英国和美国的文化差异英语作文（推荐20篇）

Music美国人的音乐爱好

James Fenimore Cooper, an early American writer, once said, "The Americans are almost ignorant of the art of music." If that was once true, you would never know it today. Most Americans——even those without a musical bone in their bodies——have a favorite style of music. Many people enjoy classical and folk music from around the world. But other popular music styles in America were "made in the U.S.A."

一位美国早期的作家柯柏(James Fenimore Cooper)曾说：「美国人对音乐艺术几乎可以说是相当的无知。」如果这话曾经是事实，今日你绝不会这么认为了。大部份的美国人，甚至包括那些没有音乐细胞的人，都有自己喜爱的音乐型态。许多人喜欢世界各国的古典音乐和民俗音乐，然而美国其它的流行音乐则是「在美国制造」的。

Country and western music lies close to the heart of many Americans. This style originated among country folks in the southern and western United States. Country music tells down-to-earth stories about love and lifes hardships. Guitars, banjos and violins——also known as fiddles——give country music its characteristic sound. The home of country music is Nashville, Tennessee——Music City U.S.A. Country music even has its own theme park called "Opryland" where you can enjoy music shows and fun rides. "The Grand Ole Opry," the oldest radio show in the United States, broadcasts country music live from Opryland every weekend.

乡村和西部音乐深得很多美国人的人心，这种型态的音乐起源于美国南部和西部的乡村小民们。乡村音乐传述着真实不加渲染的爱情故事和生活中的艰难。吉他、五弦琴和小提琴(violin又名fiddle)可弹奏出乡村音乐的特殊音色。乡村音乐的发源地是田纳西州的纳许维尔市——美国的音乐城市。而乡村音乐甚至还有它自己的主题乐园——Opryland呢!在那儿你可以享受音乐表演以及好玩的游乐设施。美国最老牌的广播节目「The Grand Ole Opry」每个周末都实况播放Opryland的音乐。

Jazz music, developed by African-Americans in the late 1800s, allows performers to freely express their emotions and musical skill. Instead of just playing the melody, jazz musicians improvise different tunes using the same chords. The peak of jazz music came in the 1920s, known as "The Jazz Era." This period produced musicians like Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington. These musicians later created the "big band" sounds of the 1930s. Different styles of jazz developed in different cities, such as New Orleans, Chicago, New York and Kansas City. Composer George Gershwin brought jazz into the world of classical music with pieces like "Rhapsody in Blue."

爵士乐是十九世纪末期由非裔的美国人发展出来的。它让表演者自由地表现他们的情感和音乐技巧。不仅演奏旋律，爵士音乐大师用同样的和弦即兴演奏出不同的曲调。爵士乐的高峰期出现于二○年代，该时期被称为「爵士年代」。这个时期创造出来的乐手有阿姆斯特朗(Louise Armstrong)，古德曼(Benny goodman)和埃林顿(Duke Ellington)。这些乐手稍后都创造了三○年代的「大乐团」之音。在不同的城市也孕育出不同的爵士风格，像是纽奥尔良、芝加哥、纽约和坎萨斯市。作曲家盖希文(George Gershwin)更以像「蓝色狂想曲」这样的作品，将爵士乐带入古典音乐的世界里。

James Fenimore Cooper, an early American writer, once said, "The Americans are almost ignorant of the art of music." If that was once true, you would never know it today. Most Americans——even those without a musical bone in their bodies——have a favorite style of music. Many people enjoy classical and folk music from around the world. But other popular music styles in America were "made in the U.S.A."

一位美国早期的作家柯柏(James Fenimore Cooper)曾说：「美国人对音乐艺术几乎可以说是相当的无知。」如果这话曾经是事实，今日你绝不会这么认为了。大部份的美国人，甚至包括那些没有音乐细胞的人，都有自己喜爱的音乐型态。许多人喜欢世界各国的古典音乐和民俗音乐，然而美国其它的流行音乐则是「在美国制造」的。

Country and western music lies close to the heart of many Americans. This style originated among country folks in the southern and western United States. Country music tells down-to-earth stories about love and lifes hardships. Guitars, banjos and violins——also known as fiddles——give country music its characteristic sound. The home of country music is Nashville, Tennessee——Music City U.S.A. Country music even has its own theme park called "Opryland" where you can enjoy music shows and fun rides. "The Grand Ole Opry," the oldest radio show in the United States, broadcasts country music live from Opryland every weekend.

乡村和西部音乐深得很多美国人的人心，这种型态的音乐起源于美国南部和西部的乡村小民们。乡村音乐传述着真实不加渲染的爱情故事和生活中的艰难。吉他、五弦琴和小提琴(violin又名fiddle)可弹奏出乡村音乐的特殊音色。乡村音乐的发源地是田纳西州的纳许维尔市——美国的音乐城市。而乡村音乐甚至还有它自己的主题乐园——Opryland呢!在那儿你可以享受音乐表演以及好玩的游乐设施。美国最老牌的广播节目「The Grand Ole Opry」每个周末都实况播放Opryland的音乐。

Jazz music, developed by African-Americans in the late 1800s, allows performers to freely express their emotions and musical skill. Instead of just playing the melody, jazz musicians improvise different tunes using the same chords. The peak of jazz music came in the 1920s, known as "The Jazz Era." This period produced musicians like Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington. These musicians later created the "big band" sounds of the 1930s. Different styles of jazz developed in different cities, such as New Orleans, Chicago, New York and Kansas City. Composer George Gershwin brought jazz into the world of classical music with pieces like "Rhapsody in Blue."

