高考英语作文例题（汇编20篇）

2013年山东高考英语作文题目：给美国朋友Tom的回信

第二节：写作(满分30分)

假设你是新华中学的学生李华，你的美国朋友Tom一周前给你发电子邮件，询问你暑假里的打算，但你因准备期末考试未能及时回复。请根据以下要点给他回邮件：

1. 未及时回复的原因;

2. 你假期的打算(如做兼职、旅行、做志愿者等)。

注意： 1. 次数：120~150;

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

【试题点评】

今年的书面表达题目延续山东省一贯的提纲作文命题习惯，时隔一年之后重新回到“书信题”的大框架中，考了一篇“以道歉信为外衣，以活动安排为主体段”的提纲作文，相当于10年山东卷(道歉信)和07年四川卷(假期安排)和合体。这种作文是我们平时经常练习的，因此套路很完善、套话很丰富。此外，本文中需要同学们翻译的难句不多，因此，只要在备考过程中有意识地了解过高考英语作文的提分方法，掌握了常用的亮点词汇、加分句型和过渡词，并加以针对性训练，这道题目应该不难写。

【经典套路】

第一段：问候+写信背景+写信目的

第二段：“道歉”部分(相当于“写信背景”)

第三段：“假期安排”部分

第四段：补充说明+客套话

【高分范文】

Dear Tom,

How are you doing? (问候) You asked me in your last letter about my plan for the coming summer vacation.(写信背景) I am sorry that I didn’t reply without delay.(写信目的)

How I wish I would read and reply your email as soon as I received it. However, I was busy preparing for my final exam at that time, which is vital for me. As a result, I had no choice but to completely focus on my study. I believe that if you were me, you would make the same choice.(第二段为道歉信常见套路)

By the way, I have a busy schedule for my summer vacation.(主题句) First and foremost, I would do a part time job, so that my interpersonal skills would be improved.(拓展句1) Additionally, I will take a short trip to Beijing to take a summer course in the New Oriental School.(拓展句2) Last but not least, maybe I will work as a volunteer for the school as a teaching assistant.(拓展句3)

These are my plan for the summer vacation. What’s yours? I am looking forward to your earliest reply.(以合理的客套话结尾)

书信作文模板

Dear___， 亲爱的___

I am extremely pleased to hear from you.(我很高兴收到你的来

信) And I would like to write a letter to tell you that_____. (我很高兴写封信告诉

你。。。) I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest

convenience/I am looking f0rward to your replies at your earliest convenience.

(我希望你可以在空闲的时候尽快给我回信)

Best regards for your health and success. 祝你身体健康万事如意

Sincerely yours，你最真诚的

___

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理的高考英语写作基本原则，希望对你有帮助。

一、 长 短 句原则

工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主 题 句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一 二 三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.

I want it.

可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、 多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比

我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：Walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说：Slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说：Sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说：Dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说：Stagger out of the room

所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

I encore music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

Besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

The coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

Despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

Then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：This is what I can do.

Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

When to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mir liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、 挑战极限原则

既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

As students born after 1990, we have so many advantages. We are usually kind and helpful. When someone is in trouble, we always give him or her a hand. We are also active. We like to do sports and go traveling. Most of us can work hard in class and play happily after school. Besides, we are imaginative and creative. We always try something new and do everything differently.

On the other hand, we also have some disadvantages. Sometimes we can’t express our opinions in proper ways; sometimes we are a little over confident. And many students have no brothers or sisters, so they may do evthing for themselves. These problems may make us seem impolite, even we can’t communicate with others well. So it’s the most important for us to learn how to get on well with others.

[人际关系和情感态度高考英语作文

(Mothers Eyes)

My mother has a pair of keen eyes which can speak. With her eyes,she observed my mood, gave me courage and made me strong. Therefore, I could face difficulties.

When I was a baby learning to walk, my mother always lent me a hand and encouraged me to get up while I fell down. As I finally threw myself into her arms, her eyes smiled with praise. Later as I grew up, I met with more difficulties. But whenever I was frustrated, my mothers eyes alwaysgave me hope and encouragement. Once I failed in exams, my mother encouraged me to find out the reasons. Instead of blaming me she pushed me to do better. At last I overcame the difficulty. Now I have grown up and become more independent, but whenever I come across setbacks, my mothers eyes are always with me encouraging me wherever I go.

