四级英语作文写作方法(精品20篇)

1、格式

法定代表人授权委托书

兹委托×××(姓名、性别、年龄、职务)代表本企业为×××(项目名称)的代理人，其权限如下：

×××(具体说明代理的事项和内容，包括谈判权、签订合同权、代为承认或者放弃一定权利权等)

法定代表人：×××

×年×月×日

2、说明

法定代表人授权委托书是企业法人委托他人代为某种法律行为的法律文书。法定代表人因事不能亲自为某种行为时，可以通过授权委托方式，指派他人去办理。这时，就需要制作法定代表人授权委托书，被委托人在授权的范围进行活动，对委托人直接产生法律效力。

填写法定代表人授权委托应当注意的事项有：必须写明被委托人的姓名、性别、年龄、职务等基本情况。写明授权的范围，不能简单写“全权委托”，而应当逐项写明授权的内容。如委托代理诉讼，就应写明在诉讼过程中委托代理人的权限，有无放弃、承认诉讼请求的权利，有无反诉权，有无和解权等。如果未写明，则认为不具备这些具体权利，只有诉讼代理权。如果是签订合同，则应当明确在什么条件下、什么范围内签订的合同是有效的，超过这个范围就是无效的。

授权委托书范本

委 托 单 位：________________

法定代表人：________________

受 委 托 人：姓名：________，工作单位：________________

职务：________，职称：________________

姓名：________，工作单位：________________

职务：________，职称：________________

现委托上列受委托人在我单位与________________________因________________纠纷一案中，作为我方诉讼代理人。

代理人____________的代理权限为：____________________

代理人____________的代理权限为：____________________

委 托 单 位：________________(盖章)

法定代表人：________________(签名)

____年____月____日

常见作文写作方法:线索查找方法

以物为线索

【特点】

在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。

以人为线索

【特点】

以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。

以思想变化为线索

【特点】

这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。

以中心事件为线索

【特点】

主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。

一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导

1．基础英语：

基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。

2．翻译英语：

翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。

凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。

词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。

英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。

凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。

3．百科：

先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。

接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。

最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。

最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。

二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读

（一）、参考书的阅读方法

（1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。

（2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能

够闭上眼睛的时候，眼前出现完整的知识体系。

（3）问题法：将自己所学的知识总结成问题写出来，每章的主标题和副标题都是很好的出题素材。尽可能把所有的知识要点都能够整理成问题。

（二）、学习笔记的整理方法

（1）第一遍学习教材的时候，做笔记主要是归纳主要内容，最好可以整理出知识框架记到笔记本上，同时记下重要知识点，如假设条件，公式，结论，缺陷等。记笔记的过程可以强迫自己对所学内容进行整理，并用自己的语言表达出来，有效地加深印象。第一遍学习记笔记的工作量较大可能影响复习进度，但是切记第一遍学习要夯实基础，不能一味地追求速度。第一遍要以稳、细为主，而记笔记能够帮助考生有效地达到以上两个要求。并且在后期逐步脱离教材以后，笔记是一个很方便携带的知识宝典，可以方便随时查阅相关的知识点。

（2）第一遍的学习笔记和书本知识比较相近，且以基本知识点为主。第二遍学习的时候可以结合第一遍的笔记查漏补缺，记下自己生疏的或者是任何觉得重要的知识点。再到后期做题的时候注意记下典型题目和错题。

（3）做笔记要注意分类和编排，便于查询。可以在不同的阶段使用大小合适的不同的笔记本。也可以使用统一的笔记本但是要注意各项内容不要混杂在以前，不利于以后的查阅。同时注意编好页码等序号。另外注意每隔一定时间对于在此期间自己所做的笔记进行相应的复印备份，以防原件丢失。统一的参考书书店可以买到，但是笔记是独一无二的，笔记是整个复习过程的心血所得，一定要好好保管。

三、北京理工大学翻译硕士复试分数线是多少？

北京理工大学翻译硕士复试分数线是355分，政治和外语最低55分；业务课1和业务课2最低83分。

北京理工大学翻译硕士复试的笔试科目有:中译英、英译中。

北京理工大学方医生硕士复试面试内容有如下两项:

1、口试：包括就所给题目发表自己的观点和看法；

2、听译：英译汉、汉译英。

考研复试面试不用担心，凯程老师有系统的专业课内容培训，日常问题培训，还要进行三次以上的模拟面试，确保你能够在面试上游刃有余，很多老师问题都是我们在模拟面试准备过的。

四、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研初试参考书是什么

北京理工大学翻译硕士初试参考书很多人都不清楚，这里凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士王牌老师给大家整理出来了，以供参考：

庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》，北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

张培基，《英译中国现代散文选》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999。

杨月蓉，《实用汉语语法与修辞》，重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1999。

叶 朗，《中国文化读本》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008。

卢晓江，《自然科学史十二讲》，北京：中国轻工业出版社，2007。

夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》，上海复旦大学出版社，2010

提示：以上书比较多，有些书的具体内容是不需要看的，凯程授课老师届时会给大家详细讲解每个重点的内容，减少大家盲目复习。

五、北京理工大学翻译硕士辅导班有哪些？

对于翻译硕士考研辅导班，业内最有名气的就是凯程。很多辅导班说自己辅导北京理工大学翻译硕士，您直接问一句，北京理工大学翻译硕士参考书有哪些，大多数机构瞬间就傻

眼了，或者推脱说我们有专门的专业课老师给学生推荐参考书，为什么当场答不上来，因为他们根本就没有辅导过北京理工大学翻译硕士考研，更谈不上有翻译硕士的考研辅导资料，考上北京理工大学翻译硕士的学生了。

在业内，凯程的翻译硕士非常权威，基本上考清华北京理工大学翻译硕士的同学们都了解凯程，凯程有系统的考研辅导班，及对北京理工大学翻译硕士深入的理解，在北京理工大学深厚的人脉，及时的考研信息。凯程近几年有很多学员考取了北京理工大学翻译硕士，毫无疑问，这个成绩是无人能比拟的。并且，在凯程网站有成功学员的经验视频，其他机构一个都没有。同学们不妨实地考察一下。

六、北京理工大学翻译硕士英语笔译专业介绍

北京理工大学翻译硕士学费总额是1.6万元，学制二年。

北京理工大学翻译硕士的奖学金政策如下：

国家助学金硕士6000元/年；

学校助学金硕士4000元/年；

学业奖学金覆盖比例超过40%，硕士8000元/年。

另外，优秀研究生还可申请国家奖学金及社会捐助奖学金。学校还设有助教、助管、助研岗位，供研究生选择。

北京理工大学翻译硕士英语笔译方向考试科目如下：

①101思想政治理论

②211翻译硕士英语

③357英语翻译基础

④448汉语写作与百科知识

七、北京理工大学翻译硕士就业怎么样？

当今，MTI翻译硕士作为新生的专业越来越“热门”，由于社会对翻译硕士专业人才需求量原来越大，所以每年报考翻译硕士的考生数量成倍增长。据北京理工大学发布的毕业生就业质量报告显示，北京理工大学翻译硕士毕业生总体就业率达到了98.44%。

而且当前，国内专业翻译人员较少，而且小语种众多，一般来讲每人可精通仅一两种。加之各个行业专业术语繁多，造成能够胜任中译外的高质量工作人才明显不足。所以翻译硕士可以说是当前较为稳定的热门专业之一。

由此来看，北京理工大学翻译硕士就业前景非常不错，北京理工大学翻译硕士的含金量很大，现在经济贸易的国际化程度越来越高，对翻译的需求也是很大的，这种专业性人才是非常有市场的，只要能力够就业很轻松，工资也很高。

八、北京理工大学翻译硕士难度大不大，跨专业的人考上的多不多?

