中考英语写作万能模板【热门20篇】

一篇文章的结尾，是文章的画龙点睛之处，如何用精简的语言，最精确地总结和概括文章的意思呢?今天，的名师为您总结了5种文章结尾的方式，一起来看看吧。

1、Taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……

2、Taking into account all these factors， we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …

考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论……

3、Hence/Therefore， we’d better come to the conclusion that …

因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。

5、All in all， we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之，我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

有了以上的五种万能的结尾句型，我们在托福写作结尾的时候，就不用啰嗦一大堆又得不到分了。

导语：请以学生会文体部的名义为一场篮球友谊赛写一份海报，下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

看例文：

请以学生会文体部的名义为一场篮球友谊赛写一份海报，内容如下：

1. 参加者：美国北地中学校队和我校校队

2. 地点：水泥球场

3. 时间：2005年11月20日(星期天)下午4点

4. 组织者：我院学生会文体部

5. 海报发出时间：20XX年11月14日

POSTER

Friendly Basketball Match

Under the auspices of the Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the Students Union of our school,a friendly basketball watch will be held between the visiting U.S.Northfield Team and ours on the cement basketball count on Sunday, November20th 2005 at 4:00 p.m.

the Recreational and Physical Culture Department of the Students Union

November14th 20XX

命题作文一般限制较紧，不像话题作文、半命题作文那样宽松，文题有大、小、宽、窄、显、隐之别，所以审题是关键，也是难点。下面是小编为你带来的中考命题作文写作策略，欢迎阅读。

一、独词型命题用扩充法审题

给独词型标题加上合适的限制性词语，能使宽泛的题目变得具体、实在、易写，便于把文章写真、写小、写活。如面对“晨”的命题作文，在不改变原来文题的情况下可以用扩—展的办法将其转化为“人生之晨”“泰山之晨”“校园之晨”“车站的早晨”等来构思。又如“凝聚”(北京)，可以用扩充法审题后，从 “凝聚友情”“凝聚亲情”“凝聚力量”“凝聚爱心”“凝聚精力”等角度任选一个行文。

二、短语型命题用分析法审题

在审短语型的作文题时，将字数较多的作文题目压缩、拆解，抽出主干词或中心词，便于把握文章的中心，不易写跑题。

1.分析题眼法。题眼是标题的核心和灵魂，直接决定了选材和立意。如果标题是主谓句，题眼就在谓语或谓语中心词上，如“我做主”，“做主”就是题眼，立意上就应从其重点着墨，如“做国家的主人”“做命运的主人”“做自己的主人”“做某件事的主人”等。如果标题是动宾短语，题眼常在动词上，如“品味生活”，题眼就在“品味”上。如果标题是偏正短语，那么题眼一般是定语或状语。

2.分析关系法。即分析短语内各成分间的关系。如湖南邵阳中考命题作文“有你真好”，“有你”和“真好”之间暗含了“因为……所以”的关联词，所以要展现“有你真好”的原因和过程。

3.辨别标志法。就是通过辨识题目中标示文体的词语来明确作文的体裁，如题目中标有“记”“回忆”等字样或标明时间、地点、人物、事件、景物的，应写成记叙文;文题中出现“谈”“说”“议”“辨”“评”“析”“读”“感”“启迪”“启示”“体会”“感想”等字眼的，一般要写成议论文;文题中有 “介绍”“使用”“构造”“形成”等字眼的，一般要写成说明文;若文题中有象征性、形象性、抒情性意味的词语，多写以记叙为主、兼有抒情议论的散文。如 “记住这一 天”，“记住”表明这应该是一篇记叙兼议论、抒情的叙事散文或者以记叙、描写为基础的议论文。“这一天”对写作内容做了定位，要么，对“这一天”发生的、应该“记住”的事加以详细描写，要么对“记住这‘天”的理由用发散思维的方法加以阐释。

三、诗意型命题用揭示内涵法审题

受高考作文命题的影响，诗意化的命题逐渐走进中考作文，成为一道亮丽的风景，但也因此增加了审题和构思的难度。将诗意化命题的象征义、比喻义、引申义挖掘出来，才能使作文立意深刻起来。例如“打开一扇窗”，传统意义上，只有打开窗，才能看到外面的风景，才能有风和阳光进来，才能让阴暗、寒冷、污浊的斗室变成明亮、温暖和清新的天地。由此引申开来，这里的“窗”具有多种比喻意义和象征意义，例如心灵之窗、宽容之窗、智慧之窗、善良之窗、交流之窗、文学之窗等。

虽然一些命题作文没有引语，但有引语的作文命题就要谨慎审之了。引语的作用可能有三种：一是开拓写作思路，降低文题难度;二是明确写作方向，相当于暗示性的写作要求：三是引起考生的情感共鸣，便于调动写作素材。审引语的方法主要是提取关键词和切题联想。如浙江温州市中考作文题：

古人云“知行合一”“知易行难”，“知者”可贵，“行者”更可贵。“行者”，用行动诠释生活的意义，用行动抒写生命的美丽：鲁迅以直面人生的呐喊唤起民众的觉醒，“我”以满腔的热情帮助迪龙实现生命的蜕变，而面临危机的美丽汉语需要我们用行动去拯救。

当我们抱怨环境脏乱时，我们为什么不俯下身去?当我们接受善意的微笑时，为什么不报以同样的微笑?当我自怨自艾时，为什么不走向 更广阔的世界……行动，就在举手之间。

做一个“行者”，行动着，感悟着，收获着……

请以‘做—个‘行者’”为题写—篇文章。

要求：①文体不限;②不少于600字 (写咸诗歌不少于20行);③文中不得出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

前三段文字属于引语，从多个方面提示了写作的方向。第一段首句从三个方面，次句从两个方面，分别提供了写作立意的方向，第三句引导我们注意选用素材的角度。第二段从反面提醒我们不要抱怨 ，从小事做起，举手之间就可以做一个“行者”。第三段则提示考生可以分别叙写“行”的经历，抒写感悟和谈论收获。

导语：要在这个世界上获得成功，就必须坚持到底：至死都不能离手。以下是yuwenmi小编为大家精心整理的以坚持为话题的励志写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

典型论据

1850 次拒绝——坚持就是胜利

在美国，有一位穷困潦倒的年轻人，即使在身上全部的钱加起来都不够买一件像样的西服的时候，仍全心全意的坚持着自己心中的梦想，他想做演员，拍电影，当明星。

当时，好莱坞共有 500 家电影公司，他逐一数过，并且不止一遍。后来，他又根据自己认真划定的路线与排列好的名单顺序，带着自己写好的量身订做的剧本前去拜访。但第一遍下来，所有的 500 家电影公司没有一家愿意聘用他。

