四级英语作文写作方法【精彩20篇】
随着二胎政策的放开,中国在迎来新一轮生育高峰的同时,由于新生儿基数的变大,再加上拼二胎的高龄孕妇早产发生率更高,早产儿的数量或将在未来的1-2年出现阶段性增加。以下是小编带来的早产儿的相关内容,希望对你有帮助。
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1000面试自我介绍的写作技巧方法
全文共 1047 字
+ 加入清单一段短短的自我介绍,其实是为了揭开更深入的面谈而设计的。一两分钟的自我介绍,犹如商品广告,在有限的时间内,针对客户的需要,将自己最美好的一面,毫无保留地表现出来,不但要令对方留下深刻的印像,还要即时引发起购买欲。
1、自我认识
想一矢中的,首先必须认清自我,一定要弄清以下三个问题。你现在是干什么的?你将来要干什么?你过去是干什么的?
这三个问题不是按时间顺序从过去到现在再到将来,而是从现在到将来再到过去。其奥妙在于:如果你被雇用,雇主选中的是现在的你,他希望利用的是将来的你,而这将来又基于你的历史和现状。
所以,第一个问题,你是干什么的?现在是干什么的?回答这个问题,要点是:你是你自己,不是别的什么人。除非你把自己与别人区别开来,在共同点的基础上更强调不同点,否则你绝无可能在众多的应征求职者中夺魁。对于这第一个问题,自我反省越深,自我鉴定就越成功。
随后,着手回答第二个问题:你将来要干什么?如果你申请的是一份举足轻重的工作,雇主肯定很关注你对未来的自我设计。你的回答要具体,合理,并符合你现在的身份,要有一个更别致的风格。
然后,再着手回答最后一个问题:你过去是干什么的?你的过去当然都在履历上已有反映。你在面试中再度回答这个问题时,不可忽略之处是:不要抖落一个与你的将来毫不相干的过去。如果你中途彻底改行,更要在描述你的执着、职业目标的一贯性上下些功夫。要做到这一点,又要忠实于事实和本人,最简单的方法是:找到过去与将来的联系点,收集过去的资料,再按目标主次排列。
用这样的方法,以现在为出发点,以将来为目标,以过去为证实,最重要的是加深了你的自我分析和理解。其实,在面试的时候不一定有机会或者有必要照搬你的大作,但这三个问题的内在联系点一定会体现在自我表述的整体感觉中,使你的形象栩栩如生。
2、投其所好
清楚自己的强项后,便可以开始准备自我介绍的内容:包括工作模式、优点、技能,突出成就、专业知识、学术背景等。
好处众多,但只有短短一分钟,所以一切还是与该公司有关的好。(面试自我介绍 ) 如果是一间电脑软件公司,应说些电脑软件的话题;如是一间金融财务公司,便可跟他说钱的事,总之投其所好。
但有一点必须紧记:话题所到之处,必须突出自己对该公司可以作出的贡献,如增加营业额、减低成本、发掘新市场等。
3、铺排次序
内容的次序亦极重要,是否能抓住听众的注意力,全在于事件的编排方式。所以排在头位的,应是你最想他记得的事情。而这些事情,一般都是你最得意之作。与此同时,可呈上一些有关的作品或纪录增加印像分。
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篇1:关于大学生求职信写作方法
全文共 903 字
+ 加入清单不同学历,不同职位,不同年龄段,其求职信写作技巧也有所不同。那么,大学生应如何写求职信呢?以下这篇文章将让你了解大学生求职信写作方法。
求职信要短,但一定要引人入胜,记住你只有几秒钟吸引你的读者继续看下去。在求职信中要重点突出你的背景材料中与未来雇主最有关系的内容。通常招聘人员对与其企业有关的信息是最敏感的了,所以你要把你与企业和职位之间最重要的信息表达清楚。
言简义赅,切忌面面俱到。求职信的功用只是为你争取一个参加 面试 的机会,你不要以为凭一封求职信就可以找到一份你满意的工作,而且这种错误的心态会使你写的求职信罗罗嗦嗦。招聘人员工作量很大,时间宝贵,求职信过长会使其效度大大降低,1992哈佛人力资源研究所的一份测试报告的数据也证明了这一点,即一封求职信如果内容超过400个 单词 ,则其效度只有25%,即阅读者只会留下对1/4内容的印象。
不宜有文字上的错讹。一份好的求职信不仅能体现你清晰的思路和良好的表达能力,还能考察出你的性格特征和职业化程度。所以一定要注意措辞和语言,写完之后要通读几篇,精雕细琢,切忌有错字、别字、病句及文理欠通顺的现象发生。否则,就可能使求职信"黯然无光"或是带来更为负面的影响。
切忌过分吹嘘。从求职信中看到的不只是一个人的经历,还有品格。
针对性和个性化让你的求职信从数百封的信件中"脱颖而出"。不少人事经理反映,现在求职信中最常见的问题是"千人一面"。的确,网络给求职提供了更多的方便,但面对着互联网上成千上万的职位,有的求职者采用了"天女散花"式发求职信的方式,事实上它的命中率很低,结果不仅是"广种薄收"都达不到,而是多以"广种无收"告终。原因很简单,这种千篇一律、没有任何针对性的求职信,招聘人员看的太多了。此时,针对性已成为求职信奏效与否的"生命线"。另外,个性化也很重要。有的求职信没有任何豪言壮语,也没有使用任何华丽的 词汇 ,却使人读来觉得亲切、自然、实实在在。
在求职信正式发送之前,给身边的人看一下。 这也是求职信撰写中一个重要技巧,目的是避免歧义的产生,让求职信更好的传达出你所要传达的讯息。另外,在求职信后也可附上求职简历,让用人单位加深刻地了解你。
篇2:议论文的写作技巧及方法
全文共 1674 字
+ 加入清单1、论点:是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅,任何一篇文章只有一个中心论点,一般可以有分论点。
论点应该鲜明、准确、概括,绝不可模棱两可,让人捉摸不定。论点的位置一般有四个:
①文题 如《改造我们的学习》《反对党八股》
②开篇 如《改造我们的学习》
③文章中间 如《拿来主义》《论积贮疏》
④结尾 如《过秦论》“仁义不施而攻守之势异也”
2、论据 用来证明论点的材料,有事实论据和理论论据两种。事实论据用事实来说话,而理论论据靠经典性取胜。论据必须围绕中心论点,这是一个最基本的要求。选用的事例与论点若不能保持一致,势必削弱说服力量。像1999年高考作文题《假如记忆可以移植》,若写议论文,就必须要弄清“记忆”与“记忆力”的区别,有的考生所举的事例就明显犯了论据与论点游离的错误,举了郭沫若倒背《红楼梦》的事例,使说服力大打折扣。
选用事实论据还要注意几点:
①论据必须具有典型性。
典型就是指论据要具有代表性。
②论据必须具有新颖性。不少学生的议论文写作离不开一些陈旧的事例,像一写失败与成功的关系,似乎就离不开爱迪生发明灯泡,一写逆境成才就非写张海迪不可,类似的内容不是说不可以用,而是说你用,他用,大家都用,谁的作文与众不同呢?
③论据的表述要精练、简要,与记叙文的表述不同,它只要求表述出与论点相关的内容即可。
3、论证:是议论文写作的重要一环,它包含的内容也较多。
①论证的基本类型:立论、驳论。立论从正面论述,驳论从反面论述。我们写议论文一般以立论为主。
②论证的基本结构层次:三段论式的结构。
提出问题(是什么)→分析问题(为什么)→解决问题(怎么办)
也即: 引论 本论 结论
常见的论证结构:
a、总分总式结构 b、对照式结构 c、层进式结构 d、并列式结构
一篇文章中段与段之间,句与句之间灵活地运用多种论证结构层次会使议论文更具活动性。
③常用的论证方法:
a、例证法,用典型事例作论据来证明论点。
《简笔与繁笔》:举洋洋洒洒百万言的《水浒传》中“武松打虎”片断,景阳岗的山神庙,一个“破落”使境界荒芜之景全出。这里两个字对百万言,可谓用简到了极点。同样作品里作者写繁笔的好处时,却又举了短篇小说《社戏》中的例子,也不得不说是极为典型。
运用例证法要注意对事例叙述的方法。注意并列的几个事例的顺序,还要注意安排的详略,大家熟知的材料要略写,不熟知的要详写。
b、喻证法,增强了作品论证的形象性。
运用喻证法要注意本体、喻体的相似性。鲁迅的《拿来主义》中把文化遗产喻为一所大宅子,列举一个青年对待大宅子的态度来表达作者对文化遗产采取“拿来主义”的态度,形象、生动,给人们以很深的印象。
c、对比论证:这种方法可以增强论证的鲜明性,使读者清楚作者赞成什么,反对什么。
今年高考一则优秀作文题为《四幕剧》,其中的第二幕剧写了这样一个内容:
背景:一个小餐馆中,一张桌子,面对面坐着两个人,他们面前的盘子里各有半个甜面圈。
A:唉!天哪!只剩下半个甜面圈。(A一脸的无奈)
B:上帝!真是太好了,还有半个甜面圈。(B一脸快乐状)
文章中写的这段话对比鲜明,对待生活的悲观和乐观跃然纸上,正如该文作者说:乐观的人在被玫瑰刺伤后仍会说多美的花,悲观的人在看到刺时就会说多糟啊。我选择玫瑰的美,因此我选择前者。
d、引证法,除引用名人名言以外,我建议同学们应该多积累一些古典诗词中的名句,它一方面能加强论证的力量,另一方面,它还可以丰富文章的内容,增强议论文的文学性。
近两年高考没有考查名句,全给高中生造成一种误解,不考就不积累是不对的。
浙江一考生在2000年作文中有这样一段话:人与人如此的不同。信手翻着宋人话本《碾玉观音》,不由得这样想。话本的开头是这样的疑问,“春已归去,不知哪搭是春住处?”秦观说:春是到江南去了,“若到江南赶上春,千万和春往。“苏小妹说,春是被带走了。”燕子衔将春色去,沙窗几阵黄梅雨”。还有苏轼说、秦观说……(《—花—世界》)
我只是选取了该文的一个部分,议论文中部分名句或古典诗词曲的引用的效果就不用再说了罢。
论证方法还有引申论证、因果论证,我们也不再细说了。
篇3:心得体会写作方法
全文共 2405 字
+ 加入清单在读过一篇文章或一本书之后,把获得的 感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来,写成的文章就叫?读后 感?。 在参与社会生活与社会实践中, 人们往往会产生有关某项工作的许多 感受和体会,这些感受和体会不一定经过严密的分析和思考,可能只 是对这项工作的感性认识和简单的理论分析。 用文字的形式把这些心 得表达出来,就是?心得体会?。 ?心得体会?是一种日常应用文体,属于议论文的范畴。一般篇幅可 长可短,结构比较简单。
二、心得体会怎么写?
心得体会的写法 心得体会的基本格式大致由以下几个部分组成 :
1、标题 心得体会的标题可以采用以下几种形式: 在 XX 活动(或 XX 工作)中的心得体会 关于 XX 活动(或 XX 工作)心得体会(或心得) 心得体会如果文章的内容比较丰富,篇幅较长,也可以采用双行标题的形 式,大标题用一句精练的语言总结自己的主要心得,小标题是在 XX 活动(或 X X 工作)中的心得体会?
