和要等于被分类的事物;比较说明运用时要求用来作比的事物与被比物要相似,有明确的相比点,尽量用人们熟悉的事物作比;举例说明要求事例典型能给人以深刻的印象,举例应扼要,只需概述介绍,不必具体铺叙;引用说明要求引文要有针对性,要贴切,所引资料要认真核实,使之准确可靠;比喻说明应力求准确贴切;数字说明要求数字准确无误,每个数据都要有来源;图表说明要求选择图表要有代表性和针对性,表格的设计要合理,使人一目了然。

3. 议论

议论,即议事论理,是运用事实材料和理论材料进行逻辑推理阐明观点的一种表达方式。它主要特点是证明性,即通过摆事实、讲道理,或证明自己观点的正确,或驳斥对方观点的错误。

在应用文写作中,议论经常使用。调查报告、总结、通报等文体,经常在叙述事实、说明情况的基础上,表明对人物、事件、问题的评价。指示、决议、会议纪要等公文,也常用议论来阐明党和国家的方针、政策,让下级机关和群众理解和执行。

应用文写作中的议论,与一般议论文中的议论有明显的区别。一般议论文中,议论是最主要的表现方法,贯穿全文始终,论点、论据、论证三要素齐备。而在应用文写作中,最主要的表达方式是叙述和说明,议论居于从属的地位,一般只是在叙述、说明的基础上进行。另外,应用文的议论,一般也不需要作长篇大论,不需作复杂的多层次的逻辑推理,也不一定具备论点、论据、论证这样一个完整的议论过程,而只是在需要分析论证的地方,采取夹叙夹议的方法,或采取三言两语的方式,点到即止,不作深入论证。

运用议论要注意,一要庄重,对任何事物的评价要实事求是,以理示人,以理服人。二要明快,要直截了当的阐明观点,不拐弯抹角,不回避矛盾。

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篇5:英语作文写作指导:中考英语作文万能句子

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下面是语文迷网小编为大家整理的中考英语作文万能句型,欢迎大家阅读参考。

一、开头句型选择

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ 。Some people suggest that____。

2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______。 Its the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.

3.现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____。 What makes things worse is that______。

4.现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。

Nowadays,it is common to ______。 Many people like ______because ______。 Besides,______。

5.任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6.关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______。To them,_____。

7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______which is becoming more and more serious.

8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?

According to thefigure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that______while. Obviously,______,but why?

11、Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern.

最近,…问题已引起人们的关注。

12、Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。

13、Nowadays,(overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face.

如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。

14、With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…

二、结尾句型

1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…

2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…

3、Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that…

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论…

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。

5、All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

6、It is high time that we put an end to the (trend)。

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。

7、It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of …

该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

8、不用说…… It goes without saying that = It is obvious that …

例:不用说早睡早起是值得的。It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

9、……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that … ……

是重要的 It is important(for sb.) to do / that … ……

是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that … ……

是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例:It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should)keep the public places clean. 我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

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篇6:关于英语作文的写作方法指导

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导语:写作方法就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法,是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。

学生写作时,如果语句平平,只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词,那么,这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行,就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样,让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望,呆板、单调,没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度,同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章,突出这篇文章的彩头,使文章增添文采,给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句:

1. 画龙点睛,一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下,英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”,即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式,比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头,这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如:

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动,更富表现力,同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思,尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字,就会立刻想起like,事实上,英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多,如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如:

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书,而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句,不仅可以使文章精练、简洁,而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如:

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙,要是这样,我以后再来拜访。要是不忙,我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好,我们就去;如果天气不好,我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的,但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构,适当运用非谓语结构,会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如:

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址,我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭,只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中,过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是,根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语,使文章显得错落有致,这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感,而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如:

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后,我们唱的唱歌,跳的跳舞,还有的讲笑话、下棋,大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了,不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣,学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大,可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心,大胆试一试,你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了,我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿,设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话,至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章,不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧,而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如:

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

[关于英语作文的写作方法指导

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篇7:诗词曲联写作基础知识大全

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“诗者,在心为志,发言为诗”,是人们对美好事物的向往与追求。这是很久前看的一段解释现代诗歌的话,而在《文学理论》一书上对现代诗歌的描述则是:诗歌,是最古老的一种文学体裁。我想,这里“最古老”的定义肯定是广义的,因这指向的诗歌包括古典诗词,和现代诗歌。我们都知道,现代诗歌在我们国家发展只有短短数十年历史。然而就是这短短数十年,现代诗歌突飞猛进,取得了很可以骄傲的成果,其间诞生了许多杰出的现代诗人。

按诗人何三坡在答记者问时的一句话说“中国的现代诗歌,已经进入盛唐时期。”由此可见,现代诗歌在此间快速风靡的人群和热度,也由此可见,现代诗歌日新月异,正以最快速度和最高水平,爬向另一座更高的山峰。

下面我就现代诗歌的写作技巧和手法阐述几点,如果不够水平,还请诗友们多多包涵和支持。

一、语言和意境的运用

我们都知道,现代诗歌有三个明显而具体的要素,它们是:语言,意境和韵律。由此可见语言和意境对一首现代诗歌有多么关键的作用。如果要鉴赏一部现代诗歌的好坏,这两个因素是首先的,必不可少,也是不能忽略的。

语言来自于生活,这一点我们都知道,但任何体裁文章使用的语言,都不是真正在生活里的语言。“艺术来源于生活,更高于生活”,其实这指的也就是任何文学体裁的语言来源于生活,但也“必将高于生活。”

作为一种诗意化的文学体裁,在语言这方面,就更有着不可言说的重要作用和魅力了。一首现代诗歌里,如果语言优雅而别致,就必定有一些嚼头和看头;而如果语言使用不当,就会败坏整个作品的氛围和格调。至于意境,我个人认为也就是能渲染作品和氛围的一些东西,可以是一幅幅打开的画面,由远及近,或由近及远,也可是一种感触或哲思,禅意。也就是说意境的划分大致两类:有形和无形,能看得见的物体和画面,就是有形的意境,还有一种意境是无形,因为并没有那种画面和物体,这种意境存在的只是一种思想,或感悟。

下面,我们通过具体作品,来领略一下语言和意境的魅力。

首先我们来阅读诗人何三坡的诗歌作品《麻雀》

麻雀

雪在大山下降落

房屋蹲在雪地里

屋顶上蹲着炊烟

麻雀们打扮成

秋天的叶子

从树杈上落下来

又顷刻间

回到树上去

短短数语,诗人却已利用优雅的语言和意境,向我们敞开了一幅优美的画面。“雪在大山下降落/房屋蹲在雪地里/屋顶上蹲着炊烟”,在这三句简单诗句里,我们能体会到一种很美的意境,这是一种有形意境,“洁白的雪花,房屋,雪地,炊烟”,几个朴实的物象,在不经意间,已起落有致呈现在读者面前,其实已营造了一种特别雅致的意境和氛围,源自大自然的宁静与圣洁,引人入胜,又令读者浮想联翩。而“从树杈上落下来/又顷刻间/回到树上去”,实际上也算是一种有形兼无形的意境了,在这种无形的意境里,我们不仅看到了麻雀,叶子,树木,还有一种视觉和思想的辽阔,有着不少感悟和思考,严寒下动物们乐观生存,努力向上,对于人类,实际上又是一种巨大的鼓励和感恩。

“麻雀们打扮成/秋天的叶子/从树杈上落下来/又顷刻间回到树上去”,在这里我们还能领略到诗人语句和叙说的优雅,“麻雀们打扮成/秋天的叶子”,几乎没有过多的修饰,而带给读者的却是无比干净和明朗,“从树杈上落下来/又顷刻间回到树上去”,在安静的画面里,突然峰回路转,可爱的麻雀向上飞起,带领读者的视线上升,上升,在不经意间,宁静的画面在动,向上飞翔和超越。短短的诗歌作品也由此获得了巨大成功。在此,我们足以领悟到了语言和意境给作品带来的巨大魅力。

二、韵律和节奏的把握

凡是接触过文学的人,我们都知道韵律的意思。在古典诗词里,韵律的作用十分重要,如果缺少了韵律,或韵律不整,那么古典诗词就不能叫诗词,最好的诗词也会失去看头。

新文化运动后,在早期的现代诗歌里,诗人们对韵律的把握非常周到而细致。在早期现代诗歌作品里,我们经常能读到那些韵律和节奏把握都很巧妙的好作品,这些好作品带给我们的感受,通常是阅读轻快,优美,抑扬顿挫,也或干练,大气,醇厚,回味悠长。这些韵律和节奏的佳作,同时也是最好的朗诵作品。

那么我们再回过来,带着节奏与韵律的品味,来欣赏先哲现代诗人的佳作。

再别康桥(节选)

——作者徐志摩

轻轻的我走了

正如我轻轻的来

我轻轻的招手

作别西天的云彩

那河畔的金柳

是夕阳中的新娘

波光里的艳影

在我的心头荡漾

软泥上的青荇

油油的在水底招摇

在康河的柔波里

我甘心作一条水草

那榆荫下的一潭

不是清泉,是天上虹

揉碎在浮藻间

沉淀着彩虹似的梦

……

全诗共七节,每节四行,每行两顿或三顿,不拘一格而又法度严谨,韵式上严守二、四押韵,抑扬顿挫,朗朗上口。这优美的韵律和节奏在作者把握下,诗人打开的叙说仿佛一湖水美丽的涟漪,带着清凉和透彻,渐渐荡开在读者面前。如果轻轻朗诵起来,就更有一番滋味了,那缓缓打开的美丽而恬静的物象“云彩,金柳,夕阳,新娘,……”,“轻轻的走了,轻轻地来了”,一幅幅春天碧绿的画面映入读者眼中,“在康河的柔波里/我甘心作一条水草”,……真是温暖而心动,惬意而轻快,柔情并美妙,又仿佛一曲曲轻轻的歌儿,回荡在我们耳边。

这也就是很多诗人以为的,现代诗歌,不仅是诗,更是一曲优美的歌儿。纵览诗人的作品,品味其完美的韵律和意境,我们才知道,现代诗歌,有着多么巨大的魅力,令人陶醉。

而在数十年后的今天,现代诗歌翻越了无数个台阶。今天的现代诗歌完全是自由的,充满个性,它们大气,奔放,内敛,开阔,并无忧无虑。也就是说,在今天现代诗歌表达上,众多诗友也许抛弃了诗歌原本该具备的韵律,但节奏仍旧是必不可少的。在某个意义上说,节奏其实就代表了作品的一种气势,也可以说是一种风格,如果节奏把握得巧妙,它将成为诗人们的一种个性,也可能由此诞生各类风格,形成百家争鸣。

三、清新灵动法

我们都知道,诗歌都是由每个细致的句子构成。这里的清新和灵动,指的都是句子的表达和结构。一个句子的构成,有许多种方式,在表达上,一般个人都喜欢用自己惯用的手法和个性来组织语言,有拖沓的,凝练的,清新和雅致的,也有繁琐和啰嗦的,诗歌水平和风格的差异,我想首先就是来源于一个人组织语言能力的差异吧。清新其实只是一种感觉,是清爽和鲜活的组合。如果一个句子的组合或一首诗歌的表达能达到这点,给读者默默间送去清爽和鲜活,又怎能不令读者喜欢和动容?