面对百分之百的拒绝，这位年轻人没有灰心，从最后一家被拒绝的电影公司出来之后，他复又从第一家开始，继续他的第二轮拜访与自我推荐。

在第二轮的拜访中， 500 家电影公司依然拒绝了他。

第三轮的拜访结果仍与第二轮相同。这位年轻人咬牙开始他的第四轮拜访，当拜访完第 349 家后，第 350 家电影公司的老板破天荒地答应愿意让他留下剧本先看一看。

几天后，年轻人获得通知，请他前去详细商谈。 就在这次商谈中，这家公司决定投资开拍这部电影，并请这位年轻人担任自己所写剧本中的男主角。

这部电影名叫《洛奇》。这位年轻人的名字就叫席维斯·史泰龙。现在翻开电影史，这部叫《洛奇》的电影与这个日后红遍全世界的巨星皆榜上有名。

平凡与不平凡——坚持不懈就是不平凡

海尔总裁张瑞敏先生在比较中日两个民族的认真精神时曾说：“如果让一个日本人每天擦桌子六次，日本人会不折不扣地执行，每天都会坚持擦六次;可是如果让一个中国人去做，那么他第一天可能擦六次，第二天可能擦六次，但到了第三天，可能就会擦五次、四次、三次。到后来，就不了了之。”有鉴于此，他表示，坚持做好每一件平凡的事就是不平凡。

孟子论“持之以恒”——学习就像挖井

最令人感佩的是数十年如一日的勤奋。孟子曾作过一个比喻：“有为者譬若掘井。掘井九仞而不及泉，犹为弃井也。”(《孟子·尽心上》)他说，学习就好比挖井，必须持续不断地努力才能见效。如果挖井挖下几丈不见水就放弃，那就只能是一口废井。持之以恒，是学习意志和持久力的表现，是学习由浅入深、由表及里不断深化的条件。

陶渊明论“持之以恒”——读书要日有所长

一个读书少年向陶渊明求教。陶渊明带他来到田边，指着尺把高的稻禾问：“你仔细瞧瞧，它现在是否在长高呢?”少年蹲下目不转睛地盯着禾苗，看了半天，说：“没见长啊。”陶渊明反问：“真的没见长吗?那么，春天的秧苗又是怎样变成尺把高的呢?”少年不解地摇头。陶渊明开导说：“其实这禾苗每时每刻都在生长，只是我们没观察到。读书学习也是这样。知识的增长是一点一滴积累的，有时自己都觉察不到。但只要勤学不辍，持之以恒，就会由知之不多变为知之甚多。所以，有人说勤学如春起之苗，不见其增，日有所长。”接着，陶渊明又指着一块大磨石问：“你看那磨石，为什么会出现像马鞍一样的凹面呢?”少年答：“那是磨损的。”“那你可曾见到，它是哪一天被磨损成这样的呢?”少年说：“不曾见过。”陶渊明又进一步诱导说：“这是农夫们天天在它上面磨刀、磨镰、磨锄，久而久之，磨损而成。由此可见，辍学如磨刀之石不见其损，日有所亏。学习一旦间断，所学知识就会不知不觉地慢慢忘掉。”循循善诱的开导，使少年悟到了为学必须“循序渐进，持之以恒”、“勤学则进，辍学则退”的道理。

多少年才能写成巨著——持之以恒是成功的“铁律”

马克思写《资本论》花了 40 年;达尔文写《物种起源》花了 20 年。

哥白尼写《天体运行论》花了 36 年;摩尔根写《古代社会》花了 40 年。

歌德写《浮士德》花了 60 年;托尔斯泰写《战争与和平》花了 37 年。

司马迁写《史记》花了 15 年;左思写《三都赋》花了 10 年。

李时珍写《本草纲目》花了 27 年;曹雪芹写《红楼梦》花了 10 年。

徐霞客写《徐霞客游记》花了 34 年。

从以上几个数字里，我们可以看到要成就一项事业，需要持久的恒心。所以，巴尔扎克说：“持续不断的劳动是人生的铁律，也是艺术的铁律。”

鲁迅写日记——硕果源自坚持

鲁迅从 1907 ～ 1936 年 30 年间写作(包括翻译)了 500 多万字的著作。在此期间，他不管工作、写作再忙，客观环境如何艰苦、恶劣，身体条件再差，都一直坚持写日记。 20 余年，从不间断，只有到最后病危的时候，才被迫停下笔来。

齐白石画画——生命不息笔不辍

勤劳是齐白石一辈子艺术生活的特点，在长期的艺术实践中，他不断刻苦努力，至老不衰。在 70 余年的画画生涯中，他差不多天天都要作画。 27 岁以后，只有两次害病，一次遭父母之丧才搁过笔。他的勤奋是持久有恒的，即使到了晚年，也没睡过早觉，每天照例黎明即起，吃过早饭，便要画上几幅。对艺术真是孜孜不倦。 1957 年他逝世这一年的春夏之际，他的精神有些不济了，健康情况已大不如以前，还丝毫不服老，顽强地和衰老作斗争，画了一幅花中之王——牡丹，这是他一生中画的最后一幅画。

徐特立毕生的坚持——活到老，学到老

徐特立认为读书固贵理解，也须记忆。要理解得好，必须记忆一些基本的东西。但老年人的记忆力衰退了，今天看的书，明天又忘了。因此他就把书中重要的地方，或精当的语句，用大字摘录出来，张贴在壁上，就寝前向壁朗读或默念，第二天起床，又是这样，一直到能背诵为止。 1976 年，他已经 90 高龄，仍坚持这样做。

欧立希的“六零六”——医学研究也需要持之以恒

细菌学家欧立希，为了医治当时流行的“昏睡病”，发现一种叫“阿托什尔”的化学药品，可杀死引起昏睡病的稚虫，但是，美中不足，这种药物又会给人带来双目失明。欧立希和他的助手坚忍不拔，经过 606 次试验，失败 605 次，终于成功地制造出一种既能挽救昏睡病人，又不伤害病人视力的药品，取名叫“六零六”。

米开朗琪罗绘成巨幅壁画——恒心成就艺术巨著

1508 年，意大利雕塑家、画家、诗人米开朗琪罗接受了为罗马西斯廷教堂绘屋顶大壁画的任务。任务相当艰巨：屋顶高达 20 多米，面积 300 平方米，画中人物 340 多个。他夜以继日地工作，多少次从脚手架上摔下来，还摔成过重伤。经过 4 年零 3 个月的艰苦努力，终于完成了这幅轰动全意大利的巨幅壁画，但他的身体已摔成畸形。

刀美兰成长的经历——持之以恒的练习是艺术造诣的保障

中央电视台《艺术人生》节目中介绍了著名舞蹈表演艺术家刀美兰成长的经历。刀美兰舞蹈以其质朴、自然、纯真、甜美的独特风格，给人们留下了难忘的印象。我国新舞蹈奠基人吴晓邦曾为之赞叹：这哪里是人在舞蹈 ? 分明是神从天上降临 ! 她之所以取得这样高的造诣，是与她平时苦练硬功分不开的。刀美兰在中央东方歌舞团工作时，住在一个仓库里，夏天热、冬天冷，生活环境十分艰苦，但她每天练十几个小时的基本功，累得有时连饭都不想吃，瘦得只有四十几公斤。年复一年，日复一日，持之以恒，这需要多么坚强的毅力 !