例如: 从小处着眼,推陈出新 ——参加大学生科技创新大赛的心得
2、正文 这是心得体会的中心部分
(1)开头 简述所参加的工作(或活动)的基本情况, 包括参加活动的原 因、时间、地点、所从事的具体工作的过程及结果。
(2)主体 由于心得体会比较多地倾向于华考范文网在文章标题下署 名,写作日期放在文章最后。
三、写作心得体会应注意的问题
(1)避免混同心得体会和总结的界限。 一般来说, 总结是单位或个人在 一项工作、一个题结束以后对该工作、该问题所做的全面回顾、分析 和研究,力求在一项工作结束后找出有关该工作的经验教训,引出规 律性的认识,用以指导今后的工作,它注重认识的客观性、全面性、 系统性和深刻性。在表现手法上,在简单叙述事实的基础上较多的采 用分析、推理、议论的方式,注重语言的严谨和简洁。 心得体会相对来说比较注重在工作、学习、生活以及其他各个方面的 主观认识和感受,往往紧抓一两点,充分调动和运用叙述、描写、议论和说明甚至抒情的表达方式,在叙述工作经历的同时,着重介绍自 己在工作中的体会和感受。它追求感受的生动性和独特性,而不追求 其是否全面和严谨,甚至在有些情况下,可以只论一点,不计其余。
(2)实事求是,不虚夸,不作假,不无病呻吟。心得体会应是在实际工 作和活动中真实感受的反映,不能扭捏作态,故作高深,更不能虚假 浮夸,造成内容的失实。
(3)语言简洁,生动。心得体会在运用简洁的语言进行叙述、议论的基 础上,可以适当地采用描写、抒情及各种修辞手法,以增强文章的感 染力。是要准确选择感受点 写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的眼 睛,它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点。 读完一本书或一篇文章,会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或 一篇文章,不同的人从不同的角度思考问题,更是会产生不同的看 法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的?滥竽充数?成语故事为例,从 讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考,可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人 早晚要?露馅。
认识到掌握真才实学的重要性;若是考虑在齐宣王 时南郭先生能混下去的原因,就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导 作风,不能搞华而不实,否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要 从管理体制的角度去思考,就可进一步认识到齐宣王的大锅饭缺 少必要的考评机制,为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客 观条件,从而联想到改革开放以来,打破铁饭碗,废除大锅饭的 必要性。 一篇读后感,不能写出诸多的感想或体会,这就要加以选择。作 为初学者,就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注 意把握分析问题的角度,注意联系自己的实际情况,从众多的头绪中 选择最恰当的感受点,作为全文议论的中心。
要写得有真情实感 不要矫揉造作地拼凑感受,要避免公式 化。上半篇介绍文章内容,下半篇对照自己联系实际来个自我批评, 最后再来写上几句空洞的保证。我们要开放思路,在真正理解原文闪 耀的思想火花和艺术力量中真切的感受会骤然产生。
写独特新鲜的感受 检查式的读后感不可取,要尽力写出有新 意的见解来感染读者。例如王安石 《读孟尝君传》 该文一反常人论调, 说孟尝君只是好做鸡鸣狗盗之徒的首领,所以真正有治国之才的士一 个也没得到。全文不到一百字,却被誉为驳论文的千秋绝调。
四、读后感的基本思路如下:
1、简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代,以 及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来, 并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个简字,决不能 大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容,而是要简述与感想有直接关 系的部分,略去与感想无关的东西。
2、亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点,用一个简洁的句子明确表 述出来。这样的句子可称为观点句。这个观点句表述的,就是这 篇文章的中心论点。观点句在文中的位臵是可以灵活的,可以在 篇首,也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学,最好采用开门见山的方法,把观点写在篇首。
3、围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分,是 对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述,通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正 确性,使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是,所摆事 实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点,为基本观点服务。
4、围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息,有真 情实感。要做到这一点,必须善于联系实际。这实际可以是个人 的思想、言行、经历,也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注 意紧紧围绕基本观点,为观点服务,而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。 以上四点是写读后感的基本思路,但是这思路不是一成不变的,要善 于灵活掌握。比如,简述原文一般在?亮明观点?前,但二者先 后次序互换也是可以的。再者,如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所 摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历,就不必再写第四个部分了。
篇4:名师解读北京卷高考作文写作方法
全文共 1640 字
+ 加入清单1.细读材料,注意整体性。
材料作文的审题要有全局意识,要从整体着眼,材料的每一句话都要注意,这决定我们的立意是否贴切;如本次高考作文一:"老腔何以让人震撼"其实与前面的散文阅读有比较密切的关系,老腔的震撼,在于其无关形式,直指心灵,在于它朴素的形式之下的,扣击心灵的激越,
2.关注到艺术的实质关注心灵的艺术与形式无关
这让我想到了诗经,《诗·大序》曰:"诗者,志之所之也。在心为志,发言为诗,情动于中而形于言。言之不足,故嗟叹之。嗟叹之不足,故咏歌之。咏歌之不足,不知手之舞之足之蹈之也。"
乌斯:
题目一:"老腔"何以让人震撼
老腔:老腔是陕西省非常古老的汉族戏曲表演形式。长期在华阴广泛流传,分老腔、时腔两个剧种,表演方法和全国大致相同,先搭好台子、撑好"亮子",然后借助灯火,以竹签挑拨用皮革雕成的人物进行舞台表演。流传千年的老腔是中国首批国家级非物质遗产保护项目
震撼原因:内容、情感、曲调曲风、文化内涵等等
写作方向:作文题目以传统戏剧形式为载体,在了解老腔是什么的基础之上可以适当进行延伸挖掘。老腔当中包含着哪些中华传统文化的内涵?它的传承形式是什么样的?它的唱腔特点是什么?老腔是传统的文化,它与现代的生活又有着怎样的联系,作为传统文化的老腔能够给我们现代人带来怎样的震撼?这些都是可以思考和写作的内容与方向。
注意:行文要紧扣题目要求,避免偏题跑题的发生。延伸与发散要尽量围绕老腔和与之相关的内容进行。
夏丛生:
思考角度:
题目一:《老腔何以让人震撼》
1.地域文化的传承、朴素接地气的手法、迷失与消失给我们的困惑
2.黄土地的呐喊、原生态的呼唤、秦地老百姓的心情表达、简单纯朴执着
3.心灵呼唤,远离尘嚣的内心情感
刘持寅:
题目一:《老腔何以让人震撼》
这个作文题目提醒我们更多的关注传统文化,让传统文化更具有生命力,与之前的老规矩一样,从北京的老规矩延伸到陕西的传统文化,慢慢的渗透到中国文化的各个地方,题型我们每个人回归传统,回归诗意,回归文化之根对我们的心灵震撼!
汪东宏:
题目一:《老腔何以让人震撼》
"老腔何以让人震撼"这个作文题目立足于最本质、最质朴、最传统、最原生态的民间艺术。寻求的应该是一种对于传统文化和民间艺术的深思。立意上可以针对于当下传统文化的流失和消逝以及浮躁简单流行元素式艺术文化的泛滥的现象,提出对于最传统最本质的民间艺术形式的认识和看法,从而提出自己对于文化传承的思考以及对于原生态艺术如何生存和发扬广大。
"神奇的书签"是一篇想象文,主要建立在书签本来的作用以及想象中的书签会有哪些神奇的作用,针对当下快餐文化浮躁阅读的出现,这中文章可以书写自己通过这种书签而引发对于阅读的思考,以及他所给予的知识、文化以及他所带给你或所创造给你的精神世界。通过想象,在素材的选取上可以书写自己所读的一些书籍,认识到的一些作家,作品人物,通过与他们的交流和学习,达到自我精神的陶冶和洗礼。
杨小晴:
题目一发散思维:
一:是什么?--类比联想与"老腔"同类的艺术形式
1.基于生活本质的艺术:
古人的吟啸--嵇康在山谷的声声呐喊
船工的号角--拙劣的发声与语言
爱尔兰的踢踏舞"大河之舞"--传统的民族舞步
2.是传统唱歌艺术的根基,是民族文化发展的起点。
二:为什么?--现状如何?为何至此?
1.传统艺术传承上的困难--最传统的师徒传承、效率较低且时间成本高
2.传统文化"被高雅"化而导致的冷门化现象。--传播媒体的夸大其词
3.时代背景下社会的浮光掠影让我们忽略了很多传统艺术
三:怎么做?--正确的态度、身体力行的了解与宣传
谭国菊:
题目一:《老腔何以让人震撼》
老腔作为一种地方艺术形式,有着陕西民俗民风民族的心理积淀,强大的生命力基于人民的生活,表达人民的情感,连接人们心灵与心灵间的距离
雷雪:
题目一:《老腔何以让人震撼》
老腔的形成是基于黄河流域地区人民的日常生活和对生活的声音的发出,同时它的表达形式也是最原始和质朴的形式,以最淳朴的形式表达人民心中的声音,是艺术与生活,艺术与人民心灵的对话
篇5:中学生作文的写作方法
全文共 2766 字
+ 加入清单文,是语文综合水平的体现。但是,对于好多同学来说,总觉得作文很深奥,不好写。下面是小编收集了中学生作文的写作方法,欢迎阅读。
我觉得,要写好作文,只要注意下面这几点,并持之以恒,经常练习写作,写出一手好作文也是不难的。
第一,就是词语积累。作文,要有佳词妙句才有文采,才能吸引人。一篇文章,假如没有佳词妙句,无论这件事情多么精彩,你写出来的文章也是平淡无味,怎么能够吸引人,让人去欣赏呢?你写的这篇文章也就等于白写。在平时的学习中,我们班的黎老师就很注重在这方面对我们的教育和引导。我在看文章、阅读时也很注意这点。
第二,就是注意留心观察。写作文,不是在屋子里憋出来的,而是要到实际生活中去观察、去体验。因为,生活是写作的源泉嘛!有些人,他是出去“观察”了,可是他只是走马观花,忽略了细节。所以写出来的作文只是条条纲纲,根本没有要点、细节。所以,在观察时要留心,要仔细,才能写出与众不同的好作文。记得外出时,爸爸经常会指这指那,问这问那,以引起我的注意与思考。
第三,就是多看课外书。这是积累词语的重要渠道,也是写作文的关键所在。包括家里订阅的书籍和书店的各种图书。只要有空,我就会到书店看看各种各样的课外书。当然,不是只看就能写出完美无缺的作文的,关键还要注意积累、牢记和运用。才能实现“人为我用”,这样在写作文时,才能做到随心所欲、挥笔自如。
一、作文要学会积累
“读书破万卷,下笔如有神”,“巧妇难为无米之炊”古人这些总结,从正反两方面说明了“积累”在写作中的重要性。“平时靠积累,考场凭发挥”,这是考场学子的共同体会。
(一)语言方面要建立“语汇库”。语汇是文章的细胞。广义的语汇,不仅指词、短语的总汇,还包括句子、句群。建立“语汇库”途径有二:第一是阅读。平时要广泛阅读书籍、报刊,并做好读书笔记,把一些优美的词语、句子、语段摘录在特定的本子上,也可以制作读书卡片上。第二是生活。平时要捕捉大众口语中鲜活的语言,并把这些语言记在随身带的小本子或卡片上,这样日积月累、集腋成裘,说话就能出口成章,作文就会妙笔生花。
(二)要加强材料方面的积累。材料是文章的血肉。许多学生由于平时不注意积累素材,每到作文时就去搜肠挂肚,或者胡编或者抄袭。解决这一问题的方法是积累素材。平时有条件的可带着摄像机、录音机、深入观察生活、积极参与生活,并与写生 、写日记、写观察笔记等形式,及时记录家庭生活、校园生活、社会生活中的见闻。记录时要抓住细节,把握人、事、物、景的特征。这样,写出的文章就有血有肉。
(三)要加强思想方面的积累。观点是文章的灵魂。文章中心不明确,或立意不深刻,往往说明作者思想肤浅。因此,有必要建立“思想库”。方法有二:第一要善思。“多一份思考,多一份收获。”平时要深入思考,遇事多问问“为什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”。这样就能透过现象看本质。还要随时把思维的“火花”、思索的结论记录下来。第二要辑录,也就是要摘录名人名言,格言警句等。
总之,作文要加强积累,建立好“语汇库”、“素材库”、“思想库”这三大写作仓库,并要定期盘点、整理、分门别类,且要不断充实、扩容。
二、写好作文先学会观察
鲁迅先生在回答文学青年“如何才能写出好文章”的问题时强调了两点:一是多看,二是多练。这里的“多看”即指多观察。这就说明:要写好文章,要掌握娴熟的文章写作手法,就要多观察,学会观察,观察是写作的必要前提和基础。
俄国小说家契诃夫就这样谆谆告诫初学者:“作家务必要把自己锻炼成一个目光敏锐永不罢休的观察家!——要把自己锻炼到观察简直成习惯,仿佛变成第二个天性。”把观察锻炼成习惯,锻炼成第二天性,这是一种很需要时间去磨练的功夫,是很有作用,很了不起的功夫。
要留心观察身边的人、事、景、物,从中猎取你作文时所需要的材料:你要对一些看似不大实则很有意义的事情产生兴趣,注意观察起因、过程和结果;你要留意校园花坛里的植物一年四季如何变化它的颜色,学会刨根问底,弄清这些变化的来龙去脉;你要走向社会,同更多的人接触,观察他们的一言一行,要思索一些东西,随时将它们汇入自己思想的长河。这就是观察的过程,观察过程中要注意以下几点:
(一)观察决不要仅仅局限于“用眼看”。广义的更有实际意义的观察是指要将人的五官全部调动起来:用耳朵去聆听,用身体去感受,更重要的是要用心、用脑去思索,这样的观察才会更加细腻、深刻。
(二)观察过程中要注意运用好“烂笔头”。俗语说得好:好记性不如烂笔头。好多同学每天看到的挺多,思索的也挺多,但是不善于随时记下来,这样就会使观察到的材料付之东去,许多有价值的东西也会白白浪费掉。
(三)观察尤其要注意持之以恒。别犯“脑热病”,三分钟的热度对与写好作文是没有益处的,你要将观察生活、思索生活贯穿于你生活的每一天,这样你才会写出妙文佳作来。
学会观察对于写好作文有着巨大的奠基和推动作用,离开了观察,你往往会感到难以下笔。愿你学会观察,不断培养,提高赞成的观察能力,在写作实践中取得得大的进步。
三、意高则文胜
立意,就是确立文章的中心和意图。那么文章在立意时要注意哪些问题呢?