而灵动,则是指表达中蕴含一种无形的力量和动感,使陈旧的画面鲜活,使静止的物象跳跃,使暗淡的颜色明亮,甚至能令死去的物体重生!由此,我们可见灵动有多么巨大的作用,也由此可见,灵动的“动”实际上就是一种无言的力量。下面我们具体以诗来分析。

冬日阳光

它们翻过墙壁,防盗网

翻过紧闭的玻璃,纱窗

轻轻跳下来

游荡在房间里

多么活泼的一群鱼啊

它们穿金黄衣裳

它们游弋在凛冽的空气里

它们游弋在洁白的地板上

我静静的看着

仿佛寒冷的时光复苏

仿佛那些欢悦的鱼儿,就

游弋在我温暖的心海里

在这首精致而短小的诗歌里,我们能领略到诗歌这种文学体裁带给我们的无比温暖与美好的感觉,浓浓的诗意贯穿其中。这首诗歌最大的特点就是清新和灵动,此外画面感也特别强。在第一节“它们翻过墙壁,防盗网/翻过紧闭的玻璃,纱窗/轻轻跳下来/游荡在房间里”,在这我们看到了作者清新的语言,没有琐碎和繁杂,而“翻过”、“跳下来”、“游荡”等一系列动词又恰到好处,由远及近,引领读者的视线和感官,清清爽爽。

在第二节,更是有一种意蕴的美感和动感,这里的冬日阳光被“默化”成一群群活泼的鱼,“它们穿金黄衣裳/它们游弋在凛冽的空气里/它们游弋在洁白的地板”,阳光本是安静的,甚至有静止之觉,而作者利用巧妙的比喻和叙说,令安静的事物游动,令安静的画面跳跃,由此,则不得不叹息清新和灵动的神奇作用。

而在第三节,作者则又巧妙地升华了动感,将画面的动感继续拉伸,利用灵动的句子,轻轻向上跳动,“我静静的看着/仿佛寒冷的时光复苏/仿佛那些欢悦的鱼儿,就/游弋在我温暖的心海里”,呵呵,阳光普照万物,也普照每个人的心海,“仿佛那些欢悦的鱼儿,就/游弋在我温暖的心海里”,温暖的阳光变成一群金色的鱼,它们温暖而热烈的游进一个人的心房,也游进了读者的心房。如此温和与热烈,如此柔情与细腻,此情此景,又怎能不令人欢欣!

四、拟人法

说到拟人,我们都知怎么回事,而诗歌里的拟人,并不是单纯的比喻,如果是这样,那么诗歌就要丢失原本具备的诗意,语感和意韵。

诗歌中的拟人法,是指将要表达的主题或物象形象的人物化,或借用人物的某些个性的特点来咏物,如果表达恰当,甚至能让虚拟的人和真实的物共成一体,借人咏物,以物喻人,取得的效果,自然不可比拟。

下面我们来看看拟人法的神奇作用

月光

作者:何三坡

你提着裙子从后山上下来

树叶们在晚风中浮起

月光在木门上涌动

呵呵,读何三坡的作品,总有着更多的感动和喜悦。在这短短的三句话里,作者利用寥寥数字,干脆利落,打开了无数美丽的意象,尽管短小,读起来却余香满口,意韵无穷。“你提着裙子从后山上下来”,很明显,这是用的拟人法了,因为月亮不是人类,更不会穿上属于女人的漂亮裙子。

静夜。月圆。树叶晃动。月光洒落在木门上。伫立在夜色里的诗人,看到皎洁的月亮挂在上空,晕黄的月光慢慢挥洒下来,美得令人浮想联翩的月亮,此刻在诗人眼内,不是一个没有温度和情感的物体,而是一个温柔并优雅的女人。“你提着裙子从后山上下来”,什么的样的女人才会有如此的优雅和淡然呢?必定是温尔多情,必定是美到极至。

由此,在诗人笔下,将一轮明月拟人化为一个无比温柔并优雅女人,带着不可言说的华美和宁静;同时,诗人在借人咏物的这一刻,又以物喻人,也就是说,在将月光比喻成的女人,同时又将女人升华成月光的无限境界,这里诗人又默默无声赞叹了天下女人,象月光般皎洁,纯净的女人,正好是艺术的最大升华。

五、素描法

说到素描,我们都知道是怎么回事。就是用铅笔在白纸上画下物体或人像,也可以是抽象的思维。那么,诗歌是用语言组合起来的,又怎么来用笔来绘画呢?

呵呵,写诗时咱们不必借用铅笔,有时候,语言就是最好的铅笔,在我们的手中,利用意境和韵律,咱们可以描绘出一幅幅比铅笔和白纸更加美丽的画面。而且,这些画面里,不只有美丽,粗犷,细腻,或朦胧,还有图画作品所不能及的柔美,感性,优美的意境,诗意,以及打开的哲思,读起来余香满口,回味悠长。

下面,我们在诗歌作品里来感受一下素描法的魅力。

深秋

广袤的大地

湖水搁浅。接近枯黄的草

灌木萧瑟

狗尾草仍在翘首花白的等待

清凉的风涌过来

那些深黄的野菊花

在舞动后

打出轻轻的寒颤

这里作者很明显使用了素描的手法,利用诗歌语言来绘画,极好地打开了一幅深秋的画面。这里我们不仅看到了一幅秋天遍布山野的画面,还读到了这些画面里所有事物的美丽和诗意。“广袤的大地/湖水搁浅。接近枯黄的草”,仿佛是一幅摆放在眼前的画面,背景是广袤的大地,这是远和大的视觉,之后映入眼帘的就是背景里的景物了“湖水搁浅。接近枯黄的草”,仍旧是背景里稍远一些的事物和景象,慢慢的,画面感在拉近:“灌木萧瑟/狗尾草仍在翘首花白的等待”,于是我们看到了低矮的“灌木”,灌木旁有“狗尾草仍在翘首花白的等待”。这就是作者在第一节打开的画面。这个画面里我们还同时领略到了不少大自然真实的颜色:搁浅的湖水,枯黄的草,灌木萧瑟,狗尾草花白的等待。在绘画作品里,作者得花费大量时间和颜料来搭配制作各种颜色,而在诗歌素描作品里,则只需寥寥数语,便可达到画面所具备的大多感官,由此,又不得不再次赞扬文字的奇妙。

在第二节里,我们能看到画面感的升华,以及思想艺术升华。原来作者要表达的不仅是一幅深秋的画面,还有更深刻的对大自然和植物不屈不挠的赞扬。“清凉的风涌过来/那些深黄的野菊花/在舞动后/打出轻轻的寒颤”,“那些深黄的野菊花”应该就是画面中的主体了,在描叙众多暗淡的颜色后,作者最后指向的是一种“深黄色的娇嫩”。在深秋,万物枯涩,河水搁浅,唯有坚强而美丽的野菊花傲立在凛冽的环境里,即使“清凉的风涌过来”,骄傲的野菊花,也仅仅是“舞动后,打出轻轻的寒颤。”如果一个人,在不论遇到多大的困难和挫折时,都能像这无名的野菊花一样骄傲和挺立,无视一切寒风冷雨,那么,这又该是怎样灿烂的人生风景!

六、排比法

感觉这是一个很简单的写作手法。生活里我们经常会用到这个手法。所以也就不再解释排比的结构和意义。咱们具体来谈谈排比在诗歌里的作用,以及排比方法在诗歌语言里获取的力度与深度。

我们都知道一首好的诗歌,不只是语言的诗意和表达的舒缓和清新,还需要一些思想和力度。在黑暗年代,有力度的文学作品同时也是针对现状以及对一种光明和良知的唤醒,比如鲁迅先生就曾留下“与其苟延喘息,不如从容燃烧”的有力名句,也因此而唤醒过千千万万民众。

在和平的年代,咱们自然不必去呼唤光明,但对于生活里千千万万美好,善良,坚强,正义,宽厚而纯朴的人或事物,植物,咱们都可尽情赞扬,并歌颂,哪怕是一滴水,一根草,一缕金色阳光,都蕴含了无比的智慧和感恩,是完全值得我们去歌颂的。而在表达的力度上,排比不失为一个极度蕴含力度的方式。

下面我们来通过海子的诗歌作品来鉴赏排比的魅力。

故乡

作者:海子

在黑夜里为火写诗

在草原上为羊写诗

在北风中为南风写诗

在思念中为你写诗

这首名为故乡的短诗,呈现在读者面前只四个短句,四个排比。然而带给读者的却是不一般的力度和感受。作者运用排比的手法,一点一点由远及近,由模糊到清晰,由抽象到细微,由弱及强,利用朴实的语言,极大打开了一种对故乡热烈的思念之情,同时又借用排比的叙说,热烈歌颂了思念中的故乡无比美好,此外还借用排比表达了诗人对未来美好家园和生活的无比向往。

“在黑夜里为火写诗/在草原上为羊写诗”,两个朴实的排比,却又不失大气和厚重,“在黑夜里为火写诗”,表达了一种思想和情感的热烈,黑夜里原本潜伏了火焰,火焰却又随时能燃烧黑夜,驱除黑暗和寒冷,带给人们无比的热切和希望,这是这首诗歌的起笔,纵观分析可见作者的起笔多么热烈而高亢,却又含义深厚,大气凛然,由此带动读者进入下一个境界,“在草原上为羊写诗”,在诗人这句由高亢到温和与深情的叙说中,无意中多了许多柔情,在诗人的表达中“草原”其实隐喻的是故乡,而“羊”,实际上是离开家乡的每一个游子;或者说这里也蕴含了一个无形的意境“故乡”,诗人虽已离开故乡,而美丽的故乡却又无处不存在于诗人的思维和意识形态中,同时诗人要表达的还有对美好生活的向往和寄托,对美好家园的无比幻想。“在草原上为羊写诗”,实际上诗人要歌颂的还是拥有草原的羊,有着多么巨大的幸福和快乐,而离开了草原,羊儿又会多么孤单和失落,——离开故乡的孤独的游子,有着多么的无助和思念?

“在北风中为南风写诗/在思念中为你写诗”,这两句看似减轻气势的诗句,在一种无比思念和柔情中渐渐结束全诗。“在北风中为南风写诗”,看似不可能的逆向思维,却在前两个排比的随后,并未减轻对故乡的渴望或思念之情的力度,而是利用另一种表白来加大了叙说的力度,这里的“北风”可隐喻成诗人远方的居住地,“南风”则为远方思念的“故乡”,在诗人逆向的风里,不仅有无奈距离的现状,还有游子在远方对故乡深深的渴望之情,以及从不曾减少和削弱的对故乡的热恋,包括对未来家园和美好生活的无比向往,——故乡,远在他乡的诗人,在深深眷恋中无比温柔远望你,“在思念中为你写诗”!

七、隐喻

简单的说,隐喻是一种比喻,用一种事物暗喻另一种事物。然而,隐喻是一种神奇的语言现象,很多时候能触动读者的心弦,带动读者产生意想不到的效果。隐喻大体分三种:无形的隐喻、有形的隐喻、以及有形与无形结合的隐喻。

我们知道,好的诗歌作品,必须具备一些内涵和深度,而隐喻又不失为诗歌体裁中一种能很好打开深度和内涵的一种表达方式之一。

在上一个鉴赏作品海子的《故乡》中,我们其实就欣赏到了隐喻的魅力,那么我们再来通过托马斯的诗歌作品《农村》来领略隐喻的作用。

农村

作者:R.S.托马斯

谈不上街道,房子太少了,

只有一条小道

从唯一的酒店到唯一的铺子,

再不前进,消失在山顶,

山也不高,侵蚀着它的

是多年积累的绿色波涛,

草不断生长,越来越接近

这过去时间的最后据点。

很少发生什么;一条黑狗

在阳光里咬跳蚤就算是

历史大事。倒是有姑娘

挨门走过,她那速度

超过这平淡日子两重尺寸。

那么停住吧,村子,因为围绕着你

慢慢转动着一整个世界,

辽阔而富于意义,不亚于伟大的

柏拉图孤寂心灵的任何构想。

在国外优秀的众多诗人和诗歌作品中,我一向偏爱托马斯和他的作品。作为威尔士二十世纪最强硬,最纯洁,最持久的抒情诗人之一,他多次获得多种诗歌奖项,留下了大量优秀的诗歌作品。

在上面的诗歌作品中,作者多处使用了隐喻。“倒是有姑娘/挨门走过,她那速度/超过这平淡日子两重尺寸”,这里的姑娘隐喻成“时尚”,也同时无形隐喻成美的概念和代名词。

“那么停住吧,村子,因为围绕着你/慢慢转动着一整个世界”,这里诗人将村子隐喻成全世界,带动村子里所有人和物象转动。在这个诗歌作品中,诗人这样的隐喻思维新颖,也奇特,在一瞬间带动读者思想,简单,有力,而又让人不可思议。

