四级英语作文写作方法（最新20篇）

一、常写自由作文

常写自由作文， 文字表达能力就会渐渐增强，常看书看报，视野就会渐渐开阔；写立意明确，结构精巧，细节描写，景物描写都应与立意结合，文史哲知识引转，名人哲理都应恰到好处，的起承转合或先抑后扬，或开门见山，或借物说理都应在巧上下功夫。不管写啥样题材的都离不开布局谋篇，遣词用语所以常写是最好的方法。

二、巧用名言警句

利用名句 打造凤头开篇动人。唐诗宋词中的名句运用的恰到处，可以有意蕴，文采。

比如下面一个考生的《早》的开头

谁不期待那东方欲晓喷薄欲出的朝日？谁不渴望草色遥看近却无的欣喜？谁不想消除“草色烟光残照里的哀怨？这一切都源自对早的向往。有了早就能欣赏到”鸡声芦店月，人迹板桥霜“的孤寂美，有了早就能领略到”岭上晴云披絮帽，树到初日挂铜征的奇异，有了早，就能抒发“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”

------中学生要想提高作文的水平还需要积累，需要深厚的文史知识，深厚的生活底子，只读书不总结“死知识”只总结不应用“没灵气”只知用，不会用“书呆气”所以学习作文理论与实践相结合最为重要。

三、谈立意

写如同说话，是思想感情的真实流露，应该自然，大方，艺术深刻，内涵，意蕴。如果仅拘泥于优美的辞藻，完美的句式，精巧的结构来表达自怜自叹的个人哀怨的小资情调，而没有心系苍生悲天悯人的大爱情怀，那就相对浅薄，立意不高，没思想内涵很难让批改老师打出高分。当今社会处于转型，物欲横流，人情淡漠尤其是可恶的学案压得学生喘 不过气来“风声、雨声很难入耳，家事国事不易入心。在这样的背景写出高雅的时文不易，需要观察修养，需要下面浅谈个人的浅薄认识：

1、认真观察生活，感触世间真爱

人世间众缘和合，鱼水情手足情情相连，父母爱，山河爱，爱爱相通。一山一水有真情，一草一花有风景。只有细心体会生活，观世相，看人生，想未来积累素材就会逐渐丰富，逐渐内涵。

2、明白人情世故，正确认识世界。

人情世故是为人处事的道理和经验。有句老话说得好”世事洞明有学问，人情练达即”写不可生编硬造，应接触社会，感悟生活，多与人打交道多与人交往学会相处学会安排。

理解了不同类型的想象作文的不同写法，才能有的放矢。针对小学生的年龄特征，可以从以下方面进行训练。想象作文是对想象的场景或事物的描述。下面是小编整理的想象作文的写作方法，希望对你有帮助！

1、创设情境法。

如：创设特定的情境：“星期天，我穿上一双崭新的足球鞋，急匆匆地下楼……”让学生想象下楼后会发生什么事，会出现怎样的情景。

2、情节改写法。

如：续写《狐假虎威》：当狐狸成功骗过老虎逃脱后，再次遇上老虎发生了什么事情。更有甚者，可以改变故事的内容。如：大家熟知的童话故事《小刺猬美容记》可用以小刺猬美容为主题编写一个新故事。有个孩子编的故事很有趣，他写世界各国的刺猬要参加选美大赛，各国刺猬按本国标准进行了美容，准备去参赛，例如阿拉伯刺猬头裹长巾，身披白袍;美国刺猬用油彩把刺涂成七色，像条彩虹……孩子想象多么新奇有趣。

3、编写故事。

以词句联缀法为例。给学生几个看似风马牛不相及的词句，让学生在一个特定的情节中，以这些词句为线索展开想象，编一个有情节有内容的故事，写一篇作文。如：特级教师贾志敏在《怎样写一件事》的电视作文教学中用，“闷热、冷饮、青蛙、一元钱”几个词语，让学生编一个故事情节完整的记叙文。结果学生思维活跃，编了一个个故事情节生动有趣的故事，想象力受到有效的训练。

4、畅想未来。

如理想型想象作文，通过对自身能力和未来的想象，表达自己的生活理想，如《假如我会飞》、《假如我是校长》。又如，幻想型想象作文，通过对未来和外层空间的想象，表达对人类未来的美好憧憬和向往，如《海底住宅》、《太空旅行记》。可以引导学生以科学的思维形式表达自己的幻想，在幻想天地间翱翔。

此外，作为老师和家长还要引导学生平时多读有益的课外书，多参加有益的社会活动，以此来充实自己，丰富自己。只有把两者结合起来，才能有效地提高学生的作文能力和创新能力。

下面是小编为你带来的怎样写事的作文写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

(一)怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

(二)怎样写活动

活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动?为什么搞活动?则眼搞活动?活动的结果怎样?都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。 在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人;不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去;既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

近几年来，抒情作文一直很热，那么抒情作文怎么写呢？下面是小编为大家整理的抒情作文写作方法，希望能帮到您！

真情实感是作文的价值所在，魅力所在;胡编乱造，弄虚作假，这是作文的大忌。在2001年各省市的中考作文试题中，直接写明要求有真情实感的就有很多，有的虽然在提示中没有写明，但在评分标准中非常强调。从作文教学的发展趋势看，对作文的真情实感的要求必定会进一步加强，特别是记叙性作文。那么，考场作文中如何才能表达真情实感呢?这里以2001年几篇优秀中考作文为例来具体谈谈。

(1)述亲身经历

写作需要生活，越是亲身经历过、体验过的生活，写在文章中往往就越真实，越感动人。在构思过程中，我们要尽量从自己经历的生活中筛选素材。作为中学生，生活经历也许并不算丰富，但只要认真回忆和筛选，再进行适当的加工和组合，就一定能找到具体的材料，写出充满真情实感的作文。《我发现爸爸老了》是南通市的一篇优秀中考作文，作者写的就是自己亲眼所见的情景：小时候，为了不让我一个人孤零零呆在家里，父亲将两条毛巾平铺在装满秧苗的筐上，用那根我熟悉得不能再熟悉的扁担挑着我，在泥泞不堪的小路上送走了我的童年。当时的父亲，身材魁梧，虎背熊腰，在村里是数一数二的壮汉子;如今，父亲原先那嘹亮清脆的号子声已失去昔日的雄壮，隐约间还夹杂着几丝沙哑，原先油亮的黑发现在已染上了霜色，原先红润的面庞在已渐渐变得土黄，原先笔直的腰杆也略显弯曲……由于都是亲眼所见，印象特别深刻，写出来就有真情实感。

(2)多细节描写

真情实感离不开生动的、典型的细节，细节的多少和真实与否，反映出作者对生活的体验程度，也直接关系到文章的真情实感。如果文章中都是些笼统的、概括的叙述，即使是亲身经历过的，也往往会给人不真实的感觉。细节不细，这个“不细”，就是指它的作用不小。《我喜欢童年的竹林》是荆州市的优秀中考作文，之所以说它有真情实感，就是因为它有生动具体的细节描写，如：伸出手，扶住竹竿使劲一摇，“哗啦”一声，雪花“簌簌”地如天女散花般地飘落下来，洒到我的脖子里，凉丝丝的，滋润我“咯咯”的笑声。又如：有时，我们从家里偷出绳子，牢牢地拴在竹子上，做成秋千。摇啊，荡啊，从秋千底下，摇出我心中的歌。这些细节，不但真实，而且写得也富有诗意。