爵士乐是十九世纪末期由非裔的美国人发展出来的。它让表演者自由地表现他们的情感和音乐技巧。不仅演奏旋律，爵士音乐大师用同样的和弦即兴演奏出不同的曲调。爵士乐的高峰期出现于二○年代，该时期被称为「爵士年代」。这个时期创造出来的乐手有阿姆斯特朗(Louise Armstrong)，古德曼(Benny goodman)和埃林顿(Duke Ellington)。这些乐手稍后都创造了三○年代的「大乐团」之音。在不同的城市也孕育出不同的爵士风格，像是纽奥尔良、芝加哥、纽约和坎萨斯市。作曲家盖希文(George Gershwin)更以像「蓝色狂想曲」这样的作品，将爵士乐带入古典音乐的世界里。

[描述美国的英语作文

A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self- sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes.

Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish s central religious concept of Demut humility , clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.

[以民俗文化为题的英语作文

For the student who wants to improve his English quickly and learn about American customs firsthand, there is often an opportunity to live with an American family. There may be some disadvantages in this arrangement; however, I believe there are far more advantages.

First of all, the disadvantages may include lack of privacy and little opportunity to be independent. They will lose the chance of living on their own. Another drawback to living in an American home involves the possibility that the family may treat the student like a child. For example, the parents may want to decide who his friends should be and where he should go during his leisure time.

Even though there may be some disadvantages in living with an American family, the advantage far overweighs them. By taking part in a home-stay program, the student has an excellent opportunity to learn about American customs. Also, he will learn about many other aspects about American way of life, such as the way schools are run in the U nited States. And the family will no doubt make cerlain that he becomes acquainted with this new way of life, and soon he will feel at home.

前几天，我读了两篇神话——读《普罗米修斯的故事》和《燧氏钻木取火》后，我深有感触。

《普罗米修斯的故事》讲了普罗米修斯同情人类，为人类盗火结果被宙斯惩罚。《燧氏钻木取火》讲的是一个叫燧氏的年轻人在伏羲的指引下发现了钻木取火的方法。

读了两篇神话后，我发现了它们有相同点，也有不同点。相同点在于他们都是由一位天神帮助人类，带给人类光明，而且都很同情人类。不同点有两点，第一点：东方神话——《燧氏钻木取火》，伏羲同情人类，直接赐火给人类，然后将火熄灭再给出提示，告诉人类火在哪里，有人类自己寻找方法，从这里可以看出东方天神的博爱。而西方神话——《普罗米修斯的故事》我认为西方既有善良、勇敢的神，就比如普罗米修斯，他同情人类，于是冒险去见宙斯，请求宙斯把火赐给人类，可宙斯却说：“不给就是不给！”但他为什么不愿意把火给人类呢？因为宙斯自私，他希望人类永远愚昧无知，这样他就可以通知世界了。由于宙斯不赐火给人类，那么普罗米修斯也只好去盗火，结果被宙斯发现，普罗米修斯被捆在了高加索山的最高峰上，受尽折磨，这就说明了普罗米修斯的勇敢，可也写出了宙斯的自私、残酷无情。将东西方神话一对比，我发现东方天神很博爱，也很智慧，他将提示给人类，让人类自己找方法。

第二点是：《燧氏钻木取火》，伏羲指引年轻人，让他找到了永不熄灭的火种——钻木取火的方法，说明东方人民注重的是方法，方法是靠人想出来的，也就是说人们只相信人自己的力量。《普罗米修斯的故事》是普罗米修斯为人类盗火，这样会让人类觉得——神什么都可以做到，便养成了一种依赖。这说明西方的人民相信神，认为神可以给人一切。

读完这两篇神话后，解决了我的一个问题——为什么中国的发展比其它国家快，因为中国人相信自己的力量，而西方人民相信神。

American culture, in a sense, is an extension of European culture, because the language of the Americans, demographic composition and her spirit of the foundation are from Europe. On the other hand, American culture with Europe, because European immigrants in the North American continent to drive away after taking the Indians, in a barren wilderness land to create a stunning is the splendid civilization. Therefore, in the United States talk about cultural practices and social propriety, it is necessary to take account of the same culture of Europe and the United States, but also pay attention to both of the opposite sex. Cultural practices is a wide scope and complexity of the topic, people involved in social life and relations In all aspects.

Of tolerance.

The United States is a country of immigrants, the ancestors from around the world. People emigrated to the United States, not only in the location to move on, but also in their country and customs of the council to a new place of residence. As miscellaneous, people their differences very obvious because the differences are very common, people do not particularly pay attention to unity. In time, the cultural practices of the Americans formed a higher level of tolerance (tolerance), the different cultures and different appraisals on tolerance, an acceptable attitude. At this point, the U.S. society feasible than the custom of other countries in the world more broadly.

From a political perspective, this tolerance of performance in the pursuit of freedom and the right to freedom of maintenance. From the religious that it reflected in the harmonious coexistence of different faiths. From the viewpoint of life, and it appeared in different communities, different ethnic communities live in peace. In a nutshell, in the United States, each person can basically arbitrary choice of different ideas, beliefs, traditions and customs and way of life; people can also keep a considerable extent, their customs and instrument. For example, Jews can celebrate their religious festivals, and Christians are to their Christmas and Easter. For example, again, the United States by Chinese in Chinatown Chinese live and work; the same token, the Vietnamese immigrants in their "little Saigon" according to Vietnams way of doing business and engaged in various activities.

Americans of tolerance, in addition to the above United States is a country that factors other than immigration, and the frequent movement of the Americans. As everyone knows, the history of the United States in the development of an important part of her history of the development of the western region. At that time, the United States Blazers or hiking, horseback or car, from east to west, from north to south, wherever there are opportunities, there Jiuwang resettlement. The frequent migration and continuous replacement of the Habitat so that people will always be in the "mobile", and the occasional different facing the phenomenon of tolerance and more easily accepted. Moreover, the current migration also can help people expand the field of vision, known more widely know, the different practices with sympathy, understanding, and gradually formed diversity rather than uniformity of the openness of the concept.