我母亲有一双敏锐的、会说话的眼睛。那双眼睛能洞察我的心情，给我鼓励，促我坚强，因此我能面对一切困难。

孩提学步时，妈妈总是帮助我，鼓励我摔倒了就爬起来。最后我晃晃悠悠地扑进她怀抱时，她的双眼充满了赞扬之情。成长过程中，我遇到了很多困难，但灰心失望时，妈妈的双眼总给我以希望和鼓励。一次我考试不及格，妈妈没有责备我，而是鼓励我找出原因，提高我的成绩。最后我终于度过了难关。现在，我长大了，不用再让她操心了。但每当遇到挫折时，妈妈的眼睛总是伴随着我，给我鼓励。

[高考英语满分作文:母亲的眼睛

The environmental protection is the most major problem which in the modern life the humanity faces. Must solve this problem must start from foundation. First, must massively propagandize, enhances peoples consciousness with understanding, strengthens the environmental protection consciousness. Next, must carry on waste recovery use, reduces to forest-trees felling. Also must strengthen to white pollution processing, little uses the plastic product. Finally, must make improvement to clean aspect. Causes the citys appearance to be neater. For Earths tomorrow, we must start from the now diligently, will want the well local constable to protect the environment. To this us proposes as follows suggests: Implementation trash classification packed in bags. Like this not only can reduce the environmental sanitation workers work load, but also can even better basically arrive makes use of waste, to reduce the pollution, saves the resources.

环境保护是现代生活中人类所面临的最主要问题。要解决这个问题必须从基础做起。首先，要大量宣传，提高人们的意识与理解，加强环保意识。其次，要进行废物回收利用，减少对森林树木的砍伐。还必须加强对白色污染处理，少使用塑料制品。最后，必须改善清洁方面。使城市的外观整洁。为了地球的明天，我们必须从现在开始努力，将希望和当地的警官保护环境。为此我们提出如下建议：实施垃圾分类袋装。这样不仅可以减少环卫工人的工作量，而且可以更好的利用废物，减少污染，节约资源。

In work hard learning, the library is a good place, I study it brings me a lot of knowledge. For every class often in and out of the library I; Selected for the volunteers by the teacher, in the heart very happy, because finally had a chance to service for people!

When a small volunteers on the first day, class library all things for me; Is a question mark, for others, photocopies accidentally! A wrong button, the paper places appeared a piece of data only a quarter of the paper, I have to pay.

Sacrifice lunch break I went to the library work, the more cautious to fill a book, seeing so many tattered book, thinking "can have such a good study environment, dont cherish" an angry heart. One day, after finishing the book, see a man in the book, a stepped forward to wanted to scold him a lesson, but the thought of Confucius said: "the way of administration, together with punishment, people free and shameless. Virtue, together with the ritual, shame and." Im not angry, had to use moral to persuade him, and when no ones in, also wont destroy the book.

Busy, the teacher also told us to read, to gain understanding. When moving the heavy book, in fact, think about it, this will not only help the teacher save trouble, also enhance their own strength, every second, why not?

As the young volunteers, I though a little tired, but for the teacher to share many things; I am also very happy, because "help others for pleasure this!"

在功课繁重的学习中，图书馆是我进修的好场所，它带给我许多知识。因每天下课常出入图书馆的我;被老师选为小志愿者，心中无比的高兴，因为终于有机会替大众服务了!

当上小志愿者的第一节下课，图书馆一切的事物对我来说;都是一个问号，替别人影印资料时，一不小心!按错一个钮，出纸的地方出现了一张只有资料四分之一的纸，使我得自己掏腰包了。

牺牲午休时间 去图书馆工作的我，更加谨慎的补书，眼见这么多破烂的书，心想“能有这么好的读书环境，竟然不好好珍惜”心中一股气愤涌上心头。一天，在整理书时，见到了 一位在破坏书的人，走上前去原想臭骂他一顿，但一想到孔子说：“道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻。道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格。”我也不生气了，只好用 道德来规劝他，才能在没人的时候，也不会再破坏书。

忙碌之余，老师也叫我们看书，以增广见闻。在搬那沉重的书时，其实，想想看，这不但帮老师省麻烦，也增强自己的体力，一举二得，有何不可呢?