(一)立意要正确
正确是文章立意的第一要义,所谓正确就是要保证文章的感情和思想观点正确,符合客观事物的本质和规律,符合我国基本政治原则,符合人的基本道德要求,能给人以积极的启发。
(二)立意要专一
“作文之事,贵于专一,专则生巧,散乃人愚。”无论多么复杂的事情,主旨不能分散。一篇文章如果既想说明这个问题,又想阐述那个观点,东拉西扯,必然立意不明确。其实,想面面俱到肯定会面面不到位,况且一篇文章只能有一个中心,与其“贪多嚼不烂”,不如集中笔墨表现一个中心,即使是通过数件事来表现中心,也要做到紧帖中心行文,目标始终如一,着墨于材料与中心的结合点,使材料蕴涵的力量全部直指中心。
(三)立意要新颖
文章最忌随人后,人云亦云,新颖的角度是作文创新的核心。立意新颖要求跳出陈旧的框框、不按顺向思维、习惯思维或原有的心理定式进行立意构思,而是以独到的视角去审视题目中所蕴涵的另类内容,避开他人所常写,写别人所未写。即使同一写作对象,总是可以从许多角度切入,只要我们打破思维的定式,站在时代的高度,避“俗”求“异”,多角度、多侧面思考,或联想、或扩展、或类比、或逆向,发人之所未发,就能在五颜六色的天空里构筑属于你的最美的彩虹。
(四)立意要深刻
立意的深刻是指确立的主题不是人所共知的肤浅的道理,而要透过现象看本质,挖掘出更深层的意蕴。
(五)立意要巧妙
在习作有限的文字内,要表现较为深刻的思想,就只能一粒沙里看世界,从生活中的一斑一点、一枝一叶去再现生活的全貌,从一个点、一个片段、一个瞬间、一个现象入手,对社会、对人生进行描述和深思,即立意要大处着眼,小处落笔,角度虽小,却能小中见大,平中见奇。
篇6:写作方法和技巧有哪些
全文共 6248 字
+ 加入清单写作要不要学习写作方法和技巧?我们不妨先看看古今大家的观点。梁代文艺理论家刘勰认为写作是有"术"的,他说:"文场笔苑,有术有门。务先大体,鉴必穷源。"(《文心雕龙·总述》)他还说:"执术驭篇,似善弈之穷数;弃术任心,如博塞之邀遇。"由此看来,刘勰是非常看重"执术"。他所谓"术",就是为文之"法",强调了研究掌握"术"(写作方法)的重要性。没有写作技法想获得成功,就像赌博一样,只能靠运气。
写作方法和技巧
1.阅读优秀的作品:这是显而易见的,但立竿见影的方法。
如果你不读更多的好作品,你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。
优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始,接着开始模仿,最后超越他们,形成自己的风格。
尽可能的多读名著,在看内容的时候,更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。
2.尽可能多的写:每天都写,如果可能话,每天写几次。
你写得多了,也就写得好了。
学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的,熟能生巧。
写写你自己,写写博客,向出版社投稿。
只是写,全情投入的写,练得越多,你的写作水平就提升得越快。
3.随时随地记下你的灵感:随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片),当你对你构思的小说,文章,或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候,马上记下来。
当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时,或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时,都可以马上当他们记下来。
灵感总是转瞬即逝,你及时的记录下来,便可以成为你写作的素材。
我的习惯是,为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单,不断的补充它。
4.专门的写作时间:每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间,让这成为习惯。
对我而言,清晨的时间是最佳的,午饭,傍晚,或者深夜的那段时间也可以。
无论你是做什么工作的,把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。
每天至少写半个小时,当然有一个小时更好。
若你同我一样,是一个全职的作家,那么你需要写更多的小时,请你不要担心,这只会让你写得更好。
5.随便涂鸦:面对整张的白纸,整版的白屏,无从开始,肯定恐怖。
你会想:我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生,千万别这样。
马上开始写,马上打字,你写什么没有关系,只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。
只要你开始写了,什么都好办了。
像我的话,我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题,这应该不难吧,然后再慢慢的展开情节,全身心地融入进去…关键是:开始可以随便写写,随便涂鸦,但是尽快开始写正文。
6.集中精神:写作是一件一心一意的事情,在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情,是不可能写好的。
写作需要一个安静的环境,需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。
即使是最低要求,你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下,使用WriteRoom, DarkRoom,Writer这些写作软件,不受打扰的写作。
关掉邮箱,关点MSN和Gtalk,关掉电话和手机,关掉电视,清理掉书桌上无用的东西。
清除与写作无关的一切杂念,现在就是写作的时间,好像把自己放进一个盒子里,在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。
7.先计划,再写: 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾,实际上不是这样。
在坐下来正式写之前,先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下,这是非常管用的办法。
每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西,或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来,做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了,可以很快的展开,因为思路和想法都有了。
这里,有一个构思小说的三部曲,可以参考这个:Snowflake Method.
8.创新: 你需要模仿名家,这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。
你可以试试新的写法,从这里学一点,从那里学一点。
渐渐地,你就会有了自己的风格,自己的文体,自己的思路。
试试一些不一样的表达,或创造一些与众不同的表达方式,每一方法你都可以尝试,看看它到底怎么样,不好就不用呗。
9.修改: 你开始构思你的文字,然后试着写,让故事情节展开,最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。
这点很重要,很多写手一旦写好就不想修改,已经费时费力地写好了,还要再花时间修改,实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。
但如果你想写得更好,你就要学会如何修改。
好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的,这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。
看看你写的东东,不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误,还有那些无意义的词,混乱的结构,和让人搞不懂的句子。
修改的目标是:更清晰,更直接,更鲜活。
10.简明扼要: 这是你在修改的过程中,最重要的一件事情。
一句句,一段段的修改,把无关主题的统统都删掉。
一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力,大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。
记得:简单就是力量。
11.富于感染力的句子:在短句中使用富有感染力的动词,当然,并没有要求每一句都是这样,你需要变化。
但是,多试试能够吸引人的句子。
而且,你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用,你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。
12.获取别人的反馈: 闭门造车不会有任何进步,让别人读读你的文章给你回馈,最好有经验的作家和编辑。
他们见多识广,会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。
认真的听,即使是一些批评,也接受它,忠言逆耳,这样只会让你写得更好。
13.是骡子还是马,拉出来溜溜:就你而言,你需要让别人读到你的作品。
你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的,让所有的人都读到你的文章。
你就要出版自己的书,发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌,给出版社供稿。
如果你已经开始写博客了,恭喜你,这是一个好的开始。
若现在还没有人浏览过,你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去,让读者给你留言,给你提出建议。
所有的人都会看你写东西,也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情,但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路,马上发表你的文字吧。
14.采用对话式的文体: 很多人的写作都很正式,但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。
这样一来,读者看起来会更舒服。
刚开始这么写并不容易,你需要坚持这么做。
也许,会带来另一个问题,为了读起来更口语化,你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。
因为如果生搬硬套语法,会让你的文章看起来很不自然。
若没有其他原因,就不要破坏语法规则。
你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。
15.好开头和结尾: 开头和结尾是文章的重点。
特别是开头。
如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者,那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。
所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头,读者一旦对你开头感兴趣,他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后,再弄一个精彩的结尾,这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。
写作结尾小技巧
技法1:卒章显志法
【例1】亲情是一种动力,它能让你走进“独上高楼,望尽天涯路”的境界;能让你拥有“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴”的执著;能让你品味“报得三春晖”的快乐。
作者以诗意的语言解读亲情的内涵,揭示亲情的力量,把亲情的魅力展示得情感飞扬。卒章显志,主旨鲜明。
【例2】“无论在人生中会遇到什么样的困难,永远都不会放弃,做一个生活的强者!”——这就是我的承诺。(中考作文《这是我的承诺》的结尾)
在文章的结尾,作者非常明确地表达出“我的承诺”的内容,既紧扣文题,又揭示出文章的主旨,可谓卒章显志,曲终奏雅。而且,这一句饱含激情、掷地有声的话语,显示出作者坚强的决心、豪迈的气概,可爱,可敬。
技法2:藏而不露法
【例1】母亲坐在桌前开始吃我为她煮的那碗寿面,我也坐在一边看着她。忽然,我看见两颗晶莹的泪珠滑落在碗里。我问:“妈妈你怎么啦?”母亲抬起了头,哭了。(中考作文《妈妈的生日》的结尾)
文章结尾的描写藏而不露,字里行间流露出母亲因孩子的懂事、“长大”而幸福得落泪的欣慰之情。
江苏省南通市的中考作文《天籁——记一次蛙鸣》,小作者从“独鸣”、“散鸣”、“齐鸣”等多个角度描写了不易捕捉的蛙声,使之诗意化、人格化。并且在“齐鸣”中,议论、抒情与感悟人生相协调,点出文旨“唱出生命的赞歌”。
最让人欣赏的是文章的结尾:“倾听,心听。欣赏,心赏。”它运用了谐音双关的手法,道出文章“倾听”的特质——人与自然的对话与沟通。这个精练而又耐人寻味的结尾,把读者引入一个无限广阔的空间,让读者去感悟,去遐想!