As the Americans tolerant of stronger, so very few Americans to impose its will on other people, with China Confucius "by the others do not want to, not to impose on" the very Guxun like. For example, a husband may be a Republican, but he must not support the Democratic Party forced his wife to change political stance. Similarly, perhaps the mother is a Catholic, but she must not have forced her into a Muslim convert son to change religion. In their daily lives and habits of business in normal times, this spirit of tolerance is a common occurrence, commonplace.

Old People in America

In the old days,American families were bigger. People had more children,and grandparents and great-grandparents lived with their families. But now, families are smaller, and many old people

live alone. At the same time, Americans are living longer and longer. The number of old people is always growing.

Some old people like to stay in their old homes. They do not want to move from their old homes. They do not want to move from their hometown. They are near their .friends and family. But some do not have a lot of friends. They want to meet new people. They want to live in a quiet place with other people of their age.

A large number of old people are moving to the South. It is warm there. You do not have to walk through the snow in winter,or pay a lot of money for heating.

A large number of old people are moving to the South only for old people. One of these is Sun City, near Phoenix, Arizona. All the families in Sun City must have one person over the age of 50 ,and children under 18 years old cant live there.

美国的老人

以前美国都是大家庭，Old People in America(美国的老人)，四六级写作《Old People in America(美国的老人)》。人们孩子很多，祖父母和曾祖父母都和家人在一起生活。但现在，家庭越来越小，许多老人独自生活。与此同时，美国人越活越长。老年人的数目总在不断增长。

有些老人喜欢呆在他们原来的房子里。他们不愿意从旧房子里搬出来。他们不想离开家乡。他们想住在朋友和家人附近。但是有些老人朋友不多，他们想结交新人，他们想和其他同龄的老人共同居住在一个僻静的地方。

很多老人正在迁往南部，那里天气暖和。冬天的时候不需要在雪中走路，也不需要交大笔取暖费。

很多老人正在迁往只允许老人居住的南部城市。其中之一就是亚利桑那州菲尼克斯附近的太阳城。太阳城居住的所有家庭都必须有一个成员在50岁以上，18岁以下的孩子能住在那里。

[美国的老人英语作文150词

中美文化差异

国人见面打招呼时，喜欢问“你吃了吗?”“你去哪呀?”

而西方人对此都感到很怪异。

An American studying in China had an appointment at noon. As he was getting on his bicycle a Chinese friend passed by. "吃了吗?”The young Chinese asked. This, of course, is a common Chinese greeting around meal time and the American merely nodded with a smile, waved goodbye and went off. He realized that his friend’s remark was nothing more than a Chinese way of saying hello or Hi. If the greeting had been put literally into English "Have you eaten yet?" Or “Have you had your lunch? " It would have sounded rather unusual. To Americans, this greeting might mean this: "I havent either. Come on, let’s go together and get something to eat." or "If you haven’t, I was just going to invite you to my place." In other words, it could indicate an invitation to a meal.

Actually , another foreign student who had not been long in China once complained in broken Chinese 你们为什么老问我吃了饭没有?我有钱。To his way of thinking, people were concerned that he was not getting his meals properly because of lack of money. Clearly, he was offended. There is a similar Chinese greeting, such as "上哪儿去啊?""到哪儿去啦?" Which if translated literally, would be "Where are yon going?" Or "Where have you been?" The natural reaction of most English-speaking people to this greeting would most likely be "It’s none of your business!"

Fortunately, not all greetings sound strange or arouse displeasure. Many are similar, some are merely different. While greetings in many languages often indicate the time of day, there may be inconsistencies within a language. English has Good morning, Good afternoon and Good evening but not Good noon. And Good night is not a greeting at all, but an expression of farewell.

greeting 打招呼

一天中午，一个在中国学习的美国留学生有个约会。他刚要骑上自行车，一位中国朋友从旁边走过，问他：“吃了吗?”这是中国人在吃饭前后打招呼的常用语。美国留学生笑着点点头，挥挥手表示告别，就走了。

他知道，中国朋友的话等于英语中的Hello或Hi，但如果照字面译成Have you eaten yet?或Have you had your lunch?外国人听起来就很怪。美国人会以为，这种打招呼似乎是说：“我也没有吃。走吧，我们一起去吃点东西吧。”或者说：“如果没有吃的话，我正要请你到我家去呢。”;总之，这样打招呼有时意味着邀请对方去吃饭 。

发生过这样的事。有一次，一个刚到中国不久的外国留学生结结巴巴地用汉语说：“你们为什么老问我吃了饭没有?我有钱。”他以为人们总问他“吃饭了吗”是因为怕他没钱吃饭。他显然对这种问法感到生气。

再如，汉语中的“上哪儿去啊?”和“到哪儿去啦?”这样打招呼的话直译成英语就是Where are you going?和Where have you been?用这两句英语来打招呼，大部分讲英语的人听了会不高兴，他们的反应很可能是：It s none of your business! 你管得着吗!

幸而，打招呼的话并不都令人感到奇怪或者引起对方反感。有许多打招呼的话是相似的，有些只是说法不同。在许多语言里，打招呼的话往往是相似的，有些只是说法不同。

在许多语言里，打招呼的话往往与时间有关，但即使在一种语言中也有不一致的地方。英语中有Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening 都相当于汉语中的“您好”，只是说的时间不同而已，但不说Good noon。而 Good night (晚安;明天见;再会)根本不是打招呼的话，这只是告别时说的话。

My dream is to study abroad in the future. I am always that kind of life can come true soon. But, before I realize my dream, I have to do some preparation. I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.