30 年努力造就成功——成功在于坚持

美国科学家富兰克林幼年家贫。他 8 岁上学， 12 岁就当印刷所的小学徒。但恶劣的环境并没有堵塞他寻求知识的途径。他发奋自学，硬是从零开始打基础，经过近 30 年的努力，自学了有关电学方面的大部分知识，从而正确地解释了电的性质——电荷守恒定律，成功地揭示了雷电的秘密。

挺住，再坚持一下——坚持，才能成功

1950 年，弗洛伦丝·查德威克因成为第一个成功横渡英吉利海峡的女性而闻名于世。两年后，她从卡德林那岛出发游向加利福尼亚海滩，梦想再创一项前无古人的纪录。

那天，海面浓雾迷漫，海水冰冷刺骨。在游了漫长的 16 个小时之后，她的嘴唇已冻得发紫，全身筋疲力尽而且一阵阵战栗。她抬头眺望远方，只见眼前雾霭茫茫，仿佛陆地离她还十分遥远。“现在还看不到海岸，看来这次无法游完全程了。”她这样想着，身体立刻就瘫软下来，甚至连再划一下水的力气都没有了。

“把我拖上去吧 ! ”她对陪伴着她的小艇上的人说。

“咬咬牙，再坚持一下。只剩一英里远了。”艇上的人鼓励她。

“别骗我。如果只剩一英里，我就应该能看到海岸。把我拖上去，快，把我拖上去 ! ”

于是，浑身瑟瑟发抖的查德威克被拖上了小艇。

小艇开足马力向前驶去。就在她裹紧毛毯喝了一杯热汤的工夫，褐色的海岸线就从浓雾中显现出来，她甚至都能隐隐约约地看到海滩上欢呼等待她的人群。到此时她才知道，艇上的人并没有骗她，她距成功确确实实只有一英里 ! 她仰天长叹，懊悔自己没能咬咬牙再坚持一下。

我们必须要有恒心——恒心意味着战胜一切困难

1867 年 11 月 7 日，居里夫人诞生于波兰华沙的一个中学物理教师的家庭。由于生活困难，她从 17 岁起给人当家庭教师。她把得来的工资寄给姐姐，帮助她到巴黎入医学院读书。 6 年后，姐姐毕业了，再回过头来帮助妹妹，使她也能到巴黎深造。她在巴黎大学读书期间，生活极其清苦。她租了 6 楼的一间小阁楼，夏天又闷又热，冬季冷得连脸盆里的水都结了冰。为了节省灯油，她晚上到附近图书馆看书，等图书馆关门后才回去，点起油灯，攻读到深夜二三点钟。严冬，她把所有的衣服都盖上，仍不足御寒。什么困难都挡不住她的上进心。她当家庭教师时给姐姐的信上写道：“我们的生活都不容易，但是那有什么关系 ? 我们必须有恒心，尤其要有自信力 ! 我们必须相信我们的天赋是要用来做某种事情的，无论代价多么大，这种事情必须做到 ! ”

决不能放弃——恒心是执著的精神

1948 年，牛津大学举办了一个“成功秘诀”讲座，邀请到了当时声誉已登峰造极的伟人丘吉尔来演讲。 3 个月前媒体就开始炒作，各界人士引颈等待，翘首以盼。

这天终于到来了，会场上人山人海，水泄不通。全世界各大新闻机构都到齐了。人们准备洗耳恭听这位大政治家、外交家、文学家 ( 丘吉尔曾获诺贝尔文学奖 ) 的成功秘诀。

丘吉尔用手势止住大家雷鸣般的掌声后，说：

“我成功的秘诀有三个：第一是，决不放弃;第二是，决不、决不放弃;第三是，决不、决不、决不能放弃 ! 我的讲演结束了。”

说完就走下讲台。

会场上沉寂了一分钟后，才爆发出热烈的掌声，经久不息。

哲理材料

与财富失之交臂

在日本有这样一则流传的故事。说的是有两个老实巴交的渔民，一个叫阿呆，一个叫阿土，他们都梦想着成为大富翁。有一天，阿呆做了一个梦，梦中有人告诉他对岸的岛上有座寺，寺里种有 49 棵朱槿，其中开红花的一株下有一坛黄金。阿呆满心欢喜地驾船去了对岸的小岛，岛上果然有座寺，并种有 49 棵朱槿。此时已是秋天，阿呆便住下了，等候着春暖花开。肃杀的隆冬一过，朱槿花怒放了，可都是清一色的淡黄，却没有一株开红花的。阿呆把这一切只当作了一场梦，垂头丧气地回到了村庄。

后来，阿土知道了此事，他仅用几文钱从阿呆那里买下了这个梦。阿土也去了那座岛，并找到了那座寺。时令又恰是金秋，阿土住下来静候着第二年那个充满希望和诱惑的春天。温馨的春风给寺里带来了勃勃生机，朱槿花凌空竞放，寺里一片灿烂。奇迹就在这个时候出现了：一株朱槿盛开出美丽绝伦的红花，阿土激动地在树底下挖出了一坛金灿灿的黄金。他成了村里最富有的人。

可怜又可悲的阿呆，他缺乏的正是那种再坚持一下的耐心，因而黄金竟与他擦肩而过。

蜂蜜如何酿出

一只蜜蜂要酿出一公斤蜂蜜须往来飞行 30 万公里，吸吮 1200 万个花朵的汁液，每次采集归来，还要把汁液从胃里吐出，由另一只蜜蜂吸到自己胃里，如此吞吞吐吐 120 次到 340 次，汁液成蜜汁，但这时的蜂蜜，还有大量的水分，不适宜储藏，蜜蜂还要不断地鼓翅扇风，使水分蒸发掉，最后变成浓稠的蜜糖。由此观之，蜂蜜酿自于蜜蜂的锲而不舍中。

磨杵成针

相传我国唐代大诗人李白，小时候念书缺乏耐心，常常逃学。有一天，他来到一座高山脚下，见一位老太太在磨一根铁棒。李白很疑惑，就上前追问。老太太告诉他要磨出一根绣花针。李白惊讶不已，铁棒如何磨成针呢?老太太说：“只要有恒心，不怕不成功。”李白深受启发，自此他发愤读书，毫不懈怠，终于成为一代“诗仙”。

永远的坐票

生活真是有趣：如果你只接受最好的，你经常会得到最好的。

有一个人经常出差，经常买不到对号入座的车票。可是无论长途短途，无论车上多挤，他总能找到座位。他的办法其实很简单，就是耐心地一节车厢一节车厢找过去。这个办法听上去似乎并不高明，但却很管用。每次，他都做好了从第一节车厢走到最后一节车厢的准备，可是每次他都用不着走到最后就会发现空位。他说，这是因为像他这样锲而不舍找座位的乘客实在不多。经常是在他落座的车厢里尚余若干座位，而在其他车厢的过道和车厢接头处，居然人满为患。

他说，大多数乘客轻易就被一两节车厢拥挤的表面现象迷惑了，不大细想在数十次停靠之中，从火车十几个车门上上下下的流动中蕴藏着不少提供座位的机遇;即使想到了，他们也没有那一份寻找的耐心。眼前一方小小立足之地很容易让大多数人满足，为了一两个座位背负着行囊挤来挤去有些人也觉得不值。他们还担心万一找不到座位，回头连个好好站着的地方也没有了。与生活中一些安于现状、不思进取、害怕失败的人，永远只能滞留在没有成功的起点上一样，这些不愿主动找座位的乘客大多只能在上车时最初的落脚之处一直站到下车。