近些年翻译硕士很火，尤其是像北京理工大学这样的著名学校。北京理工大学翻译硕士的招生人数为16人。总体来说，北京理工大学翻译硕士招生量相对较大，考试难度相对不高。根据凯程从北京理工大学研究生院内部的统计数据得知，北京理工大学翻译硕士的考生中90%是跨专业考生，在录取的学生中，基本都是跨专业考的。

在考研复试的时候，老师更看重跨专业学生的能力，而不是本科背景。其次，翻译硕士考试科目里，百科，翻译及基础本身知识点难度并不大，跨专业的学生完全能够学得懂。即使本科学翻译的同学，专业课也不见得比你强多少（大学学的内容本身就非常浅）。凯程考研每年都有大量二本三本学生考取的，所以记住重要的不是你之前学得如何，而是从决定考研起就要抓紧时间完成自己的计划，下定决心，就全身心投入，要相信付出总会有回报。在凯程辅导班里很多这样三凯程生，都考的不错，主要是看你努力与否。

九、如何调节考研的心态

稳定的心态：其实我觉得只要做到全力以赴，然后中间不徘徊、不彷徨，认定目标，心态基本上都是稳定的，成功的学生，除了刚开始纠结于考不考得上这个问题紧张心绪不稳定之外，后来都挺稳定的，至少从表面上看上去是这样的，或许内心深处还是不太稳定的，而且偶尔还是会出现抓狂的情况，不过很快就好了。

效率与时间：要记住效率第一,时间第二，就是说在保证效率的前提下再去延长复习的时间，不要每天十几个小时，基本都是瞌睡昏昏地过去的，那还不如几小时高效率的复习，大家看高效的学生，每天都是六点半醒，其实这到后面已经是一种习惯，都不给自己设置闹铃，自然醒，不过也不是每天都能这么早醒来，一周两周都会出现一次那种睡到八九点的情况，我想这是身体的需要的，所以从来也不刻意强制自己每天都准时起来，这是我的想法，还有就是当你坐在桌前感觉学不动的时候,出去听听歌或者看看新闻啥的放松放松。

坚定的意志：考研是个没有硝烟的持久战，在这场战争中，你要时刻警醒，不然随时都会有倒下的可能。而且，它不像高考那样，每天都有老师催着，每个月都会有模拟考试检验着。所以你不知道自己究竟是在前进还是在退步、自己的综合水平是在提高还是下降。而且，和你一起的研友基本都没有跟你考同一个学校同一个专业的，你也不知道你的对手是什么水平。很长一段时间，都感觉不到自己的进步。而且，应该在自己的手机音乐播放器里存一些特别励志的歌曲，休息期间可以听听，让自己疲惫下来的心理瞬间又满血复活。在凯程，不断有测试，有排名，你就知道自己处于什么位置，找到差距，就能充足能量继续复习。

最后，无论以何种方法复习，考生都要全身心投入，这样才能取得好成绩。相信广大考生对于北京理工大学翻译硕士都有自己的理解，也希望以上内容能够给考生带来帮助。凯程考研祝大家考研顺利!

一分耕耘一分收获。加油！

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理的高考英语写作基本原则，希望对你有帮助。

一、 长 短 句原则

工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主 题 句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一 二 三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.

I want it.

可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、 多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比

我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：Walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说：Slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说：Sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说：Dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说：Stagger out of the room

所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

I encore music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

Besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

The coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

Despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

Then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：This is what I can do.

Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

When to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mir liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、 挑战极限原则

既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

导语：英语作文也是需要日积月累的练习的，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. We re often told that ......But is this really the case ?

我们经常被告知......但事实真是这样吗?

2. People used to ......however , things are quite different today .

过去，人们习惯......但,今天的情况有很大的不同。

3.some people think that ......Others believe that the opposite is true . There is probably some truth in both sides.But we must realize that ......

一些人认为......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理。但是我们必须认识到......

4.Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution .

认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。

5. It is another new and bitter truth we must learn to face .

这是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。

6. In short , we must work hard to make the world a better place .

简而言之，为了把世界变成更美好的地方，我们必须勤奋工作。

7.Lost time is never found again.

岁月既往，一去不回。

8.Everybody should have a dream.

每个人都该有个梦想.

9.Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。

10.Failure is the mother of success.

失败乃成功之母。

11.Lets look on the bright side.

让我们往好处想吧。

审题是作文的关键，题目清楚了，就会写得切题，就可以不走或少走弯路。小编收集了如何写好一篇作文，欢迎阅读。

一、把握中心，审清题意对作文来说，第一步就是审题。

审题是作文的关键，题目清楚了，就会写得切题，就可以不走或少走弯路。否则，拿到题目草率动笔，急于写作，还没有搞清楚题意就信马由缰，一发而不可收拾，写跑了题还不知道原因呢。怎样审题呢?拿到题目后要仔细阅读，确定题目的重点和中心，把握题目的深层含义。所谓重点和中心，往往要求同学们认真分析题目的每一个字词，抓住重点词语，也就是“题眼”。申清题意，从而确定作文的内容和重点。审题时，还要搞清文章要写的范围和角度，不按规定的范围写就会跑题。总之，审题的关键是确定重点，把握范围角度，掌握了这两点，就能打开思路，迈出写作的第一步。

二、命题作文的定体每一篇作文是由内容和形式的结合，体裁是作文表现形式。

所谓定体，就是拿到试题后，弄清楚试题要求写成什么文体。小学生主要学习的是记叙文、说明文、议论文，文体表现主题的方式不同，写作的方法就有很大的差异。从题目的文字来定体，一般来说题目中有“记”字的多为记叙文，如《记一件有意义的活动》《记我的一位朋友》等，还有不太明显的，如“访”“观”等，题目中有“论”“说”“谈”“议”“驳”等字的是议论文，如《谈实事求是》《小议人生价值》等。说明文比较明显，如《水的用途》等，一看就是说明文。从题目的范围来定体。在题目中，对要求写某个时间里的人和事，那是记叙文，如《我的星期天》《劳动的一天》等。在题目中有地域空间范围，要求考生写中国范围内发生的事情和人物，那也是记叙文，如《我在北京的日子》《春到校园》等。从题目要求的对象和内容来定体。《我和我的老师》一看就明白，写作对象是“我”和“老师”，这是要求写人的;《实验成功》这是写事的;《故乡的山》这是写景的。这都是要求写成记叙文。而《树叶的作用》写作内容是事理;《我的钢笔》写作对象是实物，应当写成说明文。文体确定了，思考时就会有明确的目标了。如果题目是写记叙文，就立即从写人记事两方面思考，把主题表现出来。如果是说明文，就从说明事物特性状态、功能等方面思考，如何揭示事物的本质和特性。如果是议论文，就从建立论点、寻找论据上下手，思考论证的方法。只有确定了文体，就可以确定文章的写作方向，同学们一定不可轻视它啊!