It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.

If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict. It will put me into an embarrass place. For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china. But it means violence in the western country.

I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.

我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。但是，在实现梦想之前，我得做一些准备工作。我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。据说东西方文化是有差异的。如果我什么都不知道，很容易发生文化冲突。这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。例如，龙是在中国是万兽之王，有着无比神圣的意义。但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。我要尽量了解的文化冲突，这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。

[初中英语作文：东西方文化差异

Two years after the events of The Avengers,Steve Rogers resides peacefully in Washington,D.C.,struggling to adapt to contemporary society.However,after a is assailed,Steve becomes entangled in a mystery that may endanger the globe.Together with Natasha Romanoff,Captain America attempts to uncover the growing machination while fending off hired hit men.

When the entire scheme is discovered,Captain America and the Black Widow must recruit the aid of the Falcon and soon encounter an unanticipated and powerful adversary — the Winter Soldier.

[美国队长英雄英语作文

American culture

The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals value,the pursue of democracy and freedom,the promotion of deploitation(开拓,经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality.Its core is individualism:self first,personal need first,pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment,emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design.This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons,it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.

[美国文化特色英语作文

不可思议的是，他们很少会把外衣、内衣分开洗，甚至会把脏鞋子和内衣放一起洗，他们的理由是烘干机带有消毒功能。

我曾在洛杉矶呆过三个月。东西方文化的差异、生活习性的迥异常让我倍感孤独和不知所措。

一次，参加美国朋友的家庭宴会，宾朋满座。同桌有一年长的老妇人，为了表达礼节，我起身端起酒杯，微笑着向她敬酒：“祝您老身体健康，福祥延年！”可是，老妇人并没有接受我的敬酒，相反脸色骤变，一句简短的“对不起”后，就离开了座位。我不知所措，同桌的朋友小声告诉我，美国人最不能容忍的就是别人说自己“老”，老年人绝不喜欢别人恭维他们的年龄，哪怕是80岁的老妪，你也得赞美她：“您真年轻，您真漂亮，祝您一直美丽。”而在我国，“老”字在中国是尊称，老年人是很受人尊敬的，在美国，老却是“人老珠黄不值钱”的代名词。没想到，我为了表示东方人的友好礼貌，竟无意间伤害了那位老妇人，令她和我都狼狈不堪。

还有一次，我在公园的长凳上休息。不远处，一对情侣模样的男女牵着两只雪纳瑞犬向我这边走来。我特别喜欢狗，看到这两只长得几乎一模一样的可爱狗狗，心生欢喜，更勾起了我对自己爱犬的想念，我不由自主地迎了过去。我一边向主人打招呼，一边蹲下抱起一只狗狗，拿出包内的烤肉和面包，毫不吝惜的拿在手里喂给狗狗吃。两人惊愕地看了我几秒后，飞快地拉着狗狗快步跑开，留下怔怔的我眼睁睁瞧着他们离开我的视线。后来，和朋友偶然说起这事，朋友说，有狗狗的美国家庭，都特别宠爱自己的狗狗，而且狗狗和自己的孩子享受一样的家庭待遇。陌生人没有征求主人的同意擅自喂他的狗狗，主人会很不高兴，他会担心你喂给狗狗的食物有毒或是劣质的。无意之中，我又犯了美国人的一大忌。

那段时间，我暂住朋友家里，美国人的阳台上几乎从不晾晒衣物。并不是美国人不爱干净，在一个家庭里，家庭成员通常会把每天换下的脏衣服、脏鞋子统一放在一个很大的收纳篮里，到了周末再进行大清洗。洗好的衣物直接放烘干机里烘干，绝少拿到阳台接受阳光的暴晒。不可思议的是，他们很少会把外衣、内衣分开洗，甚至会把脏鞋子和内衣放一起洗，他们的理由是烘干机带有消毒功能，这让我或多或少有些瞠目结舌。我受不了这些，坚持自己每天洗衣、在阳台晾晒衣物的习惯，弄得朋友不以为然地直摇头。

美国人吃的东西就那区区几种，可厨房用具却琳琅满目，一应俱全。我在朋友家的厨房里会经常拿着不知名的餐具不知所用，傻帽得可以。实际上，朋友家的饭菜很简单，一般是水果蔬菜沙拉配各类烤肉、奶酪、面包，再就是各种甜品点心，直腻得我胃内抽筋，耳里老幻想炒菜时菜下油锅时那一阵“滋啦”的美妙音响。美国人家的厨房很干净，油烟很少，电磁炉、电烤箱、微波炉就基本满足了他们生活所需，你想在他们的厨房里找出一口炒菜的铁锅，那是件很难的事情。我忍不住了，去超市买了口铁锅，拿回朋友的家里，把它架在电磁炉上，郑重其事地炒了一个纯中国式的青椒土豆丝，美美地品尝着来美后的第一顿中国菜。朋友用叉子叉了几根品尝后，竖起大拇指：“好吃，好吃！”？

[文化差异让我不知所措作文

众所周知，中西方的文化存在着许多不同的差异。但这些差异是因为什么原因而造成的呢？最大的一个原因一定是地理环境了。在遥远的古代，人们还没有发明出飞机、轮船、火车这些便捷的交通工具。所以对于当时的人来说，是没有与外界的交流的。这也就造成了每个地方的人的饮食习惯、穿着习惯、以及生活习惯等等的不同。久而久之，便出现了文化之间的差异了。就中国来说，以前生活在北方的人喜欢吃面食，南方的人喜欢吃米饭。而这些差异便是地理环境所带来的，因为北方气候较为寒冷，宜种植小麦，而小麦便可加工成面粉，所以北方人好吃面食。而南方气候温暖，宜种植水稻，所以吃米饭的也多。《晏子使楚》中说道：“桔生淮南则为桔，生于淮北则为枳，果徒相似，其实味不同。所以然者何？水地异也。”从中可以看出早在中国古代，人们已经意识到了地理环境对于事物的影响。