(3)明人事要素

具体和真实是一对孪生兄弟，要使文章有真情实感，就必须写得具体。虽不能说凡具体就一定真实，但一般而言，具体的叙述往往更能让人信以为真。你简单地说某地发生一件抢劫案，听者不一定会信，假如你有鼻子有眼睛地说，把抢劫的时间、地点、受害人的单位或姓名及被抢劫的数量都说出来了，那别人就会相信。在作文过程中，要尽量写清楚相关的人事要素。人，主要是单位、姓名、年龄、相貌、性格等;事，主要是起因、经过、结果等。《为自己喝彩》是泉州市的中考优秀作文，第一段是这样的：我坐在座位上，手捧着《简?爱》，心无旁骛。忽然不知谁传来消息：“明天要体检了!”体检?我一愣，小心翼翼地探听：“测些什么?”同桌不以为然地说：“身高、体重，这些都免不了呗。”啊，我心里发虚，低头看看自己的“虎背熊腰”，想想矮矮的个儿，听着后排那两个瘦如麻杆、身材苗条的女生半真半假对自己的身段作着自我批评，真是欲哭无泪。这个开头，把什么人、正在干什么、发生了什么、问些什么、想些什么等，都通过对话介绍出来了。因而，给人真实的感觉。

(4)用生活语言

作文是用语言记录生活。作文虽然要对生活进行加工和改造，但必须力求保持生活的原汁原味，尽量有生活气息。用生活语言，就是要正确和准确地反映生活，生活是怎样的就写成怎样的，不要走样，不要变味。《我喜欢童年的竹林》一文中用了不少拟声词，仔细体味，你就会发现用得非常准确，如“哗哗”形容摇竹的声音; 用“簌簌”形容雪花飘落的声音;用“咯咯”表示我们童年快乐时的笑声;用“沙沙沙”表示风吹竹林时的响声……作者把生活中确实如此的声音准确地搬进了文章之中，让人读后自然就觉得亲切感人。用生活语言，还要特别注意人物语言，什么样的人物说什么样的话，老年人有老年人的语言结构和常用词汇，而老年人口中一般就不会有这样的词。语言要符合人物身份，要根据人物的身份、年龄、文化程度和性格特点等来写，尽量写出个性。

(5)露潜在意识

潜在意识，也叫潜意识，指的是人的深层意识，它与浅意识和表层意识相对，它是人最质朴、最本质的心理活动。之所以称“潜”，是因为它隐藏于思维的底层，不经意袒露出来。人类生活是自然界中最为复杂的现象，有许多人，在许多场合想到的意思，往往不能说，不便说，或者不该说，不敢说，有时是为了礼貌，有时是为了工作需要，有时是为了自我保护，想到的而没有说出来的话就是潜意识。每一个人都有潜在意识，而且要比浅意识活跃和丰富，但在作文时，它在很大程度上受到抑制，替代潜意识的往往是那些与心相违的浅意识，这样写出来的作文，当然就没有真情实感。因此，要想作文有真情实感，最好大胆一些，充分展露自己的潜意识，心里是怎样想的，就怎样写。《为自己喝彩》的后半部分有这样几句：晚上，我站在穿衣镜前细细地端详自己。不!我不要这张苦大仇深的脸，我拥有别人没有的优点，我上进、奋发、勇敢，知识填高了我，我有什么好自卑的呢?这几句话，一般人出国留学网是不会公开对人说的，但作者把它写了出来。心里想的就是这样，写出来当然就有了真情实感。

(6)拟相应情景

作文要尽量写自己经历过的事，但有时，从自己的经历中找不到恰当的材料，有时，必须对自己经历过的事作一定的加工和改造。换句话说，作文中的事并不是自己完全或真正经历过的。这能不能给人真情实感呢?应该说，虚构也能做到有真情实感，关键是要注意这两点：一是这种事，自己虽然没有经历过,但现实生活中必定会有，别人肯定经历过;二是要模拟相应生活情景，把自己置于其中，仔细地想一想：假如我在那个时间、那个场所，遇到那样的事会怎么样呢?如果写的是一位老年男子，那么，就不妨借助自己的外公或爷爷，从他们平时的表现中想一想：假如爷爷在遇到这种事时会怎么对待?如果所写的是中年妇女，那不妨借助自己的母亲或邻居的大婶，根据母亲等平时的性格特征和行为习惯，想一想：她会怎样处理这件事?模拟生活情景，转换人物角色，能使虚构的文章多一点真情实感。

在雅思考试中，写作部分要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文。第一篇是小作文，要求考生描述图表反映的内容和问题，字数为150个词以上：第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据题目要求写一篇议论文，字数为250个词以上。写作单项的满分为9分，采取半分制：写作部分的总分是小作文分数的1/3加上大作文分数的2/3。由于分值权重方面的原因，很多考生都高度重视大作文，却忽视了小作文的重要性。这主要表现为两种情况：一是考生平时很少练习小作文，导致其在20分钟内无法完成小作文，从而挤占了大作文的写作时间：二是由于比较看重大作文，一部分考生在考试的时候会选择先写大作文，并因过于谨慎仔细而占用了很多时间，最终导致没有时间完成小作文。这两种情况都会导致考生的写作成绩被拖后腿。

根据写作部分的计分权重来算，对于写作分数目标是5.5分的考生，一般来说有以下两种方案可选：

方案A：小作文5分，大作文6分，写作成绩=5.5分：方案B：小作文6分，大作文5分，写作成绩=5.5分。这两个方案殊途同归，但是因为大作文比小作文难拿到高分，因而方案B比较容易实现。这就意味着，写作分数目标是5.5分的考生应重点提高小作文的写作水平。

Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.

There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3.

In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

英文名称是Application letter。它通常分为几种类型，包括索取公司应聘申请表及详细资料的不带的求职信，附简历的应征求职信，试探性的求职信等等。 那么，英文有哪些呢？

递交求职信的目的是用求职信来吸引阅读者，而不是一种形式或习惯。打开装有求职信的信封，首先看到的就是求职信，它是表现应聘者个性的工具，想象一下，如果对方看到的是连折叠都不齐整的信纸，还有好心情看下去吗？而结构松散的信会让人觉得写信者条理不清晰。语法拼写或标点的错误太多，则会让人觉得此人办事容易出错，对工作不负责任，公司是不会聘用这样的人的。通常一封求职信的阅读时间是30秒，在这30秒内能体现的实际上是你的风格。而每一个公司都喜欢聘用专业作风很强的有能力的员工。

在招聘广告中，常要求有意申请者可致电或致函索取公司的申请表格。索取这类申请表格的求职信一般都比较简短，格式参照范例。 得到申请表格后，仔细填写后一般与简历一起交给公司。申请表格的填写。

附简历的应征求职信具有向招聘者说明简历和具体求职内容的作用。简历中你已经将自己的职业经历或教育情况列表说明了，在求职信里就应着重表达自己的意见。在求职信里要简短地对简历中提到的与应聘职位有关的职业经历和技能加以说明。但是，只是简单的重复简历里的内容是不够的。要把简历里没有的内容充分添加进去，显示出与其他应聘者的差别。你需要表达的观点是：渴望、确信、真诚（I am keen, I am clear and I am sincere)。在第一段里，陈述你渴望得到这个空缺职位，第二段说明你已了解这项工作和公司的要求，说明你为什么认为你符合它们的招聘条件。第三段讲清你本人希望在何时面试，何时可以上班。第四段采用能使公司相信你对这项工作真正有兴趣的语句结束这封信。