技法3:画龙点睛法
【例1】春天像刚落地的娃娃,从头到脚都是新的,它生长着。
春天像小姑娘,花枝招展的,笑着,走着。
春天像健壮的青年,有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚,领着我们上前去。(课文《春》的结尾)
作者用比喻突出了春天三个特点:新、美丽、有力量,从全新的角度以精辟的语言,总结了全文,揭示了文章的主题。
【例2】马克思的一生,是光辉的一生,也是刻苦学习的一生。他的勤奋学习的精神,是永远值得我们学习的。(《马克思的好学精神》一文的结尾)
结尾对马克思的一生作了概括的、高度的总结,并且点明了题旨。
【例3】朋友,别忘了,做人要从学会说“不”开始,对于失败,对于挫折,对于侮辱,对于强权,要勇敢地说“不”。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会说“不”开始》)
结尾既总结了全文,也点明了文章的主旨。
技法4:抒情议论法
【例1】我望着这群充满朝气的哈尼小姑娘和那洁白的梨花,不由得想起了一句诗:“驿路梨花处处开”。(课文《驿路梨花》的结尾)
结尾抒发了作者赞颂雷锋精神已成为每个人的自觉行动的情怀。
【例2】亲爱的朋友们,当你坐上早晨第一列电车驰向工厂的时候,当你……他们确实是我们最可爱的人!(课文《谁是最可爱的人》的结尾)
不仅充分表达了作者对志愿军战士的爱和赞颂之情,而且对读者有强烈的感染作用。
【例3】是啊!做人要从学会放弃开始。放弃,是我心中一首永恒的诗;放弃,是我生活中一曲五彩的歌;放弃,让我心中的天堑变通途。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会放弃开始》)
作者用诗一般的语言抒发了自己对“放弃”的深深理解和感悟。
技法5:警世醒目法
【例1】动物是我们的朋友,但是却有很多人把它们作为美食。他们虽然大饱口福了,但被吃掉的却是中国和谐的自然环境,更是生态平衡啊!想到这些,我茫然了:我们在吃中国?我们在吃中国!(2007年江苏省扬州市中考作文《吃在中国?在吃中国!》)
小作者高瞻远瞩,告诉世人:你们是在吃中国啊!这是多么警世醒目的语言啊。
【例2】但是,一切已太迟了,太迟了……(《当地球剩下最后一只猴子》)
作者通过地球上最后一只猴子的自述,大胆而真实地幻想了人类是如何一步步走上灭绝之路的。触目惊心的恶果字字千钧,具有震聋发聩、撼人心魄的警世醒目之力。
技法6:设问存疑法
【例1】人之立志,顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?(课文《为学》的结尾)
以问号作结,寓浓烈的感情于朴素的文字之中,发人深省,给人以深刻的印象。
【例2】“从这么一个开端,这么一个结局里,聪明人难道看不出道理来吗?”(《金融家》的结尾)
采用了反问的形式,这就使结尾不仅深刻有力,而且耐人寻味。
【例3】有一篇中考优秀作文《简单与不简单》,在列举了种种“简单与不简单”的现象,分析了“简单与不简单”的辩证关系之后,文章结尾时,作者写道:
我们每个人的身上都同时有着简单和不简单,问题是我们该追求什么样的简单和不简单。朋友,你说呢?
作者巧妙地提出了“该追求什么样的简单和不简单”的严肃的命题,引发读者思考,启示人们作出正确的抉择,追求有意义的人生。作者尽管没有明说,但引人深思,催人警醒。
技法7:添加后记法
【例1】后记:携反省一起上路,才能在上帝关上门后,发现他留出的另一扇窗。(2007年河北省中考作文《携反省一起上路》)
作者用这个后记使文章新人耳目,画龙点睛,发人深省。
【例2】如中考作文《鲁迅先生,只有一个》的后记:先生正等着我们走出浮华的海面,款款地步入他的心房,与他进行灵魂深处的交流!
在文章的主体部分,作者通过比较尽显鲁迅及其作品的非凡价值,表现出对社会冷落鲁迅的愤慨,进而呼吁我们去亲近和阅读鲁迅及其作品。而后记部分则换了一个角度,以鲁迅先生的视角,呼吁我们与他交流,使文章进一步敲击着读者的心扉,从而走近鲁迅。可以说,这一段后记,堪成画龙点睛之笔,与文章的主体部分互为补充,相得益彰。
技法8:出乎意料法
这种结尾不是按照故事情节的通常逻辑来处理人物的结局,而是用意想不到的结局来安排人物的最终命运,而且在这时候戛然而止,让人在目瞪口呆之余,不禁感叹作者的奇思妙想、生活的荒谬诡谲。如大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》的结尾就非常出人意料,大大增强了小说的艺术感染力,被称为欧·亨利式结尾。
技法9:首尾呼应法
【例】
[首]都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆,都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活,而理想的生活中最快乐的时光,便是梦想的花季。
[尾]花季中,我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训:生活的船不能没有理想的帆,生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。
技法10:景物烘托法
如中考满分作文《雨中品读》结尾:风停了,暴雨也结束了,太阳重新露出了笑容。隔在两代人之间的那扇玻璃也被雨后的那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去,消失在一片晚霞中,两者混为一体,没有距离。
技法11:引用诗句法
如中考满分作文《生活,使我懂得了放弃》的结尾:“野芳发而幽香,佳木秀而繁阴,风霜高洁,水落而石出”,15年来,生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想,为了更多的人可以读书,我必须放弃!
技法12:展望未来法
即在叙述现状之后,结尾展望未来,鼓舞人心,激励斗志。这样的结尾应紧扣题目,照应开头,衔接文章的重点和主体,不仅能引起读者对全文的回味,加深对文章中心思想的印象,而且会使读者受到启发和鼓舞。
写作时要注意,如果文章开头是点明中心,结尾一般采用展望未来的方法,同时,展望的内容一定要与文章的中心思想有关,切忌生搬硬套。
技法13:虚实错位法
每当夜间疲倦,正想偷懒时,仰面在灯光中瞥见他黑瘦的面貌,似乎正要说出抑扬顿挫的话来,便使我忽又良心发现,而且增加勇气了,于是点上一支烟,再继续写些为“正人君子”之流所深恶痛疾的文字。(课文《藤野先生》的结尾)
文章借幻像使虚实错位,把实有的感受抽象化,从而提升作品的格调,这就是使用虚实错位法的结尾。
也可借梦境使虚实错位,如《荔枝蜜》的结尾:“这天夜里,我做了个奇怪的梦,梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。”通过写梦,将文章的寓意推到更高层次,深化了主题,升华了意境。
技法14:留白拓展法
路过幸福,让我感到生命的可贵;路过幸福,让我感到生活的充实;路过幸福,让我感到人生的快乐。朋友,请放缓你的脚步,睁大你的眼睛,敞开你的胸怀……
这是中考满分作文《路过幸福》一文的结尾,采用抒情性的留白,拓展文意,让人回想。留白拓展法就是在作文的结尾有意留下一定的空白,让读者在意犹未尽的氛围中发挥想象,荡开思绪。除抒情性留白,也可设疑留白,如中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》:
何必要让自己狭小的视角不公正地评价一个人、伤害一个人,何必要熄灭风中的烛光,何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?
以问句结束,余音绕梁,启迪读者进行思考,深化了文章的内涵。
技法15:再现情境法
我在朦胧中,眼前展开一片海边碧绿的沙地来,上面深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。我想:希望是本无所谓有,无所谓无的。这正如地上的路;其实地上本没有路,走的人多了,也便成了路。(课文《故乡》的结尾)
结尾处再现优美的情境,既是对前文的照应,也是对作品主旨的强调,表达了鲁迅对踏出希望之路的信心。
也可用典型的形象再现,如《背影》的结尾:
我读到此处,在晶莹的泪光中,又看见那肥胖的,青布棉袍,黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见。
再现父亲买橘背影,真切感人,引起读者强烈共鸣。
篇7:写长辈的写作方法
全文共 560 字
+ 加入清单写人作文有很多是写长辈的,如何写好长辈?本文从类型、题目、开头,为大家介绍。
一、写长辈亲人的作文类型
1.写长辈亲人对自己的关心和爱护;
2.回忆长辈亲人对自己的关怀;
3.表达自己对长辈亲人的尊敬和怀念。
二、写长辈亲人的参考题目、参考开头
1.《我的_____》的两种开头
第一种开头:在我的亲人当中,有一个人是我忘不了的,他就是已经离开我们整整三年的爷爷!
第二种开头:爷爷离开我已经三年了,可是我只要一看见他的照片,就会觉得他好像还活在人世,还在给我讲着《三国演义》的故事。
2.《她教我怎样做人》的两种开头
第一种开头:还在我上幼儿园的时候,外婆就对我说过一句话,那就是:“人穷志不穷。”
第二种开头:外婆是一个退休工人,没有多少文化,但她却懂得很多做人的知识,我从她那里学到了许多许多。
3.《长辈》的两种开头
第一种开头:在我的长辈之中,最让我难忘的就是我的爷爷。
第二种开头:爷爷在三年前离开我们的时候,特地把我叫到医院,要见
我最后一面。
4.《_____,您将留在我的记忆里》的两种开头
第一种开头:外公,您现在在哪里呢?您还记得您的外孙吗?虽然您已经离开我们五年了,但您将永远留在我的记忆里!
第二种开头:五年前,我的外公不幸被罪恶的癌症夺去了宝贵的生命。五年过去了,外公的音容笑貌却依然存在,他,永远活在我的心里,留在我的记忆里!
篇8:如何零基础学习英语写作
全文共 1114 字
+ 加入清单在学习英语写作之前先来看下练习写作对你的英文有什么样的帮助:
好处1、辅助提升口语语言组织力
好处2、提升语法
好处3、帮助背单词和句型。
了解到联系英语写作带来的好处后让我们来看看学习英语写作有哪些方法:
零基础英语写作入门方法一:背单词
单词是英语写作的基本构成之一,拥有大量的词汇才能写出你想要的文章,背单词有很多方法用mp3在零碎的时间边听边背边写,还有单词前后缀记忆法等众多方法,只要掌握其中一种适合你的方法,就开始大量的充实你的词汇吧。
零基础英语写作入门方法二:语法
语法是将单词串联在一起变成文章的那根线,学习好语法是整个英语阅读的重中之重。推荐熟读语法俱乐部,同时搭配大量的阅读自己感兴趣的文章,在大量的语境中去领受感悟本书的妙处。
零基础英语写作入门方法三:长时间的练习
写日记,这是最简单最长久的写作练习你不需要有任何的准备,这是你会接触到最基础的写作练习,你可以写任何你感兴趣的事情,你要做的就是拿起笔和本子把自已生活上的点点滴滴用英文记录下来。下面就是我的第一篇英文日记!
"today i rest,i stayed at home.sister call me go to the mother.i want not go there,because i must go to the company .去领 clothes.刚刚上完课come back.at home i find my 皮 shoes.now 要穿皮shoes了,write 日记好搞笑,还可以写点english了,i believe 以后 i sure i会更好。”
大家可能会看不懂这篇文章。你可能会觉得很好,说老实话当我现回过头去看我以前的日记我看了也觉得很好笑。但这就是我的第一篇英文日记,我的英文写作就是从这里开始的。你会发现写得非常直白,简直就是中文翻译毫无语法可言。但没有关系每个人开始都是这样的。
在写日记的开始阶段,你可能会像我这样不知道怎么去写或跟本无法组织语言,你可以像我这样按自已大脑里中文的想法去写,把会的单词都写上去不会的就用中文代替。在这个阶段你更多的是在使用你所学的词汇,有时候你会觉得这样很好玩。每天坚持写一篇,慢慢的你会发现你用的中文越来越少了有时候整篇文章都可以用英文写出来,随着你英语学习的进度不断推进,你在写句子的时候你不会直译了,你开始吧语法考虑到你的语言组织里面去。
当你要表边一个句子又找不到这个单词的时候,这种映像会深深的印在你的脑海里,当你在收集单词时候你就会注意收集那些非常实用的单词了。你会背更多的单词因为你想终有一天我的整篇文章是用英文写的。对于初期的写作,我认为就是这样写吧,请注意兴趣的培养。
篇9:英语写作素材:中国环保经济
全文共 1125 字
+ 加入清单导语:不论从何种角度,环保都是当代世界发展不可忽视的一环。它也不再仅仅是一种措施和行动,而是一种经济行为,并带动了一系列相关的产业。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的说明中国发展环保经济的状况的英语句子,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
1. While developing its economy, China will handle properly the relationship among the population, natural resources and the environment.
2. The Chinese government pays great attention to environmental problems arising from Chinas population growth and economic development.