我们现在所指的中西文化的概念，“中”主要是指以黄河中、下游流域及长江流域为轴心发展起来的华夏文明，或称中国文化：“西”则主要是指以爱琴海、地中海为中心兴起的古希腊文明、古罗马文明、古埃及文明，或称西方文化。从这一定义上，我们就能看出，文明的起源首先要依赖于地理环境。人的聚集、互动、生产乃至文明的产生和文化的发展需要一个相对温和宜人的地理环境。因此，环境作为一种横向决定因素，奠定了文化的基础。

西方的地理环境在以前就不适于农耕，土地不肥沃，地中海一带非常贫瘠。所以，在这种土地资源条件下，西方人若不远走他乡，就无法生存。西方的河和海很多，像地中海这种内海，虽然不产什么东西，可是作为航路却很方便，是连接许多周边国家的交通要道。地中海周围有很多国家，只要有船，彼此交往起来就很方便，可以进行海上的贸易。所以商业也就相对发达了。

西方的这种环境使其必然地向流动性和融合性发展，强调独立，以及个人主义。西方民族的这种战争性格也是由于其所处环境造成的，他要生存，就必须应对环境的挑战，因而造就了他们性格中的坚忍以及残忍，同时导致其各民族之间长期互相斗争不断，这种历史过程渐渐就塑造构成了西方人的性格倾向：一种崇尚竞争取胜的社会心态。所以西方的发展迅速而有力，对于新事物也比较容易接受。他们对于文化的吸收不是批判而是学习，是以“学而为我用”为最终目标的。

相反，中国内部平原广阔，特别是黄河、长江流域周围全是平原，但是却没有明显的天然屏障可以阻挡自然灾害，四周除东面沿海以外其余三面皆是地理上的阻绝地带，这种一面临海，其它三面陆路交通十分不方便，而内部回旋余地又相当开阔的环境，形成一种与外部世界半隔绝的状态，使中国没有向外部拓展的野心，专心于农耕经济，养成了独自经营，和平温顺的国民性格。所以，中国文化大体上是在本土独自酝酿成长，虽然偶有外来文化成分由西域或海上传入，但是直到今天，中国的大部分文化还是与千百年前的中国文化相同。这样的背景使中国文化的发展稳定而富于自信，具有保守性和封闭性的特征，并且始终保持着自己文化的独特风格和完整系统，使之绵延不绝。

综上所述，地理环境对文化的影响是非常重大的。它作为文化发展的一根重要的指向标，在一定的程度上决定着文化的发展前途和发展方向，也在一定程度上塑造了文化的特色，促成了文化的多样性。使不同地域环境的地区，形成了具有自己地域特点的文化、宗教信仰、民族习俗、生活习惯等。

Nowadays,high school students hold different opinions about after-class activities.there are two quite different phenomenonena.

Some students are crazy about sports and some other activities.they spend much time in joining the outdoor activities and varies of groups , and also,making new friends.However,they pay a little attention to their studies.

On the contrary, some students spend almost of their time in studies and dont enjoy attending other activities.

In my opinion,I think neither of them is correct.I think we should study hard,but we also need time to relax ourselves,because if a one in a good state,he can do better.

California is west of the United States and is divided into San Francisco and Los Angeles. As soon as we get there, we can see many advanced equipment and spacious roads, so that we can know that the United States is a vast country.

In the mountains of California, huge waterfalls can be seen. Squirrels are running on trees. Apart from the mountains and green mountains, there are also Disneyland and universal studios in the city. Disneyland has a household name, Mickey Mouse, and many childrens favorite cartoon characters, with scary haunted houses, crazy roller coasters... And so on.

Now, though, the California have developed many forests, but also some forests have been preserved, let the squirrel can run in the trees, the fish can swim in the water, swimming birds in the sky fly, let the animals keep beautiful homes.

This trip to America let me know the importance of nature to us, so we should love this beautiful home.

It is widely noted that lots of traditional culture is disappearing along

with the development of technology. Many ancient architectures and traditional

ways of living have been deserted. It seems that the traditional culture and

craftsmanship will be replaced in this modern era.

The following reasons can account for the above phenomenon. Firstly,

traditional technologies are always considered ineffective while the new

sciences are always highly efficient, because modern science and technology

facilitate both our daily and academic life a lot, with which we can save much

money and time. Secondly, it is costly to protect the traditional culture,

especially the maintenance and repair of the historical buildings.

In my opinion, although traditional culture is an ancient heritage, it

couldnt keep pace with the development of society. It is the tide of history

that the traditional culture and technology will no doubt be eliminated in the

end.

The lunar August 15 is Chinas traditional holiday -- the Mid-Autumn festival. The Mid-Autumn festival and the Spring Festival ching Ming festival Dragon Boat Festival is known as the Chinese han nationalitys four big traditional holiday. The word "Mid-Autumn festival" first seen in "rites". According to history records the ancient imperial sacrifices feast in the month as the lunar August 15 at the time of sowing and ploughing and a half so the name "Mid-Autumn festival"; And because this festival in August in the autumn so it is also called "autumn festival" "the mid autumn festival" "August" "Mid-Autumn festival"; And pray for the reunion belief and related customs activities therefore also called "the mid autumn festival" "sections".