三、命题作文的立意立意就是确定文章的主题，也就是我们平时说的确定文章的中心思想。

主题是文章的灵魂，是贯穿文章的主线，文章的选材、结构、语言表达都受主题的约束，围绕着主题，为主题服务。立意过程就是写作时经过审题来确定文章应表达的基本意思。主题并不是凭空而来的，也不是每个人头脑中固有的，它是学生对社会生活的提炼与概括，来自社会实践，是学生对客观事物的认识。因此，确定主题时，一定要从同学们的生活经验、社会实践出发，选择具有社会意义的角度去立意。立意不明确，不合题目要求，那就偏离了主题(跑题)，或者写到中间发现不对，既浪费了时间，又由于慌乱，影响写作质量。所以，立意是写作前的总体设计，它是对作文成败起着关键作用。立意一般从这样两方面着手努力：

1.首先要新：要使文章立意新颖，就必须经过认真分析，找出事物的本质，抓住事物的特点。

2.立意要正确、鲜明、深刻。要做到立意深刻，就要把反映的对象所蕴藏的本质挖掘出来。

四、命题作文的选材作文最主要的内容就是题材，也就是一般同学们常说的写作材料。

文章的立意要以材料为依据，主题思想的表达也要靠每人材料来完成。一篇文章的主题确立后，要想写好，就必须认真选择材料。命题作文的选材应从以下几个角度着手：

1.要选自己熟悉的材料。只有自己熟悉才认识得清，也才最能说透。命题一般考虑到每个学生都有话可说，有时可叙，有理可议，有情可抒，有感而发，命题范围往往不会超越同学们的生活圈子。同学们在选材上一定要沉着、镇定，不要舍近求远。就从自己身边发生的事中找素材，只有自己最熟悉繁荣人和事，写起来才真实、亲切，能写出特色。

2.要选择具有典型意义的材料。典型意义的材料就是那些最有代表性、最能揭示事物本质的材料。这种材料最有说服力，在文章中起决定作用。

3.要选择新鲜的材料：一篇文章中有无新鲜材料就可以看出它的立意是否新颖。材料的选择，说到底只有一个准则，那就是一切为文章的中心服务，要选择那些最有代表性、说服力，最能突出中心的东西来写。切记要符合文章题目的要求，要紧扣文章所表达的中心。与中心关系紧密的多选，与中心关系不大的少选或不选。

五、命题作文的结构结构就是文章的内容构造。

文章的结构因体裁的不同而形式不同。记叙文以写人记事为主，常用事物发展的时间顺序、空间顺序、事物的逻辑顺序来结构文章;说明文一般要求把事物的形状、构造、特点和功用等方面说清楚，常采用按事物结构顺序、说明对象的逻辑顺序、事物发展进程来结构文章;议论文通常是按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的顺序结构文章。不管什么文体，也不管采用哪种方式来结构，都必须符合以下要求：

1.结构严谨：应根据文章主题的需要，把开头、结尾、层次段落、过渡、照应、详略安排好。还应该做到“意在笔先”，动笔之前，先要进行总体规划、全面设计、紧扣主题选好材料，安排好层次，打好腹稿。希望同学们养成打腹稿和列提纲的好习惯，以便能合理安排文章的结构。

2.结构自然：每一件事物都有前因后果，有它的发生、发展和结局的过程。文章应遵循这些客观事物的规律，正确反映客观事物的规律，顺理成章。

3.结构完整：文章要有头有尾有主体，每一部分都不可缺少，并且每部分要匀称，既不能虎头蛇尾，也不能头尾大，而主体小，要成比例。这就要同学们在布局谋篇时应当充分意识到文章的整体性。在立意后要考虑好怎样开头，如何结尾。文章主体部分划为几个层次，这些都在全文中占多大比例，搞清楚会再下笔。文章的结构对于写好作文至关重要。人们常说主题是文章的灵魂，材料是文章的血肉，而结构则是文章的骨架。文章有了匀称的骨架，才可以使内容充分体现，主题思想完美地表达。、

提高孩子的写作技巧，这好象是一个老大难问题，一直以来都困扰着众多的学生、老师和家长。大家都觉得，要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的孩子一样有这方面的困扰，不少孩子也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题，教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给孩子准备一个安静、亲切的环境，作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备：书桌、字典、笔、一些纸，如果可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不仅是必要的，同时还可以由此告诉你的孩子，你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

孩子需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章，而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让孩子给他的好朋友写一封友好的信，给玩具公司写一封信提出自己的一点要求，或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样孩子可以看到自己写作真的取得了成果，就会对写作产生好感。

另外一个鼓励孩子写作的好办法，就是让他写日记。这种方法可以帮助孩子形成写作的个人风格。但你和孩子要约定好，别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。如果你答应孩子不看他的日记，那么就一定要保护他的隐私。

还有一个可以帮助提高孩子写作技巧的办法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件，里面提供故事的开头、想象画以及段落结构的建议等内容，这些都可以激发孩子自己写作的愿望和灵感。

许多孩子都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白，不知道写什么好的情况。比如孩子被要求写一个有创造性的故事，但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时父母就可以帮助孩子了。可以给孩子一本笔记本，记下平时突然产生的奇特想法，家人开的玩笑，或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让孩子从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦孩子决定了一个文章的主题，就应该让孩子先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了，并且可以调整文章的结构，你还可以就草稿跟孩子一起谈论，寻找最好的写法。在学校里，老师也用各种办法，帮助孩子在开始写文章之前，先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和孩子一起朗读不同文体的好作品，比如诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信，只要是孩子会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是孩子，在阅读了大量的好的作品之后，都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读，家长可以问孩子：“你喜欢什么样的作品?不喜欢什么样的作品?”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗?”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗?”这样可以提高孩子的兴趣。鼓励孩子认识到写作是一个不断发展的过程，写作水平也不是一成不变的，而是可以通过努力不断提高的。告诉孩子可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中，开始自己的写作。

孩子需要在完成自己文章之后的一、两天，甚至更长时间以后，再回头看看。这样做可以让孩子用一种全新的眼光来看待自己的作品，发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑，自己写的内容是否切题?所有的细节都包括进去了吗?描写太多会不会显得罗嗦?孩子虽然不是专业作家，但这些问题也需要想一想。

让孩子把自己完成的文章大声地读一遍，如果他自己不能发现其中的明显错误，那么就需要有人为他再读一遍，好让他自己意识到错在哪里。还要注意孩子在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为保持孩子的写作积极性做一些努力。比如在孩子犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评，但注意重点在为孩子指出错误，而不是教训他。还可以把孩子的好作品贴在墙上，让每一个来家里的人都能看见，这对孩子是一种奖励。这样孩子很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。

