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小学英语书信作文万能套用(20篇)

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2024年高考英语作文万能句子及模板

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比较

1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.

2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.

3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages

that...

4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim

that...

5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.

6.Like anything else, it has its faults.

7.A and B has several points in common.

8.A bears some resemblances to B.

9.However, the same is not applicable to B.

10. A and B differ in several ways.

11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.

12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.

13. The same is true of B.

14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.

15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are

...

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篇1:Attheweekends小学英语作文

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at the weekendsitssunday evening. the read families are at home. mr. read is watching tv. mrs. read is reading a book. ann is sitting at the desk and reading, too. shes doing her homework. her brother, tom, is sitting on the floor andmaking a kite. he is doing his homework, too. mimi is playing with something near tom. where is tom’s bird? oh, it’s near the window. it’s looking at tom and singing. they are having a good time.

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篇2:小学四年级英语作文:Myfatherjob

全文共 749 字

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My father is a nice man.He likes to play computer games.He is an owner of a factory which produces many things .He is good at designing.He works very hard.I love him very much because, sometimes,I can help him to do something in his factory .He is always on business trips because he has his business everywhere so it takes up too much of his time .

Therefore, he doesn’t have any time to play with me butI don’t blame him for that.I often spend a lot of my time on the computer,soI have something to do.My mother is usually on the phone and tells my father to get home early but my father doesn’t listen to her.So my mother andI sometimes are upset andI don’t like my father in a sense that he always gets home late.

I love my father but not his job!

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篇3:分享英语作文万能19句

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(一)说说下面19句万能句的重要性吧:熟练(背N遍,写N遍,熟练到……反正就是超级熟练,想到第一个词可以不加思索的背出整个一句话)这19句,你大概可以写出任何一篇你想写的作文。

(二)用法:作文的第一段套用下面的某一句,本人习惯as we can see form the picture ……第一段不宜过长20-30个单词吧。第二段的第一句话套用,第一句话尽可能得要长,之后的能套用则套用,不能的自己写,第三段的套用!不商量。(下文中小括号里德数字表示一般在第几段套用)

(三)再说说套用的作用,1、首先大家不要担心这样写阅卷老师会怎么想,只要你对这20句特别熟悉,你就会用的很灵活,写出来会没有棱角,就是你的。2、每句套用的一定要珍惜,字数一定不要少!20个以上吧!一般可以套用4到5句,至少套用的就100个词了,这篇作文的大框架也就起来了。3、套用的一般换原句中的名词,千万防止语法错误,套用的地方都是作为最关键的地方,也是阅卷老师看的地方,所以一定要防止低级错误(尤其是语法不是很好的人)。4、书写用可擦中性笔,一定要工整,只要书写足够好,可以覆盖个别错误。让阅卷老师看着舒服点吧!

(四)这些来自黄皮书和新东方100篇模板,已经是本人删减到最少了,本人认为每句都很重要,希望对大家能够有所帮助!

1、(1).it is apparent that the author of the drawing tries to reveal to us: a finishing line always leads to another starting point.

2、(1).Such stimulating stories are not rare in our daily life . the most persuasive example is madam curies ,a world-reknowned female scientist. She was awarded twice the nobel prize for physics and for chemistry, within less than 10years. It is rather a uniquething in history of science in the whole world.

3、(2). this picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon .

4、(3). the phenomenon reflected in the picture is both immoral and illegal . it is well known that caring the old is not only a traditional virtue cherished by Chinese ,but also a duty laid down in the constitution .in order to prevent such mistreatment typified in the picture, we should make efforts to promote moral education , and at the same time strengthen the regulations and laws.

5、(3).the situation is rather depressing because intellectuals in fact contribute greatly to our country’s development, and it is largely owing to their painstaking efforts that pave the way for advancement and prosperity . to solve this problem , I think there should be a thieving social trend of showing respect to knowledge and intellects.

6、(2). the message conveyed in the picture seems to be that people tend to underestimate their abilities and magnify difficulties when confronted with challenges. But in fact , it is not the case.

7、(1).the harm caused by tobacco consumption is experiencing a similar upwardtrend-statistics indicates that 3000000 people die of smoking and related diseases every year.

8、(2). nevertheless, given the pessimistic statistics at the present, we can still predict optimistically that tobacco consumption will decline based on several emerging tendencies . in the first place , there is an extensive public awareness of the negative impact of smoking, and as a result ,more people resist the temptation of cigarettes. In the second place, governments are setting more regulations to limit tobacco production . the effectiveness of such policy was testified by the prompt drop of the tobacco production from A to B ,as see in the picture.