八、修辞的节制

“修”,指修饰,“辞”,本意是辩论的言词,后引申为一切的言词。“修辞”是指在表达语言过程中,利用多种语言手段,以尽可能达到更好表达效果的一种语言活动。

我们知道,作为文学体裁的一种,诗歌有着与别的文学体裁不能比拟的细腻与柔情,所以更需要修辞的运用来达到诗意化和个性化。而修辞的巧妙把握和利用又是重要的,如果不使用修辞,那么诗歌必定是不能成诗歌的,而如果修辞泛滥,则诗歌语言难免会繁琐,拖沓,如同浓妆艳抹的女人般粗俗,令人索然无味。

在几年前,我的好朋友落日惊鸿曾送我一句话:“与其下笔如神,不若削字为诗”,细细想来,全是道理。由此可见修辞的节制,又是多么重要,而节制运用修辞,难免又是一门学问了。

下面我们来具体感受一下作品中修辞节制的魅力。

天鹅

作者:何三坡

它们在山间

散步打盹清理翅膀

躲过了世上的尘埃

依旧是何三坡的作品,全诗共计二十一个字。然而却向读者呈现了无比优美画面,“它们在山间/散步打盹清理翅膀”,这样干脆的表达诗意浓厚,思维清晰,蕴含了大自然宁静的景观和乐趣。“躲过了世上的尘埃”,这句诗同时又隐含了诗人要表达的人类心态中另一种潜在状态和境界,也就是心境,并不乏哲思和禅思,这也是主题的深入和升华。整个小诗歌读起来清新而欢快,读后余味深长。

诗人将要蕴含深度和表达的物象,浓缩在短短二十一个字里面,几乎没有一个多余的字眼,而取得的效果,留下的思考,却丝毫不比长篇作品差。由此足见修辞的节制,对一个好的诗歌作品多么重要。

九、返璞归真法

几乎所有人都能理解这个成语的意思。“返璞归真”指回复到其原始的淳朴本真状态。璞,本义是蕴藏有玉的石头。也指未雕琢的玉。这里引申为天真,淳朴的意思。

写了那么多年诗歌,也读了那么多年诗歌,近两年我一直固执认为,自然,真诚,朴实,用心灵吟唱的作品,就是好的诗歌作品。也就是抛开写作手法的雕琢,语句和修辞的华丽,用朴实的句子表达最朴实的感情,那么这样的诗歌作品也就是好作品了。下面我们来读海子的作品《面朝大海,春暖花开》。

面朝大海,春暖花开

作者:海子

从明天起,做一个幸福的人

喂马,劈柴,周游世界

从明天起,关心粮食和蔬菜

我有一所房子,面朝大海,春暖花开

从明天起,和每一个亲人通信

告诉他们我的幸福

那幸福的闪电告诉我的

我将告诉每一个人

给每一条河每一座山取一个温暖的名字

陌生人,我也为你祝福

愿你有一个灿烂的前程

愿你有情人终成眷属

愿你在尘世获得幸福

我也愿面朝大海,春暖花开

都知道这是海子名作,几乎是脍炙人口的佳作了。然而,将这作品仔细阅读和品味下来,我们最大的感受就是质朴,平易近人。整首诗歌里句子朴实,真诚,蕴含了诗人的善良,宽厚,和无比诚实,以及思维里潜伏着的温暖与幸福。这里我们还能看到诗人笔下描述的无比热烈的希望和未来。在这首诗歌作品里,我们找不到诗人刻意雕琢的痕迹或运用的写作手法,整首诗歌没有华丽或刻意的修饰,诗句平实而耐读。

然而它却打动了无数读者的心扉,成为闻名天下的佳作。即使是从未接触过诗歌作品的朋友,在读到这温暖而朴实的叙说后,也会有说不尽的欣喜和感动。“我也愿面朝大海,春暖花开”,这老少皆知的名句里,表达的不仅是以一种希望和期待,还有诗人对未来美好的向往,以及对生命无比美好的劝慰和珍惜。

“陌生人,我也为你祝福/愿你有一个灿烂的前程/愿你有情人终成眷属/愿你在尘世获的幸福”,呵呵,有什么比这更质朴的,还有什么比这更美好的,蓝天祝福白云,阳光祝福大地,春天祝福秋天,我深深地祝福你,陌生的朋友,“愿你有一个灿烂的前程/愿你有情人终成眷属/愿你在尘世获的幸福”!

十、结尾的巧妙处理

一直觉得一首好的诗歌作品,不仅有好的开头,好的主旨,还应该有个漂亮的结尾。这里的漂亮,并不是指华丽的表达或句子结构。而是相对于作者表达的中心和主题,在结尾时利用寥寥数字,或将主题拉到高处,或提出问题,或留下思索,或巧妙解答问题,极大打开主题和空间的深度,给读者留下思考或哲理,余味深长。

巧妙处理诗歌的结尾有什么作用呢?第一,假使一首诗歌作品,在表达上一般,开头或主旨平淡,但一个高高扬起的结尾有时却能弥补诗歌前体和中间的不足,令一般变得雅致,令平庸变得精彩,甚至带给读者峰回路转的感觉;第二,不管诗歌的开头或中间处理如何,结尾仍是重要的,大家都知道“虎头蛇尾”并不是一个好的物象,结尾的把握不当,也甚至就败坏了诗歌之前留下的完美气息,成为一个可遗憾的败笔;第三,我们都知诗歌这个文学体裁潜伏着唯美的格调,而结尾的处理更能带动这种内功格调,不论主题和表达的手法,以及深度,我想,读后能令读者余味无限,回味深长的作品,那么就必定有一定的魅力了;第四,如果是有力度的诗歌作品,语言和主旨把握得当,结尾处理巧妙,那么还能更大限度打开作品表达的力度和深度,令诗歌整体更具说服力,更能征服读者的视觉和感官。

下面我们来读托马斯的作品《时代》。

时代

作者:R.S.托马斯

这样的时代,智者并不沉默,

只是被无尽的嘈杂声

窒息了。于是退避于

那些无人阅读的书。

两位策士的话

得到公众倾听。一位日夜不停地

喊:“买!”另一位更有见地,

他说:“卖,卖掉你们的宁静。”

纵览全诗,作者表达的语言不是很多,然而作者数处运用了隐喻的手法,整体和主题要表达的都是一种讽刺,一种对现实(时代)的尖利的讽刺。而为加大这种讽刺的深度和力度,作者结尾处理的两句,无疑是十分棒的,它甚至是全诗最高的亮点,成为全诗最有力度的精彩之处。以致读者读后,在这种力度的表述里,不得不钦佩作者这有力度的阐述,和对时代,对时代“买卖”的一种憎恨和鄙视。

然而,作者更巧妙之处在于,这么精彩的结尾,竟然不是来自作者自身结构的语言,而是引用两位“策士”的对话:“一位日夜不停地喊:买!/另一位更有见地,他说:卖,卖掉你们的宁静。”这样的引用在一定程度上,极具真实感,因此说服能力也十分强,远比诗人精心结构的语言获得的力度要强得多。因而读者在读完这个短诗后,感官会暂时停留在这有力地引用对白里,思维会不自觉被诗人带动,留下各种思索。

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篇8:英语四级画图作文写作步骤

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图画作文是近年大学英语四级写作中出现频率较高的一类文体,考生要特别加以重视。众所周知,题目所给出的图画必然反映了一定的社会现实或者揭露出某种社会现象。相比其他的文体而言,这类作文难度较大,既要求考生通过文字形式分析出图画内容,又要将图中所包含的的思想内容准确地表达出来。为此,应届毕业生网就此类作文写作步骤予以如下几方面的指导和点拨。

一、审题立意

四级作文写作过程中最关键的步骤就是审题,不仔细审题就会很容易使作文跑题,因此这是必不可少的第一步。此步骤要注意两点:一是分析题目和图画,确定文章的命题类型,抓住中心思想,联想此作文要求的写作主题。二是进一步确定给定的题材及此作文要考查的重点内容。也就是说,通过审题,考生要对作文谈论的主要话题心中有数。

二、组织结构

审题之后,根据分析的结果草拟提纲并组织安排段落,确定文章的整体结构。一般而言,考生可将图画作文转化为三段式提纲作文。开始段描述图画内容;中间段解释图画所反映出来的深层意义;结尾段引出结论,总结全文。各段的主题句要条理清晰,以使自己要表达的内容有更好的把握。每段的重点都应集中于描述图画规定的内容。选用的词句应紧扣图画主题、突出重点、前后连贯、表达清楚。

三、检查修改

考试过程中,很多考生由于紧张、仓促等原因,很容易犯一些简单的错误。因此,最后留出几分钟时间来修改所写内容是很有必要的。然而,切忌大幅度地对作文惊醒修改,因为这样会破坏卷面整洁,影响阅卷老师对试卷的印象。修改时可以从两点着手:

语法方面。包括时态是正确、名词单复数是否对应、被动主动语态是否正确、主谓是否一致等。

词汇方面。包括连接上下句或段落的关联词、固定搭配、及物不及物动词的使用、习惯用语是否使用正确等。同时,单词拼写错误和标点误用都是扣分点,考生应尽量避免此类错误。

综上所述,四级写作需要遵循上述步骤,即审题立意、组织结构、检查修改。祝考生顺利通关!

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篇9:关于毕业论文的写作基础

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撰写毕业论文必须坚持理论联系实际的原则。小编收集了关于毕业论文的写作基础,欢迎阅读。

一、坚持理论联系实际的原则

撰写毕业论文必须坚持理论联系实际的原则。理论研究,特别是社会科学的研究必须为现实服务,为社会主义现代化建设服务,为两个文明建设服务。理论来源于实践,又反作用于实践。科学的理论对实践有指导作用,能通过人们的实践活动转化为巨大的物质力量。科学研究的任务就在于揭示事物运动的规律性,并用这种规律性的认识指导人们的实践,推动社会的进步和发展。因此,毕业论文在选题和观点上都必须注重联系社会主义现代化建设的实际,密切注视社会生活中出现的新情况、新问题。

坚持理论研究的现实性,做到理论联系实际,就必须迈开双脚,深入实际,进行社会调查研究。这也是我们正确认识社会的基本途径。人们只有深入到实际中去,同客观事物广泛接触,获得大量的感性材料,然后运用科学的逻辑思维方法,对这些材料进行去粗取精,去伪存真,由此及彼,由表及里的加工制作,才能从中发现有现实意义而又适合自己研究的新课题。在我国改革开放的实践中,新情况、新问题、新经验层出不穷,需要研究的问题遍布社会的方方面面,只要我们对现实问题有浓厚的兴趣和高度的敏感性,善于捕捉那些生动而具有典型性的现实材料,通过深入的思考和研究,就能从中引出有利于社会主义现代化建设的规律性认识,提高毕业论文的价值。当然撰写毕业论文可选择的课题十分广泛,并不只限于现实生活中的问题,也可以研究专业基本理论,中西方比较研究等。但无论选择什么研究课题,都必须贯彻理论联系实际的原则,做到古为今用,洋为中用,从历史的研究中吸取有益于现实社会发展的经验教训,从对外国的研究中,借鉴其成功经验和失败的教训,或为我国的对外政策提供某些依据。