身为小志愿者的我，虽然累了一点儿，但替老师分担了许多事物;我也很快乐，因为“助人为快乐之本”呀!

(1)要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1.有一些人认为...

2.另一些人认为...

3.我的看法...

The topic of ①-(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-----理由二). Moreover, ④-------(理由三).

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥--(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦--(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨----(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

(2)给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点

Some people believe that ①(观点一). For example, they think ②-(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-(为他们带来的好处).

In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-----(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-(反对的理由之二).

Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥--(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).

Dear Amy,

亲爱的艾米，

I’m Li Hua from Xinhua Middle School of China. I’m sorry to hear that you got the lung cancer which brought you great pain. But you should realize that you are young and have a promising great future. So, stand up and fight against the disease! I’m sure you will win. It is reported that the America anti-cancer association will donate three cents upon every comfort letter you receive. So I will tell your situation to all my friends and ask them to write to you. In that way, you will get enough money for you to be cured. Hope you can be well soon.

我是李华从中国新华中学。我很抱歉听到你有给你带来了巨大的痛苦，肺癌。但你应该意识到你是年轻的，有一个光明的前途。所以，站起来对抗疾病!我相信你会赢的。据悉，美国抗癌协会将捐出三美分每安慰信你收到。所以我要告诉你的情况，我所有的朋友，请他们给你写信。这样，你将为你被治愈，有足够的钱。希望你能很快好起来。

Yours,

你的，

Li Hua

李华

导语：事实上，我们仍然可以做很多事情为节能社会做点事，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Recently，there has been an activity of “doing your bit for an energy-saving society” in our school. Our schoolmates are highly concerned about the increasing lack of energy and provide their own suggestions.

Some students suggest that we shouldn’t waste any food or paper, though they appear very easy to get. Meanwhile, some other students think it advisable to refuse to use disposable chopsticks and plastic bags. Besides, it is also strongly recommended that those used textbooks as well as reference books of graduates, which are still in good condition, not be thrown but recycled.

Actually, there are still quite a lot that we can easily do: say, try to take buses or ride bicycles instead of driving cars, etc. All of these will definitely help to build an energy-saving society.

【参考译文】

最近，我们学校有一个“为节能社会做点事”的活动。我们的同学高度关注日益增长的能源不足，并提出自己的建议。

一些学生建议我们不应该浪费任何食物或纸，虽然他们看起来很容易得到。同时，一些学生认为最好不要使用一次性筷子和塑料袋。此外，还强烈建议，那些使用的教科书和参考书的毕业生，仍然处于良好状态，而不是扔，但回收。

事实上，我们仍然可以做很多事情：比如，乘公共汽车或骑自行车而不是开车等，这些都有助于建设节约型社会。

I often imagine what my life will be like in the future.I think my life will be very different in ten years.I will be twenty-eight years old by then.I will have my own family,probably with a lovely child.I hope I’ll work in a computer company as a program designer.I’ll enjoy my work and get along well with my colleagues.I’ll do a good job in whatever I do.In my free time,I’ll continue to take regular exercise,such as swimming,running and various ball games.On my holidays,I’ll travel around the world.In a word,my life will be much richer and more colorful.

记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1. 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2. 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when?该事发生的时间， where?该事发生的地点，who?人物角色是谁，what?发生的是什么事，why?该事发生的原因，以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3. 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4. 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。

记叙文高考指引

记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。

1)记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。

2)仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。

3)具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。

4)写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。

5)叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。

6)叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。

7)人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。

假如你上周末参加了某旅行社组织的所谓生态游，你觉得名不副实。请你根据下表内容把自己经历的这次生态游和对真正生态游的看法写出来。

所谓的生态游：

欣赏风景，享受新鲜空气

有人摘花、捉鸟、乱扔垃圾

真正的生态游

享受自然，同时也是一种责任

要保护自然，保护野生动物

带走美好回忆，留下青山绿水

Last weekend I went on an eco-travel with a travel agency. All the way we enjoyed the beautiful scenery and fresh air. But a few of us picked flowers as while going sightseeing. Some even tried to catch the birds they saw. What was worse, many tourists threw rubbish here and there. The rubbish may do harm to wildlife there.