典型的求职信格式是：你的地址写在信纸的右上方，地址下面是写信日期。信纸左上角要写上接受你求职信的人的姓名和尊称其下面是该公司的名称和地址。再下面就是招聘广告中给出的其他相关代码。

试探性的求职信是你主动发给你感兴趣的公司的，这类希望渺茫的却经常能出人意料的取得成功，因为这种申请求职的方法表现出了申请人本身的能力、勇气和激情。

试探性求职申请信应该简洁，讲清楚你对该公司感兴趣的原因，写明你具备的资格以及你认为会引起该公司注意的任何品德。邮寄申请信时，要把也一起寄去。你还需要知道公司里人事经理或部门经理的名字，把直接信寄给他会更有效一些。

可能在很长的一段时间里，你收不到任何回音，那么可以断定该公司目前没有你申请的空缺职位。

一、话题作文的表述篇──记叙经历

记叙经历，除非命题中有特殊的规定，在一般情况下，既可以写自己的经历，也可以写别人的经历;既可也写自己的亲身体验，也可以写自己的所见所闻，甚至可以编述故事。如果没有特殊规定，选材时就不要自己束缚自己的手脚，把思路仅仅局限在“我”上，而一旦突破“我”的限制，选材的天地就广阔的多了。

首先，要学会描写。①学会观察对象。描写是把事物的状态描绘出来，再现给读者，所以描写之前必须细致观察对象。②学会选择细节。描写再现事物的状态，不是把一切感受到的东西都写出来，而是要有选择地描写，作者要有明确的目的，选择最具表现力的细节，以此再现事物特征。③学会安排结构。写作时要按照一定的步骤，合理地、有序地安排文字，一层层写来，最终形成一个整体形象。④学会修饰语言。讲究修饰的最好手段是多用修辞手法，如比喻、象征、拟人、夸张、对比等。

其次，避平铺直叙。①在材料组合上：可以用三处地点，或三个时段，或三个镜头，或三张照片，或三件物品，或三段经历……来组织全文，并配上小标题，如“童年”“少年”“青年”、“镜头一”“镜头二”“镜头三”等等，以避免平铺直叙;②在结构安排上，可用设置悬念或运用倒叙来增加曲折;③在人称使用上，可以第一人称为主、兼用第二人称;④在表达方式上，可用日记或书信去代替一般化的记叙。

再次，要合理虚构。在记叙经历过程中为了更好地反映生活本质，更好地表现主题，在经得起推敲的前提下，应该进行合理虚构。①移花接木法。在真人真事的基础上改造、拼接、更换，将几个人的特点融于一个人，或将几件事的情节剪辑组合为一件事，或将发生在不同时段性质相同甚至相反的事剪辑到一个相对集中的时间内，使人物与事件更具典型性。②添枝加叶法。真实的事件本身简单、平淡，或只是一个轮廓、梗概，可以此为基本框架，展开想象，补充细节，使人物形象血肉丰满，使事情具体、曲折、生动。

二、话题作文的创新篇──语言求美

作文语言首先要通顺。“语言通顺”就是要用规范的现代汉语，不能用文言或半文半白的语言行文;遣词造句时，句式选用要贴切，努力克服用词不当，修辞不妥，不合语法、逻辑等毛病;词与词之间、句与句之间要上下衔接，一脉贯通，不要尚未理清思路就急于动笔，信口开河，凑字凑句，信手写来;要注意语言表达的方式、目的和交际的场合、对象的差异，把语言表达得准确、清晰、连贯、得体。

在语言通顺的基础上要让高考作文的语言亮起来，语言鲜活有文采，是每个考生都十分渴求的。那么，语言鲜活从何而来?有的是顺手拈来，有的是冥思苦索，但是，最根本的在于自己的文化积淀和语言修养。不读书，不看报，不实践，不思考，不研究新事物，不学习新鲜语言，不锻炼思维的敏锐，腹内空空，思想僵化，那么只能人云亦云，毫无鲜活可言。平日坚持学习积累，不断充实自己的语言仓库，不断进行语言的操练，才能厚积薄发，才能在关键时刻得心应手，写出鲜活的语言来。为此，要在四个方面下功夫：①在词语上下功夫。高考作文要力求词汇丰富，特别要恰当选用最有表现力的定语、状语、补语等修饰语。②在句式上下功夫。要在文中善于变换多种句式，主要包括长短结合、整散结合、恰当使用变式句等。③在修辞上下功夫。充分运用各种修辞手法，是增加文采、提高文章品位的重要手段。④在引用上下功夫。在高考作文中要注意适当引用一些名言警句、口语俗语、优美的诗句、歌词、广告语等，就更加能够增加文采。当然，鲜活语言总是以不同形式显示出力量，这种力量主要来自情感(作者的情感或人物的情感)的力量。

三、话题作文的立意篇──化大为小

话题作文“立意自定、文体自选、题目自拟”的宽泛政策，使有的学生“天马行空”，有的学生有“无从下手”。前者在一个话题中信手走笔，穿梭于几个话题中，什么都写了，什么都不可能写好、写细;后者却只能望话题兴叹。因此，要写好话题作文，在理解话题的基础上还要树立“化大为小”的观念。

化大为小，就是作者通过对话题的整体思考，从宽泛的话题中演绎成一个小角度，从一人一事，一斑一点，一枝一叶，片言只语落笔，联想生发，洞隐烛幽，深入发掘，大题小做，以细小的局部显示宏大的整体，透过平凡的现象挖出不平凡的本质，在叙事写景中透视深刻的人生哲理。话题作文的写作范围非常宽泛，如果仅把话题当作一个僵死的概念，笼而统之去写文章，势必出现内容空泛、文意散漫。所以，要善于在一个宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己选择一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在800字左右的篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。如2000年全国高考作文，要把“答案是丰富多彩的”这样一个大范围“化大为小”，变为一个具体的小范围，如生活态度、辨明是非、意识转变、思维方式、教育改革、道德教养、人物评价、历史反思、职业选择、个性发展等等方面的都可以写。再如，请以“压力”为话题，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的作文。要善于“以问领写”：“什么可以构成压力?”“有没有压力?”“压力来自何方?”“压力带来什么?”“怎样对待压力?”等等，然后自己回答这些问题，从这些回答中选择一二来写文章，达到“化大为小”的目的。可以写压力来自过重负担，也可以写压力来自责任感;可以写压力从无到有，也可以写压力从有到无;可以写压力来自外界，也可以写压力来自自身;可以写在重压下喘不过气来，也可以写变压力为动力;可以写要善于自我减压，也可以写“把压力放在肩上，不要放在心上”等等。要选择其中一个来写，不要贪多，否则会造成东拉西扯，空谈漫议。这样“化大为小”，文章才会“出彩”。

总之，写话题作文不求“面面俱到”但求“一针见血”。笼统而缺乏具体内容，那就只会大而化之，不能给人留下深刻的印象。这种写法只能列入“基本符合题意”的一档，最高得42分;如果大话、套话太多，文句也不够通顺，则很可能只拿个及格分(即36分)，甚至更低。

四、话题作文的思路篇──时空联想

世间万事万物都是在一定的时间内变化、发展着，在一定的空间存在、运动着。而反映客观现实的作文当然也离不开时间和空间范畴。要拓展话题作文的思路也可以从时间和空间这两个角度进行联想。