贯彻理论联系实际的原则和方法,必须认真读书,掌握理论武器。李瑞环同志指出:“强调联系实际,绝不意味着否定读书的重要,恰恰相反,更要认真地读,反复地读,深钻苦研,做到真正读懂弄通。否则,没有掌握理论,怎么谈得上理论联系实际?”(《求是》杂志1989年第24期)认真读书包括两个方面的内容,一是学好专业课,具备专业基础知识。这是写好毕业论文的前提和必要条件。经验告诉我们,只有具备了相应水平的知识积累,才能理解一定深度的学术问题;同时,也只有具备了某一特定的知识结构,才能对某学科中的问题进行研究。正如黑格尔所说,在讨论学术问题之前,必须“先有具备某种程度的知识”,否则,“没有凭借作为讨论出发的根据,于是他们只能徘徊于模糊空疏以及毫无意义的情况中”。(小逻辑》第三版序言)二是要认真学习马克思主义的基本原理,学会运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法分析问题、解决问题。马克思主义正确地揭示了自然界、人类社会和思维发展的最一般规律,成为无产阶级和革命人民认识世界和改造世界的强大思想武器。马克思主义作为伟大的认识工具,虽然并不直接提供解决各种具体问题的答案,但它对我们如何正确地发现问题,分析和解决问题提供了正确的立场、观点和方法,因此,大学毕业生在撰写毕业论文时,应当努力学习和掌握马克思主义基本理论,自觉地用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法来指导毕业论文的写作。

二、立论要科学,观点要创新

(一)立论要科学

毕业论文的科学性是指文章的基本观点和内容能够反映事物发展的客观规律。文章的基本观点必须是从对具体材料的分析研究中产生出来,而不是主观臆想出来的。科学研究作用就在于揭示规律,探索真理,为人们认识世界和改造世界开拓前进的道路。判断一篇论文有无价值或价值之大小,首先是看文章观点和内容的科学性如何。

文章的科学性首先来自对客观事物的周密而详尽的调查研究。掌握大量丰富而切合实际的材料,使之成为“谋事之基,成事之道”。

其次,文章的科学性通常取决于作者在观察、分析问题时能否坚持实事求是的科学态度。在科学研究中,既不容许夹杂个人的偏见,又不能人云亦云,更不能不着边际地凭空臆想,而必须从分析出发,力争做到如实反映事物的本来面目。

再次,文章是否具有科学性,还取决于作者的理论基础和专业知识。写作毕业论文是在前人成就的基础上,运用前人提出的科学理论去探索新的问题。因此,必须准确地理解和掌握前人的理论,具有广博而坚实的知识基础。如果对毕业论文所涉及领域中的科学成果一无所知,那就根本不可能写出有价值的论文。

(二)观点要创新

毕业论文的创新是其价值所在。文章的创新性,一般来说,就是要求不能简单地重复前人的观点,而必须有自己的独立见解。学术论文之所以要有创新性,这是由科学研究的目的决定的。从根本上说,人们进行科学研究就是为了认识那些尚未被人们认识的领域,学术论文的写作则是研究成果的文字表述。因此,研究和写作过程本身就是一种创造性活动。从这个意义上说,学术论文如果毫无创造性,就不成其为科学研究,因而也不能称之为学术论文。毕业论文虽然着眼于对学生科学研究能力的基本训练,但创造性仍是其着力强调的一项基本要求。

当然,对学术论文特别是毕业论文创造性的具体要求应作正确的理解。它可以表现为在前人没有探索过的新领域,前人没有做过的新题目上做出了成果;可以表现为在前人成果的基础上作进一步的研究,有新的发现或提出了新的看法,形成一家之言3也可以表现为从一个新的角度,把已有的材料或观点重新加以概括和表述。文章能对现实生活中的新问题作出科学的说明,提出解决的方案,这自然是一种创造性;即使只是提出某种新现象、新问题,能引起人们的注意和思考,这也不失为一种创造性。国家科委成果局在1983年3月发布的《发明奖励条例》中指出:“在科学技术成就中只有改造客观世界的才是发明,……至于认识客观世界的科学成就,则是发现。”条例中对“新”作了明确规定:“新”是指前人所没有的。凡是公知和公用的,都不是“新”。这些规定,可作为我们衡量毕业论文创造性的重要依据。

根据《条例》所规定的原则,结合写作实践,衡量毕业论文的创造性,可以从以下几个具体方面来考虑:

(1)所提出的问题在本专业学科领域内有一定的理论意义或实际意义,并通过独立研究,提出了自己一定的认识和看法。

(2)虽是别人已研究过的问题,但作者采取了新的论证角度或新的实验方法,所提出的结论在一定程度上能够给人以启发。

(3)能够以自已有力而周密的分析,澄清在某一问题上的混乱看法。虽然没有更新的见解,但能够为别人再研究这一问题提供一些必要的条件和方法。

(4)用较新的理论、较新的方法提出并在一定程度上解决了实际生产、生活中的问题,取得一定的效果。或为实际问题的解决提供新的思路和数据等。

(5)用相关学科的理论较好地提出并在一定程度上解决本学科中的问题。

(6)用新发现的材料(数据、事实、史实、观察所得等)来证明已证明过的观点。

科学研究中的创造性要求对前人已有的结论不盲从,而要善于独立思考,敢于提出自己的独立见解,敢于否定那些陈旧过时的结论,这不仅要有勤奋的学习态度,还必须具有追求真理、勇于创新的精神。要正确处理继承与创新的关系,任何创新都不是凭空而来的,总是以前人的成果为基础。因此,我们要认真地学习、研究和吸收前人的成果。但是这种学习不是不加分析地生吞活剥,而是既要继承,又要批判和发展。

三、论据要翔实,论证要严密

(一)论据要翔实

一篇优秀的毕业论文仅有一个好的主题和观点是不够的,它还必须要有充分、翔实的论据材料作为支持。旁征博引、多方佐证,是毕业论文有别于一般性议论文的明显特点。一般性议论文,作者要证明一个观点,有时只需对一两个论据进行分析就可以了,而毕业论文则必须以大量的论据材料作为自己观点形成的基础和确立的支柱。作者每确立一个观点,必须考虑:用什么材料做主证,什么材料做旁证;对自己的观点是否会有不同的意见或反面意见,对他人持有的异议应如何进行阐释或反驳。毕业论文要求作者所提出的观点、见解切切实实是属于自己的,而要使自己的观点能够得到别人的承认,就必须有大量的、充分的、有说服力的理由来证实自己观点的正确。

毕业论文的论据要充分,还须运用得当。一篇论文中不可能也没有必要把全部研究工作所得,古今中外的事实事例、精辟的论述、所有的实践数据、观察结果、调查成果等全部引用进来,而是要取其必要者,舍弃可有可无者。论据为论点服务,材料的简单堆积不仅不能证明论点,强有力地阐述论点,反而给人以一种文章拖咨、杂乱无章、不得要领的感觉。因而在已收集的大量材料中如何选择必要的论据显得十分重要。一般来说,要注意论据的新颖性、典型性、代表性,更重要的是考虑其能否有力地阐述观点。

毕业论文中引用的材料和数据,必须正确可靠,经得起推敲和验证,即论据的正确性。具体要求是,所引用的材料必须经过反复证实。第一手材料要公正,要反复核实,要去掉个人的好恶和想当然的推想,保留其客观的真实。第二手材料要究根问底,查明原始出处,并深领其意,而不得断章取义。引用别人的材料是为自己的论证服务,而不得作为篇章的点缀。在引用他人材料时,需要下一番筛选、鉴别的功夫,做到准确无误。写作毕业论文,应尽量多引用自己的实践数据、调查结果等作为佐证。如果文章论证的内容,是作者自己亲身实践所得出的结果,那么文章的价值就会增加许多倍。当然,对于掌握知识有限、实践机会较少的大学生来讲,在初次进行科学研究中难免重复别人的劳动,在毕业论文中较多地引用别人的实践结果、数据等,在所难免。但如果全篇文章的内容均是间接得来的东西的组合,很少有自己亲自动手得到的东西,那也就完全失去了写作毕业论文的意义。

(二)论证要严密

论证是用论据证明论点的方法和过程。论证要严密、富有逻辑性,这样才能使文章具有说服力。从文章全局来说,作者提出问题、分析问题和解决问题,要符合客观事物的规律,符合人们对客观事物认识的程序,使人们的逻辑程序和认识程序统一起来,全篇形成一个逻辑整体。从局部来说,对于某一问题的分析,某一现象的解释,要体现出较为完整的概念、判断、推理的过程。

毕业论文是以逻辑思维为主的文章样式,它诉诸理解大量运用科学的语体,通过概念、判断、推理来反映事物的本质或规律,从已知推测未知,各种毕业论文都是采用这种思维形式。社会科学论文往往是用已知的事实,采取归纳推理的形式,求得对未知的认识。要使论证严密,富有逻辑性,必须做到:(1)概念判断准确,这是逻辑推理的前提;(2)要有层次、有条理的阐明对客观事物的认识过程;(3)要以论为纲,虚实结合,反映出从“实”到“虚”,从“事”到“理”,即由感性认识上升到理性认识的飞跃过程。

此外,撰写毕业论文还应注意文体式样的明确性、规范性。学术论文、调查报告、科普读

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篇10:高考英语作文写作常用的47种高级句型

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导语:高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分,下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……),例如:There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…,主语can …. (借着……,……能够……),例如:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……),例如:Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……),例如:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如:What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间,主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来,……一直……)例如:

For the past two years,I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如:It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础),例如:The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……),例如:We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意:“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达,例如:We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关), 例如:Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯),例如:We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……),例如:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!),例如: What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害),例如:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响),例如:Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如:All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ,例如:Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息,他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意:此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型,例如:As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来,她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来,就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如:I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意:此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型,例如:

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语, 主句部分倒装 例如:Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时,重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做),例如:The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……),例如:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型:

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如:Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意,比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思, 例如:I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……),例如:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是,新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……),例如:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意,全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型:As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知,……)。例如:As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知,知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……),例如:There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问,他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问,你有困难时,会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……),例如:No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……),例如:So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be,主语+ 谓语(虽然……),例如:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语, the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……),例如:The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意:此句型可以转化为简单句句型:It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如:

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说,不论你喜不喜欢,你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如:As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是,他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久,他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事),例如:He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式,主语 + 现在完成式,例如:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中,他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……),例如:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ,例如:It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……,我们就会成功的) ,例如:We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作,我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句,…, 例如:No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难,你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么,请拒绝他。注意:此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句,+主句,例如:Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好),例如:It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛,真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了,告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的),例如:It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意:此句型中it是形式主语,其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如:

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的,我们要作出更大的努力,不然/否则,我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说,有志者,事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出,世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明,他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如:It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移),例如:

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……),例如:

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意:表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较:That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因),例如:Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如:It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如:I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……),例如:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意:此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如:

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说,世上无难事,只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下,一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

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篇11:2024考研英语作文写作方法指导

全文共 1037 字

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第一段:考生需要简明扼要地阐述图片内容,并点出该图画的主题。第一句话引出话题:例如:Nothing gets people talking like the topic that parents ‘role in family education(图画反映出的话题);第二句话开始正式描述图画,包含两部分:中心人或物正在干什么,以及重要细节是什么,因为是两幅图,就分别描写即可。Just as we can see from the first picture,... But when glance at the second, we know tht…第三句可以简单翻译中文标题或是描述,或者直接引出主题And below the drawing, a title which says that…。

中间段为阐释段。首句一般点出图片的象征寓意,也就是明确指出图片反映的社会问题,也就是该篇作文的中心思想。这篇文章的主题是父母应该通过行动来做好孩子的榜样,我们可以这样引出:What the cartoon really intend to extend is that parents should not only educate their children in words but also in deeds。具体的论证方法:原因,举例,对比、在这里,我们可以使用原因。这里有一些原因句型,可供大家参考:

1. Owning to /considering /given the fact that +原因

2.The major determinant lies in…

3. It is well known that/as we all know,… therefore, …

4. There is no doubt that… consequently, …

最后一段,给出评论或总结提建议。可以从怎样在行动上起到表率作用为切入口进行描述。

热点话题:

1、人口问题

2、 西部大开发

3、 网络和双刃剑(金钱,阳光)

4、成功,梦想和现实

5、职业选择和规划/高分低能

6、洋节和传统节日

7、神七上天和嫦娥奔月

8、地震与爱心

9、 奥运举办

10、 抄袭与诚信

11、伪劣商品

12、食品安全

13、抄袭与诚信

14、乱收费(因果:因:法律制度不完善,部分人只顾自己利益,忽视学生利益; 果:为社会,个人带来不良后果和巨大压力)

15、节俭与压力

16、心理问题

17、交通阻塞

18、创新创业

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篇12:英语写作素材:关于理想的英语名言

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对未来不懈追求,是理想形成的动力和源泉。下面是关于理想的英语名言,供大家写作参考。

1.And love, young men, and venerate the ideal. The ideal is the word of God. High above every country, high above humanity, is the country of the spirit, the city of the soul.