标题是文章的眼睛，是文章内容和读者情感之间的第一个接触点，是让人一见钟情的因子，也可提供给读者审视文章内容的独特视角。要想在作文拟题时得心应手，就必须在平时的写作实践中不断摸索、训练。下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

话题作文在近几年的高考(微博)命题中一直独领风骚。而自拟题目则是话题作文的一个重要写作要求。一个好的标题犹如一双靓丽的眼睛，透过它可以洞悉文章的思想感情、具体内容。所以拟好一个让阅卷老师“一见钟情”的作文题目，是作文得分的至关重要的一步。

一、附加法

就是选取话题中的关键词，在其前后补充成分，使之成为标题。这种方法特别适合于以一个词为话题的作文。如以“声音”为话题，可以拟为《板书的声音》《生命中的声音》等;以“幸福”为话题，可为《追求幸福》《体味幸福》等。

二、修辞法

1.比喻法。如《理解是路，爱是桥》，把爱和理解比喻成缩短心灵距离的桥梁和路，极富文采;《拔除心灵的杂草》，把人类心理的不健康因素比做“杂草”，使文章显得形象生动。

2.比拟式。如《诚信“漂流记”，把“诚信”拟人化，通过诚信巧遇“快乐”“地位”“竞争”的遭遇，可以得出富有哲理的结论。再如《诚信喊冤》《天空的诉说》等，使人如闻其声，如临其境。都运用了拟人的手法，形象生动，别有韵味。

3.夸张式。如那个障碍粉碎了我(“挫折”话题)等。

4.借代式。如以黑白债为题，紧扣母亲乌黑发丝中的白发展开叙述，揭示岁月无情、母爱无价这一真谛，借色彩代本体，寄托深情。

5.反问式。如以“相容”为话题，可以拟题为谁说不相容等。

6.设问式。用设问引起读者的思索，如《顺境出人才吗》〈我是谁》等。

7.引用式。文题中恰当的引用一些名言警句，能达到言简意赅的效果，又使作文增加一定的文化底蕴，如《己所不欲勿施于人》;还可以引用一些流行歌词，如《一笑而过》(以宽容为话题)、《一千零一个愿望》(以心愿为话题)等。

8.双关式。语义双关，如《冬日暖阳》等。

9.对偶式。如《读智慧之书，做有用之才》，《高高山顶立，深深海底行》(人生感悟话题)，《斩断亲情，昭显正义》(“人与我”话题等)。

10.反复式。如以“探索未知世界”为话题，就可以拟题为《生命的萌芽，萌芽的生命》等。

作文拟题的方法还有很多，这里就不再一一赘述了。教师可根据教学实际，指导学生采用各种方法拟题以增加文采。

三、矛盾法

培养学生具有逆向思维的能力，这样拟出来的题目，往往会收到意想不到的效果。如《近墨者未必黑》《“闲书”不闲》等题目，用了形贬实褒来命题，反而更能吸引人。

四、符号法

如数学中的等式《1+1=?》，不等式《金钱 幸福》《成绩 素质》等。这样的拟题给人简洁明了的感觉，还会让人产生一睹为快的阅读欲望。

[高考作文写作方法：新颖标题的拟法

导语：小编给大家介绍一种写作方法，叫逆叙记述法，是不是有点陌生呢，没关系，下面小编跟大家细说，附带优秀例文给大家参考~欢迎阅读~

逆叙记述法，是指把时间整个倒过来，对人、事、物由今及古，由后渐先，由近渐远进行叙述的写作方法。它和倒叙记述法相比，共同点在于都是先写结果，再写前面发生的事。不同点是：倒叙在叙述了结果之后随即转入顺叙;而逆叙则是一直倒下去(广义上讲也应是一种倒叙)。

它的优点在于，比倒叙更容易设置大量的悬念，使情节更具有吸引力，以致于不看到最后一刻不见分晓。

例如彭荆风的《驿路梨花》(九年义务教育三年制初级中学教科书《语文》第二册，人民教育出版社1993年版)，依时序逆行而上，由后渐先，由近渐远，记叙了“我”和老余的见闻。时间只有一早一晚，中间写到瑶族老人的到来，梨花妹妹的出现，但所记叙的小茅屋的建造以及照料过程却达十几年。其逆叙过程是：“我们”路过住宿—→瑶族老人迷路借住—→梨花妹妹照看小茅屋—→解放军建造小茅屋、梨花照看小茅屋。本文正是以这种逆叙记述法，设置了大量的悬念，吸引读者看下去，以致于不看到最后一刻不罢休，从而赢得了广大读者的喜爱。

优秀例文

童年琐记

每当我看到活泼天真的弟弟妹妹做游戏时，常常会唤起我对童年生活的回忆。

7岁那年，我回到上海读小学。

有一次，老师说：好孩子应该艰苦朴素，谁艰苦朴素就表扬谁。我想，我要做好孩子，要受表扬。回家后，硬要妈妈把新做的裤子打补钉。妈妈说，好端端的裤子又没洞，为什么要打补钉呢?妈妈不肯打补钉。几天后，我想法把裤子弄了个小洞，妈妈只好打上补钉。后来老师知道了，和蔼地对我说：“把新裤子故意弄破，再打上补钉，这不是艰苦朴素……”我开始懂得了艰苦朴素的含义。

上小学前，我在乡下外婆家住。那里，我也像其他的女孩子一样，最喜欢花。我最喜欢猫儿花，那模样就像个猫头，圆圆的“脑袋”，零落的几根“胡须”随风摇晃。有一次我把一只猫硬按在花儿面前，比比看谁漂亮。嘴里还咕咕哝哝地说：“猫儿好，好猫猫，谁乖谁是好宝宝。”我太喜欢猫儿花了，叫外婆把它栽在花盆里。我渴望花儿开得又多又大，从早到晚，不停地给它浇水，谁知不几天，花儿却变了颜色，枝叶无精打采地垂着头。我急得快要哭出来了，忙把心爱的猫儿抱在怀里，叫外婆给花儿治病……

稍小些时，记得有一天，寒风呼啸，外婆要出门。我吵着要跟着去。外婆不允许，把我反锁在家里。临走时，千叮万嘱，叫我不要调皮。外婆走后，我自个儿玩了一会觉得没劲，心又野了，想出去，可是门被反锁着。我四下张望，发现可以从窗口跳出去。于是踏着凳子，轻手轻脚地爬上窗口，没想到窗外地上有积水，青苔滑溜溜的，跳下去时滑了一跤，棉裤湿了。我不管，照样玩。因为受了凉，结果生了一场病。从此，外婆就对我格外管得紧。我似乎也体会到不听大人话是要吃苦头的，因此乖多了。