推销成功的一剂药方

秘书把名片交给董事长，董事长不耐烦地把名片丢了出去。

门外的业务员礼貌地说：“没关系，我下次再来，请董事长留下我的名片。”

秘书又硬着头皮把名片递进去，董事长气极了，把名片撕成两半丢到垃圾桶里，并且拿了 5 块钱，发疯似的说：“ 5 块钱买他 1 张名片，叫他走 ! ”

秘书把 5 元钱交给业务员，业务员又拿出一张名片说：“我的名片 2 块 5 毛钱 1 张， 5 块钱可以买 2 张，所以我还欠董事长 l 张名片。麻烦交给他。”

没多久，办公室传出一阵笑声。接着，董事长满面笑容地走了出来，热情地把业务员迎了进去。

创新论证

放弃也是一种坚持

“做事要有恒心”，我们常常这样被叮咛着。同时，我们也在一直把“锲而不舍，金石可镂”当作我们的座右铭。但是有时我们经常会有这样的困惑，需要坚持的事情在过程中变质了，难道我们还需要继续坚持吗?面对这样的困惑，我想我们应该理直气壮地对它说“拜拜”。我们不再困惑，不再会被陷入这样的死胡同，因为我们选择了放弃。

然而事实上，说起来简单，做起来却很难。面对一段曾经真挚的感情，却遭受到朋友或者爱人的背弃，最糟糕的是我们无法割舍，无法从阴影中走出来，总是希望他们仍然在自己身边，无尽的痛苦甚至使我们想到了做傻事。但是这样的坚持仍然于事无补，我们必须要勇敢地对自己说：该放弃了。我想这样做更多的是一种解脱。

因此，勇敢地对自己说：我要放弃了。那么死胡同将离我们远去，新的大道向我们走来。

项羽学习：无恒心埋隐患

据史书记载，楚霸王项羽年少时对待学习用心不一，学书识字不多久就没兴趣了，想去学剑术，练剑时间不长又腻了，又欲学兵法。其叔父项梁对此大为光火，然而项羽却是“壮志凌云”，回答起来振振有词：“学书识字，能认会写自己的名字就足够了;剑术学得再精，也不过是学了一人敌的本事，微不足道;要学就学万人敌的本领。”这番话打动了项梁，于是便又开始向他传授起兵法。起初，项羽还学得挺有兴致，孰料时间一长，又故态复萌，依然浅尝辄止，结果没有一样能够坚持到底。项羽少年时代养成的这种坏毛病给他日后的“霸王事业”埋下了深深的隐患。他在楚汉战争中最终败北，其性情浮躁、缺乏恒心、谋略不足当属重要原因之一。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：写作方法就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法，是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

[关于英语作文的写作方法指导

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

根据下面的提示，以Talking about Having Sports为题编写一段对话(字数：80--120)。

提示：

Susan每天下午参加体育活动。她喜欢游泳，每星期游泳一次。David在中学时代也常游泳，但现在没有时间，人也开始发胖了。Susan邀请David当天下午一起去游泳，并约定下午三点在游泳池见面。

Talking about Having Sports

David： Susan, you like sports, dont you?

Susan： Yes. I have sports every afternoon.

David： Do you often go swimming?

Susan： Yes, I go swimming once a week.

David： I used to swim at middle school, but I don t have time any more.

Susan： Thats too bad! Exercise is very important.

David： I know. I am getting fat, you see. Anyway, I dont want to be heavy.

Susan： Well, Im going to swim this afternoon. Do you want to go with me?

David： OK! I really need more exercises. When and where shall we meet?

Susan： How about three oclock, at the swimming-pool?

David： All right. Good-bye!

Susan： Good-bye!

[英语中考作文练习Talking about Having Sports

在我们的英语写作过程中，如果能够很好的运用英语谚语，能给我们的作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷整理的高频谚语，一起来看看吧。

(一) Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

(二) One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

(三) Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

(四) A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

(五) Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

(六) All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

(七) Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

(八) More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

(九) Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

(十) All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

(十一) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

(十二) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

(十三) Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

(十四) A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

(十五) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

(十六) Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

(十七) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

(十八) well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

(十九) It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

(二十) Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

(二十一) Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

(二十二) An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

(二十三) As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

(二十四) To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

(二十五) Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

(二十六) Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

(二十七) First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

(二十八) Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

(二十九) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

(三十) live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

(三十一) Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

(三十二) East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

(三十三) Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

(三十四) Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

(三十五) Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

(三十六) The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

In recent years, internet voting has become increasingly popular in China.

People not only cast on-line votes themselves, but also urge others to vote for

competitions like the “Most Beautiful Teacher” and the “ Cutest Baby”.

Li Jiang, a high school student, is invited to vote in the “ Best Police

Officer 冶 competition, organized by the local government to let the public have

a better understanding of police officers’ daily work. Li Jiang visits the

website and reads all the stories. He is deeply moved by their glorious deeds.

He is already thinking of becoming a policeman himself in the future.

Su Hua is invited by his uncle to vote for his cousin in the “ Future

Singer冶 competition. He has already received three similar invitations this

week. His uncle tells him that if his cousin wins the competition, the family

will win an oversea s tour for free. Su Hua likes his cousin very much, but he

finds other singers perform even better. To vote, or not to vote This is a

question that troubles him very much.

导语：冬天的阳光最温暖，春天的和风最温暖;寒冷时的一件棉袄最温暖，饥饿时的一块面包最温暖;伤心时的一句安慰最温暖，困境中的一句鼓励最温暖……下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

冬天的阳光最温暖，春天的和风最温暖;寒冷时的一件棉袄最温暖，饥饿时的一块面包最温暖;伤心时的一句安慰最温暖，困境中的一句鼓励最温暖……生活中充满着温暖的种种情景。

请以“温暖”为话题，写一篇600字左右的文章。

素材一：超越血缘的亲情温暖人

2014年5月14日，朱水宝阿婆经过15年的坚持不懈，终于为“黑小囡”朱军龙办下收养证和上海户口。这段超越血缘的亲情，终于有了一条坚强的维系纽带。

2000年8月8日，市民朱阿婆买菜时，在路边草丛中发现一个光着身子、气若游丝、皮肤上长满了痱子的小孩。她心疼不已，将孩子抱回家，帮他洗澡。但阿婆怎么洗，发现他还是很黑，到医院检查，才发现是个外国黑人孩子。朱阿婆生活拮据，可一家人毅然决定：“无论如何留下宝宝，照顾他，抚养他长大成人!”