9、(2). as a result , the integration of poor living conditions and work pressure leads naturally to their poor health and short life-span ,just as the picture shows us.

10、(2). the picture is thought-provoking in that it endeavors to convince its audience that we can actually exercise anywhere , as long as wu have the awareness of preserving heath by exercise.

11、(3). I reckon that the consciousness of maintaining health is significant for both individuals and the whole society. On the individual level, it is vividly evidenced by the man in the picture that his wxercise improves his health and mood as well. On the social level, the improvement in quality of life contributes vastly to a harmonious society.

12、(2). the artist uses this unique metaphor in order to endow us with the concept that to habitually exercise is like to deposit money bit by bit in the bank.

13、(1). what the drawing is trying to express is very conspicuous ,it shows people who are ……,moreover ,at the bottom of the picture are four huge characters, meaning “sports” and “health” ,which targets reminding us that sorts and health are intrinsically connected.

14(3). all in all , I firmly believe that sports are not the business of a small group of athletes, but a life-long pursuit that every person should bear in mind and endeavor to put it into practice . not only do sports benefit individuals , the improvement of nation’s health would be a huge contribution to our country’s development .

15(1). the picture describes the scene of a very typical family workshop which we might find in every neighborhood in china .

16、(2). the sanitation problem of family workshops in the food industry has existed for a long time . it can be mainly attributed to two factors . the first and perhaps key factor is ignorance toward sanitation . the other reason lies on some businessmen’s short of occupational disciplines .

17、(3). judging form the analysis above , we may safely come to the conclusion that the daunting problem demands effective countermeasures. Most importantly, the government needs to implement inspection. In addition,……

18、(3). I maintain that effective measures must be taken to put an end to this phenomenon . firstly, we need to advocate social responsibility and professional ethics in each field . secondly, strict regulations should be enacted and enforced to create a harmonious and orderly society .only through the combined efforts of government and society can we forcefully and completely climinate this “tumor”.

19、(2). the tremendous contrast presented by the drawing alarmingly reminds us of the detrimental deterioration of oceanic ecosystem by the greediness of mankind.

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篇4:考研英语书信写作方法

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在考研英语的小作文部分,历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型,投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等,但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中,翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷,常常发现这些归为一大类,终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要,下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招,让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例:Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例:I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求,从中寻找名词或动词

例:Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示,把名词具体化,把动词近义词化。

例:I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例:I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名,一般格式为:Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括:说明投诉原因并表示遗憾,实事求是阐述问题发生的经过,指出问题引起的后果,提出批评及处理意见,督促对方采取措施,提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构,就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人,就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括:表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因,提出补救办法,再次表示致歉,并希望得到谅解,提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩,是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的,该书信内容通常包括:表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上,一分意味着上线与下线,一分意味着录取与非录取,所以,拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名,取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

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篇5:小学五年级英语作文

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There have been many changes in my life. With the development of the economy my life is better off.

For clothing I have spare money to buy all sorts of pretty clothes. But in the past there were fewer clothes in my wardrobe. For food I usually had traditional Chinese food for every meal rice noodles or a steamed bun. Nowadays I can afford any delicious food including western food. For housing I moved from a cramped and gloomy room to a big and bright flat. For getting around I rode an old bike on my way to work a year ago. At present I drive my private car to travel.

I believe my life will become better in the near future.

随着经济的发展我们的生活已经有非常大的变化。我的生活可能会更好点。

对于服装我有比较富余的钱去买各种漂亮的衣服。但在过去 在衣橱里只有很少的一些衣服。 从日常吃食来看通常我们中国家庭只吃一些如:米饭、面条还有馒头之类的传统食品。现在我能买得起任何美味的食物现在,我可以做好多美味的食物,包括西餐。 从住房来看我从一个狭小、灰暗的小屋子,搬到了宽敞而明亮的楼房。一年前,我骑着一辆旧自行车上班。而如今我却开着我的私人汽车去旅行。

我相信 在不久的将来,我的未来会变得更好。

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篇6:小学三年级英语作文:感激

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导语:学会感激,你就会少一分烦恼,多一分释然;少一分忧愁,多一分欢笑;少一分抱怨,多一分感恩;少一分孤独,多一分友爱;少一分斤斤计较,多一分潇洒自若。 下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!