I don’t think this is a true eco-travel. A true eco-travel is a tour that not only allows us to express our love for nature, but needs our responsibility as well. As we enjoy the beauty of nature, we should try our best to protect it. And we should also try to protect wildlife. A true eco-travel should be like this: take nothing away but your good memory; leave nothing behind but all the green trees and the clean water.

六：假设你是李明，最近你校的一份英语报纸正在校园出现的“涂鸦”现象开展讨论。请你根据以下要点写一封信给报纸编辑，发表你的看法。

(1)“涂鸦”丑陋难看。

(2)公共建筑物不是表达观点、感情的地方。

(3)禁止“涂鸦”。

参考词汇：graffiti 涂鸦，(在墙上的)乱涂乱写

vandalism 对公共财物的有意破坏

Dear Editor,

Recently graffiti has become more noticeable in my college. I feel quite annoyed at them, especially when some of my classmates praise them as a kind of so-called art. Confronted with this impolite phenomenon, I can’t help asking myself: what is wrong with today’s teenagers?

In my opinion, graffiti is a form of vandalism. They are a mess and are ugly to look at. Meanwhile, walls are public places, and they should not be used to express personal views and feelings.

I really think vandalism should be stopped, and those who refuse to stop this bad practice should be punished. We should clear away these ugly expressions and drawings so that our college may return to its true self--a clean, quiet place for study, teaching and research.

Yours,

Li Ming

面对失败的态度

作为中学生，你肯定经历过多次考试，体验过成功，也遭遇过失败。请你根据提示内容，简要概述中学生中普遍存在的对考试失败的两种态度，并结合自身实际，说明你的观点。

消极态度 积极态度

当考试结果不尽人意时，情绪低落，丧失信心，不再继续努力。

积极态度

当考试失败时，……

你的结论

……

要求：(1)题目自拟;(2)词数：100-120。

【猜题理由】情感问题已经成为困扰大学生的首要心理问题。由于他们在学校学校都一帆风顺，在家又备受宠爱，所以很多中学生都养成了我行我素的性格，却不知道如何与别人相处，在人际交往和学校中很容易遇到挫折，在挫折面前又显得不知所措。

【构思点拨】本文可从三个方面来谈，第一步总体概括中学生所面对的成败问题;第二步谈论面对失败的两种态度;第三步谈谈自己的看法。

【参考范文】

Failure is the mother of success

We middle school students have had many tests or exams. We have both achieved success and suffered from failure. Different students take different attitudes to failure.

Some fall in low spirits when they dont do well in the exams. They usually lose heart and no longer study hard as before. But most students take an active attitude towards failure. They encourage themselves to be self-confident. They found out and analyze the causes so that they will no longer make similar mistakes.

I agree with those with active attitudes. As we all know, failure is the mother of success. Even great men have failed many times before they succeeded. So we must deal with our failure correctly.

How to Spend Sundays

Though Sunday is set aside as a day for rest, we ought to devise some .good ways of spending it.

Firstly, we should review what we have learned during the past week. One will get something new in looking over ones old studies Is a very wise saying. If we do not fully understand what we have been taught in the week, how can we expect to understand next weeks lessons?

Secondly, to increase our knowledge, we should read on Sundays, those books,newspaper and magazines that are not in our regular curriculum. That will do us good.

The two ways of spending Sundays will surely do anyone good if he carries them out faithfully and persistently.

如何度过星期天

虽然星期天是供大家休闲娱乐的一天，但我们还是可以想出很多好办法来度过这一天。

首先，我们可以复习上周所学的内容，“温故而知新”这是非常明智的谚语。如果我们连本周所学的知识都不能完全消化，那又怎能掌搔好下一周的知识呢?

其次，为了提高我们的知识水平，我们可在星期天阅读课外书籍、报纸、杂志，虽然不是我们的正规功课，但是对我们很有用。

如果有恒心坚持的话，以上两种度过星期天的方式毫无疑问是很有益的。

[高考英语满分作文如何度过星期天

提出建议:

It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.

It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of …

该是采纳……的建议，并对……的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of …

毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视.