时间，即过去、现在和未来。可以在特定的时间背景中叙事，也可以将过去和现在进行比较。如2000年全国高考话题作文“答案是丰富多彩的”可以将计划经济的一元化时代与市场经济的多元化时代相比较，也可以将封建时代的一人独尊与现在的民主政治比较，等等。

空间，包括领域、地点、场合等，往往不同的空间背景会赋予话题不同的内容。如“答案是丰富多彩的”可以从领域方面进行拓展：在文学创作上，要提倡百花齐放;在科学探索上，要寻求多种可能性;在哲学界，百家争鸣;在艺术界，流行着各种风格;在教育界，要培养各种各样的人才，等等。

五、话题作文的创新篇──构思求巧

构思是一个比较复杂的过程，所以要善于动脑筋。同时构思并没有一个死的条条框框，它所涉及的种种问题，都是灵活多变，因而构思过程是一个充满创造性的思维过程，是一种创造性的劳动。不同体裁不同类型的文章各有常见的思路模式，在结构安排上往往有明显的轨迹可循，如记叙文的“总—分—总”式，议论文的“并列式”“对照式”“层进式”“总分式”，一般材料议论文和读(观)后感的“引—议—联—结”式等等。构思的意义在于能合理利用材料，充分表现中心思想，构思创新就必须打破常规思维模式，适当变通，制造波澜。

记叙类文章的构思创新。①角度求巧。如果大家都从正面切入，你不妨从反面或侧面切入;大家都着眼整体，你不妨着眼局部;大家都从大处落笔，你不妨来个以小见大，等等。由于立意的独到新颖，常常会产生意想不到的强烈的感染力和振聋发聩的作用，从而读者留下深刻的印象。②顺序求变。如果大家都按事情的发生、发展的顺序组材，你不妨采用倒叙或插叙;大家都先写主后写宾，以突出主的地位，你不妨先宾后主，这同样突出主的地位，等等。③方式求异。如果大家都用第三人称叙述，你不妨用第一人称甚至第二人称;大家以叙述性语言为主，你不妨以描述性语言为主，等等。④结构求活。记叙文结构要灵活多变，一波三折，曲径通幽。激起文章波澜的技法常见的有：一是抑扬法。是指对写作对象或欲扬先抑，或欲抑先扬，然后陡然一转，出乎读者意料，从而使文章产生峰回路转、跌宕起伏的效果。二是悬念法。构成文章悬念的技巧一般为“起悬──垫悬──释悬”。可以用三处地点，或三个时段，或三个镜头，或三张照片，或三件物品，或三段经历……来组织全文，并配上小标题，如“童年”“少年”“青年”、“镜头一”“镜头二”“镜头三”等等，以避免平铺直叙。此外，还可以运用“误会法”“巧合法”等，以引起矛盾，增加波澜，从而深化主题。

1、作文一定要注意卷面的整洁，一笔一划地把字写好。要养成好习惯，只要拿笔，就要写出端正的字来。在写字的时候，最好在格子上方留下点空隙，使每行之间，显得清晰。

2、必须学会5分钟内列提纲，要面对卷面的格子，想好哪个段写什么，写到卷面的什么位置。列提纲的时候，开头和结尾必须想详细，最好事先写出来。

3、开头结尾，不要很长。开头几句话就接近中心思想，三四行结束开头，不要弄大头作文。结尾是抒情或者归纳主题，语言优美，三四行结束，不要弄大尾巴结尾。注意，不要出现大肚子作文。

4、写记叙文，要想好叙事的层次，按时间或者按地点，或者按故事发生的节奏，一个层次一段。注意，假如某一段需要详细些，文字比较多，注意分段，死拉硬拽也要分段，不要一段超过七八行。如果写议论文，开头论点提出后，接下来的每段都是论证过程，一个论据就是一段。结尾可变相重复论点，稍微抒情。

5、时刻注意“的、地、得”的用法，这是语言的硬功夫，不能懈怠和马虎。平时形成好习惯，考试时不要出错。

6、注意句子的完整性。一般来说，一句话有主语谓语宾语等，这句话基本就结束了，这时就要用句号了。假如句子之间是同一类，可适当用分号。不能一逗到底。结尾或者合适的地方，可用感叹号、省略号等。标点符号要规矩，也要丰富。

7、语言的精彩有奥妙。一是语言的华丽和词汇的丰富。二是比喻修辞的运用，比喻和排比，是最通用的方法。记住，不要干巴巴地讲述，注意引用点古诗词、修辞等等。

8、小学和初中作文考试，就按记叙文准备。开头结尾要准备好几套方法，什么类型用什么开头，你用什么方法比较拿手，考试前一两天，尤其是头天晚上，默记一下。准备结尾，要背好一两个结尾的语言类型，可以有排比、比喻或者反问。实在不行，就用做梦式结尾法。

方法就是世界_随笔写作

究竟是因为方法而诞生了世界，究竟是有了世界才延伸出方法——这是一个问题。

缺少足够方法之前的世界，物质单一，不过是乾/坤/风/雷/电，金/木/水/火/土。只有喜欢孤独的上帝自己，往去往来。最后可能连上帝也觉出了孤独的无味，恍然萌生了创世的冲动。上帝的方法是，凝神一忖，再信口说出来，于是就开始有这有那。

大手笔难免是粗枝大叶。我始终怀疑上帝并非完美主义者，那几个不太一般的日子里，他制造的奇迹很多，遗憾同样很多。

后来有了我们。

关于我们的来历，一直小有争议。说法之一是上帝根据自己的样子弄的，所以我们每个人看上去差不多是一个迷你型的袖珍上帝。因此一句话很是流行：上帝就是你自己！说法之二较为传奇，说我们曾经是单核的细菌，长大成了无肺的鱼，然后经常上岸练习爬行生出了脚，接着开始学会用奶汁精心乳育孩子，我们的孩子于是乎聪明起来了，几来几去地终于成了现在的我们。

我们自身，其实恰恰是方法的结晶，是无数好方法集萃的大拼盘。

也许我们生来是为改变世界的，因为我们居然能够思考。虽然思考时的傻样子引得上帝讪笑，我们还是为思考时的充实感而着迷。我们思考一切，乃至自己，试图影响并且已经影响了它们。我们因方法而来，又因握住方法而最终与众不同。

方法与我们之间，有如茅枪和投手。

好方法之外，与之截然相反的是——坏方法。

坏方法几乎同好方法一样多，原因在于，它一开始看上去，无论如何都像是好方法，进行中仍然酷似好方法。必等到恶劣的结果出来，丑陋的面目才肯昭然。坏方法与好方法并非了无瓜葛，有时可以比照失败乃成功之母的模式。而有些坏方法导致的局面却是极难逆转的，比如我们一不小心发明了战争，比如我们不留神复制了太多的同类，比如我们污浊了时刻吸吐的空气如鱼弄脏了它的水，将赖以为家的星球搞得一塌糊涂。在茫茫宇宙间，我们真的太像是一群容易闯祸的孩子。那颗载着我们日夜航行的、乌烟瘴气的地球，几乎成了一块连上帝自己也搬不动的石头。

世界上本没有什么大事，只是因为许多小事碰在了一起，才有了大事。同样世界上也从来没有过大方法，只是因为数不清的小方法不断地累积，最终才有了大方法。一如那个苹果落在头上、旋即从脑汁里绞出条定律的家伙说的：我们是站在巨人的肩膀上！