For the main activity of the Mid-Autumn festival is around the "month" so they are commonly known as "moon festival" "the moon and the" "chasing day" "play on day" "worship festival"; In the tang dynasty the Mid-Autumn festival is also known as "correct". The prevalence of Mid-Autumn festival began in song dynasty to Ming and qing dynasties along with New Years day to become one of the major festivals in China. About the origin of the Mid-Autumn festival generally there are three: originated from the ancient worship of the month the custom of song and dance to meet under the moon autumn in ancient relic of the land.

The Mid-Autumn festival from 20 xx year for the national legal holiday. Country attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage May 20 20 xx years the festival have been approved by the state council listed in the first batch of state-level non-material cultural heritage list.

"We wish you a merry Christmas, we wish you a merry Christmas"Have you heard that song? Yup! Its Christmas time! This Christmas, I stayed with my "host family"1. It was an amazing experience to see how a typical American family would celebrate the biggest western festival of the year.

Christmas, like our Spring Festival, has a meaning in itself. Christmas Day, which is on December 25, is the birthday of Jesus Christ--the son of God. Thats why it is called Christmas. On that day, Christians would get together with their families to celebrate the birthday of Jesus. But nowadays, the religious meaning of Christmas has become less emphasized. To many families, it is just a time of family reunion and the ever-exciting present-giving.

Our school had been on winter vacation since December 11. I stayed at my friend, Stephen Stapczynskis house--his family was my "host family". Although Christmas was still more than ten days ahead, the festive spirit had already been teeming everywhere. The Christmas tree had already been set up, and on every windowsill, there were Christmas lights. On the first day I arrived at their house, Stephen and I helped Mrs. Stapczynski put decorations on the Christmas tree. The tree looked so nice with all the lights on and the beautiful ornaments dangling from its branches.

As Christmas came closer, the whole neighborhood had made preparations too. Some people would hold parties at their houses, inviting all their neighbors to come. So every night, if you went out, you would see a long line of cars parked in front of some house--a partys on!

Whats more, the Christmas decorations that some people put on their windows and in gardens were just amazing. On one night, we went out in our car for a "tour of lights". There was one street that was so famous for its lights that it got its way into the local paper. We had a hard time finding the well-hidden street, but it turned out to be worth the effort. Lights shone brightly in front of nearly every house, on trees, bushes, doors, windowseverywhere, taking different shapes, making it seem almost like daytime. Huge inflatable figures in the front gardens were waving to us: there were Santa Clauses2, of course, chuckling merrily away; and there were also other Christmas figures, like Rudolph3--the red-nosed reindeer--with his red nose gleaming ever so brightly; even Bart Simpson--a character in the famous comedy The Simpsons--had joined the jolly party, wearing a Santas hat. The street set off a lot of "ooh"s and "aah"s inside the car.4 When we left, there was a line of cars in the street, all there to see the lights.

Christmas is the time for exchanging presents. Stephen and Niko had been thinking about their Christmas lists (a list of things they wish "Santa"to give them for Christmas) for a long time. I didnt want to ask for anything, but the Stapczynskis were so kind to "force"me make one list as well (Mr. Stapczynski told me if I didnt make one he would chop off my legs). So I wrote down a couple of things that I would like to have, and gave the list to them--sorry, my mistake--to Santa.

Finally, Christmas Eve came. There was a special Christmas service at the church at 6 p.m. It was certainly a very interesting experience for me. The priest started the service reading and sang out extractions from a holy book--The Divine Liturgy. For several times, we would stand up and pray.

Sometimes, the church choir would start singing. The atmosphere was very quiet and holy. Then there was a ceremony called "The Receiving Communion". People waited in line to "receive"a spoonful of food from the priest. It was a very special Christmas tradition. The food was made from bread and wine. The bread represents the body of Jesus, and the wine represents his blood. After this ceremony, the priest had a speech. He reminded us not to forget the true meaning of Christmas, and let Jesus really live inside us--that is, to love the people around us wholeheartedly. I think that no matter if you are a Christian or not, this principle should be part of our lives. After the priest finished his speech, the part that I enjoyed most came: Christmas carols5. Christmas carols are songs that people sing at Christmas, such as "Jingle Bells", "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", "Silent Night"and so on. Some were very merry, others sounded quite holy, but all of them were beautiful. I closed my eyes, and let all the peacefulness and happiness that were in the songs flow through me. What a feeling it was!

We went to sleep earlier that day for we had to get up early on Christmas Day to open our presents. Sure enough, when I was still half-way during a sweet dream, Stephen burst into my room and told me to get up and open presents. There were a huge pile of presents under the Christmas tree, and there was such a mysterious mist shrouding them that made me eager to see what they all were. So one by one, we went through all the presents. Mr. and Mrs. Stapczynski had bought me everything I had written on my Christmas list--and a lot more! I got music CDs, film DVDs, clothes, books I was very happy, and I didnt know how to express my appreciation for what they had done for me.

Stephen and Niko had gotten a lot of presents too, and they had already been trying out their new games!

In the afternoon, we went to Mrs. Stapczynskis brother, Uncle Stans house. They had prepared a marvelous meal for us. A lot of their friends and relatives also came. I saw Stephen and Nikos grandparents, Yiayia and Papou (words of grandma and grandpa in Greek--Mrs. Stapczynskis parents came from Greece, so they like the boys using Greek words to call them). They were very kind to me, and treated me just like one of their family members. We had a very luxurious meal, consisting of turkey, beef, pork, and all sorts of other food.