Obviously, … If we want to do something … , it is essential that …

显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是…

Only in this way can we … 只有这样，我们才能……

It must be realized that …我们必须意识到……

预示后果:

Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that … will lead us in danger.

很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险.

No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that …

毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会……

It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展.

论证

From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理.

I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …我无法完全同意这一观点……

Personally, I am standing on the side of …就个人而言,我站在……的一边.

I sincerely believe that …我真诚地相信……

In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do ….

在我个人看来,做……比做……更明智.

Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …

给出原因:

This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …

这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先，……;第二,，……;第三，……

Why did …? For one thing …，for another …. Perhaps the primary reason is…

为什么会……?一个原因是……，令一个原因是……;或许其主要原因是……

I quite agree with the statement that … The reasons are chiefly as follows.

我十分赞同这一论述,即……，其主要原因如下:

列出解决办法:

Here are some suggestions for handling … 这是如何处理某事的一些建议.

The best way to solve the troubles is … 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题.

批判错误观点和做法:

As far as something is concerned, … 就某事而言，……

It was obvious that …很显然,….

It may be true that …, but it doesn’t mean that …

可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……

It is natural to believe that …, but we shouldn’t ignore that …

认为……是很自然的,但我们不应忽视……

There is no evidence to suggest that … 没有证据表明……

如何连接

强调 still, indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially, obviously, clearly.

比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.

对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.

开头：

Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,……问题已引起人们的关注.

The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题.

Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face.

如今，(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了.

It is commonly believed that … / It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……

Many people insist that … 很多人坚持认为……

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……

A lot of people seem to think that … 很多人似乎认为……

引出不同观点:

People’s views on … vary from person to person. Some hold that …. However, others believe that….人们对……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……

People may have different opinions on …人们对……可能会有不同的见解.

Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person.人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异.

There are different opinions among people as to …关于……，人们的观点大不相同.

Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。

结尾

Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……

Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……

Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that …

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……

There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点.

All in all, we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题.

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文拽起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.见微知著，一叶知秋，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句英汉对号式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有较多的语法结构和词汇，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有拽的感觉

1.高考写作的实质变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很拽，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很拽的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and again

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and again

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

英语书面表达是体现个人水平的一个主要因素，也是各种考试考查的重要内容。怎样才能提高英语写作能力呢?方法是多种多样的，但最重要的是夯实学生的语言基本功，打好坚实的基础。语言的基本功在写作教学中体现为准确应用词汇和正确使用句型结构的能力，语句的组织衔接和谋篇布局的能力。在学生真正地掌握语汇用法的前提下，比较行之有效的方法是把句型教学放在写作情景中进行教授，培养学生的应用和运用能力。

在句型结构教学中，应尽多设计一些写作情景，使句型结构服务于教学，这样不仅提高了学生的写作兴趣，也加强了教学的目的性和针对性。为了提高写作能力和写作水平，本文主要归纳和总结了英语写作中常用的一些重点句型。希望能给同行们在教学中，学生在学习上有一些帮助。

以形式主语it引导的句型。

句型1.

It (so) happened(chanced) that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced to do sth. =sb.did sth. by chance. 如：

It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。=He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.

句型2.

It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/to be done/to have been done(还有动词appear等可这样使用)如:

It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.他好象以前去过北京。=He seemed to have been to Beijing before.

句型3.

It is / was+被强调的部分+that(who)+剩余的部分.如：

It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型中的谓语动词否定的转移)。 It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。(只能用because而不能用for, as 或since)

It is I who am a student. 我确实是个学生。(句中am不能用are来代替。)

句型4.

It is high time (time/ about time)+ (that) 主语+should do / did+其它。(从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。)如:

It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。

句型5.

It is / was said ( reported…)+that+从句. 如：

It was said that he had read this novel.据说他读过这篇小说。=He was said to have read this novel.

句型6.

It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.(从句中的谓语用should+do / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气。)如：

It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。

句型7.

It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.(注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略。)如：

He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. 他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜。

句型8.

It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.(从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。)如：

It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议推迟会议。

句型9.

It is/was+表示地点的名词+where+从句。(注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句。)如：

It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)

句型10.

It is / was +表示时间的名词+when+从句。(注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句。)如：

It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.

句型11.