世界是一堆方法，方法就是整个世界。我有时想，当我们傻傻思考的时候，头脑里一定像眼前的星空一样，熠熠生煇，放射夺目的光彩。也许美丽的宇宙，恰恰正是一个巨人的头脑，我们就生活在他的思维里，一切的一切，都是他或者我们的灵动的、跳跃着的智慧的火花。

写人作文有很多是写长辈的，如何写好长辈？本文从类型、题目、开头，为大家介绍。

一、写长辈亲人的作文类型

1.写长辈亲人对自己的关心和爱护；

2.回忆长辈亲人对自己的关怀；

3.表达自己对长辈亲人的尊敬和怀念。

二、写长辈亲人的参考题目、参考开头

1.《我的_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的亲人当中，有一个人是我忘不了的，他就是已经离开我们整整三年的爷爷！

第二种开头：爷爷离开我已经三年了，可是我只要一看见他的照片，就会觉得他好像还活在人世，还在给我讲着《三国演义》的故事。

2.《她教我怎样做人》的两种开头

第一种开头：还在我上幼儿园的时候，外婆就对我说过一句话，那就是：“人穷志不穷。”

第二种开头：外婆是一个退休工人，没有多少文化，但她却懂得很多做人的知识，我从她那里学到了许多许多。

3.《长辈》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的长辈之中，最让我难忘的就是我的爷爷。

第二种开头：爷爷在三年前离开我们的时候，特地把我叫到医院，要见

我最后一面。

4.《_____，您将留在我的记忆里》的两种开头

第一种开头：外公，您现在在哪里呢？您还记得您的外孙吗？虽然您已经离开我们五年了，但您将永远留在我的记忆里！

第二种开头：五年前，我的外公不幸被罪恶的癌症夺去了宝贵的生命。五年过去了，外公的音容笑貌却依然存在，他，永远活在我的心里，留在我的记忆里！

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

三年级下册第一单元作文：家乡的美景

我的家乡在江西，这里十分的美，从景到人都有一种自然的美，我来说一下我的家乡吧。

江西这里，有着无边无际的田野和花海，金黄的油菜花，黑白相间的蚕豆花，雪白的荞麦和萝卜花，争奇斗艳，争先恐后的，想要第一个绽放出最美的花，带给人们一种质朴的美感。

不仅仅是田野里，就连乡下人家的院子里都有一种独特的美。

院子里，人们一般会种一些花花草草，凤仙花、白百合、茉莉花、薰衣草、夜来香，有些人家，还会插一根杆子，让牵牛花，金银花的藤缠绕上去，藤爬上了柱子，就像一条青龙缠绕在柱子上，当藤结出花时，柱子上就像绑上了一条彩带，真是美丽极了。

还有些人家，在屋顶上，种上一些喜欢阳光的植物，从远处看，房子就像一顶绿色的帽子，这些植物还起到了给房子降温的作用，就像一群战士，是房子不受太阳的袭击。这些植物既起到了美观效果，还可以给房子降温、防晒，真是一举两得。

去湖边里走走，常常会看见几棵苍天古树屹立在江边，就像哨兵一样，守卫着湖边的草地，这些树一年四季都站在这里，不惧春天停不下来的大雨，夏天骄阳似火的炎热，秋天的一片荒凉的寂寞，冬天北风凌冽的严寒，真是勇敢啊！

我爱我的家乡，爱这里无边无际的花海到极其普通的院子，更爱我在这里的美好回忆。

由标题、称呼和正文三部分组成，标题与称呼的写法与开幕词基本相同。在标题和称谓之后，另起一段首先说明会议已经完成预定任务，现在就要闭幕了;然后概述会议的进行情况，恰当地评价会议的收获、意义及影响。核心部分要写明：会议通过的主要事项和基本精神;会议的重要性和深远意义;向与会人员提出贯彻会议精神的基本要求，等等。一般说来，这几方面内容都不能少，而且顺序是基本不变的。写作时要掌握会议情况，有针对性地对会议内容予以阐述和肯定;同时可以对会议未能展开都已认识到的重要问题作出适当强调或补充;行文要热情洋溢，文章要简洁有力，起到激发斗志，增强信念的作用。结尾部分一般先以坚定语气发出号召，提出希望，表示祝愿等;最后郑重宣布会议闭幕。

闭幕词出现在会议终了，因此，要写得与开幕词前后呼应、首尾衔接，显示大会开得很圆满、很成功。

托福词汇的运用在托福各题型中都起到很重要的作用，在托福写作中，我们也可以通过托福词汇的替换来达到考托福的写作高分。下面，我们就来看一下在托福写作中进行词汇替换的四种方式。

一、使用同义词进行替换

英语和我们中文一样，事实上，会有许多同义词，近义词，反义词等的同类比，所以词汇量积累越大的同学，其在这方面的知识就越多。因此，对于写作来说，寻找同义词替换是一个非常之棒的方法。使用同义词的好处就是首先可以向审核者展示你是一个词汇达人，你的词汇量足够丰富，其次可以让文章富有变化。因此，同义词在文章写作里的运用好坏一定会成为判断你写作好坏的一个标准。审核者认同你的同时，会给你一个好的分数。

二、使用各种形式的同根词进行替换

英语学的好的同学，自然是会明白英语词汇里有同根词。这种同根词要明白，他们其实是通过对单词的变换来吸引审核者的眼睛的。这种吸引他们并获得高分的方式，你不妨试一下。一些单词我们都十分明白，可以在他们懊悔面或者是在后面加上一些前缀或者是后缀并产生很多新的词汇。而且这些词汇会让我们避免在文章中过多地重复利用某一个熟悉的词，这样会让文章看上去变化多，而且层次也丰富。

三、使用短语进行替换

托福写作中，允许你使用各种各样的短语，只要你是一个短语达人，那么你就开始运用这些短语吧。这些短语用的好，不仅让你的文章看上去节奏感强，而且更能准确而精确地表达你想要表达的意思。在一些特殊的情况下，因为有好些不同的短语要吧表达同样的意思，那么就用这种方式来替换你本身想要进行的表达。

四、综合运用自我方法进行替换

经过了许多方法的练习后，你一定会形成一套属于自己的方法，自己最熟悉，最喜欢运用的方法。那么，好的，这就是我们练习所要达到的一个目的。现在，你懂了，下面就是开始运用综合性的方法来进行替换了。那么，你准备好了吗?我们在使用同义词替换的时候，也可以把原句进行结构上的变换。那么这样做就是让审核者最终发现你所写的句子和原来的截然不同，但是意思却是一样的，会让他们觉得你是一个改句子的达人哦。

总结

不管如何讲，在托福写作中，想要让自己的文章更吸引人，光变换单词是不够的，我们还要把单词和句子的结构进行有机的调整和变换，并把两者结合使用，从而让自己的文章更丰富多彩，在后面的文章中，小鱼儿就会托福的写作进行更加多的方法分享。请大家关注并积极参与。

什么是运营计划书？所谓运营计划书是从运营计划而来，既要描述对一个产品的运营需求，也要制定运营目标，同时梳理运营点，并拿出相关计划的一个文案工作的交付物。

所谓交付物呢，就是将自己的工作，细化、落地后，给出的一个物事，这个物事，对于产品经理来说，是PRD，对于项目管理来说，是项目进度表，以及管理项目进度的方法，对于运营来说，就是运营计划及详细的运营方案，以及落实到各项运营工作中的执行策略，等等。

那么，接下来聊一聊运营计划书的框架和注意事项，根据不同的目的和不同的阶段，运营计划书应该有不同的内容，但大体的框架，可能是下面这个样子：

运营计划书

1、产品描述

简单描述要着手运营的产品

是什么

做什么

为什么做

解决谁的需求，什么需求

优劣势

2、运营目标

长期目标

愿景，做运营是为了谁，达到的目标是什么

短期目标

现在处于什么阶段，要达到什么目标

3、工作范围

运营是个大概念，你的计划书的范围是什么?