3. China relies on improving supervision, management and technological progress to promote environmental protection.
4. Land, arable land in particular, should be used reasonably and economically. Strong measures will be taken to strengthen the building of the urban environmental infrastructure, regulate industrial structure and lay-out, shun the unpromising way of pollution first, treatment afterwards, and strengthen prevention and control of the pollution in major river valleys to ensure the security of the drinking water of the inhabitants.
【参考译文】
1、中国在发展经济的同时,将处理好的人口之间的关系,自然资源和环境。
2、中国政府高度关注中国人口增长和经济发展所带来的环境问题。
3、中国依靠强化监督管理和技术进步,促进环境保护。
4、土地,特别是耕地,应该合理和经济地使用。将采取强有力的措施来加强城市环境基础设施建设,调整产业结构和布局,避免“先污染,后治理的工作方式,加强预防和控制主要河流污染以确保居民饮用水安全。
篇10:2024高考英语写作素材:春节的由来
全文共 4483 字
+ 加入清单The Spring Festival, the most important festival to Chinese. Is China the biggest, the most lively, one of the most important ancient traditional festivals, is also unique to Chinese festival.
Festival, is the beginning of the lunar calendar, another name is called New Years day, Spring Festival is the biggest, the most lively, China one of the most important ancient traditional festivals, is also unique to Chinese festival. Is the most concentrated expression of Chinese civilization. Since the western han dynasty, the custom of Spring Festival continues today. The Spring Festival, generally refers to New Years eve and the first day. But in private, in the traditional sense of the Spring Festival is from the Greek festival of the day or month, 23 or 24 people, until the fifteenth, among them with New Years eve and the first day of the first lunar month. How to celebrate this holiday, in one thousand years of history development, formed some relatively fixed customs and habits, there are a lot of handed down also. During the traditional festival, the Spring Festival of the han nationality in our country and most of ethnic minorities have to hold various celebration activities, these activities are to worship deities, worshiping ancestors, blow away the cobwebs, meet jubilee blessing, pray for good harvest as the main content. Form rich and colorful, activities with strong ethnic characteristics. On May 20, 2006, "Spring Festival" folk have been approved by the state council listed in the first batch of state-level non-material cultural heritage list.
The origin of the Spring Festival has a legend, the Chinese ancient times have a kind of call "year" monster, head long feelers, fierce abnormalities. "Year" the elder deep in the bottom of the sea, every New Years eve just climbed out, swallowed cattle damage lives. Therefore, every New Years eve that day, the people of CunCunZhaiZhai could flee to the mountains, to escape the "year" animal damage. One NianChuXi, from the village outside a begging the old man. Folks a hurried panic scene, only the east village, an old woman gave the old man some food, and urged him quickly up the hill avoid "year" beast, the old man stroked his beard say with smile: "mother-in-law if let me stay overnight in the home, I must have" years "beast." Old woman continue to persuasion, begging the old man smiling without a word. At midnight, "nian" beast into the village. It found the village atmosphere unlike previous years, village east wifes husbands family, the door stick red paper, candle lit the room. "Year" beast was a shake, long a sound. Nearly the door, hospital suddenly spread "banging spluttered" Fried sound, "nian" shuddered, again dare not go up. Originally, "year" the most afraid of red, fire and exploding. At this time, her mother-in-laws door open and saw hospital a red-robed man laughed. "Year" frightened to disgrace, mess up. The next day is the first day, the people of refuge back very surprised to see the village safe. At this point, the old woman was suddenly enlighted, quickly spoke to the fellow villagers begging the old mans promise. This matter quickly spread around the village, people know driven "years" beast approach. (the legend of hakka) from then on, every year New Years eve, families paste red couplets, firecrackers; Household candle lit, keeping stay by age. Beginning in the early morning, still walk close bunch of congratulate friends say hello. This custom spread more widely, Chinese the most solemn of the folk traditional festival.
春节,中国人最重要的节日。是中国最盛大、最热闹、最重要的一个古老传统节日,也是中国人所独有的节日。
节,是农历的岁首,春节的另一名称叫过年,是中国最盛大、最热闹、最重要的一个古老传统节日,也是中国人所独有的节日。是中华文明最集中的表现。自西汉以来,春节的习俗一直延续到今天。春节一般指除夕和正月初一。但在民间,传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三或二十四的祭灶,一直到正月十五,其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。如何过庆贺这个节日,在千百年的历史发展中,形成了一些较为固定的风俗习惯,有许多还相传至今。在春节这一传统节日期间,我国的汉族和大多数少数民族都有要举行各种庆祝活动,这些活动大多以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动形式丰富多彩,带有浓郁的民族特色。2006年5月20日,“春节”民俗经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
春节的来历有一种传说,中国古时候有一种叫“年”的怪兽,头长触角,凶猛异常。“年”长年深居海底,每到除夕才爬上岸,吞食牲畜伤害人命。因此,每到除夕这天,村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼逃往深山,以躲避“年”兽的伤害。有一年除夕,从村外来了个乞讨的老人。乡亲们一片匆忙恐慌景象,只有村东头一位老婆婆给了老人些食物,并劝他快上山躲避“年”兽,那老人捋髯笑道:“婆婆若让我在家呆一夜,我一定把‘年’兽撵走。”老婆婆仍然继续劝说,乞讨老人笑而不语。 半夜时分,“年”兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同:村东头老婆婆家,门贴大红纸,屋内烛火通明。“年”兽浑身一抖,怪叫了一声。将近门口时,院内突然传来“砰砰啪啪”的炸响声,“年”浑身战栗,再不敢往前凑了。原来,“年”最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时,婆婆的家门大开,只见院内一位身披红袍的老人在哈哈大笑。“年”大惊失色,狼狈逃蹿了。第二天是正月初一,避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙十分惊奇。这时,老婆婆才恍然大悟,赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。这件事很快在周围村里传开了,人们都知道了驱赶“年”兽的办法。(客家人的传说)从此每年除夕,家家贴红对联、燃放爆竹;户户烛火通明、守更待岁。初一一大早,还要走亲串友道喜问好。这风俗越传越广,成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日。
篇11:借物喻人写作方法
全文共 763 字
+ 加入清单借物喻人,就是借某一事物的特点,来比喻人的一种品格。以下是小编给大家整理的借物喻人写作方法的内容,欢迎阅读!
借物喻人,就是借某一事物的特点,来比喻人的一种品格。这也是作文中用来表现、突出中心思想的常用的一种写作方法。
如《落花生》,全文讲述“我们”全家欢度收获节,边品尝新花生, 边谈论花生的好处;告诉人们,做人要做务实有用的人,不要做只讲体面而对别人没有好处的人。文章在谈论花生的好处时,有这样几段话: 父亲说:“花生的好处很多,有一样最可贵:它的果实埋在地里,不像桃子、石榴、苹果那样,把鲜红嫩绿的果实高高地挂在枝头上,使人一见就生爱慕之心。你们看它矮矮地长在地上,等到成熟了,也不能立刻分辨出来它有没有果实,必须挖起来才知道。” 我们都说是,母亲也点点头。父亲接下去说:“所以你们要像花生,它虽然不好看,可是很有用,不是外表好看而没有实用的东西。” 我说:“那么,人要做有用的人,不要做只讲体面,而对别人没有好处的人了。” 父亲说:“对。这是我对你们的希望。”
这几段话就运用了借物喻人(借用花生的特点来比喻怎样做人)的方法:父亲引导孩子谈花生,目的是为了论人生;他赞美花生的品格,也是为了说明做人应该做怎样的人。“我”从父亲的话中体会到“人要 做有用的人,不要做只讲体面,而对别人没有好处的人。”这个认识得到了父亲的肯定。这就像画龙点晴一样,很自然地表达出了文章的中心 思想。
由此可见,无论写人记事还是写景状物,正确运用借物喻人的方法: 可以使文章立意更深远,表情达意更含蓄;可以大大增强文章的表现力 和感染力。
运用借物喻人的方法需要注意的是:作文时,描述的事物的特点,要与人的品格有相似之处;让人读了文章,就能清楚地认识到,借物要说明什么,要借物赞誉怎样的人。如果不是这样的话,“借物喻人”的方法,也就失去了使用的意义。
篇12:想象作文的写作方法指导
全文共 763 字
+ 加入清单理解了不同类型的想象作文的不同写法,才能有的放矢。针对小学生的年龄特征,可以从以下方面进行训练。想象作文是对想象的场景或事物的描述。下面是小编整理的想象作文的写作方法,希望对你有帮助!
1、创设情境法。
如:创设特定的情境:“星期天,我穿上一双崭新的足球鞋,急匆匆地下楼……”让学生想象下楼后会发生什么事,会出现怎样的情景。
2、情节改写法。
如:续写《狐假虎威》:当狐狸成功骗过老虎逃脱后,再次遇上老虎发生了什么事情。更有甚者,可以改变故事的内容。如:大家熟知的童话故事《小刺猬美容记》可用以小刺猬美容为主题编写一个新故事。有个孩子编的故事很有趣,他写世界各国的刺猬要参加选美大赛,各国刺猬按本国标准进行了美容,准备去参赛,例如阿拉伯刺猬头裹长巾,身披白袍;美国刺猬用油彩把刺涂成七色,像条彩虹……孩子想象多么新奇有趣。
3、编写故事。
以词句联缀法为例。给学生几个看似风马牛不相及的词句,让学生在一个特定的情节中,以这些词句为线索展开想象,编一个有情节有内容的故事,写一篇作文。如:特级教师贾志敏在《怎样写一件事》的电视作文教学中用,“闷热、冷饮、青蛙、一元钱”几个词语,让学生编一个故事情节完整的记叙文。结果学生思维活跃,编了一个个故事情节生动有趣的故事,想象力受到有效的训练。
4、畅想未来。
如理想型想象作文,通过对自身能力和未来的想象,表达自己的生活理想,如《假如我会飞》、《假如我是校长》。又如,幻想型想象作文,通过对未来和外层空间的想象,表达对人类未来的美好憧憬和向往,如《海底住宅》、《太空旅行记》。可以引导学生以科学的思维形式表达自己的幻想,在幻想天地间翱翔。
此外,作为老师和家长还要引导学生平时多读有益的课外书,多参加有益的社会活动,以此来充实自己,丰富自己。只有把两者结合起来,才能有效地提高学生的作文能力和创新能力。
篇13:英语四级写作要领与方法步骤有哪些
全文共 603 字
+ 加入清单考生无论遇到哪一类试题,都要仔细审题,根据题目的要求确定文章的类型和中心内容,并对你自己熟悉的、可写的内容进行筛选、整理、规划、列出提纲,这是很重要的一步。提纲列好后,要围绕提纲内容展开说明自己的观点和结论,不要在写作时抛开提纲。一篇好的作文应该具备以下5个方面:
(1)内容切题,主题鲜明。
(2)表达清楚准确,条理清晰。
(3)结构完整,衔接流畅自然。
(4)句法正确多样。
(5)用词恰当丰富。
1.提纲
提纲是写作一篇文章的详细计划、安排。提纲准备的目的是:
(1)计划要写什么。
(2)文章的思想的表达顺序。
(3)如何安排段落。
(4)使写作从头到尾围绕主题进行。内容一般用短语和词。主题、副题表达先后顺序,要用数字标明。提纲内容的安排是写作一篇好文章的关键。
2.依据提纲写作
(1)初稿
在完成提纲安排后,动笔写作的第一步是打初稿,在写初稿时要争取做到心中有数,胸有成竹,经过反复练习后,能够按照提纲安排落笔成文,一气呵成。如果突发奇想,也可修改提纲,顺理成章,但切忌偏离正题。在初稿写作时要有意识加大行距,为文章的修改留有余地。
(2)定稿及修改方法
在完成初稿后,修改是必不可少的过程。修改文章要注意以下几点:
①内容是否切题,论点是否鲜明,论证是否合理、严密。
②段落衔接时过渡使用是否合理,语句是否通顺、有没有语法错误,用词是否恰当。
③拼写是否正确,标点符号、大小写是否有错误,有无其他笔误。
篇14:高考作文写作方法:游记怎么写
全文共 2220 字
+ 加入清单同学们在旅行当中不仅可以领略美丽风光,也可以学习文化,但写好一篇游记作文是不容易的,同学们怎么才可以写好游记作文呢?