After the meal, when all the stomachs were full and everyone was feeling drowsy6 from all the food, we just sat around the table and chatted, just like what we Chinese people do at the Spring Festival. After all, Christmas, like the Spring Festival, is a time for us to get away from our busy lives, a time for family gathering, and a time to have some fun.

britain is a rich and varied, with international and multi-cultural society, to welcome students from all over the world come here to learn and to value their contributions.

britain is a tolerant, democratic society, where different political views and beliefs are respected. you will find many people wearing and eating habits and you do not have their own different major cities around the world have sales of snack food, meat from an islamic shop, the islamic meat from the shop. asia to sell fruit and rice kind of jewish food store to store, everything.

in different towns and cities, the year has a variety of activities to celebrate the worlds major religious festivals and activities, for example, in the city of leicester at the stradivari outside the indian sub-section is the most spectacular festival of lights.

britain itself from england, scotland, wales and northern ireland, they have different characteristics and personality.

britain from all over the world to accept immigrants and refugees has a long history, many people have been here for permanent settlement. london may be the largest gathering of minority british city, other cities also have a large number of minority residents.

all the worlds major religions are british. mosques, sikh temples, synagogues, churches and india fodou together with a variety of christian churches (anglican and roman catholic from the protestant and orthodox) co-exist.

this diversity means that you will come to britain is easy to integrate into britains multi-ethnic society. you will also come from different religious and ethnic groups and people contacts, enhance understanding of different cultures.

the englishman love to behave gentlemanly and the englishwoman love to behave ladily. they also show their respect to ladies. they always say" lady first". in their daily life. the english pay attention to their appearance. they dress neatly. they shake hands when they meet other. when they are with others, they usually say "please""thank you""sorry" and so on. the breakfast in britain is very rich. usually there are all kinds of egg products, oatmeal, bacon, ham, sausages, butter, jam, bread, milk, juice, coffee and so on. they are popular with the western countries. whats more, the english like drinking tea. they have the habit of drink afternoon tea at about 3 in the afternoon. they enjoy drinking tea and treat it as a kind of seeing friends.

英国人崇尚“绅士风度”和“淑女风范”，讲究“女士优先”。在日常生活中，英国人注意仪表，讲究穿著，英国人的见面礼是握手礼。与人交往时，注重用敬语“请”、“谢谢”“对不起”等。英式菜的早餐很丰盛，一般有各种蛋品、麦片粥、咸肉、火腿、香肠、黄油、果酱、面包、牛奶、果汁、咖啡等，受到西方各国普遍的欢迎。另外，英国人喜欢喝茶，有在下午3点左右吃茶点的习惯，英国人把喝茶当作一种享受，也当作一种社交。

文化差异何其大 美国为何难以理解中国

Do the events that led to the outbreak of the first world war carry lessons for the Sino-American relationship? A century ago it was the ascent of Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm I thatunsettled the world; today a rising China is roiling east Asia. Then, as now, domestic politicson both sides played a role; one that is too easily neglected.

导致一战爆发的事件对中美关系有什么启发意义吗?一个世纪以前，德国在威廉一世(Kaiser Wilhelm I)领导下的崛起让世界感到不安;如今，中国的崛起让东亚感到不安。当时和现在一样，对立双方的国内政治都发挥了作用——这是一个太容易被人们忽视的因素。

Why did Britain and Germany – linked by trade, dynastic ties, culture and religion – findthemselves at war in August 1914? In part, as historian Paul Kennedy has argued, it wasbecause London’s liberal ideology contributed to its perception of a growing German threat.

1914年8月，存在贸易、王朝纽带、文化和宗教联系的英国和德国为何开战?从某种程度上来说，正如历史学家保罗肯尼迪(Paul Kennedy)所指出的，那是因为伦敦的自由主义意识形态强化了其关于德国威胁日益加剧的认识。

Filtered through liberalism’s lens, Germany looked militarist, autocratic, mercantilist and statist– and contempt for the country’s political culture added to London’s disquiet. When the warbegan, it quickly came to be seen as a liberal crusade against “Prussianism”.

透过自由主义“棱镜”，德国给人看到的是军国主义、独裁、重商主义和计划经济——而对该国政治文化的鄙视也增加了伦敦的不安。当战争爆发时，人们立刻将之视为一场讨伐“普鲁士主义”的自由主义战争。

In this respect, today’s Sino-American rivalry resembles the pre-1914 Anglo-Germanantagonism. The speed of China’s growth worries US policy makers, as do the geopoliticalimplications of its economic transformation.

从这个方面来说，当今的中美对抗类似于1914年以前的英德对抗。中国的发展速度让美国政策制定者感到担忧，其经济改革对地缘政治的影响同样让美国不安。

Across the American political spectrum, China’s success is attributed to its failure to play bythe rules of free trade – for instance, its habit of manipulating the value of its currency andengaging in industrial espionage. Market-oriented liberalism is the dominant ideology in theUS and, as in pre-1914 Britain, it shapes policy makers’ image of their supposed adversary.

在美国政界上下看来，中国的成功得益于其没有遵守自由贸易规则，例如惯于操纵汇率，以及从事工业间谍活动。以市场为导向的自由主义是美国的主要意识形态，而正如1914年前的英国一样，它决定了政策制定者对他们所以为的对手的印象。

American leaders view China as a nation whose undemocratic political system raises doubtsabout both the scope of its foreign policy ambitions and its trustworthiness as a diplomaticpartner. Moreover, China’s combination of political authoritarianism and state-directedcapitalism causes unease because it challenges the supposed universality of the Americanmodel of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism.

在美国领导人的眼里，中国不民主的政治体制令人怀疑其外交政策雄心的范围，以及其作为外交合作伙伴的可信赖性。此外，中国政治威权主义与国家资本主义的结合令人不安，原因是它挑战了美国模式的自由主义民主和自由市场资本主义的所谓普适性。

Aaron Friedberg, a Princeton University professor, says that for Americans, “the success of amainland [Chinese] regime that blends authoritarian rule with market-driven economics is anaffront.” For members of the US foreign-policy elite, the Chinese threat is not so muchgeopolitical as ideological.