整体？

功能模块？

用户管理？

……

谁来做这些事儿，组织架构如何确立？

4、运营资源

目前有哪些资源？

还需要哪些资源？

从哪里去获取资源？

什么方式去获取？

5、运营策略

分阶段，采用什么运营策略来在明确了运营目标，确认了资源和范围后开展运营工作

包含了哪些模块，优先级如何？

6、系统支撑

要实施运营策略，是否需要工具或系统

如果需要，需要什么系统或工具

如果不需要，以后会不会需要，大概什么时候会需要

需要的时候，需求是什么，怎么来估和，需求的优先级管理，等等

7、运营效果

分阶段目标以级判定达成目标的标准

最近的一个节点，要做到什么样的效果

写运营计划书的目的

为什么要写运营计划书，这份计划书里想要解决的是什么问题？

在产品初创期，可能要解决的是大的运营目标和运营战略的方向问题，以及配合目标及战略方向，所需要进行的系统准备、人员准备以及商业模式和运营阶段讨论。

在产品的发展期，可能解决的是一个较短时间内的运营目标定位和所需要进行的运营准备，同时需要去回顾之前的商业模式以及验证结果，后续建议如何调整。

在产品成熟期，可能是去分解各个时间节点上的运营设计和预案，安排竞品运营策略的研究和市场动态的管理。

在产品衰退期，可能是要制定运营退出步骤、时间点和后续的安置工作。

配合不同时期的不同目的，计划书的内容侧重会略有不同，上面我们已经谈到了在初创期、发展期、成熟期、衰退期，实际上，运营计划书需要讨论的事项是不一样的，因此，框架是那个框架，但内容的篇幅会不一样，准备的节奏也不一样。

初创期和发展期可能需要很快的调整运营策略，在这个时候，速度比一切都要重要，因此，运营计划书更新的频率可能会很频繁，但要不要频繁的通过改动计划书的方式去确认，倒不一定。

成熟期的产品运营计划书，可能是每一年先定下来，然后按照季度调整，这个时候是有时间去落在纸面上的，而且由于可能会涉及更多产品、市场方面的工作，因此，反而需要频繁的更新与保持各条线的反复确认与沟通。

(一)绝妙开头示范

1.引用名言名句

①问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。元好问的确好问，也很会问。他这一问可谓一问问千古。多少年来，有多少人在这个问题上徘徊，又有多少人在付出巨大代价后作出了人生最终的答案。但各家之言却如每个人的脸一样，各不相同。

西施说:“爱情是工具。……”(《问世间情为何物》)

②在中世纪的一个教堂里，一位圣者开始了他的演讲:“我之所以成为圣者，是因为我看破了钱财，我的就是大家的。”悠悠岁月，弹指一挥。在跨世纪时的一所监狱里，一个小偷开始了他的人生独白:“我之所以会成为小偷，是因为我看破了钱财，大家的就是我的。”(《圣者与小偷》)

③美学大师罗丹曾经说过:“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说:“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”许多时候，我们都迷惑于问题的不解或徘徊于多解的选择路口，怎样走便成了心中的疑团，往往举棋不定，左右乱倾，这时，就有换个角度考虑的必要，这样会给你带来更多成功的机会。(《旋转这只万花筒》)

2.巧用书信格式

①尊敬的孔子老爷爷:

你好!我是你的一个普通子孙，相隔数千年后斗胆写信打扰你，不仅为了向你致上崇敬的问候，而且怀着几个难解的问题急待你的指教。(《给孔子的一封信》)

②可恶的标准答案:

看到你，我实在是义愤填膺。所以，在愤怒火焰的驱使下，我写了这封信来声讨你。答案本是丰富多彩的，可是你却偏偏要戴上“标准”这顶帽子。要知道，就因为“标准”二字，发生了无数的悲剧。以下是你的三大罪状:(《给“标准答案”的一封信》)

3.借用章回小说笔法

①“话说天下大势分久必合，合久必分。”当初魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立的时代已不复存在，大江东去，浪花淘尽了往昔的英雄们。而曾经的蜀国的继承人阿斗也变得“乐不思蜀”了，天下已成为“司马氏”的天下。(《三国英雄开会》)

②梁山泊的聚义厅里，现在是灯火通明，人声鼎沸。一百单八位好汉都齐聚在这里，大伙儿都在争吵不休。他们在争吵什么呢?原来梁山泊最近要评选打虎英雄。这个荣誉称号评上就了不得，谁评上了就可以坐上梁山泊的第二把交椅。所以惹得众好汉齐聚在此，争论不休。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

4.巧用修辞

①“砰!”随着一声锤子的敲打声，问号先生清了清嗓子说，“时空讨论会现在正式开始，今天我们的主题是‘什么才是美’，请各位来自不同时代、不同国度的学者们积极发言。”(《什么才是美》)

5.巧用寓言故事

①愚公一家世世代代居住在这儿，门口王屋、太行两座大山挡住了去路，日子难过啊!这里好像与世隔绝，城里有什么新鲜事儿传到这儿早已变成旧闻了，这种生活真的需要改变了。愚公寻思着:得想法子把太行、王屋两座山给搬了。(《新愚公和智叟的故事》)

②喜鹊贴出了大型广告:“为适应时代需要，本校将推行全能素质教育，无一不学、无一不教，包你的孩子成为无所不能的通才，在竞争中立于不败之地。学费，每学期3000元;培养费， 2000元;赞助费， 15000元。”(《全能学校》)

6.巧用揭示主旨的题记

①没有树的伟岸，但你可以有草的翠绿;没有牡丹的娇艳，但你可以有小野菊的洒脱……生命，可以不灿烂，但必须伟大! 题记

蝶曾是个美丽善舞的女孩。她一头披肩的长发，她窈窕的舞姿，曾给她带来了如雷的掌声与无数的鲜花，她曾被别人赞为中国将来的邓肯……然而，一切结束了，命运之神永远将她按在了轮椅里。生命暗淡了，寂静了，“白天鹅”变为无人关心的丑小鸭。多少次，她梦见自己穿上了水晶鞋，继续她的追求，可醒来时只听见“凄凄惨惨戚戚”的冷漠秋风。(《星星夜话》)

②如果你失去了金钱，你只失去了一小部分; 如果你失去了健康，你只失去了一小半;

如果你失去了诚信，那你就几乎一贫如洗了。 题记

何为“诚信”，诚实、守信是也。综观历史，这“诚信”二字浸透了多少人的血泪啊。(《是谁在赞美皇帝的新装》)

7.巧用解题形式

曾经有一位朋友，别出心裁地给我出了这样一道题:

在下列美景中，你最喜欢哪一个?

A.一片纯白的羽毛，在熠熠生辉的金色阳光中，悠然飘落。

B.一瓣落红，在清幽深邃的池水中回旋漂浮。

C.一颗流星，在黛蓝色的天幕中，一瞬而逝。

D.一滴晶莹剔透的露珠，在青嫩新绿的草叶尖，悄然滑落。

看完这道题，我顿时呆住了，万千变化的自然，日升日落、潮汐起伏，多少美景令人怦然心动，悠然神往。……(《无穷的可能无穷的美》)

8.巧用名人作问答

①有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。

尼采认为:“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，但却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。”

而思多葛派却认为:“拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。”(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

②阿基米德说:“给我一个支点，我能把地球撬起来!”