素材点拨： 温暖无距离，它足以穿越国家、种族的界限。朱阿婆的义举，是地地道道的大爱无疆，雄辩地告诉人们，关爱无国界。而十五年的坚持不懈，又是怎样的执着与坚守。这，也许正是超越血缘的亲情之爱。

素材二：请环卫工吃饭，温暖又体面

2014年12月4日，成都街头一家火锅店内十分温暖。该店闭门谢客，专门请来了辖区的180多名环卫工人，备上好酒好菜特意招待。负责此次活动的李先生表示，火锅店刚开张时，他们曾在街头散发了10多万张传单，不少都被丢在街道上，给环卫工人带来了很多负担，李先生希望通过这种方式以表达歉意。该火锅店按照50元每位的标准为环卫工人们配置菜品。闭门谢客不但体现了“请客”的诚意，更能让环卫工人在自由无拘束的环境下吃饭。

素材点拨：让每个人在阳光下有尊严地活着。热热的火锅，暖暖的心意。李先生以独特的方式，向环卫工人致歉，是对环卫工人劳动的理解与尊重，更是对弱势群体的关爱。事情虽小，但却传达出厚重的社会正能量，让人的内心充满着无限的温暖与感动。

素材三：“南网哥哥”用爱，走进温暖冬天

新年前几天，坐落在贵州黔东南从江地区的加榜中学在持续了数日的阴雨天气后，出现了第一缕阳光。南方电网调峰调频公司“南网哥哥”爱心团队代表们将募集到的棉鞋、手套、围巾等御寒物资送至50名贫困初中生手中，为山区贫困孩子送来了温暖。

近2年来，“南网哥哥”爱心团队已累计开展志愿服务70佘次，为孩子捐建爱心书屋2所，捐赠图书1500余册，组织学雷锋小组，开展“人人动手，绿化营地”植树等活动，累计援助贫困学生、留守儿童、孤寡老人和残疾人士等2000余人次，志愿服务时长超过7200小时。

素材点拨：爱心与善意是风吹不散的阳光。“南网哥哥”的爱心行动，给贫困山区的孩子们带来了阳光般的温暖。而且，爱，绝不是昙花一现般的心血来潮，而是持之以恒的过程。鲜活的数字，证明着“南网哥哥”的爱与奉献、执着与坚守，而那冬天里的温暖，足以打动每一颗易感的心灵。

一.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中

1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：一般过去时(虚拟语气中be→were)主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。

If we had time now, we would read it again.

If I were you, I would work hard.

2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词;主句：would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。

If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.

If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.

3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形;主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。

If it should rain, the crops would be saved.

If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.

P.S 虚拟条件句的特殊情况

(1). 混合/错综型虚拟语气

当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。

If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.(从句说的是过去，主句是现在)

If I were you, I would have taken his advice.(从句是现在，主句是过去)

(2)省略if的虚拟语气

如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。

If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?

If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over.

(3) 含蓄虚拟条件句

有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。

Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.

But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.

He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.

(4) 在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气

虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….’句型中，意为‘要不是由于…’。

If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.

If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.

二.虚拟语气用在名词性从句中

1.主语从句中的虚拟语气

这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词(名词，过去分词)+that+主语+should+动词原形(should可以省略)这种结构中。

常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.

常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.

常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame.

It was suggested that he(should)join the club activities.

It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.

It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.

2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气

①wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气(意为要是，但愿…就好了)，其形式主要有三种：

表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句

表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时/should，could have done

表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would，could+动词原形

Iwish it were spring all year round.

I wish it would be fine tomorrow.

She wished she had stayed at home.

②在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有：suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist(要求), order, prefer, command, ask, request.

The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.

P.S. 当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意;insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.

The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.

3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.

He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.

His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.

三.虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用

1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：

主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时(从句的动作与主句同时发生)

主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形(从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生)

主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时(从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前)

He talks as if he knew all about it.

She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.

He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.

2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。

It is time that we went home.

P.S.此句型中，注意与‘It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。

This is the first time that I have been here.

3.would rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气(宁愿，但愿)。

Would rather +主语+一般过去时(表示与现在或将来相反)

Would rather +主语+过去完成时(表示与过去相反)

I’d rather he didn’t go now.

I’d rather you hadn’t done it.

4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。

5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’

He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.

(他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了)

一个作文题目下来，虽然嘴里对着老师说不，但其实不管是骑着车，吃着饭，聊着天，还是做着其它的事，满脑子都是那些华丽的词藻，是该把它们放在开头?中间?还是结尾?思前想后却又总觉不妥，心里也想着不允许自己再犯走题这种低级错误。通常一篇作文出来之后，感动了自己，却又开始想着是否能打动老师?改过来改过去，也逐渐失去了自我。

现在，面对作文，除了压力，竟满满的都是恐惧，就像刚学会飞翔的小鸟，离开了地面后只想着往更远的高处，没有想着累了也该停下来歇歇脚，我连“磨刀不误砍柴功”这个道理也忘了。有时候就是应该给自己一些写作思绪，把自己真正感受到的东西写出来，文字功夫是在这个过程之中，但不是写作的全部。

我所说的写作思绪，好比如海明威给人的启发：写景，要把自己真正看到的写出来，如此写出的往往不华丽。那些写得华丽的，其实是写自己认为应该看到的，而非真正看到的，是用词藻填补和掩饰自己没有看到的。华丽的语言不一定能拼凑出最优秀的文章，但内心的故事永远是最美丽的，最真实的。

翻翻那本上了锁为自己写的日记吧，也许你能从中找到我所说的写作思绪，那里面暴露无疑的心情，总是最真实的。这个本子里所写的东西，无时无刻不在袒露出真实心绪和想法，看着这些自己信笔涂鸦的文字，一种欣慰惊喜的感觉总会溢满心怀。

天上飘着小雨，站在雨中。你大可不必模仿琼瑶剧的情深深雨蒙蒙，诗性大发般煽情地告诉我“这是雨在为我哭泣，它在暗示我们秋天的到来。”我只想说“这雨很凉”。

一群鸭子叫唤着从我面前走过，跳进河里，也请不要跟我说它如何在水里嬉戏，有多么多么开心，我只想说“它们没有那么多心理知识，它们只是在游泳，目的也很简单——驱热。”

读书、写作，一切自己真正想做的事情，做的时候都是享受。但是，倘若限定了时间，用赶任务的心情去做，加上了许多不必要的目的，享受就变成了苦役。还是给自己一些写作的思绪，让自己随心所欲地想、随心所欲地写吧，这才是真正地提高自己写作水准的途径。

[关于中考话题作文：给自己一些写作思绪

一、怎样审题

要作文，先审题。明范围，知题义;扣题眼，重点记;知数量，不离题;明人称，好下笔;附加语，须重视。写真情，出新意。

二、怎样观察

观察时，要巧妙。五感官，都用到。先用眼，仔细瞧，形色态，分辨好。触形态，善比较，观颜色，浓淡晓;看姿态，静动找。听声音，动脑筋。嗅气味，多闻闻;有顺序，抓重点;时间变，地点换，观察时，多体验;巧联想，抓特点;观察好，得用脑;多感官，结合好。

三、怎样收集材料

材料多，文章好;多读书，佳句找;勤观察，笔记好;多用心，善思考，勤摘录，多剪报。分条记，整理好;使用时，方便找;

四、怎样选材

选材料，须扣题。熟材料，反复比;选新颖，是第一;选真实，要牢记;选典型，有情趣。材料多，细琢磨;多比较，用心计。

五、怎样构思

先构思，后动笔;定中心，宜扣题。一文章，一中心;无须多，不偏离。想开头，思顺序;明重点，具体叙;线索明，思路清;巧过渡，会照应;时间变，按顺序;地点变，合事理;首和尾，要一致;立好意，才下笔。