One Sunday afternoon when I was learning to ride my bike, I fell down and hurt my arms badly. As soon as my parents heard this, they took me to the hospital at once. During my stay in bed, they took good care of me and cheered me up. Meanwhile, they helped me with my lessons. With their help, I caught up with my classmates. Now Ill try my best to study well to repay my parents.

【参考译文】

一个星期天的下午,我正学着骑自行车时,我摔倒了,胳膊伤得很厉害。父母一听说,就立刻把我送到医院。在我卧床养伤期间,他们静心照顾我,让我高兴起来。与此同时,他们还帮我学习。在他们的帮助下,我赶上了我的同学,现在我尽我最大的努力来学习好用以报达我的父母。

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篇7:小学生描写动物的英语作文

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我最喜欢的小动物小兔,它有一身雪白的皮毛,看戏来很可爱。她的两只眼睛是红色的,看戏来像一对红色的宝石。亮晶晶的。每天早上这只小白兔吃一根胡萝卜,两片菜叶,它就吃饱了。

My favorite little animal rabbit, it has a snow-white fur, very cute to see the play. Her eyes were red, and the play was like a pair of red stones. Glistening. Every morning the rabbit to eat a carrot, two leaves, it is full.

每天我中午放了学,一回到家,它就蹦蹦跳跳地跳到我的面前,好像在说欢迎你回家。我每天看到它,就算我不开心,我一看到他我就很高兴。把那些不开心的的事情全部忘记了。

Every day I studied at noon. As soon as I got home, it bounced up and down in front of me, as if to say, "welcome home.". I see it every day, and even if Im unhappy, Ill be glad to see him. Forget all the unhappy things.

又一次,我的同学来我家做客,它还是像往常那样蹦蹦跳跳的跑向我,我的同学看见了,她说:“你家的小白兔好可爱哦!回家一会我也让我的爸爸给我买一只小兔子。”

Once again, my classmate came to my house, and it ran to me as usual. My classmate saw it and she said, "your little rabbit is so cute!"! When I got home, I asked my father to buy me a rabbit."

就这样,我越来越喜欢我的小兔子,我一定要好好照顾它!

In this way, I like my little rabbit more and more. I must take good care of it!

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篇8:小学英语日记

全文共 475 字

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我爱中国菜 I Love Chinese Food

Chinese food is famous all around the world. A lot of foreigners speak

highly of the delicious food when they come to this big country. For me, I like

spicy food, so hot pot is my favorite. I can eat what I like and put the food in

the spicy soup. The hotness makes me feel so cool. No matter where I go, Chinese

food is always my favorite.

中国菜闻名全世界,有很多外国人来到这个大国以后都会赞扬美味的食物。对我来说,我喜欢辣的食物,所以火锅是我的最爱。我可以把我喜欢吃的食物放进辣汤里就可以吃到自己喜欢的食物

了,辣味让我觉得太酷了。无论我去哪里,中国菜永远是我的最爱。

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篇9:我幸福家庭小学英语作文

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My name is Yu Geqin. I’m nine years old. There are three members in my family, my father, my mother and I.

My father is a teacher. He is very handsome. He always wears a pair of glasses. He works very hard. He’s busy from morning to night. He’s the cleverest man of my family. He can solve the difficult problems, too.

My mother is very beautiful. She has two big eyes and her black hair is long. My mother is worker. She is good at her job. She is also a good housewife.

I have a happy family. I like it very much.

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篇10:小学六年级英语作文:我的一天

全文共 700 字

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导语:你的假期是怎么度过的呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!

I had a wonderful holiday at spring festival . I went to the park with my friends . We met at eight o‘clock at the school gate . We went to the park by bike .It was a beautiful day . We sat under a big tree and chated with each other . We took about some movies and some fun things . We had lunch there . We ate hamburgers and some drinks , but I know they are not healthy and not good for us . Then we played some games .

We were all fell tired ,but we were very happy ! It was great fun !

【参考译文】

在春节我度过了一个美妙的假期。我和我的朋友去公园。我们八点在学校门口见面。我们骑自行车去公园,那是一个美丽的日子。我们坐在一棵大树下互相聊天。我们拍了一些电影和一些有趣的事情。我们在那里吃午饭。我们吃汉堡包和一些饮料,但我知道他们不健康,对我们不好。然后我们玩了一些游戏。

我们都累了,但我们很高兴!这很有趣!