青年人啊,热爱理想吧,崇敬理想吧。理想是上帝的语言。高于一切国家和全人类的,是精神的王国,是灵魂的故乡。

2.Between the ideal and the reality, between the motion and the act, falls the shadow.

理想与现实之间,动机与行为之间,总有一道阴影。

3.Ideals are like the stars... we never reach them, but like mariners, we chart our course by them.

理想就像是星星...我们永远够不着它,但是我们像水手一样,靠星星指引航程。

4.The ideal is in thyself, the impediment too is thyself.

理想存乎已心,障碍亦是如此

5.Its is the most pleasant thing in the world to struggle for a noble ideal.

世界上最快乐的事,就是为理想而奋斗

6.Anything one man can imagine, other men can make real.

但凡人能想像到的事物,必定有人能将它实现。

7.Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活

8.The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.

实现明天理想的惟一障碍是今天的疑虑。

9.High expectation are the key to every thing.

远大理想是开启万物的钥匙。

10.The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。

11.Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。

12.Life is not all beer and skittles.

人生并不全是吃喝玩乐。

13.Don’t part with your illusions. When they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live.

不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后,你还可以生存,但虽生犹死

14.No man or woman who tries to pursue an ideal in his or her own way is without enemies.

凡按自己的方式追求理想者,无不树敌。

15.How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives.

我们怎样打发日子,当然,也就是我们怎样度过这一生。

16.If you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (Ibsen, Norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

17.If you would go up high, then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people’s backs and heads. (F. W. Nietzsche, German Philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. F. W.)

18.It is at our mother’s knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( Mark Twain, American writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

19.The ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(Albert Einstein, American scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A.)

20.The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, German Poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. J. M.)

21.If winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( P. B. Shelley, British poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. P. B.)

22.The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (Mark Twain, American writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

23.When an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (Abraham Lincoln, American statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. A.)

24.The dream is a kind of desire, think it is a kind of action. Dream is the dream and want to crystallization.梦是一种欲望,想是一种行动。梦想是梦与想的结晶。

25.A realization of dream, is a successful person.一个实现梦想的人,就是一个成功的人。

26.Dream no matter how vague, the total hidden in our hearts, our feelings never be quiet, until the dream become a reality.梦想无论怎样模糊,总潜伏在我们心底,使我们的心境永远得不到宁静,直到这些梦想成为事实。

27.Dream is the soul, is our secret truth ( Truman Capote )梦是心灵的思想,是我们的秘密真情(杜鲁门·卡波特)

28.Once the dream into action, will become sacred (, Ann Procter )梦想一旦被付诸行动,就会变得神圣(阿·安·普罗克特)

29.The dreamer is afraid of Destiny ( Thomas Phillips )梦想家的缺点是害怕命运(斯·菲利普斯)

30.A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams. (J. Barrymore) 只要一个人还有追求,他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想,一个人才算老。(巴里摩尔)

31.If you would go up high , then use your own legs! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people’s backs and heads . (F. W . Nietzsche , German Philosopher) 如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. F. W.)

32.Have an aim in life, or your energies will be wasted.没有目标的一生注定碌碌无为,确定一个目标吧。——R.Peters

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篇13:英语日记的写作方法及范例

全文共 1494 字

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要学好写英语短文,就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。日记是每日生活的记载,是一种记事文体。

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端 是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况, 如:Sunny,Fine,Rainy,Windy,Snowy,Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时,通常以月、日、年为顺序,月份可以缩写,日和年用逗号隔开。例如:

A)September 1,2004或September 1st,2004也可省略写成Sept. 1,2004或Sept. 1st,2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日:September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月:September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写,可将其放在日期前或后,星期和日期之间不用标点,但要空一格,星期也可缩写。如:

Saturday,October 22nd,2004;October 22nd,2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如:Sunny,Fine,Rainy,Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后,用逗号隔开,位于日记的右上角。如:

Saturday,March 4,2004,Windy;1st January,2004,Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分,写在星期和日期的正下方,可以顶格写,也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生,谓语动词多用一般过去 时。但也可根据具体情况,用其它时态。如:记叙天气、描写景色,为了描写生动,可以使用现在时,以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或 将来时态。记日记力求简单明了,有连贯性。若有文字提示,则应重视提示,把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句,以防繁杂,造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中,可按以下步骤进行:

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来,不附加任何感情色彩,这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记,并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th,2003,Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning,all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard,and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired,we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨,中心突出,有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事),并加以分析和评论。

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篇14:高考英语写作的训练方法

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主语+谓语+介词+宾语

We all agreed on the terms.

He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.

All these things are to be answered for.

主语+系动词+形容词

Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.

He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.

Your explanation sounds reasonable.

主语+谓语+直接宾语

I want your promise.

Have your fixed my watch?

This factory produces 1000 cars a week.

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

He paid me a visit yesterday.

He owed me 50 yuan.

He wrote his family a letter yesterday.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (to do)

I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

He invited me to teach at a well-known university.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (do)

I often hear her sing the song.

The boss made workers work 15 hours a day.

Don’t forget to have him come.

主语+谓语+现在分词

I heard her singing in the next room.

We could feel our heats beating fast.

Did you observe the birds flying around the trees?

主语+谓语+过去分词

I must have my watch repaired.

We must get he task finished on time.

Speak louder to make yourself understood by everybody.

主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)

I suggested putting off the meeting.

They all avoided mentioning the matter.

We can’t help laughing at the news.

主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)

I can’t afford to buy such a large house.

Don’t pretend to know what you don’t.

He feared to speak in her presence.

主语+谓语+宾语(名词/代词)+介词+宾语

Nothing can prevent us from going forward.

Thank you for your help.

He demanded an answer from me.

练习写好句子的方法一:合并句子

It was early in the morning. Mr. Smith was in his garden. He was watering flowers.

Early in the morning, Mr. Smith was watering flowers in his garden.

A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.

A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.

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篇15:打下GMAT写作坚实基础的三个方法

全文共 559 字

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强化阅读。读书破万卷,下笔如有神,大量的阅读能丰富词汇量,提高语感,增长见识。阅读材料可以选择两个来源,一是原版国外名著,因为它们是英语规范语言的结晶;二是杂志、报刊和互联网等,这些资源是接触新词汇、新概念、新观点的好工具。

学以致用。GMAT写作的基本要求就是能在一般商业环境中有效和准确表达自己的观点。在国内如果不是在外企,恐怕很难有和他人用英语口头或者书面交流的机会。这时候可以考虑去一些英语聊天室或者聊天工具上和说英语的国内或国外朋友交流。国内比较热门的英语聊天室有263的英语角,有不少国内英语高手,也有一些国外朋友。ICQ,Yahoo Messager等也是结识国外朋友,练习书面英语的好地方。

专项提高。创造一个动笔的机会,要在GMAT写作中取得高分,还需要针对性练习。GMAT写作是分析性写作,或者要求和某一事物针锋相对提出和证明自己的观点,或者要求支持对方观点,属于议论文范畴。议论文的关键是自圆其说和有理有据,其篇章布局都有一定规律可循,可以当做新八股文来作:复述事实提出自己观点分点说明并举例证明总结。

GMAT写作高分之路没有捷径,需要考生不断拓展自己的阅读为GMAT写作打下坚实基础,也需要考生平时留言中英文的思维差别,多了解英文的思维和逻辑和论证方法,做好充足的准备,GMAT作文高分不会遥远。

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篇16:写作基础:怎么写好读后感

全文共 977 字

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所谓“感”,可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想,可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想,可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想,也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。怎么写好读后感作文呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容,欢迎阅读参考!

读后感的表达方式灵活多样,基本属于议论范畴,但写法不同于一般议论文,因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感,必须注意以下几点:

首先,要读好原文。“读后感”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读,可能连原作讲的什么都没有掌握,哪能有“感”?读得肤浅,当然也感得不深。只有读得认真,才能有所感,并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文,要弄清它的论点(见解和主张),或者批判了什么错误观点,想一想你受到哪些启发,还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文,就要弄清它的主要情节,有几个人物,他们之间是什么关系,以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景,还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事,揭示了人物什么样的精神品质,反映了什么样的社会现象,表达了作者什么思想感情,作品的哪些章节使人受感动,为什么这样感动等等。

其次,排好感点。只要认真读好原作,一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感,对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感,对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之,只要是原作品的内容,只要你对它有感受,都可以写成读后感。

第三,选准感点。一篇文章,可以排出许多感点,但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心,切不可面面俱到,所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较,找出自己感受最深、角度最新,现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点,作为读后感的中心,然后加以论证成文。

第四,叙述要简。既然读后感是由读产生感,那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实,有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话,读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动,而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要,它不要求“感人”,只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文,一般毛病是叙述不简要,实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点,所以才简明不了。简明,不是文字越少越好,简还要明。

[写作基础:怎么写好读后感

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篇17:英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

全文共 45713 字

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下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。

因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

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篇18:2024关于英语图画作文写作方法

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英语一考生要在三十分钟内写出160-200个词汇的文章,英语二的考生需要完成150个词汇左右的文章。写作时要求主题突出、结构清晰、文字通顺、连贯性好,祛除语法错误。在考试过程中,考生能在有限时间内详细解读考题设问要求,并匠心独运的构想、拟题、列提纲,最后完成一篇考场佳作,这需要前期十分认真的备考。

在写作中,考生要特别注意文章的中心思想是否切题,论据是否足够充分,如不充分则要对论据详细展开。句语句、段与段连接要自然,逻辑关系清晰明晰,切忌不要出现与主题无关的句子。人称、时态等细节处要保持一致,单词拼写、大小写以及标点也要注意到位。

由于近些年图画作文较热,是考研英语写作中出现频率最高的一类文体,我们来重点学习一下这种文体的写作方法

图画作文通常是给出一幅或多幅漫画或图片,所给图画多反映当前的热点社会现象或热点社会现实。这类作文难度较大,要求考生首先仔细剖析图画内容,并通过文字形式将图中所包罗的思想内容准确无误地表达出来。大家可将此类作文转化为三段或四段式的提纲作文写作。

1、认真审题

在审题时,考生要在认真剖析图画所反映的内容以及出题者出题意图的前提下,通过表层含义剖析图画真正想要说明的问题是什么,深入研究图画的表层含义和深层含义,从而挖掘出其深层含义以确定文章的中心思想。

2、确定写作重点

认真审题后,考生就要确定写作重点了,根据剖析和研究的结果列出提纲并安排段落。确定每一个段落的主题和写作重点,考生要根据题目要求对选材进行筛选。

3、确定写作提纲

如何列提纲,即考生对题设材料的剖析得出结论后形成的基本框架结构,漫画标的主题、directions中的要求包罗了哪些内容,文章段落应该如何组织,基本提纲确定了的基础上,才能思路清晰、行文流通。

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篇19:公务员应用文写作基础知识大全

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关于应用文的概念, 1979 年上海辞书出版社出版的《辞海》的解释是:应用文是人们在日常生活、工作和学习中所应用的简易通俗文字,包括书信、公文、契约、启事、条据等。定义很简单,但没能概括出应用文的本质特征,仅仅指出应用文的“简易通俗”,这才只是应用文的一些方面,而不是全部特征。

根据国务院办公厅颁布的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》中对公文的定义,推广开来,应用文的定义应为:应用文是机关团体、企事业单位以及人民群众在日常工作、生产和生活中办理公务以及个人事务时,交流情况、沟通信息,具有直接实用价值和惯用格式的一种书面交际工具。这个定义规定了应用文的本质特征,使它明显区别于其他文体,又涵盖了应用文的基本特性。