六、怎样列题纲

构思好，列题纲;搭架子，行文畅。定顺序，理思路;明详略，细琢磨。首和尾，要贴妥。

七、怎样开头

开好头，是关键。直入题，时地点;设悬念，趣味见;描绘景，抒发情。借故事，吸引人;好诗句，引入文;借哲理，巧议论;先概述，再具体;要成功，须新颖;方法多，灵活用。

八、怎样结尾

结尾好，味无穷。自然收，渠自成;巧总结，中心明;善启发，留余声;要赞美，巧抒情;发议论，要点睛;象征景，味无穷;呼开头，暗照应;成一体，结构整。

九、怎样过渡

巧过渡，文无缝;衔接段，思路清。句过渡，用词语;巧铺路，很有趣。段过渡，句子好;架设桥，连接巧。篇过渡，用段落;妙连接，好处多。过渡处，要自然，忌生硬，忌死板;忌跳跃，忌突然。

十、怎样写具体

写文章，要具体。叙事文，重过程，细节处，须注意。写人物，动语神;细刻画，须用心;人物活，要逼真。状物文，抓特点，多形容，多修饰;善分解，巧对比。写景文，形色态，细心描，大胆想;静动态，重点忆。写活动，要注意：从整体，到部分;先场面，后聚焦。写联想，多比喻;可夸张，可排比;情趣浓，文具体。

十一、怎样绘景

描景物，怎下笔?写形状，须具体;绘颜色，浓淡宜;描形态，写情趣;多联想，多比喻;并列写，可排比;引诗句，妙无比;抓特点，按顺序，融入情，精描绘。

十二、怎样状物

状物文，要牢记：选好物，先熟悉。写植物，形色味，枝叶花，果实美，拟人化，用比喻;写成长，分四季，抓特点，重点记。写动物，描外形，分类描，要具体;写习性，抓特点，联生活，细节全，述感情，要自然。写物品，明来历，描外形，按顺序。形与色，要看清。写结构，知用途。抓重点，细描绘。人与物，用事例;生活趣，要典型。建筑物，远近看，抓特点，有重点;分层写，视点变;多联想，古今全;人物情，融其间。

十三、怎样叙事

叙事文，有人称;六要素，要记清;时地事，交代明;环境清，有人物;起因前，脉络连;写结果，别含糊。有重点，有详略;有细节，变化多;生活趣，人物情，事三折，文入胜。

十四、怎样记人

写人物，抓特点;描肖像，有重点;记衣着，不一般;言与行，要逼真，有细节，点神态;察心理，见精神。具体事，表特点。

十五、怎样修改

好文章，改百遍。读中改，细增删;多推敲，严把关。标点号，用恰当。调并换，文意畅;热加工，冷处理，互批改，互借鉴。改中写，技能练。

十六、怎样改写

改写文，有借鉴;改人称，语气变;改体裁，结构变。通读文，明要求;细比较，差异找。增删换，细推敲;多联想，要巧妙;多修改，达目标。

十七、怎样扩写

扩写文，有重点;明中心，抓要点;善想象，多描写，添细节，事不变;抒真情，巧议论;首尾新，故事全。

十八、怎样缩写

缩写文，意不变。理思路，明要点， 抓中心，留主干。 去枝叶，注意删。有首尾，有重点。

十九、怎样续写

续写文，要联想;人不变，事要变;新时间，新地点，新人物、新事件。变原因，变环境，变故事，变人称。新发展，结果变。合情理，出意料;故事妙，主题好。

二十一、怎样写看图作文

看图文，是创新。对照图，看仔细;一看人，二看景，三看事，分主次。推前因，想结果;多联想，想合理。看中想，求创新;写文章，要具体。

二十二、怎样写应用文

写日记，有格式，见闻感，都可记。自由写，随意记;天天写，要坚持。写书信，按格式，言得体，分层次;有中心，述真意。板报稿，要快捷;选材新，标题切;言简明，扬新风。应用文，格式明，多实践，活运用。

1、最近，…问题已引起人们的关注。

Recently， the problem of … has aroused people’s concern.

2、互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。

Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-daylife. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems aswell.

3、如今，(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。

Nowadays，(overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face.

4、随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为…

With the development of science and technology， more and more people believe that…

5、任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______is not an exception，it has both advantages anddisadvantages.

6、关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______。To them，_____。

7、人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______which is becoming more and moreserious.

8、……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on theirway.

9、……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

_____ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-daylife.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problemsas well.

10、根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to thefigure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bargraph/line/graph，it can be seenthat______while. Obviously，______，but why?

11、关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ 。Some people suggest that____。

12、俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______。 Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct inmany cases eventoday.

13、现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……更为糟糕的是……

Today， ____， which have brought a lot of harms inour daily life. First， ____Second，____。 What makesthings worse is that______。

14、现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……

Nowadays，it is common to______。

Many people like ______because ______。 Besides，______。

Knowledge and Intelligence

知识与智力

Knowledge is ones acquaintance with facts, truth, principles, through education, investigation, and experience, while wisdom is the quality or state of being knowledgeable and sensible; it is ones accumulated knowledge to form the right judgment and make the right decision.

知识是一个人通过教育、调查和经历，（表现出的）对现实、真理和原则的认识，而智慧是成为博学的和明智的一个特质或者状态；它是一个人（通过）累积的知识而做出正确的判断和决定。

It may follow that wisdom is the output end of the knowledge acquiring process.

知识可能遵循着，智慧是获取知识过程的最终输出端。

Simply put, knowledge makes one wise.

不仅如此，知识还会使人聪明。

[知识与智力英语中考优秀作文

中考命题作文包罗万象，大家知道如何学好作文吗？以下是为大家分享的中考半命题作文写作方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

题型解析

半命题作文就是命题时限定题目部分内容，学生根据要求将题目补充完整，然后再进行写作的作文命题形式。其灵活度介于话题作文与命题作文之间，既有所限制又不失开放性，能较为真实地反映学生的写作水平。纵观近年来全国中考，半命题作文作为一种传统的命题形式，越来越受到人们的青睐。在四种常见的作文类型中，半命题作文是最不容忽视的，也应是我们备考练习的重点内容。下面是归纳的几种常见命题形式：

一是前空型。如“_____是我致胜的魔杖”、“    的种子在我心中种下”、“____的岁月”、“____刷新着我的生活”等。

二是后空型。如“因为有____”、“错过    ”、“追寻那渐远的____”等。

三是中空型。这类题型要联系前后内容，确定写作的方向。如“有     陪伴的日子”、“留一份____给你”、“藏在____里的精彩”等。

四是“两空”型。这种命题要运用一定的联想和想象，把空缺之处补充完整。如“因为

我更        ”、“为____画上____”等。

解决策略

半命题作文写作，关键在于高明补题、精心构思。如果思维闭塞、缺乏创新，都是按照同样的思路去命题，则容易出现“干人一面”、千“空”一“词”的雷同题目现象。如何把半命题变为有利于自己发挥特长的命题，可以说是一种技巧和艺术。因此，要掌握半命题作文的补题技巧，写作时才会做到游刃有余、收放自如。