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篇11:小学英语作文我的家乡

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My hometown is a prosperous and beautiful city, it is located in the south of the motherland, hot and cool guangxi province, it is also a small city - jingxi.

It is rich in fruit, and many of the fruits in wuhan, such as durian and shanzhu, may cost more than 50 yuan in wuhan, while in jingxi, it may be only 25 yuan.

The scenery there was beautiful too. Once, we went to a place called tongling grand canyon. When we reached our destination, the night was already deep, and we soon fell asleep.

In the morning, the veil of light mist over the city, we went out.

The scenery here really startled me. The ancient trees were so beautiful that we walked in. The flowery pavilion is gorgeous in our sight.

The grand canyon was big, and we walked for a long time to reach the waterfall. When the water comes down, it stirs a thousand waves.

We went back to the secret road. It was a natural air-conditioner!

After coming home, I had been thinking about the grand canyon for a long time, unable to sleep.

If you come here, will you go to the grand canyon? Its so beautiful, so spectacular, I think you cant miss it.

There are many beautiful and magnificent scenery in my hometown. Welcome to visit here!

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篇12:Mybirthday小学四年级英语作文

全文共 841 字

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My birthday is on XXX. I always have both happy and sad feelings on my birthday.

Why I am happy? I have group of friends that come over to celebrate with me. And they give me birthday presents, sometimes the gifts surprised me very much. Also, I can feel how much my family loves me because my parents always make a birthday cake for me.

They do not go to buy one, but make one themselves. I feel so happy about that. However, I understand my mother was the one who suffered the most pain on the date I came to the world. I feel so sorry for my mother for what she had suffered. But I promise her, I will take good care of her when I have that ability.

【参考译文】

我的生日是在XXX。我一直都在我的生日快乐和悲伤的情感。

我为什么开心?我的朋友过来和我一起庆祝他们给我的生日礼物有时让我十分惊讶的礼物。同时我能感觉到我的家人有多爱我因为我的父母总是为我做一个生日蛋糕。

他们不去买一个但让人自己。我感到很高兴。然而我知道我的母亲是最痛苦的人遭受了我来到世界上。我为我的母亲感到抱歉她遭受了什么。但是我答应她我会好好照顾她当我有这样的能力。

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篇13:感恩父母的英语书信

全文共 1093 字

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Dear parents:

You are good! Thank you for you when I was growing up, to my care and meticulous care, what I have to ask you can satisfy me. Its always hot in summer, I kick a quilt, every time you gently help me cover the quilt, winter will give me a cup of hot milk before you go to sleep at night.

But your weight to all have no standing in my point of  view, only think about how I. Now I have grown up, is not a two year old the child, I want your decision and judgment. Please dont pressure me again, had a lot of pressure on learning, you can put the gas pressure can reduce the?

Although you do not perfect, but what are the parents in the world perfect? Youll always be my favorite people. Is you give me life, let me come to this beautiful world and everywhere is full of love. I must study hard, to repay you.

亲爱的父母

您们好!谢谢你们在我成长过程中,对我的关心和无微不至的照顾,我有什么要求你们都能满足我。夏天的时候,我总是热的踢被子,你们每次都轻轻的帮我盖好被子,冬天晚上睡觉前都会给我冲一杯热牛奶。

但是你们重来都没有站在我的角度看,只觉得我怎么怎么样。我现在已经长大了,已经不是一两岁的孩子了,我要自己的决定和判断。求求你么不要再压我了,在学习上本来就有很大的压力,你们能把气态的压力减轻吗?

你们虽然不十全十美,可是世界上有哪位父母十全十美的呢?你们永远是我最爱的人。是你们给予我生命,让我来到这个美丽而处处充满爱的世界。我一定要好好努力学习,来回报你们。

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篇14:我的英语老师小学生作文

全文共 395 字

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昨天,我到学校的时候,我的同桌对我说;咱们英语老师从今往后在也不教咱们英语了.我说;这怎么可能.他说;是别的同学告诉我的.

最后他还跟我说是因为王老师找到工作了,所以才被掉走了.最终我还是没有相信他.

可是,在我去办公室改错题的时候我才发现王老师真的不教我们英语了.这时候我感觉我一定是看错了.等我回到教室的时候很多同学都说王老师掉走了,而且还换了一个男英语老师.