我说:“给我一个支点，我能把灵魂支撑起来!”(《给灵魂一个支点》)

9.巧用诗文显诗意

①翻开灿若银河的唐诗宋词，数不胜数的当算离别诗了，王勃壮怀高歌:无为在歧路，儿女共沾巾。柳永则声情哀怨:今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸晓风残月。江淹却千帆过尽一言蔽之:黯然销魂者，惟别而已矣。还有人捶胸顿足:扬鞭哪忍匆匆！当今又有汪国真低吟:人生一瞬百年，哪堪去去还还。无论耳在何处，只祈如水如船。又来了席慕蓉温柔的警语:如果离别能够勾起我们因聚在一起而引起的疏忽的细节，离别真的不好吗？如此种种情思，真是美不胜收。涵咏不同时代不同人生的感悟，会让你有意外的收获。(《万象人生坚守自我》)

②美是什么?我知道，美是地平线上升起的第一道曙光，美是秋天里比火更炽热的枫叶，美是黄昏的沙滩上疾行的丹顶鹤，美是大草原上驰骋的梅花鹿……鲍姆嘉通同意我的说法，并补充道:“美是感性认识，研究美学即研究感性认识的科学。”可康德却愤怒地瞪着我说:“片面，美是人类纯形式的主观感受，与事物本身毫无关系。我劝你还是看一看我的《判断力批评》。”我很虚心，认真仔细地研究了他的关于情感的美学著作。我正在为我的玄虚而洋洋自得时，黑格尔却泼给我一盆冷水:“不对，美应该是人类本质的外化”。接着，他就洋洋自得地谈起了他的美学理论。正当我丈二和尚摸不着头脑的时候，马克思在我旁边耳语道:“别听他的，他乾坤颠倒，是非不分，你千万别掉进唯心主义的泥坑里。美其实应该是人类本质与自由形式的统一。”美究竟是什么?我决定离开莫衷一是的欧洲，去一趟东方文明的古国，寻找美的答案。(《美是什么》)

③当广袤的天宇被染成漆黑的底色，新月初升无垠的天幕上缀满星星时，依栏凭吊的我总禁不住思绪满怀，我遥问天际的月亮:寂寞是什么?曾几何时，有李白“举杯邀明月，对影成三人”，也许，寂寞便是皓月当空，好风如水，万籁俱寂时形影相吊的那种感觉吧!曾几何时，有李后主感慨“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋”，也许，寂寞正是深宫大院，国愁家愁人也愁的情丝纠缠吧!曾几何时，有陈子昂感叹“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”，也许，寂寞就是芳草依旧，天涯依旧，物是人非的空虚心境吧!于是，我问月亮，广寒宫的嫦娥告诉我，寂寞是“云母屏风烛影深，长河渐落晓星辰”的“碧海青天夜夜心”。寂寞到底是什么?我无法回答。(《寂寞的意韵》)

④是什么，来得悄无声息，走得不留痕迹，却激起所有色彩的轻舞飞扬? 是什么，走得不留痕迹，来得悄无声息，可留下穿越一季的倾情歌唱?

是什么，轻轻地来了，又悄悄地走了，在收获的季节留下飘垂的金黄?

是什么，悄悄地走了，又轻轻地来了，为沉寂的大地纺出洁白的梦想? 哲人对着蓝天微笑:“是时间。” 孩童握着风筝拍手:“是风。”

流浪者说:“什么都不是，只是一个梦。”(《拥有答案的幸福》)

10.借用病历好行文

①病人姓名:吴良心

身份:商人

临床印象:诚信缺乏综合症(晚期)

病史:二十年前初次缺斤少两坑害顾客，染上此病。此病伴随吴良心坑蒙拐骗、投机倒把，手段日渐高明，此病日益加重。三年前诚信医院曾诊断过此病人，吴良心拒绝本院药方，逃离病房，赴境外经商。经查，此人诚实信用指数已下降为零，社会威胁力+100。(《吴良心病历》)

②姓名:张大毛

性别:男

年龄: 18

病史:精神分裂症

病例:不胜枚举

Ι. 8岁，幼儿园时。老师要求画画，画自己的爸爸妈妈。张大毛画了一只瞪着绿眼睛的大灰狼和一只温柔的梅花鹿和一只在地上哭的小白兔。老师给了零分。

医生诊断:老师判得好，大毛画的是森林里的故事，偏题。(《诊断书》) 11.巧用听课笔记

听课时间: 2000年9月15日

听课目的:以小学二年级学生为示范，研究探讨“诚实做人”，以《诚实的孩子》为内容，教育孩子“诚实做人”。

听课内容:……(《听课记录》)

11.巧用产品说明书

①产品:纯天然诚信口服液

主治:“信用”分泌不足，诚实缺乏症，“谎言连篇病”等等，由人体内“诚信”合成量过少而引发的一系列病症。

用量:重度缺乏诚信者，一日三次，每次两瓶。

轻度缺乏诚信者，一日两次，每次一瓶。

妇女、儿童减半。

广告创意:……(《纯天然诚信口服液》)

(二)绝妙结尾示范

①年轻人，来生要记住，在迷津渡口千万别选错。诚信是人生幸福的源泉，不可丢。仅以此诗作结:

〖JZ〗迷津渡口诚信抛，

〖JZ〗一生苦恨悔难消。

〖JZ〗且将虚伪付江澜，

〖JZ〗斩闯红尘任逍遥。(《代抛弃诚信者拟墓志铭》)

②大会结束了，答案仍未有，世间事果真千变万化，难以预料，是非均留给后人评说吧。“滚滚长江东逝水……”(《三国英雄开会》)

③突然有人叫道:“大虫来了，快跑呀!”众人一听大惊失色，纷纷躲避，只听武松叫道:“老虎在哪?”李逵吼道:“虎在哪里?”待人们惊魂初定，回过神来，哪里有老虎?原来是鼓上蚤时迁干的好事。众人都吁了一口气，突然发现打虎将李忠早已不知去向。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

④忠信桥 信义里 诚信坊 …… 收笔处，不觉积习又起，以一首诗来抒我心志:

疏影不悔柳头风，

先贤诚信本相同。

欲借此言呈观众，

熟料笔底波澜重!(《诚信吴门》)

⑤陆游曾说:“谁能养气塞天地，吐出自足成虹霓。”即使你没有博大的思想，但你有意识，也就拥有了发言权，站起来吧，像王朔叫板金庸一样，舞出自我生命的亮点。(《吐出自足成虹霓》)

⑥“何处是归程?长亭更短亭。”不管我们以什么样的身份去诠释“家”的内涵，我们都应知道家中有等待，家中有爱。(《何处是归程?长亭更短亭》)

⑦可见，列夫·托尔斯泰的名言“幸福之家各个相同，不幸之家各有各的不幸”也不必完全奉为真理。关于幸福的答案，同样是丰富多彩的。(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

⑧话音刚落，全场响起了热烈的掌声。这时问号先生红着脸说:“刚才那位青年朋友讲得很对，但是我们这是时空讨论会，所以各位的意见也不尽相同。其实答案是丰富多彩的，并没有统一标准，愿各位都能发现美。今天就到这儿，散会。”(《什么才是美》)