但在这之前，我很顽皮，常在田野里玩，弄得满身泥土，回到家里总免不了受到外婆的责备。记得有一天傍晚，我和几个小朋友玩捉迷藏。我看到打谷场上有一堆稻草，就钻了进去。躲藏了一会，竟迷迷糊糊地睡着了，直到外婆找到我时才醒。出来一看，天已黑了。外婆从未对我生过那么大的气，她严厉地警告我不准再玩。我自己也有点后悔，要是外婆找不到我，岂不是要把她老人家急坏了么?我不是要在稻草堆里睡过夜了么?从那以后，我老实了一点，但还是管不住自己。

如今我已是中学生了，但时时记起童年生活中的一些琐事。倒并不纯粹是因为它有趣，而是其中还包含着不少有益的教训。

话题作文的评价标准分为基础等级和发展等级两个级别。在“基础等级”中，从题意、文体、思想感情、中心内容、结构语言、书写标点六个方面提出了基本要求;在“发展等级”中，从深刻、丰富、有文采、有创新四个方面提出了评价标准，鼓励学生在作文中创新。

由于话题作文有开放性等特点，一些考生以为话题作文没有严格的要求，不重视审题，随意为文的现象较多。具体说来有这样几种情况：①审题不准，甚至脱离话题;②拟题不动脑筋，有的在话题的后面加“之我见”三字或直接用话题作标题;③误以为“文体自选”是不讲文体，文章写得“四不像”;④思想贫乏，内容空洞无物，不愿在“深刻”上下功夫;⑤照搬照套自己读过的文章，有抄袭之嫌，如2001年以“诚信”为话题，有些考生就将《读者》(2001年第13期)中的《玉》改为自己的作文搬上试卷;还有语言贫乏、语句不通、书写潦草、标点不当等毛病，都值得考生注意。

我们了解了话题作文的特点，接下来就要了解往届考生作文的不足，避免重犯类似的毛病，还要加强针对性的训练。

1.注重积累思想、积累生活，力求作文有一定的深度。高三学生应该关注社会，多读书，广泛储备写作素材。多找一些话题来思考：如教育、奉献、机遇、青春、财富、竞争、成功、素质、人生、环境、资源、网络等，平时有积累、有感受，考时就有可能正常发挥或超水平发挥。

2.加强审题、立意训练。话题作文虽然不像命题作文那样规定过死，但宽也不是漫无边际，宽也有“度”。写话题作文，必须弄清话题的意思、范围。作文立意即确立写作意向，“意”就是文章的主旨，主旨要求正确、深刻、鲜明、新颖。因此，在立意训练中要尽可能多地想出好的立意，然后多中选优，优中选深，深中选新。

3.学会拟标题。题目自拟，给考生提供了一次显示才华的机会。题目像人的前额和眼睛一样重要。题目是给评卷人的第一个印象。拟题要考虑自己所选定的文体和储备的素材以及驾驭的能力。拟题应避免陈题、大而不当的题、太一般化的题。

4.逐条落实“基础等级”要求，重点训练“发展等级”要求。作文评分标准中“基础等级”列出了六项要求，是高中毕业生作文应达到的一般要求。“发展等级”提出了四个方面的要求：深刻、丰富、有文采、有创新，这是作文的较高要求。现在评卷时一般采用“一点给分法”，这四个方面，只要有一个方面十分突出，就可以评10分。对于“发展等级”的10分，我们一定要下气力争取全得或多得。

另外，卷面一定要整洁，书写一定要工整，不要写漏了标题，不要写错别字。考场作文，一定要想好才动笔，不要写几行划掉又重来。

[话题作文的写作方法技巧

1、重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2、在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。

第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

3、英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

（1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

（2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

（3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

（4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

导语：写作方法就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法，是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

[关于英语作文的写作方法指导

对于中国考生来说，英文写作一直是最为头疼的事情之一。那么考生为什么会畏惧英文表达呢？为什么有些考生背了一两万个单词却仍然写不出好的文章呢？找到了这一系列问题的答案，就真正抓住了提高写作能力的关键。

英文写作困境可以归纳为三类：

困境1：面对一个题目，根本无话可说，即便用中文，也写不出内容。

困境2：有话可说，有内容可写，但英文表达支离破碎，完全不能用英文阐释清楚自己的观点。

困境3：有话说，也能用英文表达出要表达的意思，但写出来的语言“满篇尽带Chinglish（中式英语）”。

那么该如何走出困境，真正并有针对性地提高语言表达能力呢？答案很简单，只有两个字——素材！

面对一个话题，考生之所以无法写出连贯的文字，是因为缺少写作素材。那么素材是什么呢？其实也就是我们所说的“言之有物”中的“物”。无论是四、六级写作，还是考研写作，或是雅思、托福、GRE、GMAT、SAT写作，考生之所以无法取得高分，根本原因在于其日常积累的英文论证素材以及论据素材过于贫乏，根本无法将零星散落于大脑各个角落不成体系的素材组合起来，形成一篇逻辑严密、语言优美地道的文章。因此，英文素材的积累和素材库的建立可以真正帮助中国英语学习者和广大英语考生提高写作能力，走出英文表达困境。

正如前面所提到的，英语写作素材包含两类：一类是论证素材，即对于论点进行理论分析的素材。例如：论证竞争机制的重要性、论证环境保护的必要性、论证艺术的价值等。一类是论据素材，即可支持论点的相关事例。例如：“钻石教父”雷维夫与DeBeers公司的竞争促进了整个钻石行业的发展这一事例，可用来支持“竞争机制的重要性”的论证；引用美国政府参与环境保护的例子可佐证“环境保护的必要性”；贝多芬、巴赫、凡高的例子可说明伟大的艺术家们的艺术作品是如何推动人类文明发展的，并用以例证“艺术的价值”。

其实，只要多掌握适用于写作测试的英文写作素材（论证素材+论据素材），就已经为写出有理有据的文章打下了良好的基础，这也是写作的前提。因为，任何语言学习，或者说任何学习过程，都遵循“输入—输出”模式。如果没有输入，则永远不可能有输出；若没有好的输入，则永远不可能有好的输出。因此，语言学习有一条永恒不变的真理：不听永远不会说，不读永远不会写。这里的“听”和“读”就是输入环节，“说”和“写”就是输出环节；只有输入了好的英文素材，才能在需要的地方进行输出。

写作是学习语文的重点，下面是小编整理的语文写作方法，希望对大家有帮助！

一、怎样写人

写人，是小学作文训练的基本功之一。在记叙文中人与事密不可分，关键看题目如何要求。要求写事的题目，文中的人要为事服务；要求写人的题目，文中的事必须为人服务。写人为主的记叙文，就是要通过一件或几件事，来表现人物一种或多种品质。写人的继续文，叙事不要求完整；记事的记叙文，虚实要求完整，而且要贯穿文章始终。

（一）通过一件事来写人

通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，要对人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映人物某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的“小中见大”。

（二）通过几件事写人

可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质；二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件（起因、经过、结果），一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。更多的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写；有的事略写；有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。

（三）学会刻画人物

写人的文章要在叙事的过程中，对能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。

1、也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象；通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份；通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界；通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。

总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。

2、语言描写有对话和独白两种。

对话是两个人或几个人的谈话；独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到“闻其言，见其人”的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中；二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号；说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号；前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号；只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。