写好游记,要注意以下四点:
一、细心观察,手写心记
游记的写作犹如蜜蜂采花酿蜜,素材主要来源于游览见闻。细心观察,就是要抓住有特色的景观和对表达中心有重要作用的事物。世界上没有完全相同的两片树叶;事物的特色都是在比较中显示出来的。游览过程中我们就是要善于运用比较的方法,捕捉眼前的景物与其他地方的景物有什么不同之处。有些同学只顾热闹或贪玩,常常忽视景点中的人文资料,如神话传说,乡风民俗,名人轶事,诗词典故,碑文楹联等等,结果是丢了西瓜抓芝麻,写起? 自然内容贫乏,索然无味。所以,必要时还必须心记手写,也可以回来后查看有关资料,以保证内容的丰富充实。
二、依据中心,决定取合
旅途见闻的内容丰富多彩,但是不可能什么都写进文章里。下笔前首先要理一理自己的思绪,想一想本次游览的主要感受是什么?确立一个中心,然后决定:哪些内容详写,哪些内容略写,哪些内容不写。题材的取舍,当然首先要选新颖有趣的内容,更要选有个性、有地方特色的材料,特别是上文提到的那些人文资料,不仅能使你的文章主题鲜明,中心突出,而且读起来更有文化内涵,从而使你的文章更有社会价值。
三、紧扣游踪,疏密有致
游记的内容往往多而杂,写出来怎样才能做到清晰而不繁乱呢?最常用和最简便的方法就是:移步换景。即以游踪的变化为线索,随着时间的推移和地点的转换,完整有序地写出重要的游览过程。当然也要避免写成一本流水账或一幅游览路线图。所以,写作中要用浓墨重彩突出重要的点,跳出一般性的过程交代,使整篇文章成为几个主要景点活动的有机组合体。为了使这个组合体结构匀称,我们还要运用一些穿插的技巧,将与景点有关的资料、数据等内容,通过游览者的交谈或引用等方式适时介绍,这样,就可以调整文章的结构,消除看上去有些部分“臃肿肥胖”、有些部分又显得“面黄肌症”的毛病。
四、写好景物,注入感情
古人云:文章是案头的山水,山水是地上的文章。描写名山秀水是游记的重头戏,写好的关键是注入自己的真感情。我国古代众多游记名篇,“案头的山水”绝不仅仅是自然山水的反映。作者游踪所至,美景在目,心有所感,形诸笔墨,往往物中有我,景中见情,不仅写出了山水的蓬勃生机和无穷妙趣,还能含蓄蕴藉。意味隽永地把作者的身世和人生理想表现出来,达到直抒胸臆、情景交融的效果。当然这不是一日两日的功夫,正好说明了好笔头要靠长期反复磨练的道理。
附例文:
游狼山
闻思月/文
我们南通是个依江傍海、景色宜人的花园式城市,狼山更是名闻遐迩。星期日早晨,我们一家三口前往游玩。上午我们先去了啬园,午餐后就直奔狼山。
一路上爸爸告诉我们,狼山古称狼五山、紫琅山,相传有白狼踞其上,所以又叫白狼山。据史籍记载:唐天宝年间,鉴真东渡日本,曾经过此山以避风浪。它位居全国佛教八小名山之首呢!
我们在车上远望狼山,只见一片翠绿,雄伟的宝塔屹立在山顶,十分壮观。不一会儿,到了山脚下,我们没上缆车,沿着花岗岩铺成的台阶向上攀登。山上人来人往,喜气洋洋。山路两旁古木参天,千姿百态,不禁令人暗暗称奇。狼山不高,父亲说才104.8米,面积18公顷,在多山的地方,根本就算不上什么山。但在南通,却是大名鼎鼎。真是应了那句:山不在高,有仙则名;水不在深,有龙则灵。
说笑间,不知不觉我们就登上了山顶。从山上向下俯视,马路四通八达,楼房一幢接一幢,江面上传着几艘豪华的大轮船,码头旁的大吊车犹如长颈鹿玩具,好一片壮观景象。
狼山因为落座在一马平川、沃野千里的江海平原之上,耸立在一望无垠的长江之滨,所以显得特别突兀高大。尤其是它山势陡峭,拔地而起,临江高耸,直插蓝天,气势更加非凡。登上支云塔,仿佛觉得不是站在一座百米小山之上,而是置身于九霄云外了。辽阔的江海平原,从脚下一直伸展到无边的远方;滚滚的万里长江,犹如一条闪光的缎带,从遥远的天际蜿蜒而来,奔腾入海;那海,那长江入口处的大海,更是水天相连,烟波苍茫,好一派江天寥廓、沧海浩瀚的壮丽景象。怪不得宋朝大诗人王安石来此,情不自禁地发出这样的赞叹:“遨游半是江湖里,始觉今朝眼界开”。想起萃景楼前两根石柱上的那副楹联:“长啸一声山鸣谷应,举头四顾海阔天空”。我们的胸怀也顿觉无限宽广!这样的山,怎能不名闻遐迩呢?
狼山之名所以闻名,更因为它和历史文化名人联系在一起。如唐初四杰之一的骆宾王,近代革命先驱、教育家、实业家张謇,就葬在狼山。又如法乳堂内的十八高僧巨幅瓷砖画像,出自南通籍画家范曾之手,同样令人敬仰。
傍晚,回程途中,妈妈感慨地说,一切为中华民族作出杰出贡献的人,人们是永远不会忘记他们的。——说的是啊!
快乐的狼山游,真是难忘而甜美的记忆。
点评:
这篇游记的一个突出优点是善于挖掘和引用了大量人文资料,从自然山水写出了人文内涵,写出了狼山与其他旅游景点不同的个性、特点和意义。其中的神话传况、名人故事、经史典籍、古人诗文、墓葬文物、景点楹联、地理数据等等,大大提升了文章的文化品位和阅读价值。作者记述游览见闻是有选择的,不是只顾自己的玩兴,什么开心就写什么(其实那天,他们在狼山脚下的水上乐园玩得很“疯”,文中就只字未提),可见写作态度很认真:又因为善于穿插,所以结构匀称,毫无堆砌之感。文笔优美,语言精炼是本文的又一特色,作者从不同角度描写出来的狼山景色,都生动形象,充满豪情,又各有千秋!这一点也值得称道。
篇15:学校毕业实习工作计划的写作方法
全文共 915 字
+ 加入清单一、实习目的与要求
实践教学是本科教学的重要环节,对于提高学生的综合素质、培养学生的创新精神与实践能力具有特殊作用。而毕业实习更是培养、训练学生观察社会、认识社会以及学生将大学四年所学的专业基础知识与社会实际相结合以提高分析和解决实际问题能力的重要学习过程,也是毕业班学生走向社会,寻找工作和就业不可或缺的训练步骤。
通过实习要求同学们了解、熟悉党和国家的各项方针、政策,初步掌握政府机关、企事业单位的各项基础工作和各项职能实践;了解公共管理和社会工作的基本情况、存在的问题及改进对策;巩固和完善学校里学过的理论知识,提高学生的实际动手能力,分析问题和解决问题的能力。
二、实习安排
(一)实习动员阶段(本学期结束前)
1、主要是实习联系期间,主要根据学校教学计划和学生意愿,到各地市教育系统征求实习意向,取得支持和帮助。
2、召开实习动员和出征仪式,主要请学院分管教学的副院长和各专业系主任进行实习的动员工作,并对实习期间的具体工作提出相关的希望和要求。
(二)实习阶段(下学期开学后第1至7周 )
1、实习地点:由学生根据就近(指原籍)、相关(指专业)和安全的原则自己选择地点和单位。
2、实习方式:基地实习、分散实习、岗前培训实习、过境外实习、校内实训实习和自主创新实习。
(三)实习总结阶段(实习结束后2周内)
1、做好实习总结,认真填写好实习总结表。
2、组织座谈、交流心得、体会、经验。
三、组织领导
1、成立公共管理学院实习领导小组,由学院院长(任组长)、党总支书记、分管教学的副院长、有毕业生的各专业系主任、学院办公室主任、学院教学秘书、各毕业班辅导员组成,负责整个实习过程的领导工作。
实习领导小组负责制定毕业实习管理制度和考核方法,审定毕业实习计划,审核毕业实习成绩和优秀毕业实习学生名单。
2、实行指导教师负责制,毕业生毕业实习的指导教师原则上为毕业生毕业论文指导教师,即导师不仅要指导毕业论文,同时还要指导和管理学生的毕业实习工作。指导教师必须定期与学生进行双向沟通,指导与督促学生按计划进行实习,帮助学生解决实习过程中出现的各种困难。
3、要求实习单位指定一位有实践经验的同志担任实习生的指导老师,对实习生进行思想上、业务上的指导与监督。
篇16:小学生写人作文写作方法有哪些
全文共 1795 字
+ 加入清单以写人为主的记叙文主要是通过对人物外貌、语言、动作、心理活动的描写和典型事例的叙述来反映人物的思想、性格、品质、作风等特点。下面是小编为你带来的小学生写人作文写作方法,希望对你有帮助。
1、写好人物的形象。人物的形象,一般指人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等。人物的外貌,就是人物的外形特征,包括容貌、衣着、姿态、神情等等。外貌描写首先必须从文章中心思想的需要出发,要求抓住人物的本质特征,有选择、有重点地描写。人物的语言包括人物的独白,对话,交谈以及语气。“言为心声”。人物的语言是人物内心世界的直接表现。因此成功的语言描写能恰当地表现人物的身份、年龄、思想、品质、作风和个性特点。描写人物语言时,要注意符合人物的身份,表现人物的思想感情,反映人物相互间的关系。描写人物的动作时,不仅要写出人物“做什么”,还要写出“怎么做”。心理活动是无声的语言,是直接表现人物精神面貌,思想活动的手段。描写人物的心理活动时,要注意把心理活动产生的原因叙述清楚,还要注意与外貌、动作、语言描写结合起来。外貌、语言、动作、心理活动写好了,人物的形象就突出、鲜明了。
2、抓住人物的特点。每个人都有自己的特点,这个特点可以从人物的年龄、外貌、语言、动作、兴趣、个性、生活习惯等诸方面去考虑。一个人的特点是多方面的,作文时,我们应根据中心思想有所选择地写。
3、选用典型事例。人与事是分不开的。一个人做的事很多,在作文时我们应选择那些最能表现人物思想、性格和文章中心思想的典型事件。
4、运用细节描写。细节描写就是对能充分表现文章中心思想的人物外貌,语言、动作、表情等细小环节作具体、细致的描写。
小学阶段以写人为主的记叙文,一般分为三种类型;写一个人、写两个人、写几个人。其中应以写一个人为主。
一、写一个人。
记一个人的写人记叙文,大致有以下三种情况:
(一)通过写一件事写一个人。有的文章写人只写了一件事,写这一类的作文要注意以下几点:
1、要选择有代表性的生动事例画写。反映一个人的精神面貌的事例是很多的,通过一件事写人就要选取最有代表性的生动事例来写。
2、要写出事情的发展过程,使人物的形象逐步完整。
3、要把事情写具体。用一个典型事例记叙一个人,应该把这一事例写具体,这样人物形象才能丰满。
4、为了使读者对人物了解得更全面,使重点记叙的这件事有充分的依据和坚实的思想基础,使人物的形象更加丰富,文章的开头可以对人物作简要的介绍。
(二)通过几件事写一个人。
我们在生活中会接触到各种各样的人,有时使用一件事来反映一个人就显得比较单簿,不足以充分反映人物的特点及其品质,因此,必须用两三件事才可能说的明白,再现得充分。
通过几件事写一个人,要注意以下几点:
1、几件事不能相互矛盾,,人物的性格在几件事中要和谐、统一。
2、概括交代和具体描写相结合。在一篇简短的作文中要用几件事写一个人,不可能将每一件事详细叙述,因此一般可以彩杨交代和具体描写相结合的方法。即先概括交代一些事例,再具体记叙一两件事。
3、通过对比的方法写一个人。
通过对比方法写一个人,一般有三种:第一种是同一个人前后相比,说明这个人变化;第二种是对一个人的认识前后相比,说明这个人的品质;第三种是一个人同另一个人比,突出歌颂其中一个人。
通过对比的方法写一个人要注意:
(1)要突出主要人物及其主要特点。
(2)要写出人物的真实表现,不要捏造事实,采用拔高或贬低的方法。
二、写两个人
写两个人,一般是写《我和**》,**应包括亲人、同学、朋友、老师等熟悉的人,要写好这一类型的作文必须注意:
(一)要写好人物之间的联系。《我和**》,题目中突出了一个“和”字,这就要求从双方写起,通过具体的事例,写出“我”和**之间的联系。在叙事过程中,要写出彼此之间都想了些什么,说了些什么,做了些什么。只有从双方落笔,才能把握住题目要求写的重点。
(二)用对话展开情节。写《我和**》作文时,由于要写出两个人之间的关系,所以一定要写好两个人之间的对话。要用对话展开情节,用对话表现文章的中心。
三、写几个人。
写几个人是比较复杂的以写人为主的记叙文,可以写“一家子”、“这一班”,也可以写“几个小伙伴”。总之,不论是家庭的,学校的、社会的,只要是自己熟悉的几人都行。
这类作文有以下几种写法。
(一)列人物表似的介绍。
(二)有代表性的介绍。
(三)以一件事为线索写几个人。
(四)通过几件事写几个人。
篇17:小学生童话作文写作方法
全文共 1708 字
+ 加入清单童话,讲述的是虚拟的故事,并不是真实的。以下是小编给大家整理的小学生童话作文写作方法的内容,欢迎大家查看。
一、我们在写之前要弄清什么是童话?