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

写作是运用语言文字符号反映客观事物、表达思想感情、传递知识信息的创造性脑力劳动过程。小编精心为你整理了命令的写作方法，希望对你有所借鉴作用哟。

1．命令（令）的概念

命令（令）是国家政权中特定机关发布的有强制性、领导性、指挥性的下行公文。主要适用于依照有关法律规定发布行政法规和规章，宣布施行重大强制性行政措施，奖惩有关人员，撤销下级机关不适当的决定等。

2．命令（令）的作用

命令（令）具有权威性和强制性，它是依照和根据有关法律规定，发布行政法规或规章，实施重大行政措施。例如：任免国家机关的高级领导干部；奖惩国家机关的高级干部；撤销下级政府机关不适当的决定的公文等。

3．命令的分类

命令（令）一般可分为：公布令、行政令、嘉奖令、惩戒令、撤销令、特赫令、通辑令等。

4．命令的结构

命令（令）的结构分标题、发文号、正文和落款四部分。行政令还带有附件。

第一部分标题。命令的标题有三种形式。

一是由发令机关名称、事由加文种构成。如《国务院关于贯彻保护侨汇的命令》。

二是文种前面冠以发令机关全称或领导人职务构成。如《四川某某人民政府令》等。

三是事由加文种构成。如《向全国进军的命令》。

第二部分发文号。命令（令）的发文号不同于一般公文的发文号，它不是由机关代字，年号，顺序号组成，而是只标顺序号。并且按某发令机关或某发令人在该届任期内所发的命令（令）流水编序号，直至换届再重新编号。

第三部分正文。命令（令）的类别不同，对正文的写法要求也有所不同。分述如下：

公布令适用于公布法律、重要行政法规。

包括三部分内容：①命令（令）公布的对象，即法律或行政法规的全称；②公布某项法律、法规的依据，即通过批准某项法律、法规的机关或会议；③通过批准某项法律、法规的时间和施行起始期。

5．命令（令）的实例

＜公布令＞实例

中华人民共和国主席令

第三十号

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治侵犯著作权的犯罪的决定》已由中华人民共和国第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议于1994年7月5日通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席＾xx

1994年7月5日

附件：

全国人大常委会

关于惩治侵犯著作权的犯罪的决定

（1994年7月5日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议通过）

为了惩治侵犯著作权和与著作权有关的权益的犯罪，对刑法作如下补充规定：

一、以营利为目的，有下列侵犯著作权情形之一，违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以下有期徒刑，拘役，单处或者并处罚金；违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金：

（一）未经著作权人许可，复制发行其文字作品、音乐、电影、电视、录像作品、计算机软件及其他作品的；

（二）出版他人享有专有出版权的图书的；

（三）未经录音录像制作者许可，复制发行其制作的录音录像的；

（四）制作、出售假冒他人署名的美术作品的。

二、以营利为目的，销售明知是第一条规定的侵权复制品，违法所得数额较大的，处二年以下有期徒刑、拘役，单处或并处罚金；违法所得数额巨大的，处二年以上五年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

三、单位有本决定规定的犯罪行为的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照本决定的规定处罚。

四、查获的侵权复制品、违法所得和属本单位或者本人所有的主要用于侵犯著作权犯罪的材料、工具、设备或者其他财物，一律予以没收。

五、犯本决定规定之罪，造成被侵权人损失的，除依照本决定追究刑事责任外，并应当根据情况依法判处赔偿损失。

六、本决定自公布之日起施行。

不少青年教师向我吐苦水：想写论文却不知写什么、怎么写，情急之下只能东拼西凑应付了事。我发现这是一个很普遍的现象。

说一说我的经历吧。由于工作需要，学校安排我由上数学课改为上历史课，算是一个不小的改变。为了适应新工作，我集中全部精力钻研教学，真有点“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只想教学研”，阅读了大量名师、大师的中学历史教学参考资料，为的是能把历史课上得够权威。

可一段时间后，效果并不如我的预期，课堂沉闷、学生没劲、授课吃力成了我最大的困惑。静心反思，我顿悟，一味依赖教材、参考资料，缺少鲜活的素材，导致学生缺乏学习兴趣，正是我课堂的软肋所在。我觉得这是一个很好的课题，便对“学习兴趣与历史课教学的关系”作了深入研究。

另外，我还将竞争机制引入课堂教学，如上复习课，不是简单地重复讲解，而是采用“知识抢答赛”的形式，激发学生动手、动脑、动口，使课堂气氛格外活跃，让学生产生酣战后的痛快淋漓之感，在兴奋的状态下掌握知识。

后来，我把这两个案例从不同侧面整理进了我的教学论文《利用历史教学渗透德育之我见》《怎样提高历史课堂的教学效率》。

我在总结中这样写到：只有在备课中具备强烈的教育教学研究意识，才能进入较深的思维状态，授课才更有科学性和创造性，从而也为撰写论文打下基础。

毋庸置疑，写好教育教学论文，最重要的一环就是认真做好教育教学的研究工作。研究的方面有很多，如教法、学法、基础知识、智力开发、非智力因素等。要把研究与讲课、听课、评课、试卷分析、作业讲评有机结合起来。除了研究，还要注重实践，从实践中来，上升为理论，再回到实践中去，既指导实践，又接受实践的检验。这样多次往复循环，再得出结论，就是不断研究教育教学的过程。夯实了一定的研究基础，又掌握了必要的论文写作知识，这样才能写出有真知灼见的教学论文来。

畅想型作文就是假设一种情景，作者凭想象来完成的作文。以下是小编搜索整理一篇畅想型作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读!

一、要有具体而细致的描述。

具体而细致的描述，是作文形象生动的必要条件。抽象笼统，没有具体事例，就不可能吸引读者。如写《假如我是济公》，应集中写好两三件具体事例，可有些同学每段第一句都是“假如我的济公”，接下去就是我将如何如何。每段三五句，一共写了十来段，都是干巴巴的条条，内容不实在，缺少形象性。

二、要有一个明确的主题。

畅想型作文有着极为广泛的选材天地，但这并不是说它可以想到什么写什么，它和其他类型的作文一样，也要有一个明确的主题，所选的材料必须围绕这个主题。《假如我是济公》这篇作文，它的主题就应是像济公那样抑强扶弱、惩恶扬善，选择的材料就要能体现这一点。但有些同学写变成济公后，刻苦钻研科学，获得了国家科技奖，这就游离了主题。

三、入题要快。

写这类作文，最好直接从场面和情节入手，摒弃一切套话。但有些同学的作文开场白太多，慢吞吞地说了一大堆多余的话，如在写《愚公与智叟的第二次会面》时，什么“愚公移山是一个典故”，“这个典故有深刻的意义”，等等，先绕了几个圈子，然后再入题，罗里罗嗦，很不简洁。

四、要有现实依据。

畅想型作文表达的大都是作者的理想，理想是现实的折光，它是经过努力可以达到或能够实现的。有位同学写《假如我是济公》，说济公去看望生病的A的老师，宝扇一扇，使低矮的小屋马上变成了大房子，而且宽敞明亮、阳光充足。这是建立在现实基础上的，因为给教师建造这样的房子是可以成为现实的。如果换成这样：A老师住在山洞里，阴暗潮湿，济公一扇，立即变成一幢金碧辉煌的宫殿，A老师正在宫殿里批改作业，这就不切合实际了。

畅想型作文的内容往往是理想的生活，其中充满着真善美，也往往是作者激情的抒发。这样，最好用热情洋溢、欢快活泼的文笔来写。