3、动作描写

是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓“听其言，观其行”，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写“活”的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢？

首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。

其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写“活”。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。

4、心理描写

心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据；人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理；心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务；在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。

小学生作文中，大多采用第一人称（“我”活“我们”），采用这种人称作文，就不能用“他想”的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为“我”不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式——在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。

心理描写除了用“我想”之外，还可以采用以下几种方法。

（1）提出问题，引入所想的内容。

（2）使用假设，流露心理活动。

（3）字里行间，流露着“想”。

（4）直接抒发心中所想。

二、怎样写事

写事要求清楚并且具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

（一）怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

（二）怎样写活动活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

三、怎样写景

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。写景的记叙文有什么特点呢？

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了。

（三）要借助想象和联想

（四）写景要抒情

写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。

四、怎样状物

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

（一）怎样写物品

1、抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地（制造材料）等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2、按照一定的顺序写

（1）按总一分一总的顺序写。

（2）按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

（3）有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3、状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

（二）怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢？

1、写外形

首先，观察小动物（包括昆虫）的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生“像——”、“犹如——”、“仿佛——”等喻词的使用。

2、写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

（三）怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢？首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状（外形）特征；再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1、可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等；描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2、按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3、写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4、以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5、托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

五、怎样写游记

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。

（一）写游记必须写清游踪

要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。

（二）要留心观察

观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近；或从上到下，从下到上；或从里到外，从外到里；或从中间到两边，从两边到中间；或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。

（三）要做记录

学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。

拓展：语文写作技能提升

一、写外貌不用“有”

如何描述一个人的外貌？孩子作文中总会看到类似这样的句子—“XXX可漂亮了，她有一头浓密黑亮的头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文的可读性提升了很多。

示例，如“XXX可漂亮了。一头黑亮的长头发自然地披在肩上，她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑的葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，跟可爱的洋娃娃似的，同学们可喜欢她啦！”这样读起来，是不是舒服多了？

二、写说不单写“说”

怎样通过写“说”来形象地表现人物的性格？

让孩子比较以下三句话：

（1）张三说：“......”

（2）张三无可奈何地说："......"

（3）张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“......”

如果我们留意一下课本，或翻阅一下小说，就会发现写“说”的形式多么丰富多彩。

如：“哈！这模样！胡子这么长了！”一种尖利的怪声突然大叫起来。（鲁迅《故乡》）

又如：“父亲神色很狼狈，低声嘟哝着：‘出大乱子了！’”（莫泊桑《我的叔叔于勒》）

其实，人物在说话时，不可能僵硬地毫无表情地“说”，往往会伴着动作和表情。要生动形象地表现人物，我们完全可以用人物对话中不同形式的“说”，来逼真地体现人物瞬间的心情，达到生动形象地展示人物性格的目的。掌握该写作技巧，可让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升。

三、写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，最常用的就是“我心想”。如：“数学老师出了一道难题要我们带回家写。我心想：天哪！我该怎么办呢？”

假如去掉“我心想”三个字如何？“数学老师出了一道难题要我们带回家写。天哪！我该怎么办呢？”是不是更简洁精炼？

四、少用成语

不是说多用成语，方能显得文章文采飞扬吗？

其实不然，当作文中应用较多成语时，文章细节就没了。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“和煦的春风柔柔地吹拂着行人的脸，软绵绵的；原本平静的湖面荡起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿。”

想办法用具体的句子替换掉滥用的成语，解决孩子作文写不长也写不细的难题。

五、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

大多数学生在写作文时，出现“很、非常”这类字眼的频率很高。当你想用这些词的时候，不要轻易下笔，想一想，是不是必须得用这个字眼来表达？

比如写“热”，别出现“很热”两个字，学着用描述性的语言来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

(一)简略写出自己阅读过的书籍或文章的内容，然后写出自己的意见或感想。明确的说，就是应用自己的话语，把读过的东西，浓缩成简略的文字，然后加以评论，重点的是(着重)提出自己的看法或意见。

(二)将自己阅读过的文字，以写作技巧的观点来评论它的优劣得失、意义内涵，看看它给人的感受如何，效果如何。

(三)应用原文做导引，然后发表自己的意见。比如我们可以引用书中的一句话做为引导，然后发表见解。

(四)先发表自己的意见或感想，然后引用读过的文章来做印证。

(五)将读过的东西，把最受感触、最重要的部分做为中心来写;也可以把自己当做书中的「主角」来写;也可以采用书信的方式来写;更可以采用向老师或同学报告的方式来写。

标题写作如同广告，它的写作应加以特别之注意。要题文相符;要有分寸感，不可太满;尽可能别致;要生动感人;简洁、精粹;要有读者意识，易于接受;注意修辞之巧用;注意形式上尽可能美化。小编整理了电影评论的标题写作方法，欢迎阅读。