到了上英语课的时候,果然换了一个英语老师,我很后悔,王老师没有早一点跟我们说.可是这个老师刚进来就跟我们说;你们想不想见一个人呀.同学们都不约而同地回答到;想.其实我们早就知道是王老师,王老师一近来我们就都哭了.因为王老师教了我们四年.我知道王老师肯定是第一个来看的我们班.王老师还说有时间会回来看我们的.到了下午的时候王老师走了.我和我的同伴去送走了王老师.

我想王老师一定会回来看我们的.我一定要好好学习,不辜负王老师的期望.

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篇15:小学英语作文我勤劳的奶奶

全文共 335 字

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When I was very small, I stayed at my hometown with my grandma. She is a deligent woman, she likes to grow vegetables and takes care of all the house chores. Though my parents ask her to quit these work, my grandma refuses. She takes what she does as her great joy. I understand her, because I see her smile and be satisfied with life.

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篇16:小学暑假计划英语作文

全文共 992 字

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导语:每当暑假一到,我都会很高兴.想到有两个月的时间可以不用上课,那简直就是一年当中最美好的时光了。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!

Im happy to have such a good summer holiday!Of course,I have many things to prepare.

First,I need to make a plan about my holiday.I will do my homework 5 hours a day,and I want to read some famous English books to improve myEnglish.

Then, I will see some funny comedies. They can relax myself!

If I have enough time,I will go to the beach.I will go there with my parents and cousins.Well stay there for three days. We also will do a lot of things there,for examper,playingvolleyball ,windsurfing ,having barbecue at night.and so on.The trip will be the most wonderful one that I have ever have been going.

I will try my best to do these tings! I hope I have a good time 。

【参考译文】

我很高兴有这样一个好暑假!当然,我有许多事情要准备。

首先,我要制定计划关于我的假期。我将要做我的家庭作业每天5个小时,我想读一些著名的英文书籍,来提高我的英语

然后,我将会看一些有趣的喜剧。他们能使我放松!

如果我有足够的时间,我将会去海滩。我将和我父母和堂(表)兄弟姐妹。我们会在那里待三天。我们也将会在这儿做很多事情,例如,打沙滩排球,冲浪,在晚上烧烤,等等。这次旅行将会是我曾经去过的一个极好的地方。

我将尽我最大的努力做这些事!我希望我过得开心。

我的暑假计划英语作文

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篇17:小学英语作文儿童公园

全文共 285 字

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The Childrens Park is very beautiful.At the gate there are a lot of flowers.In the center of the park, there is a lake.There are many tall trees standing there and welcoming you.The stone bridge over the lake is long and clean.

儿童公园很美。在大门口有许多的鲜花。在公园的中心,有一个湖。湖周围有很多大树在那里欢迎你。湖上面的石头桥很长很洁净。

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篇18:小学英语日记

全文共 686 字

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忙碌的星期天

Last week , I had a busy Sunday.

I got up at six oclock at first ,Then ,I must washed my face and brushed

my teeth in ten minutes,Following,I need for breakfast .My breakfast was very

delicious ,so I ate them fast.After this,I went out and went played basketball

with my best friend ,Tom ,in the school playground .We knew many tempering is

good to health, so we can train each week together .In the noon,I went home and

cooked my lunch by myself ,then ate it .In the afternoon ,I stayed at home .I

read books and did my homework three hours .I n the evening ,it is mountain in

the sun ,I began to washed my dirty clothes .At the oclock ,I went to bed and

had a rest.

How a busy day it is !

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篇19:高中英语作文万能句子

全文共 415 字

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1.There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……,但一般,他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2.There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...,但以下是最典型的。

3.Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题,但下面的可能是最有效的。

4.Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说,这些优势可以列举如下。

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篇20:弘扬朱子文化传承中华美德小学生书信

全文共 1802 字

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“东周出孔丘,南宋有朱熹。中国古文化,泰山和武夷。”这是著名学者蔡尚思对文化巨匠朱熹的评价。朱熹博览群书,融会诸家,体察社情民意,著述讲学,建立了完整的理学体系,被世人尊称为朱子。出生于尤溪的朱熹,一生大部分时间在武夷山一带度过,并在风景秀丽的九曲溪畔辟有一所书院——武夷精舍,在此一边写作,一边讲学,给后人留下了丰富的文化遗产。

今天,我们从朱子思想中可以汲取什么营养?朱子学对现代社会和现代生活有什么价值和意义?本月初,武夷书院讲坛在武夷山开讲,“朱子学第一人”、清华大学国学院院长陈来,朱熹后裔、华东师范大学古籍研究所教授朱杰人,从不同角度解码朱子思想。让我们跟随学者的脚步,穿越时空,亲近大师。