It is well-known that+从句。如：

It is well-known that she is a learned woman.众所周知，她是个知识渊博的妇女。

句型12.

It is +段时间+since+主语+did. 请比较：

It was +段时间+since+主语+had done. 如：

It is five years since he left here.他已经离开这儿五年了。

It was five years since he left here.(同上)

注意下列句型的翻译:It is five years since he lived here.他从这儿搬走已经有五年了。

句型13.

It +谓语+段时间+before+主语+谓语.( before引导的是时间状语从句。) 如：

It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up.没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了。

It will be three hours before he comes back.三个小时之后他才能回来。

句型14.

It is +形容词(possible, impossible, necessary等) +for+ sb.+ to do. 如：

It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的。

句型15.

It is +(心理品质方面的)形容词+of + sb. +to do.= 主语+ be +形容词+to do.(常用的形容词有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等。)如：

It is kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me.你真好给我提供了帮助。

说明文是对事物形状、性能、特点、成因等进行的理解式表达表述的文章。其形式多为文字提示或图表。这种文体使用比较广泛。科普文、产品介绍、国情或民俗介绍都属于这类文体。说明文是陈述客观事实，谓语动词通常用一般现在时态。说明文具有以下特点：

1. 科学性。介绍事物或解说事理必须揭示其本质特征。做到概念准确，判断恰当，分类清楚。

2. 客观性。写说明文时，要按照事物的本来面目如实地加以介绍、说明和解释。不能带有个人愿望或主观倾向。

3. 知识性。说明文以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁的语言介绍事物或阐明事理，使人们获得关于某一事物的知识和道理。

4. 解说性。说明文的目的就是在于把事物、现象或道理解释、介绍清楚，让读者明白。

几点写作注意

写说明文要注意以下几点：

1. 抓住中心，分清主次。首先根据要仔细阅读文字提示或观察图表，确定文章的中心内容。再根据内容把文章文分成几个段落，每段都要拟定一个主题句。然后确定中心人称和主体时态。

2. 列全要点，扩编句子。以拟定的主题句为中心，选择恰当的词和句型组织材料，编写句子，形成段落。

3. 布局谋篇，连段成文。按照一定的逻辑顺序，用适当的过渡词把已经写好的段落串连成一篇完整的文章。

具体写作实例

例如：根据下列提示，写一篇介绍你们学校的短文。

1. 位于市中心。

2. 有50多年的历史。

3. 现有60个教学班，近3000名学生。

4. 校园美丽，教学设备先进。

5. 教师经验丰富，工作努力。

6. 已为国家培养了许多高素质人才。

7. 本校为全市最好的学校之一。

要求：词数100左右。

写作示范：

Our school is located in the center of the city. I t has a history for more than 50years. Now, there are nearly 3000 students studying hard here, who were divided into 60 classes. I t has a beautiful campus and modern teaching facilities. The teachers are well experienced and they all put their hearts into teaching. Many students with high quality have been educated since the founding of the school. It is now one of the best schools in the city.

As is shown in the first picture, on a mountain of university tiredly climbs a college student, almost finishing his journey in the university, and awkwardly and surprisingly finding that he has to climb another much higher mountain -- hunting a job, bus as is shown below, in front of a post board for recruiting government officials stand an ocean of people, with only one in front of the board for hiring waiter. There has been a heated discussion about these pictures recently in the newspaper. Simple as the pictures are , they do demonstrate certain thought-provoking social phenomenon.

如图第一幅图所示，在求学的大山上一个学生疲惫的攀爬着，好不容易快到了山的顶峰，却不得不吃惊且尴尬的发现还有一座高很多的山他必须去爬，那就是找到一份工作。但是在另一幅图中我们看到，在招聘公务员的广告牌前面站着一堆人，而在招聘服务员的牌子前却只有一个人。最近报纸上对这样图画的讨论有很多。这些图虽然简单，但是却确实表明了一个发人深思的社会现象。

The pictures tell us the issue of hunting jobs for college students is increasingly and seriously important in current days. What’s more , individuals, organizations and even the whole society have been attaching due attention to this issue. On one hand, when facing the pressure of finding a job, students are struggling painfully. The burden can cause not only depression but also anxiety and such problems as isolation and solitude. One’s thought , creative thinking and exploration spirit, therefore, have been stifled by pursing measurable high scores and various certificates when confronting this harsh reality. On the other hand , that college students fail to change the conventional view on jobs and to adapt their goals to the reality deepens this problem. Were there no prompt and proper solution to this problem, never would we taste the happiness of the harmonious society.