第一步：仔细斟酌 补好题目

1.准确理解，辨清题意

写好半命题作文，最重要的是拟好题目。我们应对题目认真审度，理解每个词语或句子的意思。如“我读    ”，从句子成分来分析，明显地缺少了宾语，加上宾语这就行了吗?不行。还要抓住至关重要的关键词。把握住了关键词语，也就掌握了正确理解题意的钥匙。题目中的关键词语，有的明显，有的隐蔽，有的甚至是命题者故意设置的迷惑和干扰因素。上面例题中的“读”就是关键词语，重点扣住“读”的程度或过程，把最能反映特殊爱好而自己又沉醉其中的那个事物名称填上就行了。如《我读四大名著》《我读澜沧江的浪花》《我读妈妈那颗期盼的心》等等。

2.细处入手，以小见大

如果拟题过大，往往难以下笔。以“善待 ____”这一半命题作文为例，不少考生运用散文化的笔法，写《善待生活》《善待他人》《善待时间》《善待大自然》……显然，要在如此短的篇幅中，写深写透一个主题，写起来不易把握，更不易写出自己的真情实感。要想使文章有深刻的立意，最好采用以小见大的手法来写，这样才能使文章内容充实，主题深刻。如选取生活中你最为心动的一个场景、印象最深的一件事、最受感动的一个细节，用自我独特的情感体验，去表现最动人的情感，这样的文章更容易得高分。因此补题要避免雷同，要从小处切入，才能写得具体，写得生动。如以《善待地球》为题，可以选取有代表性的场景，抓住几个真实的、震撼人心的镜头，注意细节取胜，让人感受到地球被毁坏的惨状和大自然警钟长鸣的力量，挖掘出深刻的立意。

3.诗意命题，匠心独具

在生活中，每个人都会在不经意时错过一些美好的、珍贵的、受益的东西。它可能是一位好友，一段真情，一片风景，一个物件，或者是一句真诚的劝说，一次难得的机遇，一声礼貌的道谢……而这一切错失的背后，应该都有一段刻骨铭心的故事与非同寻常的意义。请将你的故事与感悟写出来与大家分享。请以 “曾经错过的____”为题，写一篇不少于600字的记叙文。

近几年来，诗意化的命题逐渐走进了中考作文，成为一道亮丽的风景，但也因此增加了审题和构思的难度。考生要将诗意化命题的象征义、比喻义、引申义挖掘出来，使作文立意深刻含蓄。如上述命题，大多数考生补题为：一段友情、一次机遇、一个道歉等。如此补题易于构思行文，但均出自提示语中，造成雷同，毫无特色。我们不妨展开想象，化实为虚，补出新意。在文题的横线上补上：一轮明月、一米阳光、那个季节、那缕芬芳、暗香盈袖的日子、梦想拔节的日子……这些文题新颖生动，既富有诗意，又蕴有理趣，能激发读者美好的遐想。

第二步：理清思路 立意出新

不难看出，半命题作文的立意，实际上往往与作者的补题构思同步进行。考场作文立意水平的高下决定着作文的成败，而立意水平的高下又取决于作者平时的生活积淀和感悟人生、提炼思想的水平。下面谈谈半命题作文立意的三点要求：

1.准确。准确是前提，立意不准，全盘皆输。求准，首先就是要准确理解文题中的关键词语：也有人称之为“题眼”“题魂”。立意前须把握题中已有的修饰或限制性词语，准确理解已给文字的含义十分重要。同时，半命题作文如果有引语，往往以精辟优美、寓意深刻、情感浓郁的语句导人作文情境，或阐释，或举例，或提示，往往有着激发写作情思、界定选材范围的作用。

2.新颖。即对题中已有概念的理解要避开一般层面而取题意允许的新层面。例如“拒绝____”一题，一般考生在横线上补充上“自卑”“儒弱” “平庸”“自我封闭”等宾语，构成动宾短语，这类文章都含有自我审视和校正的色彩。有的考生却能避开这一般模式，机智地补出别具一格的题目，闪烁出与众不同的文学色彩、哲理色彩，如《拒绝再玩》《拒绝长大》《拒绝末日》等。在求新的同时，所补题目须利于我们选用自己熟悉的、有感情、有特色的题材，这样就能做到有材料可写，有情可抒发。

3.深刻。这不是指故作高深，而是指由表象进入本质，由感性进入理性。例如作文题“我多想____”，你若补“唱”，则文章未免肤浅；你若补 “飞”，这比“唱”可能要好一些，但也流于一般。其实所补写的内容可实可虚，可近可远，你只要大胆发挥想象，尽可以游览于草木山水之间，徜徉于琴棋书画之中，关键在于你是否有较为丰富深刻的人生思考。例如有位考生拟题《我多想把你留住》，作者从运河水当年的清澈、宁静写到现在的浑浊、喧嚣，写到了人对大自然的毁坏，也感悟到世态沧桑和“水如人生”的哲理，平中见奇，于一般中见深刻。

第三步：明确要求 写出特色

有的半命题作文前有引语，要谨慎审视，提取关键词语和切题联想。在文题的后面，往往都有一个“要求”，常对诸如写作范围、角度、文体、字数等方面作了一些限定。审这些要求的方法与全命题作文的相同，此不赘述。

饮食安全是指对人体健康不造成任何急性、亚急性或者慢性危害。下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语作文范文，希望对你有帮助。

假如你是一所国际学校校办英文杂志的学生编辑。你看了下面这封信后，也想写一篇关于该信的读后感，内容要点包括：你对此事件的看法;解释你的理由并提出你的建议;向受害者表达尽快康复的祝愿。

★ 范文1

Today, I received the readers letter. I was shocked at it. Personally speaking, I think we should pay more attention to the food safety. The government must make some necessary laws. Whats more, some businessmen shouldnt be only interested in making money. They must care about peoples health. Wed better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious, because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health。

Finally, I hope the family in the accident will get better soon。

★ 范文2

From this incident,we can see that there are still more things to be done.Firstly,the government needs everything possible to ensure the quality of products,particularly the safety of food as this concerns everyones life.Secondly,as for the producers,it is very important for them to be morally honest.They should never try to pursue profit or economic growth at the expense of health and life of people.Thirdly,we consumers must attach importance to the things we eat and develop an awareness of how to protect our legal rights if cheated.Only in this way will we be able to build a more secure and harmonious society.