文化继往开来、传承创新的典范

儒家思想的特色之一,就是具有强烈的文化传承自觉,在不断传承五经的过程中,发展新的诠释,适应时代和文化的挑战。“宋代道学是儒家发展的新形态,以朱子为中心的宋儒理学特别强调传承道统的意识,对‘学绝道丧’特别忧患,‘学绝道丧’就是文化传承的中断,这对今天重续文化传承和价值传承有重要启示。”“文化传承最核心的是价值观。中华文化在几千年的发展中,形成了一套相当完整的价值体系。这一套体系是中华民族刚健不息、厚德载物精神的价值基础和根源。”陈来认为,朱子广泛继承了儒家的学术文化,对古代文化作了全面的整理,对四书的集结和诠释几乎花费了毕生精力,是文化继往开来、传承创新的典范,这是近1000年来无人可与之相比的。

在陈来看来,朱子思想中最重要的“格物致知”理论,是对儒家“学习”思想的一种哲学论证和展开。朱熹用“即物穷理”来解释格物,提出格物就是要穷理,也就是去了解事物的道理;穷理必须在事物上穷,不能脱离事物。“即物穷理”的主要途径就是多读书、观察事物、思考其道理。

朱熹仕宦九载,立朝御前46天,上书请辞64次,把毕生的精力都花在了研究、著述、授教之上,“绝意仕途,以继二程绝学为己任,奋发读书著述”。朱熹参与创建、修复、讲学、题记的书院有64所,其中自建4所。武夷书院原名武夷精舍,由朱熹亲自擘画、营建,宋淳熙十年(1183年)建成。据记载,自武夷书院建成后,武夷山理学学术活动空前活跃。中国古代四大书院中的白鹿洞书院和岳麓书院,都和朱熹的讲学与教育实践有关。

陈来认为,朱子是中国传统文人士大夫的杰出代表。朱子学的对象主要是士人,朱子学的宗旨是为士人提供一套道德学问思想体系,因此朱子强调“学习”“读书”的性格,与其宗旨相一致。以古代朱子学的标准来看,现代人的受教育程度都超过小学而属于“大学”,所以重视《大学》的朱子学适用于当今社会的几乎所有人。

在朱子思想中,其教育理念同样具有现代意义。“从《论语训蒙口义》到《四书章句集注》,多数朱子的经典解释著作都着眼于学生的经典学习,这使得朱子的著作在今天通识教育的经典学习中仍有参考意义。”陈来说。

为儒学补上宇宙论和心性论的缺口

康熙曾给武夷精舍赐一块匾额,上书“学达性天”。从事朱子文化研究已有26载的朱杰人认为,这四个字把朱子一生最重要的贡献写出来了,意思是朱子的学问达到了人性和宇宙的本源,为一度被边缘化的儒学补上了宇宙论和心性论的缺口。

陈来指出,朱熹论道德的思想有许多在今天仍有借鉴意义。如朱熹关于理性与欲望、道理原则与个人私欲关系的看法。朱熹阐发了古代“道心唯做,人心唯危”的思想,认为“人心”与生俱来。但如果“无所主宰,留而忘返”,社会就会“危”。要使人心不致危害社会,就应该用“道心”主宰“人心”。朱熹认为道心的特点是公,即反映了社会公共的道德法则。

“朱熹在那个时代,还没有从加强法制以约束人的行为来考虑,所以朱熹的方法是完全诉诸道德,这是理学的局限性,但突出道德意识的重要性还是难能可贵的。”陈来说。

朱熹和理学还提出“天理”和“人欲”的问题。朱熹认为,欲望应当受道德原则的制约。“所谓‘存天理、灭人欲’,就是坚持道德不能建立在欲望的基础上,必须建立在理性主宰、责任意识、美德培养之上,主张用反映社会共同要求的道德原则来克服违背公共道德的私欲,把外在的道德规范化为人体的内在自觉。”陈来指出,这在当今社会仍有重要的意义。

“当然,在理性和欲望的关系方面,朱熹对有些问题的处理并不完满,他比较忽视欲望和生命力的满足,未能重视理性和欲望也有统一的一面。”陈来说,整体而言,朱熹的思想对封建时代的精神文明和民族精神发展起了积极的作用。

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