应用文的起源至迟可以追溯到殷商社会晚期,也就是距今 3000 多年前,可以说我国有初步定型文字的最初年代也就伴随着有了应用文的使用。殷墟出土的甲骨卜辞,商周时期的钟鼎文,《周易》中的卦、爻辞等,都是应用文的原始形态。所以,如果说,神话是中国文学的“祖先”,那么甲骨文则是应用文的“祖先”了。

应用文的使用非常广泛,几乎涉及各个领域、各个部门、各个阶层、每个个人。比如,科研单位的人员,需要用学术论文;政府机关指导工作,需要用公文;工商企业经营,需要用合同;打官司,需要用诉状;即使个人今天生病了、不能上课,也需要用到请假条;……。相对于其它文体来说,应用文的使用频率要高得多:许多人可以一辈子不写小说、剧本、诗歌、散文,但他在工作、生活、学习中却免不了要写应用文,小到写张请假条,大到计划、总结、论文等。正如 叶圣陶 先生所说的那样:“大学毕业生不一定能写小说诗歌,但是一定要能写工作和学习中实用的文章,而且非写得既通顺又扎实不可。”

可以这么说,应用文使用的广泛,已经到了无所不在的程度。今天在中国特色的社会主义市场经济条件下,应用文是任何企事业单位和个人日常工作、生活中不可缺少的一个重要工具。

应用文同别的文体比较,有共性,也有个性。共性是他们都是对客观事物的反映,都要谋篇布局、用词造句、使用标点符号,讲究条理性、逻辑性,同样使用叙述、说明、议论等表达方式,要求准确、鲜明、生动的文风。具体表现在以下几方面。

教学内容:

第一节 应用文的主题

应用文写作基础知识既有与一般文体写作的共通之处,更多的是其在写作知识运用上的独特性,只有掌握其独特性,才能正确、规范地写好应用文体。

主题先行性

一、主题的特点 主题单一性

主题显露性

应用文的主题就是解决问题的方法、建议。其主题是十分明确直接的,主题的确立大多不是写作者有感而发,而是应客观实际的需要,为解决实际问题而产生的,由此可以说应用文主题就是解决问题的具体方法。因此应用文的主题具有以下特点:

文学作品的主题是从生活中、从已获取的材料中提炼出来的,往往反对主题先行。而应用文主题的确立与文学作品主题的确立不同,其主题确立在全文写作之前,所谓“意在笔先”。因为应用文总是先产生了具体问题而后产生写作的需求,而解决这一问题的方法、结论往往也产生在文章写作之前;同时执笔者的写作行为往往也是被动的,是应解决问题而动笔,写作的过程更是确切地体现主题。如《国务院关于同意黑龙江省调整哈尔滨市部分行政区划的批复》一文就是为答复《调整哈尔滨市部分行政区划的请示》而写的文章,表示同意请示提出的请求事项而作,主题一定是确立在写作之前。

一般说文学作品的主题具有其复杂性,对主题的理解更呈多元化。然而应用文的主题则必须单一、明确,读者对主题的理解不允许多元,而要求理解上的同一性,这样才利于统一认识,更有利于问题的解决。如:《关于当代青年消费问题的调查报告》一文就消费观念、消费现状、消费趋势和消费结构等四个方面,展开调查,尽管涉及面广,材料较丰富,但文章紧紧围绕“当代青年消费”这一中心,内容集中,一题一议,主题单一、明确。

文学作品的主题要求含蓄、曲折,令人回味。而应用文写作就不同,要求直截了当地点明主题,表明态度,提出解决问题的措施和办法,对文章所涉及的各类问题,必须有明确的观点立场,应该怎么做,解决什么问题,达到什么目的,都要明确地表达出来。

标题显旨

二、主题的表现方法 开头点旨

结尾点旨

应用文主题的表达要做到明确、显露。那么怎么才能做到主题从文章中显露出来呢?下面就给大家介绍几种表现方法:

标题显旨,就是在文章的标题中直接点明主题。如《三季度物价水平再次转降,出口增速趋于稳定》,这篇经济活动分析报告的标题就直接点明了主题,让人一看就大致明白了文章的主要内容,主题十分显露。这不失为是一种使主题显现的好方法。

这种方式是在文章的开头或每一段落的开头用简短的语句陈述主题,使主题凸现出来。如《 2001 年经济形势展望》一开头就指出: “展望 2001 年,经济回升的势头还比较微弱,促进经济的持续向好仍然需要克服许多困难。” 开宗明义,点明主题。再如《靠名牌赢得市场--关于深圳市飞亚达(集团)股份有限公司的调查》一文在 “启示:现代企业必须重视实施名牌战略” 的小标题下,分三段来阐述这一问题,在每段开头用段首句点明主旨:第一段的段 首句: 实施名牌战略是提高产品质量、提升企业品味的内在要求。 第二段的段首句: 实施名牌战略是企业参与市场竞争尤其是国际市场竞争的客观需要。 第三段的段首句: 实施名牌战略是增强国家经济实力的重要手段。 在这三句主题句的提示下,每段的中心就十分明了。

这种方式是在文章的的结尾之处点明文章主题。如李政道的论文《基础、应用科学与生产三者关系》一文就是采用这一方法结尾。文章的结尾指出: “我再重复一下,没有基础学科就没有应用学科,没有应用学科就没有生产学科,三者是紧密结合在一起的。” 非常清晰地显示了主题。

主题决定材料的选取

三、主题的作用 主题决定文种的选用

主题决定结构的安排

主题决定表达方式的选用

实训:

根据下面材料概括出主题,并用主题句表现出来。

1 .目前,全世界的年教育经费已超过 2000 亿美元,在公共资金的支出中仅次于军事经费,占第二位。世界工业化国家人口只占世界人口约三分之一,其教育经费比发展中国家多十倍以上。中国人口占世界总数超过五分之一,但教育经费仅占约三十分之一。按 1982 年的数字算,人均教育费为 11.2 元人民币,属世界 14 个人均教育经费不足 5 美元的国家之一。

2 .国外有两家鞋厂,各派一位推销员到太平洋某岛国去推销本厂的鞋子。上岛后不久,他们各发回一份电报。一位的电文是:“此岛上的人都不穿鞋,明天我就回去。”另一位的电文是:“太好了!这个岛上的人都没穿上鞋子,我打算长驻此岛。”

第二节 应用文的材料

材料的真实性

一、材料的特点 材料的现实和新颖性

材料的典型性

应用文写作对材料是十分依赖的,常言道“巧妇难为无米之炊”,为了表现主题我们需要收集一系列材料,或综合或舍取运用到文章的写作之中,使主题真实立体地表现出来。应用文材料的使用除了与文学作品有共通之处外,更多地体现自身特点:

应用文在材料的选用过程中不准改变材料本身性质,必须保持材料的真实性,对材料的时间、地点、数据、事实过程及结果都不能任意改动,否则就会使材料本身的价值发生变异,导致歪曲事实的真相,弄虚作假的后果,失去应用文的主题应有的价值,不仅不能解决问题,反而于事无补。应用文要求的真实是“绝对的真实”,也就是说所有材料要确凿无误、持之有据。不仅对搜集到的材料要反复核实,在材料的解释上,也要有科学的态度,实事求是。

应用文写作是为了解决现实问题而作的即时之作,其主要的材料需选取能反映现实的新颖材料。所谓现实是指,围绕文章要解决的问题所存在的事实(数据)材料而非通过联想和推论得到的材料。如在《新的消费热点:出门旅游过年》一文中,为了陈述出门旅游过年的现状,就采用了大量的事实(数据)材料: “根据国家旅游局对江苏、广东、云南、海南、北京、福建、广西、四川、黑龙江、湖南、山东、山西等 13 个省、自治区、直辖市的调查,……今年春节期间,这些地区直接由旅行社接待的国内旅游人次比往年至少有 15 %的增长……以上 13 个省、区、市的旅行社,春节期间共接待旅游者 124 万人次,旅行社营业收入 14 亿元。” 文中采用的材料都是新近现实发生的,这是大多数应用文材料的特点。所谓新颖是指,材料本身是新近产生的,如新事实、新政策、新的统计数据、新发现的问题等和用新的角度重新审视其新意。

所谓典型性是指那些最能支持主题和说明问题的材料。典型材料可以是一个具体的事例,一些有说服力的数据和一些带有普遍性的现象。如题为《“小解放”为何俏销湖北》的市场调查报告中,在说明“优质服务获得良好口碑”这一经验时,采用了这样一则事实材料: “去年 10 月的一天傍晚,河南省郑州市某单位的一辆小解放牌车在去广州途径武汉时,在武汉黄鹤楼处出现问题,求助电话打到了该销售中心,中心经理立即亲自带队迅速赶到现场,发现该车是用户对后驱动桥端面螺丝没拧紧而发生齿轮油漏尽,导致差速器锥齿烧损。当维修人员在后半夜将修好的车交给用户时,用户激动地说虽然我们不属于该省管辖,又没带保用手册,并且问题又是因我们使用不当所致,你们还这样及时周到地服务,太让我们感动了!‘小解放走到哪服务到哪,此言不虚,以后再买车,还买‘小解放。” 这一材料就是一则很能表现主题的材料,是典型的材料。 直接获取

获取材料的方法

二、材料的选取 间接获取

围绕主题,挖掘材料的意义

材料的使用 根据主题的需要,进行详略处理

合理安排材料,注重条理

如何获取材料,哪些材料是应用文写作值得关注的?下面我们谈谈这个问题:

在实践之中积累材料。在自身及周围同事的工作实践中做个有心人,时刻关注有价值的事件及数据,如在工作中及时对做了什么工作、采用了什么方法、取得了什么效果、有哪些人参与等信息及时记录收集。

在观察中掌握材料。在观察时要做到实事求是,防止主观武断、先入为主,同时要全面、系统、动态地进行观察,以获取真实、广泛、完整的材料,并能把观察所得及时整理成文字,给写作提供基础。

在调查中拓展材料。个人的实践和视野总是有限的,观察也不可能做到深入细致,这样就需要走向实际、走向社会,向有关人士了解情况,做一些调查,以扩大自己的视野,获取材料上的补充。经济类的应用文,调查是必不可少的步骤,如市场调查报告,市场预测报告需在调查之后,才能动笔。

通过查阅文献资料获取材料。应用文写作材料常常从有关文件、正式出版物,以及会议资料中获取材料,为写入具体文章之用,因此大量查阅文献资料来获取材料,是应用文写作经常采用的方法。

获取材料是写作的第一步。总的来说,获取材料要求以多为好,以全为贵。材料多了,便于比较、鉴别,更有选择的余地;材料全面,观点才能不至于偏颇,因此,动笔之前,应当围绕主题,占有详尽而充实的材料。

其次,强调对感性材料的分析研究,不能停留在表面的认识上,要挖掘材料能凸现主题的一面,使其在文章中发挥挖掘主题的作用。如有这样一则材料 : 某日,某国驻广州领事馆的外交官员去珠江三角洲某市参观,市长亲自接待,但讲不好普通话请了一个翻译,本来 10 分钟就可以讲完的话,结果用了 20 分钟。此外交官用标准的普通话问:广东不是在大力推广普通话吗么? 这则材料从不同的角度可展现不同的主题,但意义深浅不一。从较粗浅的角度看,可表现“市长不重视说普通话”的主题;进一步挖掘可表现“我们的官员素质的高低,直接关乎办公的效率”。这样的材料还可以根据主题的需要进行开拓。同学可以动动脑筋来挖掘一下。

使用材料时,要分清主次。对材料的加工整理,无非是为了突出文章的主题,加强应用文的表达效果,处理材料的详略要以此为据。突出事件特征的材料要详写,一般材料可略写;处于主体地位的材料详写,处于从属地位、过渡的材料略写;读者不熟悉的材料详写,熟悉的略写;材料之间角度相异的详写,材料之间相同的略写。