普林斯顿大学(Princeton University)的阿龙弗里德伯格(Aaron Friedberg)教授表示，在美国人看来，“中国大陆政权将威权统治和市场导向的经济学结合在一起所取得的成功是一种侮辱”。对美国上层外交政策制定者来说，中国威胁更多是意识形态层面的，而不是地缘政治上的。

Powerful external and domestic forces are putting the US and China on the road toconfrontation. China aspires to be the regional hegemon in east (and southeast) Asia. The US– the incumbent hegemon, having dominated the region since 1945 – is blocking its path.

各种强有力的内外因素正把美中推上对抗之路。中国渴望成为东亚(以及东南亚)地区的霸主，而自1945年以来主导该地区的现任霸主美国则拦在路上。

Yet America’s predominance in east Asia contributes little to the security of a nation whosegeography and unsurpassed military capabilities would anyway make it close to invulnerable.The US is the most secure great power in history – even more so if you factor in thedeterrent effect of nuclear weapons. The true cause of American insecurity is not animminent encroachment on its territory but the risk that US alliances – especially with Japan –will draw it into a regional conflict.

然而，在东亚地区的主导地位并不会让美国更安全——不管怎样，美国所处的地理位置和拥有的无可匹敌的军事能力让其处于一种近乎无懈可击的状态。美国是历史上最安全的大国——如果你考虑到核武器的威慑作用，就会更肯定这一点。美国真正的不安全因素不是其疆域会遭到入侵，而是同盟关系——尤其是美日同盟——将其拖入地区冲突的风险。

The US wants to maintain its east Asian dominance to keep the region’s markets open toAmerican goods and its people open to liberal ideas. China threatens this openness, on whichAmerica’s security is wrongly believed to depend.

美国希望保持在东亚地区的主导地位，以让该地区的市场继续向美国商品开放，其民众继续接受自由主义思想的熏陶。中国威胁到了这种开放，而美国的安全被错误地以为依赖于这种开放。

The liberal assumptions embedded in American foreign policy put the US at odds with China,and also heighten Beijing’s mistrust of Washington’s intentions and ambitions. The spiral ofanimosity that threatens to culminate in a confrontation between the two countries is inlarge part a creation of American policy.

美国外交政策中蕴含的自由主义思想导致美国与中国立场不一致，也加深了北京方面对华盛顿意图和抱负的不信任感。这种不断增长的、有可能在两国对抗中达到顶峰的敌意，在很大程度上是美国政策导致的。

As China’s rises, Washington has a last clear chance to avoid the looming Sino-Americanconflict.

在中国的崛起过程中，美国有最后的避让机会，可以避免不断迫近眼前的中美冲突真正爆发。

This would entail making real concessions on Taiwan and on China’s territorial claims in the Eastand South China Seas. It would also involve a commitment that Washington would notinterfere in China’s internal affairs.

这需要美国在台湾xx以及中国涉及东中国海和南中国海的领土主张上做出真正的妥协。此外美国也需承诺不干预中国内部事务。

America’s political culture – based on exceptionalism, liberal ideology, and openness – is a bigobstacle to coming to terms with a resurgent China. So is the fact that the foreign-policy eliteremains wedded to American primacy, and refuses to accept that this will inevitably slip awaybecause of the relative decline of US power.

美国建立在例外主义、自由主义思想和开放观念等基础之上的政治文化，是影响美国接受复兴的中国的一大障碍。另一个障碍是，美国外交政策圈子中的精英们依然痴迷于“美国主导地位”，并拒绝接受这种地位随着美国实力相对衰落必将丧失的观点。

History is also a problem.

历史也是一个问题

US policy makers are quick to invoke what they take to be the lessons of the 1930s whileoverlooking the causes of the first world war. David Calleo, a professor at Johns Hopkins, hasobserved that what we should learn from the earlier conflict “is not so much the need forvigilance against aggressors, but the ruinous consequences of refusing reasonableaccommodation to upstarts”.

美国政策制定者迅速摆出他们从上世纪30年代事件中归纳的教训，却无视一战的起因。约翰斯-霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University)的戴维卡莱奥(David Calleo)教授指出，我们应该从更早那场冲突中学到的主要教训，“不是必须警惕侵略者，而是拒绝合理包容新崛起者将带来破坏性后果”。

If the US wants to avoid a future conflict with China, it cannot allow liberal ideology toobstruct a reconciliation with an ever more powerful China. That is the real lesson of 1914.

如果美国想要避免未来与中国发生冲突，就不能让自由主义意识形态妨碍它与越来越强大的中国修好。这是1914年带给我们的真正教训。

the average family income of the u.s.a. has increased from 20,000 dollars per year in 1992 to 25,000 in 20xx. along with this considerable increase in people’s income, the way in which the average family spends its income has also varied to some extent. the average expenditure of family income is divided into several sectors, namely, housing, clothing, food and drink, transport, medical care, entertainment, savings and other items.

from the table, it is quite interesting to find that the money spent on some sectors such as food and drink (2%) and entertainment (6%) in 1992 and 20xx remains the same. for transport, the percentage of 20xx is only 1% larger than that of 1992. it is also worth mentioning that in 20xx, people tend to save less money than in 1992 because people deposit only half the money they used to in 1990. there is a greater increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6% respectively. on the other hand, people tend to spend less money on clothes, for there is a 5% decrease in 20xx compared with that in 1992. as far as other items are concerned, there is a sharp decrease in the percentage of family income spent on them, accounting for only 7% of the total.

it can be seen from the statistics that in american people’s life food and drink, entertainment and transport had always been important. with family income increasing, american people began to give first priority to housing and medical care, thereby improving their living conditions and invigorating health. by saving less, they presented to us the implication that they expected a fairly secure prospect.