人支配习惯，而不是习惯支配人。---------奥斯特洛夫斯基

习惯是人的第二本性。它使我们不能认识一个人的主要本性，就这一点而言，习惯既非残忍也不迷人。--------普鲁斯特

不能摆脱是人生的苦恼根源之一，恋爱尤其是如此。-------塞涅卡

为了失恋而耽误前途，是一生的损失。------霍海

既然失恋，就必须死心，断线而去的风筝是不可能追回来的。--------巴尔扎克

习惯是一种最糟糕的痼疾，因为它使人们接受任何的不幸，任何的痛苦，任何的死亡。出于习惯，人们可以与自己憎恶的人生活在一起，学会戴镣铐，忍受不公正和痛苦，以至对痛苦、孤独以及其他一切都逆来顺受。习惯是一剂最无情的毒药，因为它慢慢地，不声不响地潜入到我们的机体，并在不知不觉中滋长起来。当我们发现它时，机体的每个细胞都已与它相适应，每一个动作都受它的制约，已经没有任何药物能够治愈。---------奥里亚娜•法拉奇

习惯就是一切--------甚至在爱情中也是如此。--------沃维纳格

任何事物都不如习惯那样强有力。--------奥维德

熟习减除对于事物的恐惧。--------伊索

习惯使我们顺从一切。--------伯顿

习惯没有法律那样明智，可它们往往更盛行。-------狄斯累利

习惯之链的力量很弱，因而往往感觉不到，但一当感觉到了，它已是牢不可摧的了。--------塞缪尔•约翰逊

习惯是智者的祸患、蠢货的偶像。--------托马斯•富勒

欲修其身者，先正其心;欲正其心者，先诚其意。-------礼记

芝兰生于幽林，不以无人而不芳;君子修道立德，不为穷困而改节。--------孔子

高行微言，所以修身。--------黄石公

闻人之谤当自修，闻人之誉当自惧。-------胡居仁

君子之守，修其身而天下平。-------孟子

修其本而末自应。--------苏轼

兰芳不厌谷幽，君子不为名修。------《养正遗规》

修身以不护短为第一长进。人能不护短，则长进者至矣。------吕坤

日省其身，有则改之，无则加勉。-------朱熹

正已而不求于人。------礼记

富贵不傲物，贫贱不易行。------晏子

学苍竹到老虚心留劲节，敬苍松久经风雨不知寒。--------格言

古之欲明德于天下者，先治其国;欲治其国者，先齐其家;欲齐其家者，先修其身;欲修其身者，先正其心，欲正其心者，先诚其意;欲诚其意者，先致其知;致知在格物。---------礼记

一个人必须把他的全部力量用于努力改善自身，而不能把他的力量浪费在任何别的事情上。---------列夫•托尔斯泰

君子之行，静以修身，俭以养德，非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。------诸葛亮

习气那个怪物，虽然是魔鬼，会吞掉一切的羞耻心，也会做天使，把日积月累的美德善行熏陶成自然而然而令人安之若素的家常便饭。-------莎士比亚

既然习惯是人生的主宰，人们就应当努力求得好的习惯。习惯如果是在幼年就起始的，那就是最完美的习惯，这是一定的，这个我们叫做教育。教育其实是一种从早年就起始的习惯。------培根

一、开头句型

我们常说，良好的开端等于成功的一半。做事如此，作文也是如此。所以我们颇有必要在作文的开头花一番心思。

在写议论文时，你通常以什么样的方式开头呢?最简单也最常用的可能就是开门见山法。也就是说———直截了当地提出你对这个问题的观点，点出文章的中心思想。

I....has both advantages and disadvantages.……既有利又有弊。例如：

1.Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages.

2.Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages.

3.Com pared with cars，bikes have their advantages and disadvantages.

例如：

1.With the rapid increase of Chinas population，housing problem is becoming more and more serious.

随着中国人口的急剧增加，住房问题越来越突出。

2.With more and more women entering society，peoples attitude towards women is changing.

随着越来越多的妇女走入社会，人们对妇女的态度也在改变。

3.With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up，an increasing number of Chinese families can afford a car.

随着中国改革开放的深入，越来越多的中国家庭买得起车了。(“越来越多”除了常用的more and more外，还可以用an increasing number of， a growing number of，a significant number of，a great number of等来表达。)

二、结尾句型

英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨论的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到in one /a word，generally speaking等外，没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型。

V....take measures to do sth.例如：

1.We should take measures to control pollution in order to save the world.

2.Wed better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams.

3.The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse.

4.Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks.

导语：中考时，英语作文是必考项，重要性不言而喻。它也是让大多数学生最头疼的事情。词汇是最重要的一部分。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

above prep. 在 …… 上面

a. 上面的

ad. 在 …… 之上

abroad ad. 到(在)国外

absent a. 缺席， 不在

accent n. 口音，音调

accept vt. 接受

accident n. 事故，意外的事

ache vi.& n. 痛，疼痛

achieve vt. 达到，取得

across prep. 横过，穿过

act n. 法令，条例 v. (戏)表演，扮演(角色)，演出(戏);行动，做事

action n. 行动

active a. 积极的，主动的

activity n. 活动

add vt. 添加，增加

address n. 地址

advantage n. 优点; 好处

advertisement n. 广告

advice n. 忠告，劝告，建议

advise vt. 忠告，劝告，建议

afford vt. 负担得起( …… 的费用);抽得出(时间);提供

afraid a. 害怕的;担心

after ad. 在后;后来 prep. 在 …… 之后;在 …… 后面 conj. 在 …… 以后

afternoon n. 下午，午后

again ad. 再一次;再，又

against prep. 对着，反对

age n. 年龄;时代

ago ad. 以前

agree v. 同意;应允

agreement n. 同意，一致;协定，协议

air n. 空气;大气

airline n. 航空公司;航空系统

airplane n. (美)飞机

airport n. 航空站，飞机场

alive a. 活着的，存在的

all ad. 全部地

a. 全(部);所有的;总;整

pron. 全部;全体人员

allow vt. 允许，准许

almost ad. 几乎，差不多

alone a. 单独的，孤独的

along ad. 向前;和 …… 一起;一同

prep. 沿着;顺着

aloud ad. 大声地

already ad. 已经

also ad. 也

although conj. 虽然，尽管

always ad. 总是;一直;永远

America * n. 美国;美洲

American a. 美国的;美国人的 n. 美国人

among prep. 在 …… 中间;在(三个以上)之间

amuse vt. (使人)快乐，逗乐

ancient a. 古代的，古老的

and conj. 和;又;而

angry a. 生气的，愤怒的

animal n. 动物

another a. 再一;另一;别的;不同的 pron. 另一个

answer n. 回答，答复;回信; 答案 v. 回答，答复;回信;(作出)答案

ant n. 蚂蚁

any pron. (无论)哪一个;哪些 任何的;(用于疑问句、否定句)一些;什么

anybody pron. 任何人，无论谁

anyone pron. 任何人，无论谁

anything pron. 什么事(物);任何事(物)

anyway ad. 不管怎样

anywhere ad. 任何地方

appear vi. 出现

apple n. 苹果

April n. 4 月

area n. 面积;地域，地方，区域;范围，领域

arm n. 臂 , 支架

army n. 军队

around ad. 在周围;在附近 prep. 在 …… 周围;大约

arrive vi. 到达;达到

article n. 文章; 东西;冠词

art n. 艺术，美术;技艺

asad.& conj. 像 …… 一样;如同;因为 prep. 作为，当做

Asia * n. 亚洲

Asian a. 亚洲的，亚洲人的 n. 亚洲人

ask v. 问，询问;请求，要求;邀请

asleep a. 睡着的，熟睡

at prep. 在(几点钟);在(某处)

Atlantic a. 大西洋的

attention n. 注意，关心

August n. 8 月

aunt n. 伯母;舅母;婶;姑;姨

Australia * n. 澳洲;澳大利亚

Australian a. 澳洲的，澳大利亚人的 n. 澳大利亚人

autumn n. 秋天，秋季

avoid v. 避免，躲开，逃避

awake (awoke, awo ken) v. 唤醒 醒着的

away ad. 离开;远离