根据主题的需要,按照一定的组织形式,安排材料的先后顺序,在安排顺序时要考虑材料的主次、时间的先后、材料间的逻辑顺序、人们认识事物的规律、事物发展的过程等因素。

最后,数字材料是应用文写作中十分重要的材料,数字有时比文字材料更具体、准确、更能说明问题。因此,要注意: ⑴ 真实、准确地用好数据材料。 ⑵ 运用统计数据,展开分析论证,更好地为主题服务。 ⑶ 适当地使用统计图表。 ⑷ 变抽象的数字为具体,使其形象。如有两篇介绍乐山大佛的文字,其中一篇在介绍时用了这样一些数字: “乐山大佛身高 71 米 ,头高 14 . 7 米 ,宽 10 米 。” 这些数字看似具体清晰,但比较抽象,大佛的高大这一主题没有凸现出来。另一段文字这样写道: “佛像有三十多层楼高,耳朵有四人高,每只脚背上可以停五辆解放牌汽车,脚大拇指上,可以摆一桌酒席。” 这段文字也用了数字,但采用文字叙述的方法,使抽象的数字形象了,大佛的高大形象仿佛就在眼前,极好地体现了主题。

实训:

概括下列材料的主题。

1 .随着市场的进化,专业化分工的加强,未来 10 年内,以往支撑家电企业的自营渠道因为成本原因将全面撤退,而其他大量零星的代理商将通过特许经营方式加盟到大的品牌渠道中,成为品牌渠道的连锁店。

2 .据 1987 年国家审计局的公报, 1985 -- 1986 年仅对 2700 多个县以上的教育主管部门的审核,查出被挪用、占用普教经费,竟高达 5 亿多万,占审计总额的 5 %,成了违纪金额中的主要项目。被占用的钱用来建干部宿舍、招待所、办工楼、买小汽车、经商办厂。一个县教育局竟把 40 万转入银行吃利息,而置全县二万多平方米的学校危房于不顾。

第三节 应用文的结构

固定性

一、应用文结构的特点 条理性

文种不同结构不同

应用文是经过长期写作实践,逐渐形成较固定的写作结构,以适应实际工作需要,使写作更快速,阅读更便捷,提高办事效率。特别是公文写作,其格式更规范,结构更固定。

应用文写作要求有严密的思路,表现在结构上以求清晰有条理。在写作中要根据主题的需要安排好结构。如写事件,就应按“开端--发展--结果”的顺序安排结构;写问题就应按“发现问题--分析问题--解决问题”的顺序安排结构。

凡文种都有相对稳定的结构样式,应用文写作结构安排需适应不同文体的要求。如写合同就需要将合同的条款按标的、数量、质量、价款等内容分条列项地写清楚;写通知要按目的依据、事项、执行要求的顺序安排结构。

二、常见的应用文结构模式

(一)单段式

正文内容用一个自然段来表达。用于内容少而单一,不便分开,往往采用一段文字来表达。如写在商品外包装上的说明文;公文中的函、批复,也常用一段文字来进行写作。“玉兰油”写在外包装上的说明: “经实验证明能帮助减少细纹。四星期内,肌肤重现青春光泽。请不要涂抹在眼睛及眼睑周围。如不慎入眼,即用清水彻底洗清。如有持续眼睛刺激,请向医生咨询。如有持续皮肤刺激,请停止使用。请置于儿童接触不到的地方。” 这就是单段式。

(二)两段式

正文内容用两个自然段来表达。用于内容简单,不需每层内容都分段。这种结构模式,一般用于以下几种情况:

1 .把结语部分内容和主体内容分开写,单列一个自然段,成为两段式。即行文的缘由和行文事项为一段,希望、要求等结语为一段。

2 .写作目的缘由、行文事项各为一段。

3 .在转发、发布性公文中,将发布或转发的文件名和发文意见列为一段,执行要求另为一段。

4 .在答复性公文中,将表示收到对方文件为一段,而答复事项为另一段。

5 .没有开头、结语部分,将主体内容列为两段。

(三)三段式

这是短篇应用文比较规范的常用模式。正文把写作目的缘由、写作事项、结尾分为三段来写。

(四)多段式

它用于内容较多,篇幅较长的应用文书,总共有四个自然段以上。一般是开头概述基本情况、说明原因、目的、依据,结尾单独成段或省略结尾,主体部分内容分为若干个段,各部分不分条列项。如短文式的说明书、简单的市场预测报告等。内容多、篇幅长的应用文书,一般不宜采用多段式,宜采用将主体内容分成几部分,用小标题或总分条文式。

(五)条款式

用分条列项的形式安排结构。规章制度、计划、合同和职能部门的一些文书,较多使用这种形式。全文从头到尾都用条款组织内容,给人以眉目清楚、排列有序的印象。

(六)表格式

这是应用文不同于其他文体所特有的一种结构形式。表格式通常有以下两种形式:

1 .由职能部门或企事业管理部门或企业如银行、厂矿、公司等单位,事先印制好表格式的规范文本,将有关内容分项列出,各项之后留下空白,让使用或合作单位和个人按规定填写。表格文书一般要注明填写要求和注意事项。如申请专利、商标的文书、合同、税务征管文书、财务会计文书,大都采用这种形式。

2 .作者单位临时制作的表格式文书。根据写作目的,将有关统计数据编制成表格。

三、应用文结构的基本内容及写法

(一)标题

应用文写作的标题,要求充分体现主题,有的标题还有规范要求。这与文学作品形式多样、灵活多变的标题有着明显的不同。应用文的标题通常有三种形式:

1 .公文式标题。这类标题程式性强,表达直接而少变化,主要用于公文。

2 .新闻式标题。新闻式标题通常又称文章式标题,又可分为单标题和双标题两种形式。单标题有的直接提出文章主题,如 “小商品也要高质量” 、 “做好纪检信息工作实践与体会” ;有的概述主要内容,如 “积极财政政策仍将持续至少两到三年的时间” ;有的在标题中提出问题,如 “日本经济何时走出低谷” 。

双标题是有正题和副题的双行标题,其中正题符合单标题的要求,更多地突出文章主题,副题则对正题起补充作用,常常说明应用文的内容范围和文种,如 “靠名牌赢得市场--关于深圳市飞亚达(集团)股份有限公司的调查” 、 “繁重 · 活跃 · 稳定 · 上升-- 2002 年国内市场发展趋势” 。

3 .论文式标题。这类标题或表达文章的观点和内容或点明所论述范围。如 “核心竞争力--企业制胜的根本” 、 “双峰县农村劳动力转移的调查与思考” 。

(二)开头

应用文写作开头担负着统领全文,揭示主题或全文的作用。开头要求开门见山,直接显露,常见的开头方式有:

1 .概述式。这种方式要求用简明扼要的语言,围绕主题介绍有关情况或背景。如一篇题为《加强民族团结 繁荣民族事业》的总结开头: “山东省青州市是少数民族居住比较集中的地区之一,有回、满、蒙古、朝鲜、土家等 27 个民族, 2 . 6 万余人,占全市人口的 2 .5 %。近年来,青州市积极加强 民族团结,繁荣民族事业,有力地推动了全市经济和社会各项事业全面发展。” 就是用了这一开头方式。报告、会议纪要、调查报告等文种也常用此开头方式。

2 .说明依据式。开头引用上级指示精神或有关法律,常以“根据”、“按照”、“遵照”等词语领起下文。如《关于粮食政策性财务挂帐停息的意见》一文的开头: “根据中共中央、国务院关于妥善解决粮食财务挂帐问题的一系列文件精神,结合各地清理粮食财务挂帐的实际情况,经过反复研究,对粮食财务挂帐实行停息的有关政策提出如下意见”。 这种方式常在通知、批复、通告、规章等文种的开头使用。

3 .陈述目的式。开头以简明的语言,直接说明写作的目的和意义,常用介词“为”、“为了”领起下文。如《国务院关于成立经济贸易办公室的通知》一文开头写道: “为适应加快改革开放和经济建设的新形势,加强宏观调控和协调日常经济工作,国务院第 100 次常务会议决定,……”。

4 . 说明原因式。开头常用“由于”、“鉴于”、“因为”等词领起下文,也可以简述发文原因,再引出写作目的。如《广州市建设用地起坟通告》的开头 “因建设的需要,经核准,市公安局天河区分局征用天河区东圃镇堂下乡(村)土地。为便利建设工程顺利进行,……”。

5 .议论式。开头用议论的表达方法,表达作者的看法,提出观点。如《现代化企业需要什么样的复合型会计人才》的开头: “随着社会主义市场经济的不断深入发展,会计工作也不断拓宽,过去那种单一的会计知识结构已远远不能适应会计管理工作的需要,会计人员作为企业经济管理的重要的专门人才,必须相应地提高自身的专业素质,改变原来那种单一的知识结构,以适应市场经济发展的需要。因此,培养造就一批复合型会计人才是当前会计工作的一项重要任务,也是企业发展向现代化迈进的关键所在。”

6 .提问式。先提出问题,然后引出下文。这种开头方式能引起读者的注意和思考。这种开头方式常见于调查报告、学术论文的写作。如《核心竞争力--企业制胜的根本》的开头: “在激烈的市场竞争中,一个企业制胜的根本是什么?为什么有的企业能长盛不衰,有的企业只能成功一时,而有的企业却连一点成功的机会都没有?笔者一直为这些问题所困惑。” 这篇论文就是采用了提问式开头。

(三)结尾

应用文的结尾讲究言尽意尽,不留“余味”,不添“蛇足,更不能草率。常用的结尾方法有:

1 .强调式。对文中提出的问题作强调说明,以引起重视。

2 .结论式。对文中的主要观点或问题,加以归纳总结或略作重申,以加深印象。

3 .说明式。对与主体内容有关但性质不同的问题或事项作补充交代、说明,以保证内容的完整性,如公文结尾交待施行日期、执行范围、传达对象、与该文规定不符的原有规定如何处置等;论文结尾处说明尚未解决而应另作讨论的问题。

4 .号召式。提出希望,发出号召,展望未来。如公文的通报、市场预测、计划等常用这种结尾形式。如《关于成都矿产综合利用研究所值班人员勇斗歹徒先进事件的通报》一文结尾就是采用这一方法。

5 .建议式。针对设定的施行目标、产生的问题提出意见和建议。

除了上述几种结尾方式,还有请求式、责令式、表态式等不一一列举,有的则没有结尾,自然收尾。

实训:

指出下列开头所使用的方式。

1 . 20 世纪 90 年代后,我国计算机市场随着信息化建设的启动和发展,进入前所未有的高速发展阶段, 1991 年至 1997 年间的平均增长速度高达 56.9 %。 1998 年由于受到亚洲金融危机的和我国经济出现通货紧缩等国内外宏观经济环境的影响,增长速度下降。此后,经过调整和转型,我国计算机产业和市场在发展速度、结构升级、市场拓展、出口贸易、企业转制等多方面均出现了飞跃性的进步。

2 .教育在社会发展中处于什么地位?它与科技、经济的关系如何?不久前,河南教委组织 17 个地区、 34 个县教育部门的同志对 100 多个村进行调查。

3 .根据《国务院关于建立职工医疗保险制度的决定》、《 ×× 省推进城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革的意见》和《国务院办公厅转发劳动保障部财政部关于实行国家公务员医疗补助意见的通知》精神,结合我省公务员医疗保障的实际,制定本实施意见。

第四节 应用文的表达方式及语言

一、表达方式

应用文写作中常用的表达方式只有叙述、说明、议论三种,而描写、抒情一般在广告、调查报告、经济新闻等文体中偶尔使用。我们现在只谈叙述、说明、议论这三种方式在应用文体中的使用。

(一)叙述

叙述这种表达方式是应用文体写作常用的一种方法。有的以叙述事实作立论的依据,如通报、经济活动分析报告、市场调查、总结等;有的以叙述事实为依据进行决策和预测;有的对事实作如实反映和记载,如会议纪要、合同、诉讼公文等。叙述在应用文写作中有如下几个特点:

1 .以记事为主

应用文写作反映现实,解决问题,与记叙文以写人为主不同,而是多以记事为主,如反映经济活动状况、市场情况、经济信息、介绍典型经验、阐述事情原委、总结工作等,采用叙述来记事。

2 .叙述客观真实

文学作品的叙述可作艺术加工,所述事件不必是客观存在的事实。但应用文不同,其所述事实,必须客观真实,不允许对事实夸大或缩小,更不能歪曲事实或主观臆造,否则就会导致决策失误,使经济活动混乱,使企业和消费者蒙受损失。如市场预测所依据的市场事实失真,那么预测结果必定出现很大的偏差,从而导致决策的失误。

3 .以概括叙述为主

文学作品需通过叙述细节来塑造人物形象,展开故事情节。而应用文写作则是通过叙述为文章得出正确结论作依据。如通报的叙述是为后面阐述事实的性质,达到对这一事件学习,鉴戒或引起注意的目的而服务的。叙述本身不是全文的核心(主题)所在,因而应用文写作的叙述大多用简明扼要的概括叙述。

4 .多用顺叙

为使应用文条理清晰,让读者掌握理解所述的客观事实,在文章中常常使用顺叙。在叙述时有的按照时间顺序,有的以事件发展的顺序,有的按人们认识事物的客观过程来叙述,这样叙述能使较复杂的事实头绪清晰,一目了然。

5 .语言较平实

应用文的语言要求平铺直叙,较少使用修饰性词语,笔法较朴实。因为应用文语言是需把握问题实质,直接表现主题,为主题服务,而不像文学作品那样文笔的曲折,主题的含蓄 , 讲究语言的修饰性、词语的色彩,常用修辞手法,应用文的实用性决定了其语言的简洁朴实。

(二)说明

说明这一表达方式在应用文中是与叙述相结合的,起到对客观事物真实介绍说明的作用,有很多文种都依赖这一表达方式。如说明书、报告、请示、经济活动分析、合同、自荐书等,都离不开说明。说明在应用文写作中表现出以下几个特征:

1 .说明客观、科学

通过说明真实客观地反映事物的真实面貌,本质特征,这就要求说明需客观、科学、严肃。

2.多用数字进行说明

说明不但要客观真实,而且要做到准确无误,用数字进行说明就能起到这样的作用。因此在应用文写作中就少不了数字进行说明,特别是需要反映量的变化时,数字的作用就尤为突出。

3.综合使用多种说明方法

在说明方法使用的过程中,常常是多种方法结合同时使用。如数字说明和比较说明、定义说明和分类说明等说明方法结合运用,这样可以把事物说得更具体、准确。

(三)议论

应用文写作常常用议论的方式进行评论、分析,探寻事物发展的规律,阐述主题。其议论有以下几个特点:

1 .重数据、重材料

与议论文的议论不同,应用文中议论不是靠言论的雄辩,而是需要无可辩驳的事实材料和数据为依据,正可谓“事实胜于雄辩”。应用文反对不切实际的议论。如在一篇《三季度物价水平》的经济活动报告中,对该季度的物价水平转降的情况分析是这样议论的:“ 三季度,居民消费价格总水平同比上涨 0.8 %,涨幅比二季度缩小 0.8 个百分比,其中 9 月份已转为下降,同比下降 0.1 %;社会商品零售价格总水平同比下降 0.9 %,已连续 4 个月处于下降之中,并且降幅在不断增大;工业品出厂价格指标同比下降 1.7 %,降幅比二季度增大 1.4 个百分点。各种物价总水平再次全面转降在很大程度上是外生性涨价因素所致,但这也清晰地表明困扰我国经济的紧缩和总需求不足问题并未真正消除,而只是被外生性涨价因素掩盖起来了。一旦政策支持力度减弱,经济就会再次下降。” 这段文字在议论时采用了大量的数据材料,材料充分,议论切合实际,得出的结论有说服力。

2 .常与说明、叙述等方式结合使用

夹叙夹议、说议结合,是应用文中的议论特点。应用文写作往往不单独进行完整的议论,议论依赖于所叙述的事实和说明的现象,是在事实和现象的基础上进行议论。如在一篇《靠名牌赢得市场》的调查报告中,文章是这样写的:“ 90 年代初,瑞士、日本各种品牌的钟表开始大规模进入中国市场。面对严峻的市场形势,公司决策层认真研究数量和质量的辩证关系,决定借鉴国外钟表工业发展的成功经验,走‘少而精的道路,即以提高‘单位面积的产出取胜,生产高技术含量、高附加值的产品,在工艺上精益求精,把人、财、物集中用到刀刃上,争取在最短的时间里后来居上。 ”这段文字采用夹叙夹议方法,材料具体,剖析深入,语言生动活泼。

二、 语言运用

应用文的语言与文学创作的语言有较大的差别,其主要特点是:

(一)程式化

程式化的语言是写作实践的产物,是应用写作实践中常用的习惯用语,这种语言已经约定成俗,得到广泛的认可和共识。学习掌握这种语言的关键是表达要简明合乎规范。程式化的语言根据功用不同,可大致分为下列几方面内容:

举例

称谓语

本人、我、你、贵、该

起始用语

兹因、据核实、关于、鉴于、为了

结尾用语

为荷、为盼

表态用语

照办、可行、同意

谦敬用语

请、承蒙、惠示、惠允

时限用语

当即、立即、从速

期望用语

务希、务请、如蒙、勿误

列举概括用语

各类、多起、数事、上项、如下

特殊含义的用语

签发、核查、归口、取缔、缺口、责成、任命、复议、追加

(二)书面化

应用文的写作性质决定其语言风格表现为简明、规范、严肃,而书面语能较好达到这一语言要求,因而应用文语言大多采用书面语进行书写。如《中共中央关于接受宋庆龄同志为中国共产党正式党员的决定》中写道: “她一贯是共产党最亲密的战友,是中国各族人民包括台湾同胞和海外侨胞衷心敬爱的领袖之一,是爱国主义、民主主义、国际主义和共产主义的伟大战士,是保卫世界和平事业久经考验的前驱,是全体中国少年儿童的慈爱的祖母……。” 中的“同胞”、“战士”、“祖母”等用的都是书面语,改为口语就不合适了。

(三)常用数词

应用文写作常用数字来说明问题,因此经常大量使用数字。在分析问题、说明问题时,运用数字,可以比较明确地表达事物的状态,从而加深对该事物的认识。如一个企业管理是否先进,只有运用同行业国内外的对比数字才能说明。邓小平同志在《关于科学和教育工作的几点意见》中,讲到我国科研人员少、队伍小时用了三个数字:美国科研队伍有 120 万人;前苏联是 90 万人;我们是 20 多万人。这三个数字勾勒出三个国家科研队伍的基本状况,十分清晰地说明了我国科研人员少、队伍小的现状。应用文常用的数字有以下几种:

举例

绝对数和概数

乐山大佛身高 71 米 ,头高 14 ﹒ 7 米 ,宽 10 米 。

平均数

力争五年内人口年平均增长率控制在千分之十二点五左右。

百分数

2003 年,我国粮食增长 16 %,棉花增长 66 %,糖料增长 83 %。

对比数

甲比乙多生产了两倍。

(四)运用应用文语言的要求

1 .叙述语言需简洁、概括。

在进行叙述时要用最简短的语言陈述特定时空的信息,通过概述事实的主干,而不应纠缠于耗时费事的具体情节之中。如有一篇表彰通报是这样写的: “ ××× 在科学研究上走的是一条不平凡的路,他全心扑在科研上,而忘记了个人的事。有一次孩子病了,他妻子在家里忙着护理,打电话到 ××× 单位叫他赶回家把孩子送医院治疗。 ××× 接了电话答应后,电话筒一放他又埋进了实验。他妻子在家中左等右等等不到他回家,急得像热锅上的蚂蚁,又往 ××× 单位打电话,这时 ××× 正潜心做实验,电话铃声都没听见了。他妻子又急又气只好打 120 急救中心的电话,才把孩子送往医院治疗。他的小孩高烧退后,还在问他妈妈:‘爸爸又出差了吗?或者还没下班……” 该公文将 ××× 先进事迹作为表彰决定的理由时,不懂得以最简洁的文字陈述特定时空的信息,通过快叙概述事实的主干,而仍用记叙文慢叙写话的方法表述公文事实,结果摆脱不了耗时费字的情节纠缠,公文内容冗长,不简明扼要,失去了公文的品味,违背了文约事丰的要求。

2 .语言表达要严谨、有分寸。

应用文语言表达是否严谨有分寸,关系到对问题的判断、处理是否合理、准确。如一份处理决定,其中这样写道: “李××在 1998 年 9 月间收受×××工程公司的 50 万元的巨款。案发后李××还和×××工程公司经理及会计订立攻守同盟,妄图掩盖其过错”。 文中“过错”一词有失严谨,表述与事实不符,李××的行为不是过失而是严重犯罪。

3 .数据语言书写要规范、清晰、准确。

具体要做到以下几点:( 1 )在同一篇文章中序数数字的体例要统一,不能体例混杂。如 “农历初一至初 7 放假” 一句,前后数字体例书写不规范,需统一书写。同时分数与小数的体例也必须统一。如 “该县企业所得税收入完成 95.6 万元,比去年增长百分之十三 ” 也出现了混写的错误。( 2 )表示公元世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻均需使用阿拉伯数字 , 而星期则用汉字。如” 21 世纪 ” 、“ 90 年代 ,“星期五”。( 3 )邻近两个数字并列表示概数时,应该用汉字书写,数字与数字之间不能用顿号将其隔开。如“ 3 、 4 天 ” 应写成”“三四天”,“七、八种”的“七”和“八”之间不能用顿号隔开。

4 .朴实、简洁。

应用文的语言要求准确无误,朴实无华,简洁有力,不像有些文学作品用华丽多彩的语言去描摹事物,呈现事物的形象,而是提倡朴素美,简洁美。如一篇公文是这样写的: “ 2000 年某天深夜,乌云密布,雷声隆隆,大雨倾盆而下,刹那间,美丽富饶的鱼米之乡被一片汪洋吞没。接连几天如注的暴雨,淹没了田野、冲毁了村庄和工厂,交通、电力、通讯一度中断。这百年不遇的特大洪涝灾害,给我乡造成了不可估量的损失。……” 这段语言就违反了应用文语言的写作要求,带有浓厚的文学色彩,不够朴实、简洁,也有失真实。

实训:

指出下面语段中语言表达的错误。

( 1 ) ××× 收受包工头的贿赂几十万元,造成国家直接或间接经济损失二千多万元。

( 2 ) ××× 自 1998 年以来用五年的时间,先后完成了省部级的科研成果十多项,多次获得国家省部级的奖励。

( 3 )国际化的经济浪潮汹涌澎湃,怀有强国之梦的国家就是以能加入 WTO 为最高梦境的。随着入关的脚步一天天逼迫,我市的乡镇企业局深入学习“三个代表”重要思想,真抓实干,使我市乡镇企业的局面生机盎然,发展蒸蒸日上,千帆竞发,波澜壮阔,入关前的我市乡镇企业的形势十分喜人……

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篇20:英语写作小技巧

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一. 肯定不如否定好

修辞的使用在书面表达中算作很大的亮点,在高中阶段很少有学生会注重修辞的应用。

双重否定也是种修辞,而且对于考生来说,只要稍加注意,可以在文章中设计双重否定的句子。

例如想表达“邮递员天天准时到”,如果写成The postman comes on time every day,就不如变成双重否定,The postman never fails to come on time,就变成了亮点句,起到强调作用。

“几乎每个人对生活的态度都不同程度受到地震的影响”,写成双重否定There was hardly a man or a woman whose attitude towards life had not been affected by the earthquake.

应用类似的修辞会在中为同学们加分。

二. 陈述不如倒装妙

在书面表达中阅卷老师喜欢看到的高级语法共有五种:倒装,强调,从句,独立主格和分词结构,以及虚拟语气。

倒装是一种最简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法。在高中阶段只需掌握倒装的四种形式,就足以应对书面表达。

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