图画告诉我们大学生就业的问题在当今越来越重要了。个人，团体，政府甚至是整个社会都很关注这个问题。一方面，当面对找工作的压力时，学生们痛苦的挣扎着。这样的负担不仅给他们带来了抑郁和焦虑的问题，还带来了像孤单，孤僻这样的问题。这样一来，面对这样的残酷现实，一个人的思考，创造性的思维，开拓的精神很可能因为追求可被量化的分数和证书的而被遏制了。另一方面，大学生没有能改变传统的就业观念让自己的目标更贴近现实也进一步的加重了这个问题。如果不能及时和恰当的解决这个问题，我们将不可能实现体会到和谐社会的幸福感。

What should be done to reverse this situation? For one thing, instead of just earning their degrees and high exam scores, college students are expected to cultivate their potentials such as creation, imagination and coordination. Such qualities, though cannot be measured by their college certificates, really matter in their prospective career. For another thing, the educational institutions are supposed to integrate more practical training in their programs so that more netpetent college graduates can be produced for our society. Above all, the new awareness that all jobs are equal in dignity and that fame and excellence can be reached at any occupation should be promoted in the whole society.

如何改变这样的现状呢，一方面学生不只是要注重文凭和分数，学生们还需要培养自己的创造性，想象力和协调能力。这样的素质虽然不能用证书来衡量却在以后工作中非常重要。另一方面，教育机构应该整合课程加入一些实用课程，让学生成为这个社会需要的一员。最重要的是，整个社会都应该认识到：任何工作都是有尊严的，优秀和卓越在任何工作中都能成就。

[学生就业和能力提高考研英语作文

导语：友谊在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!​

Friendship Friends play an important part in our lives,and although we may take friendship for granted,we often dont clearly understand how we make friends.While we get on well with a number of people,we are usually friends with only a very few----for example,the average among students is about 6 per person.In all the cases of friendly relationships,two people like one another and enjoy being together.but beyond that,the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons for the shared interests vary enormously.As we get to know people we take into account things like age,race ,economic conditions,social position,and intelligence.Although these factors are not of prime importance,it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a marked difference in age and background.

Some friendly relationships can be kept on argument and discussion,but it is usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs,to have attitudes and interests in commen ---they often talk about being on the same wavelength .it generally takes time to reach this point.And the more intimately involved people become,the more they rely on one another .people want to do friends favours and hate to break a promise.Equally,friends have to learn to put up with annoying habits and try to tolerate differencesof opinion.wWw.xiNgkoo.coMIn contrast with marriage ,there are no friendship ceremonies to strengthen the association between two persons.But the supporting and understanding of each other that results from shared experiences and emotions does seem to a powerful bond ,which can overcome differences in background ,and break down barriers of age, class or race.

【参考译文】

友谊在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色，虽然我们可以把友谊视为理所当然，我们常常不清楚如何交朋友。虽然我们与很多人相处很好，我们通常只有极少数的例如----朋友，学生平均每人约为6，友好关系的情况下，两个人互相喜欢和享受可除此之外，他们的共同利益的原因之间的亲密程度差异很大，因为我们知道我们会考虑对方的年龄、种族、经济条件、社会地位和智力。虽然这些因素不是最重要的，它是更难以与人相处时，有一个标志年龄和背景差异。

一些友好关系在论据和讨论可以被保留，但它通常都有着相近的思想和信念的亲密朋友，有态度和兴趣他们经常谈论在同一个波长。一般需要时间到达这一点，人变得更亲密，他们更依赖另一个。人们想要做朋友厚待，憎恶背信弃义。同样，朋友之间要学会忍受恼人的习惯，试着去容忍差异与婚姻，友谊没有仪式来加强两人的关系。但支持和相互理解，共同的经历和情感的结果S似乎是一个强大的纽带，它可以克服背景差异，打破障碍的年龄，阶级或种族。