1、赞誉题。如《大兵电影——大师手法》《喜剧民族形式的成功探索――影片〈两对半〉观后》《雅俗共赏的新尝试――浅议影片〈神鞭〉》。

2、论断题。如《从女性崇拜的轰毁到理想人格的破灭》《〈黑面人〉的奇、情、味》《“无力回天”的悲剧》。

3、论战题。如《驳斥江兼霞的〈关于影评人〉》《情节?人物?意识――与王一川同志商榷〈红高粱〉与中国意识形态氛围问题》《清算刘呐鸥的观点》。

4、批评题。如《何时梦醒?写在〈粉红色的梦〉后》《〈脂粉市场〉的三点缺憾》《白障了的“生意眼”》。

5、比较题。如《从东西文化观〈罗生门〉与〈公民凯恩〉》、《论张艺谋的“点金式”――〈菊豆〉与〈末代皇帝〉之比较》、《电影艺术中的几泡尿》。

6、设问题。如《扩张?传播?交流?——从文化角度感受〈泰坦尼克号〉》《恶耶?善耶?喜耶?悲耶?――话说张艺谋的〈有话好好说〉》《“端盘子”的出路在哪儿?》。

7、并列题。如《〈机组乘务员〉与“灾难片”》《情境?人物?戏》《嘎劲与雅气》。

8、转折题。如《一个太阳，两种感受》《〈皆大欢喜〉看后皆不欢喜》《“西瓜地”不如“裤料”》。

9、浅议题。如《浅论〈红高粱〉中的颠轿》《对〈幽谷恋歌〉的一点看法》《小议〈陌生的朋友〉》《“艺术情趣”小议》。

10、杂感题。如《“老演少”可以休矣!――看〈第二次握手〉有感》《从一场戏谈起》《银幕拾零(六则)》《是否过分了点――影片〈锅碗瓢盆交响曲〉观后随感》。

11、推介题。如《推荐两部教科书》《该看一看〈活着〉》。

12、新闻题。如《〈南郭先生〉有新意》《〈红色恋人〉的路子非常新鲜》。

13、综合题。如《当代影坛四大时弊》《说当代纪录电影》《怎样拍电影?!――“电影拍摄公式”小辑》。

14、拟人题。如《生活在叹息》《道具的抗议》。

15、比喻题。如《硬吞香蕉皮》《家：苦海方舟――〈红西服〉印象》。

16、哲理题。如《美，是性格和表现》《立异方能出新――谈〈汤姆叔叔的小屋〉的反色彩效果》。

17、反问题。如《请教》《两个想不通》。

18、熟语题。如《半场荒唐梦，一把辛酸泪――评包氏父子“理想”之毁灭》《儿女情长，英雄志壮――谈〈秋瑾〉中一双小独生女的穿插》。

19、格言题。如《“人必生活着，爱才有所附丽”――怎样看待影片〈伤逝〉中涓生和子君的

爱情悲剧》《大音稀声，大象无形――略谈〈大桥下面〉的含蓄美》。

20、评书题。如《话说〈红高粱〉》《话说“做”电影》。

21、“关于”题。如《关于〈拯救大兵瑞恩〉的话》《关于影片〈泰坦尼克号〉的音乐》《关于〈红色恋人〉的定位》。

22、介绍题。如《卡赞的〈欲望号街车〉》《有什么话好说――张艺谋的〈有话好好说〉》。

23、自介题。如《〈菊豆〉――跨文化电影的阐释学读解》《〈风雨故园〉：从文学构想到银幕呈现》《〈霸王别姬〉――当代中国电影中的历史、情节和观念》《〈海和毒药〉的小说、剧本与电影》。

24、诠释题。如《Quatsi就是生活――论戈德弗莱·雷吉奥的影片》。

25、散文题。如《黑色的太阳……》《……时明时暗》《于无声处……》。

标题写作如同广告，它的写作应加以特别之注意。要题文相符;要有分寸感，不可太满;尽可能别致;要生动感人;简洁、精粹;要有读者意识，易于接受;注意修辞之巧用;注意形式上尽可能美化。

对于求职者来说，如何用心创造有个性的求职信？英文求职信的写作方法有哪些呢？

虽然求职信一般来说包括1.你得知这份工作的管道。2.学历及职历的概要。3.你的个性以及能力。4.联络地点、联络方式，以及最后的感谢语等，但其实这里可以发挥创意的空间非常的大。求职信的诉求在于延续求职简历的内容，更清楚的表现工作企图心、个性、特质等。另外，有时写些自己平时喜欢从事的活动来补充履历也很不错。

举例来说，你甚至可以这么写：「我工作时专注的耐力就是从钓鱼中培养出来的」。

求职信的书写诀窍

1.表现自我的个性及特质

建议使用积极正面的陈述方式。

2.文章不可冗长

控制在总共四段、每段五行以内。

3.前瞻性的气魄

具有勇于突破与开创气质的人是外商公司的最爱。因此并不需要对之前辞职的原委做太多的解释。

4.少用第一人称

为了避免流于自大与主观的缺点，尽量少用第一人称。

说明你从何处得知这个工作机会

这是最基本的部份。一般来说会将媒体广告的名称改用别的字体书写或用底线加以标记。在这个段落中也可加上你的目标。

强调自己就是最佳的人选

这是最精华的段落。要依据求才广告的内容，将自己的能力及特色恰如其份的包装起来。不过在工作经验不足的情况下，要避免将自己吹嘘的过分离谱。

在结尾部份注意应有的礼貌

最后的部份建议要以感谢对方在百忙之中阅读这份履历表，并且“诚挚的期望能得到面试的机会”、“希望有荣幸能为公司效力”这样的句子作为结尾，让主管留下好的印象。

第一段：考生需要简明扼要地阐述图片内容，并点出该图画的主题。第一句话引出话题：例如:Nothing gets people talking like the topic that parents ‘role in family education(图画反映出的话题);第二句话开始正式描述图画，包含两部分：中心人或物正在干什么，以及重要细节是什么，因为是两幅图，就分别描写即可。Just as we can see from the first picture,... But when glance at the second, we know tht…第三句可以简单翻译中文标题或是描述，或者直接引出主题And below the drawing, a title which says that…。

中间段为阐释段。首句一般点出图片的象征寓意，也就是明确指出图片反映的社会问题，也就是该篇作文的中心思想。这篇文章的主题是父母应该通过行动来做好孩子的榜样,我们可以这样引出：What the cartoon really intend to extend is that parents should not only educate their children in words but also in deeds。具体的论证方法：原因，举例，对比、在这里，我们可以使用原因。这里有一些原因句型,可供大家参考：

1. Owning to /considering /given the fact that +原因

2.The major determinant lies in…

3. It is well known that/as we all know,… therefore, …

4. There is no doubt that… consequently, …

最后一段，给出评论或总结提建议。可以从怎样在行动上起到表率作用为切入口进行描述。

热点话题：

1、人口问题

2、 西部大开发

3、 网络和双刃剑(金钱，阳光)

4、成功，梦想和现实

5、职业选择和规划/高分低能

6、洋节和传统节日

7、神七上天和嫦娥奔月

8、地震与爱心

9、 奥运举办

10、 抄袭与诚信

11、伪劣商品

12、食品安全

13、抄袭与诚信

14、乱收费(因果：因：法律制度不完善，部分人只顾自己利益，忽视学生利益; 果：为社会，个人带来不良后果和巨大压力)

15、节俭与压力

16、心理问题

17、交通阻塞

18、创新创业

记叙文以叙事为主， 记叙文以叙事为主，我们要把事情发 生的经过， 生的经过，时间、 时间、地点、 地点、人物写清楚。 人物写清楚。

还有就是对这些事情的态度和看法。

还有就是对这些事情的态度和看法。

写谁(作文对象) 发生在活动场 写谁(作文对象)：发生在活动场 地的竞赛、劳动、爬山等事情。 地的竞赛、劳动、爬山等事情。

写什 竞赛 等事情 么(作文目的)：反映作者对这些事情 作文目的) 的态度和看法。 的态度和看法。

怎样写： 怎样写：通过一件事或几件事说 明作文的目的。 明作文的目的。

写法：叙述事件，还可以在事件 写法：叙述事件， 中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动 肖像 作、细节描写。

注意事项：作文过程 细节描写。注意事项： 中，必须坚持始终要与所写这些事情 的态度和看法相联系。 的态度和看法相联系。

一、交代清楚事件发生的时间、 交代清楚事件发生的时间、 地点、人物、起因、经过和结果， 地点、人物、起因、经过和结果，即 六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素 六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素， 把这方面写清楚了， 把这方面写清楚了，才能使读者了解 事件的来龙去脉。 事件的来龙去脉。

二、要围绕作文的中心选择事 件，要选择最能表现作文中心思想的 事件做为材料， 事件做为材料，生活中有不少新鲜有 趣和激动人心的事。因此， 趣和激动人心的事。因此，我们平日 要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。 要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。选 材要新颖，在别人的作文中常出现的 材要新颖， 事要少写或不写， 事要少写或不写，这样写出来的作文 才有吸引力，有新鲜感。 才有吸引力，有新鲜感。

三、事件的主要部分要写具体。 事件的主要部分要写具体。 每件事都有起因、 每件事都有起因、经过和结果这样一 个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚， 个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚，给 读者的印象才能完整而深刻。