童话:是通过丰富的想象、幻想和夸张,来塑造形象、反映生活、对儿童进行思想、道德教育的一种文学样式。童话,讲述的是虚拟的故事,并不是真实的。其中的"人物",也是假想形象,并非真有其人。但它所表现的人、事、关系、道理,却是现实生活的反映。
二、童话都有哪些特点呢?
第一、写童话需要幻想和夸张
幻想和夸张,是童话的两只"翅膀"。 幻想,是我们对未来生活的想象。童话离不开幻想,幻想离不开夸张。夸张,是对所要表现的对象或某种特征,故意夸大或缩小的一种修辞手法。没有夸张,幻想的内容就会失去光彩;没有夸张童话中的形象就会暗淡无光;没有夸张,童话的讽刺性就会失去锋芒;没有夸张,童话的语言就会缺乏感染力。如《皇帝的新装》中,那个爱慕虚荣、愚蠢的赤裸裸的皇帝,在现实生活中可能是不存在的,但我们却相信这个故事,因为现实中就有大量爱慕虚荣、愚蠢的人存在,同时也就应运而产生了那种骗子,他们利用一些人的爱慕虚荣、愚蠢,导演着一幕幕荒延的闹剧。这种幻想,源于生活又高于生活,具有相当高的艺术价值。
第二、写童话需要有拟人化的形象
童话里的形象,大多是拟人化的。童话中,无论是动物、植物,其他东西,都可以像人一样会思考、会说话、会做事、会生活。列宁说过:"儿童的本性是爱听童话的。你给儿童讲故事时,如果其中的鸡儿、狗儿都不会说人话,儿童便没有兴趣。"
第三、写童话需要有奇妙、曲折丶动人丶完整的故事情节。
由于童话创作的主要手法是想象、幻想、夸张和拟人,因此,童话的情节都非常奇妙,洋溢着浓烈的浪漫主义色彩。如《神笔马良》的故事,说的是穷孩子马良,凭顽强刻苦的精神,得到了一支神笔。他拿着这支神笔帮助贫苦大众,智斗财主、皇帝,让人读后无不称快。
三、 童话的写作和要求。
优秀的童话都不是凭空产生的,都是作者细心观察现实生活中的人、事、物后,通过"幻想处理",创作出来的。写童话不仅需要细心观察,还要经过一个"幻想处理",也就是"生活幻想化"的过程。只有经过这个过程,生活才能成为童话。在创作童话时,还要注意五点要求:
第一、童话中的幻想是生活的反映,因此要植根于现实。
第二、童话中的夸张一定要突出事物的本质。脱离事物本质的夸张,只能让人感到荒诞、不可信,也就失去了童话的教育意义。
第三、童话中的拟人,一定要抓住事物的特征,符合动植物的特征。
第四、在一篇童话中,表现手法要多样,这样会使你的童话故事显得生动感人。
第五、语言简洁活泼,符合儿童的语言特点。
四、怎样创编童话故事?
1、利用"假设"进行想象
假设某一具体情况,让学生根据这种情况,结合自己的生活经验进行想象、联想。想象可以超越时空、超越自我,甚至想象出世界上不存在的事物。例如,阿凡提来到我们当中,会飞的猴子,鳄鱼拿着一支玫瑰花来敲我的门……这些都是合理的想象。这样坚持下来,久而久之,就会想、敢想,就能大胆创新。
2、利用"绘画"展示故事内容,发展想象能力
在"创编童话"过程中,不要以"写故事"的形式把故事内容展示出来,而是打开绘画纸,展开想象,自由作画,把想到的东西画出来。"画好故事"以后,再给画面配上文字,就成为一篇简单的童话故事了。
3、利用"表演"展现故事情节
例如《小红帽》,可以五人一组,分别扮演"小红帽"、"妈妈"、"外婆"、"猎人"、"狼",将故事表演出来,表演时可以加以创造,不要完全按照原文表演。表演后,几个人凑在一起,研究一下怎样给故事欢歌结尾。
4、利用"续编"延续故事内容
如《狼和小羊》一文的结尾是:"狼不想再争辩了,龇着牙,向小羊扑去……"可以大胆想象并续编故事:小羊最终的结局如何呢?如,小羊想了一个好办法战胜了狼,从此过着幸福的生活。这些与众不同的办法,就是你的想象力;把这些想象写下来,就是一篇很好的童话故事了。
童话里的形象,大多是拟人化的。童话中,无论是动物、植物,其他东西,都可以像人一样会思考、会说话、会做事、会生活。列宁说过:"儿童的本性是爱听童话的。你给儿童讲故事时,如果其中的鸡儿、狗儿都不会说人话,儿童便没有兴趣。"
篇18:英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
全文共 45713 字
+ 加入清单下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。
对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。
因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!
1.?????? Proverbs
1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.
2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.
3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.
4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.
5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.
6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.
7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.
8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.
9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.
10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.
11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.
12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.
2. Damaging Research
A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.
3. Education and Citizenship
An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.
Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.
Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.
Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.
4. The Teacher’s Role
Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.
Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.
5. Education Philosophy
For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.
Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.
In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.
This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.
6. Student Life
To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.
Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.
Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)
What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.
Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.
7. Adult Education
After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”
So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.
8. Moral Relativism in American
Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.
Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.
In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”
Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.
In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”
The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.
The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.
At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.
The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.
But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.
There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.
9. Schools Should Teach Values
People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”
There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.
As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”
This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.
We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.
What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.
These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.
After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.
10. College Pressures
Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.
What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.
My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.
“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”
Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.
It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.
The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.
Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.
Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.
I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.
“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.
“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”
“Then why are you going?”
“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”
Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”
But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.
I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.
Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.
“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”
The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”
Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.
Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.
“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”
Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.
To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.
If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.
Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.
“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”
“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”
I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.
Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.
This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.
They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.
If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.
I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.
I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.
11. To Err Is Wrong
In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?
Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.
Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:
Right over 90% of the time = “A”
Right over 80% of the time = “B~”
Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.
From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.
Playing It Safe
With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.
I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.
Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.
Different Logic
From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.
Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.
Errors as Stepping Stones
Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.
The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.
Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.
Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.
[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
篇19:作文开头写作方法
全文共 2685 字
+ 加入清单导语:优秀的作文开头应该简明扼要,言简意丰,而且能集中地表达文章的主旨,下面是作文开头的写作方法,欢迎参考!
1、开门见山落笔扣题
所谓"开门见山",是一种比喻的说法,指的是直截了当地切入要旨。
如《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨:"白杨树实在是不平凡的,我赞美白杨树!"这种写法干脆利落,入题快捷,不枝不蔓,所以受很多同学所青睐。
2、引用经典彰显底蕴
开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等,能增强开端的气势,使人感到峥嵘、高远,达到吸引读者、突出中心的效果。如下例几种常用的:
1)诗词开头
以诗句开头,气势磅礴,震撼人心。如:"莫等闲,白了少年头。"我的爸爸四十多了,白了头,可是依然很平凡……
2)俗语开头
俗语是孩子们所熟悉的,以此开头,倍感亲切,激发兴趣。如:中国有句俗语说:"三棒槌打不出一个屁来。"我的爸爸就是一个不爱说话的人……
3)名人名言开头
这种开头法不仅使你所要表达的意思简明扼要,言简意丰,而且能集中地表达文章的主旨,起到画龙点睛的作用,使文章增色不少。如一学生写《自信》:著名科学家爱迪生说:"自信是成功的第一秘诀。"是的,拥有自信,不断努力,就能获得成功。
4)故事导入
引用一则典故或现实生活中的小故事来开头的方法,可以增加文章的趣味性,能引起读者的兴趣。如一学生写《宽容》时,这样开头:"一位理发师正在给周恩来总理刮脸,由于周总理咳嗽了一声,理发师不小心将他的脸刮破了,这时理发师紧张不已,以为周总理会大发雷霆。想不到,周总理却很抱歉地说:这不关你的事,要是在咳嗽之前给你打个招呼,你就不会刮破我的脸了。’这样一句暖人的安慰,我们可以从周总理身上看到可贵的品质——宽容。"
5)声音开头
对话、琴声、风声、雷声等等,都可以用来开头,信手拈来,渲染氛围。如:"请把我的歌,带回你的家,请把你的微笑留下……"每当耳边响起这熟悉的旋律,自己就像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样,感觉格外亲切。
3、精辟修辞韵味悠长
用修辞手法开头,易抒写作者心灵的感悟,引发读者赏读的情趣。
1)比喻
开头设喻,以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头:"石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹。"
2)对比
用对比来开头的方法,可以加强文采,有力地突出主题。如:古今中外,凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人,其成功没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的;反之,那些懒惰昏庸的人,则无法成就事业,由此可见,勤则成事,惰则败业。
3)排比
用排比句开头,句式整齐,语势铿锵,促人赏读。如:假如我是小鸟,我会记住那出生时的巢穴;假如我是树苗,我无法忘记那滋养我的土地;假如我是江河,那雪域高原成为我记忆中的烙印……
4)设问
设问开头,铺排文气,先声夺人。如:为什么服装设计师总要千方百计地设计一套又一套的时装?为什么我们的祖国在前进的号角中总夹杂着这样一句话——提倡科技创新?为什么一座座拔地而起的高楼不沿用20世纪五六十年代建筑的风格?一切的一切,只因为时代在变化,人的思想也在变化。时装要迎合时代潮流,发展要与时俱进,生活赋予了我们创新的动力。
4、借物联想引发情趣
文章的开头或从远到近,或由此及彼,从别的事物写起,再联想到要写的事物上来,借以烘托要写的事物。
如一学生这样写《路》:日常行走的路有大路、小路之别,人生之路有正路、歧路之分。人,应该择路而行。
5、巧设悬念曲径通幽
开头设置一个悬而未决的问题,引起读者的关注,激发读者的兴趣,同时增加文章的曲折,显现布局之美。如一学生写《感受生活之美》:"我快要死了——我躺在病床上,四周黑漆漆的一片,十分寂静,偌大的房间里,只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。"
6、名人作答启人深思
采用名人作答的方式展开文章,有利增强开端气势,给人高远之感。如一学生如此写《幸福》的开篇:有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。尼采认为:"能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚,却毫不恶心,这种人是最幸福的。"而思多葛派却认为:"拥有无穷的财富和威力,而且能够处事不惊,那才是真正的幸福。"
7、场景描写渲染气氛
描写法即借助某种修辞或某种描写技法,通过对景物的描写,渲染气氛,烘托氛围,为下文人物或事情的开端做好衬托铺垫。
请看《考试》一文的开端:教室外,呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上,"嚓、嚓"地响,教室内,一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。
8、交代要素引人入胜
交代要素式也是写作文较为常见的一种开头形式,即交代记叙文的几要素:时间、地点、人物和事件。
如《捉鱼》一文的开头:"一个星期天的早晨,我和小辰拿着小盆,拎着小桶来到一条小溪边围坝捉鱼。"这样开头可以让读者清楚地了解到记叙文的几要素,为下文展开故事情节作准备。
9、介绍背景蓄势待发
以介绍情况、交代背景的方式开篇,可以让读者充分了解事情原委,有利于对整篇文章的正确、顺利解读。这种方法主要用于写一些事件或重要人物的文章。
如《火烧赤壁》一文的开头:"东汉末年,曹操率领大军南下,想夺取江南东吴的地方。东吴的周瑜调兵遣将,驻在赤壁,同曹操的兵隔江相对。曹操的兵在北岸,周瑜的兵在南岸。"这个开头,使读者看了以后,对两军相对峙的形势、所处的地理位置和即将发生的事一目了然。
10、概括内容凸显主旨
开头总领全文,下文则围绕着它进行“分述”,全文因此而比较有条理,而且可以让读者迅速了解文章梗概,一睹为快,为下文的阅读埋下情感基调。如作文《春花朵朵》一文的开头:“五讲文明的春风,吹开了学校这万紫千红的百花园中的朵朵春花。让我们从这万紫千红的百花园中摘取几朵,领略一下那满园春色吧!”