读者的印象才能完整而深刻。在事件 中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 动作、细节描写，这一点很重要， 动作、细节描写，这一点很重要，这 样写出来的作文才生动。 样写出来的作文才生动。要突出中 心，详略得当，与主题无关的事不写 详略得当。

例文： 一次难忘的经历

那天是我的生日，爸妈带我去购 天是我的生日礼物。出来的时候看到几十个人围在路边，天生喜欢看热闹的我便不自觉挤 到了人群中—— 到了人群中—— 啊，原来是一位乞讨者。

她衣衫褴褛，满头银丝，她露在嘴唇外面牙齿参差不齐的裸 露在嘴唇外面，左眼失去了光彩。跪在地上，嘴中呢喃着，仿佛在说：求求你们可怜可怜我， 给我几块钱 吧，我已经好几天没吃东西了。

我已经好几天没吃东西了。 看到这里我毫不犹豫地拿出十块钱，刚要给她，手却又收了回来， 十块钱，刚要给她，手却又收了回来， 因为我看到她面前的铁罐里只有几毛钱。看看围观的人群，人们无动于衷毛钱。看看围观的人群，人们无动于衷观看的人群，只是好奇地看着她，并且指指点 只是好奇地看着她，指指点点议论纷纷，好可怜啊， “指指点点议论纷纷 ，好可怜啊， 快点救救 她啊! 她啊! ”“给她些钱吧! 给她些钱吧! ”

“ 甚至有几个年轻人说 Ho,my God! 好恐怖啊，快点走! ” 好恐怖啊，快点走!说给钱的却也不给钱，说走的却也不走，只是围在那里看着……我厌恶的看着这群围观的人，心里 鄙视他们： “ 鄙视他们：难道你们连一块钱也拿不出来吗?”却不知自己把钱收回的 那一刻，已经和他们一样了。

这时，挤进来一个小男孩，满脸的 天真稚气，摇着手，把一块钱硬币丢 入了她的钱盒里， 入了她的钱盒里，硬币与铁盒相撞发 出清脆的响声……这声音在人群中荡开去，人们不再议论纷纷，人群一下子安静下来，大家纷纷开始从身上掏钱……

我也掏出身上所有的钱悄悄放入铁盒 中……

感谢这个小男孩 ， 这清脆的响声，不经唤醒了麻木的人群，也涤荡了人们的灵魂，抚慰了人们即将冷漠 的心灵。

多长时间过去了这响声还时 常回荡在我耳边，激励着我： 常回荡在我耳边，心怀悲 悯，与人为善……

怎样写好文章 古人说： 凤头，猪肚，豹尾。 ( “ 古人说： 凤头，猪肚，豹尾。”

元 朝陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》 朝陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》中引乔梦符 的话)意思是要重视文章的开头， 的话)意思是要重视文章的开头，设 计一个好的开头会使文章增加色彩， 计一个好的开头会使文章增加色彩， “凤头”的意思是“美”。

要美，不 凤头”的意思是“ 要美， 能单纯认为就是词藻美，语句美， 能单纯认为就是词藻美，语句美，而 是能抓住读者， 引人入胜， 这也是美。 是能抓住读者， 引人入胜， 这也是美。

开头引入的要求是切题， “ 开头引入的要求是切题 ， 美 ” ， 吸引读者。 吸引读者。

渲染就是能用简要的语句 将其意突出，抓住读者， 将其意突出，抓住读者，正如李渔在 《闲情偶寄》中说“以奇句夺目，使 闲情偶寄》中说“以奇句夺目， 之一见而惊，不敢弃去。 之一见而惊 ，不敢弃去 。

当然这是 ” 写诗的要求， 写诗的要求，写文也如此， 写文也如此，不是“奇” 不是“ 而是真， 逼真” 如同在眼前。铺垫 而是真， 逼真” 如同在眼前。 “ ， 就是做些必要的铺陈和垫衬 引入、渲染、铺垫的方式很多， 引入、渲染、铺垫的方式很多， 如： 交待环境，引入人物、事件。 交待环境，引入人物、事件。

如 《孔乙己》 孔乙己》 点出所写的对象、 点出所写的对象、人、事。如《我 的老师》 的老师》 开门见山，点明题旨，交待写作开门见山，点明题旨， 动机。 《一件珍贵的衬衫 动机。如《背影》 一件珍贵的衬衫》 背影》 一件珍贵的衬衫》 《 解题，为全文奠定感情基调。 解题，为全文奠定感情基调。

如 《白杨礼赞》 白杨礼赞》 紧扣叙事，直抒胸臆。 紧扣叙事，直抒胸臆。如《谁是 最可爱的人》 最可爱的人》 描写环境，渲染气氛， 描写环境，渲染气氛，为情节发 展作铺垫， 如 多收了三五斗》 《故 、 展作铺垫， 《多收了三五斗》 《故 乡》 设置疑团， 制造悬念， 引人入胜。 设置疑团， 制造悬念， 引人入胜。

结尾要引出、照应、 升华， 结尾要引出 、 照应 、 升华 ， 就是 把读者从具体的事件、人物中引出， 把读者从具体的事件、人物中引出， 使记叙完整， 使记叙完整，并把读者引回更为广阔 的社会现实中， 的社会现实中 ， 引向更为深远的境 界 。古人说“豹尾” 就是结尾要有 古人说“ 豹尾” ， 画龙点睛” 有精神， 力 ，且 “画龙点睛 ” 有精神， 有神 ， 采，就是余味无穷，发人深思，给读 就是余味无穷，发人深思， 者以精神境界或思想认识上的飞跃 提高。这就是升华。 提高。这就是升华。 结尾引出、照应、升华的方式 结尾引出、照应、 很多， 很多，如：自然收束，回味无穷。

如 自然收束，回味无穷 《小桔灯》、《背影》 小桔灯》、《背影》 》、《背影富有感染力的抒情。 富有感染力的抒情。如《谁是 最可爱的人》 最可爱的人》 含蓄深刻带有启发式，发人深思。 含蓄深刻带有启发式，发人深思。 如《荔枝蜜》、《故乡》、《多收了 荔枝蜜》、《故乡》、《多收了 》、《故乡》、《 三五斗》 三五斗》 呼应开头，点明主题。

呼应开头，点明主题。如《一件 小事》、《一件珍贵的衬衫》 小事》、《一件珍贵的衬衫》 》、《一件珍贵的衬衫 古人讲究“首尾圆合”，“首句 标其目， 卒章显其志。 (白居易 ” 《新 乐府序》“标其目”就是揭示文章的 题旨。 “卒章”就是文章结尾。 “志” 就是主旨。 强调开头夺目， 结束升华。 清朝李渔《闲情偶寄》中“务使开门 见山，不当借帽覆顶”，形象地说明开头不应该把“山”，题旨遮挡住。 宋朝沈义父《乐府指迷》中强调“结 句须要放开， 含有余不尽之意。 “须 ” 要” 必须要放开， 结尾要 “长留余味” ， 要响亮，像唐朝白乐天《金针诗格》 中说 “落句欲似高山放石， 一去不回。