11、巧用倒叙暗渡陈仓
即文章开头先写出事情的结果,再写出事情的原因和经过,以造成悬念,增强文章的吸引力。
请看一学生如何写《异乡情怀》:独立小院,月光如水,静静地流泻在我的身边,我感到了心沉水底的清凉,引起了对你的不尽的思念!曾记得也是这样一个月色溶溶的夜晚,我把你送上了开往异乡的列车……
12、抒发感情先声夺人
即文章一开头就将作者的亲身感受和思想感情抒发出来,直抒胸臆,渲染气氛,达到以情感人。
如一学生在《诚信》开头写道:"如果人生是一趟奔驰的列车,那么诚信便是不可缺少的轮子;如果说人生是一条航行中的大船,那么诚信便是不可缺少的背囊,它将伴你永远前行。"
常言道:"文无定法"。是的,作文的开头往往是由作文的内容、体裁、读者对象、构思技巧和作者的写作功底等综合因素所决定,并无固定的格式。衡量好坏的标准只有一个,那就是看它是不是文章的有机组成部分,能否为文章的内容和中心服务,能否吸引读者读下去。我们学生朋友要善于结合实际,灵活变通,巧妙派生,才能写出好的开篇。
篇20:大学社会实践写作方法
全文共 3355 字
+ 加入清单一、调查报告的含义
调查报告又叫调查研究报告,应该说后者是它更准确的名称。因为它不仅是调查的产物,更是研究的产物。调查报告主要功能是搜集情况,并通过对调查所得情况的深入研究,提出一定的见解。因此调查报告是根据某一特定目的,运用辩证唯物论的观点,对某一事务或某一问题进行深入、细致、周密的调查研究和综合分析后,将这些调查和分析的结果系统地、如实地整理成书面文字的一种文体。像考察报告、调研报告及××调查等都是常见的调查报告体裁。
二、调查报告的特点
1、真实性。真实性是调查报告首要的、最大的特点。所谓真实性,就是尊重客观事实,靠事实说话。这一特点要求调研人员必须树立严谨的科学态度,认真求实的精神,彻底抛弃"假大空"的虚伪作风,不仅报喜,还要报忧,不仅要充分肯定工作成绩,还要准确反映工作中存在的问题。只有严谨的科学态度,才能写出真实可靠,对工作具有指导意义的调查报告。罗朝能罗朝能罗朝能
2、针对性。这是调查报告所具有的第二个显著特点,这是由具有很强的工作针对性所决定的。一般来说一项调查研究工作,特别是大型调查研究,要花费较大的时间、人力和物力,不是随意组织进行的,而是针对一些较为迫切的实际情况,解决某些实际问题而进行的。因此调查研究就具有很强的针对性,在调查报告的写作上,必须中心突出,明确提出所针对的问题,明确交待这一问题所获得的事实材料,分析出问题的症结所在,提出具体可行的建议和对策。罗朝能罗朝能
3、典型性。典型性是指在调查报告的写作过程中所采用的事实材料要具有代表性,以及所揭示的问题带有普遍性。这种典型特点在总结经验和反映典型事件的典型调查中表现的尤为突出。
4、系统性。调查报告的系统性或完整性是指由调查材料所得出的结论,必须是具有说服力,把被调查的情况完整地、系统地交待清楚。不能只摆出结论,而疏漏交待事实过程和必须的环节。因为这样的疏忽势必造成不严密、根据不足以及不足以令人信服的印象。这里所说的系统性和完整性,并不是要求在调查报告的写作过程中,事无巨细,面面俱到,而是抓住事物的本质和主要方面,写出结论的推理过程。
总的来说,调查报告就是论证系统,逻辑严密,摆事实,讲道理,具有强烈的说服力,从而使之成为科学决策的可靠资料。
三、调查报告的类型从内容性质分,调查报告有以下六种:
1、专题型调查报告。专题型调查报告,就是侧重某个问题进行较深入的调查后形成的报告,这类报告一般常常在标题上反映出来。它能及时揭露现实生活中的矛盾,反映群众的意见和要求,研究急需解决的具体的实际问题,并根据调查的结果提出处理意见,或者对策,或是建议。
2、综合型调查报告。它是以综合调查众多的对象及其基本情况为内容、作全面系统的调查和反映的报告。具有全面、系统、深入和篇幅较长的特点。它与专题调查报告的主要区别点就在于它的综合性上。它使读者可以从报告中看到事物的相对完整的“鸟瞰图。”罗朝能罗朝能。
3、理论研究型调查报告。这是以学术研究为目的而撰写的报告,它以收集、分类、整理资料并提出问题、报告结论为特点,大多发表在学术刊物上,或载于学术著作中。
4、实际建议型调查报告。这是由于实际工作需要而写的调查报告,其主要内容是为预测、决策、制定政策、处理问题等进行调查所获得的材料及有关的建议。
5、历史情况型调查报告。这是根据需要以历史情况为对象进行调查而形成的调查报告。它可以供人们了解某一事物或问题的历史资料和历史真相。
6、现实情况型调查报告。它是以正在发生、发展的一些现实生活为对象进行调查后所形成的调查报告。人们可以通过它了解和认识某些事物和问题的客观现实情况,以作为其它认识活动的依据或参考。
另外,有些调查报告可以是以上几种类型的结合形式。四、调查报告的写法不同类型的调查报告,具体内容有所不同。但基本写法是相通的。
调查报告的写作方法,一是熟悉调查报告的结构特点;二要把握调查报告的写作程序。
(一)调查报告的结构
一般来说,调查报告的内容大体有:标题、导语、概况介绍、资料统计、理性分析、总结和结论或对策、建议,以及所附的材料等。由此形成的调查报告结构,就包括标题、导语、正文、结尾和落款。
1、标题
调查报告的标题有单标题和双标题两类。所谓单标题,就是一个标题。其中又有公文式标题和文章式标题两种。公文标题为“事由+文种”构成,如《浙江省农村中学语文教学情况的调查报告》。文章式标题,如《××市的校办企业》;其二是标明作者通过调查所得到的观点的标题,如《调整教育政策,增加教育投入》。所谓双标题,就是两个标题,即一个正题、一个副题。如《为了造福子孙后代××县封山育林调查报告》。
2、导语
导语又称引言。它是调查报告的前言,简洁明了地介绍有关调查的情况,或提出全文的引子,为正文写作做好铺垫。常见的导语有: ①简介式导语。对调查的课题、对象、时间、地点、方式、经过等作简明的介绍; ②概括式导语。对调查报告的内容(包括课题、对象、调查内容、调查结果和分析的结论等)作概括的说明; ③交代式导语。即对课题产生的由来作简明的介绍和说明。
3、正文
正文是调查报告的主体。它对调查得来的事实和有关材料进行叙述,对所做出的分析、综合进行议论,对调查研究的结果和结论进行说明。正文的结构有不同的框架。 ①根据逻辑关系安排材料的框架有:纵式结构、横式结构、纵横式结构。这三种结构,以纵横式结构常为人们采用。 ②按照内容表达的层次组成的框架有:“情况成果问题建议”式结构,多用于反映基本情况的调查报告;“成果具体做法经验”式结构,多用于介绍经验的调查报告;“问题原因意见或建议”式结构,多用于揭露问题的调查报告;“事件过程事件性质结论处理意见”式结构,多用于揭示案件是非的调查报告。
4、结尾
结尾的内容大多是调查者对问题的看法和建议,这是分析问题和解决问题的必然结果。调查报告的结尾方式主要有补充式、深化式、建议式、激发式等。
5、落款
调查报告的落款要写明调查者单位名称和个人姓名,以及完稿时间。如果标题下面已注明调查者,则落款时可省略。
(二)调查报告的写作程序调查报告写作要经过以下五个程序:
1、确定主题
主题是调查报告的灵魂,对调查报告写作的成败具有决定性的意义。因此,确定主题要注意:
报告的主题应与调查主题一致;要根据调查和分析的结果,重新确定主题;主题宜小,且宜集中;与标题协调一致,避免文题不副。
2、取舍材料
对经过统计分析与理论分析所得到的系统的完整的"调查资料",在组织调查报告时仍需精心选择,不可能也不必都写上报告,要注意取舍。如何选择材料呢? ①选取与主题有关的材料,去掉无关的,关系不大的,次要的,非本质的材料,使主题集中、鲜明、突出; ②注意材料点与面的结合,材料不仅要支持报告中某个观点,而且要相互支持,形成面上的“大气”; ③在现有有用的材料中,要比较、鉴别、精选材料,选择最好的材料来支持作者的意见,使每一材料以一当十。
3、布局和拟定提纲
这是调查报告构思中的一个关键环节。布局就是指调查报告的表现形式,它反映在提纲上就是文章的"骨架"。拟定提纲的过程实际上就是把调查材料进一步分类,构架的过程。构架的原则是:"围绕主题,层层进逼,环环相扣"。提纲或骨架的特点是它的内在的逻辑性,要求必须纲目分明,层次分明。
调查报告的提纲有两种,一种是观点式提纲,即将调查者在调查研究中形成的观点按逻辑关系一一地列写出来。另一种是条目式提纲,即按层次意义表达上的章、节、目,逐一地一条条地写成提纲。也可以将这两种提纲结合起来制作提纲。
4、起草报告
这是调查报告写作的行文阶段。要根据已经确定的主题、选好的材料和写作提纲,有条不紊地行文。写作过程中,要从实际需要出发选用语言,灵活地划分段落。
在行文时要注意:①结构合理(标题、导语、正文、结尾、落款);②报告文字规范,具有审美性与可读性,如:"制定优惠政策,引进急需人才","运用竞争机制,盘活现有人才",(文章段落的条目观点);③通读易懂。注意对数字、图表、专业名词术语的使用,做到深入浅出,语言具有表现力,准确、鲜明、生动、朴实。
5、修改报告
报告起草好以后,要认真修改。主要是对报告的主题、材料、结构、语言文字和标点符号进行检查,加以增、删、改、调。在完成这些工作之后,才能定稿向上报送或发表。