四级英语作文写作方法（精彩20篇）

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理提供的英语句子，供大家写作参考。

1、Time flies.

时光易逝。

2、Time is money.

一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.

岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.

时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.

时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.

光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.

昨日不复来。

9、Business neglected is business lost.

忽视职业便是放弃职业。

10、One today is worth two tomorrows.

一个今天胜似两个明天。

11、The morning sun never lasts a day.

好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。

12、Christmas comes but once a year.

圣诞一年只一度。

13、Pleasant hours fly past.

快乐时光去如飞。

14、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢娱不惜时光逝。

15、Time tames the strongest grief.

时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

16、The day is short but the work is much.

工作多，光阴迫。

17、Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.

今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。

18、Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.

明天如有事，今天就去做。

19、To him that does everything in its proper time,one day is worth three.

事事及时做，一日胜三日。

20、To save time is to lengthen life.

节省时间就是延长生命。

21、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.

万物皆有时，时来不可失。

22、Take time when time cometh,lest time steal away.

时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。

23、When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.

机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。

24、Make hay while the sun shines.

晒草要趁太阳好。

25、Strike while the iron is hot.

趁热打铁。

26、Work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

27、Punctuality is the soul of business.

守时为立业之要素。

28、Procrastination is the thief of time.

因循拖延是时间的大敌;拖延就是浪费时间。

29、Every tide hath ist ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

30、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

31、Wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

32、Wisdom is better than gold or silver.

知识胜过金银。

33、Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有钱。

34、Wisdom is a good purchase though we pay dear for it.

为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

35、Doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

36、If you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

37、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

38、A handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

39、Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.

知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。

40、Learn wisdom by the follies of others.

从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。

41、It is good to learn at another man’s cost.

前车可鉴。

42、Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.

知识之于精神，一如健康之于肉体。

43、Experience is the best teacher.

经验是最好的教师。

44、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。

45、Dexterity comes by experience.

熟练来自经验。

46、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

47、Experience keeps a dear school,but fools learn in no other.

经验学校学费高，愚人旁处学不到。

48、Experience without learning is better than learning without experience.

有经验而无学问，胜于有学问而无经验。

49、Wit once bought is worth twice taught.

由经验而得的智慧，胜于学习而得的智慧;一次亲身的体会，胜过两次的教师教导。

50、Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

拓展阅读：段首万能句子

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?

一、开头的5个常用技巧

万事开头难，作文也是如此。起好头，能为顺利地展开文章打下基础。古人写文章把好的开头比作“凤头”，是很有道理的。一个能让人“一见钟情”，引发别人无穷遐思的开头，往往能使你的文章增色不少。特别是在应试作文中，“凤头”更能牵引阅卷者的目光，让你的文章脱颖而出。一个引人入胜的开头，往往能激发读者的兴趣，并为文章增添色彩。作文开头的方法很多，在此谈谈常见的5个方法。

1、开门见山法。

直截了当地切入话题，或开宗明义旗帜鲜明地表明自己的观点、立场。这种方法，朴实自然直截了当，引起下文。一般来说，这种开头方法，随信手拈来，但毕竟出彩儿不多，如果是记叙文或者抒情散文，建议选用其他方法。

不过，就考场作文而言，假如你没有把握把别的技巧玩得娴熟，不建议在开头上采用过多的技巧，最好就用开门见山的方法。

《心灵的镜子》的开篇：“一个人看世界犹如照镜子，镜子中照出的不是人妍媸美丑的外表，而是他那形形色色的灵魂。”

《青春无价》的开头：青春是人的生命中最灿烂最宝贵的季节，它的价值不能用金钱去衡量。

《第一次当家》中开头：很巧，爸爸和妈妈同一时间被单位安排出差，家里只剩下我和妹妹，作为大哥，自然挑起了当家的担子。

《友善》“投我以木瓜，报之以琼琚。”早在《诗经》中就有教人友善待人的文章。友善待人，不仅是善待他人，更是善待自己。

《泪水中孕育着成功》我不知道这些年流了多少泪，有激动喜悦的，有伤心断肠的“涕泪满衣裳”。泪水并不苦涩，反而甜滋滋的。它滋润着我的心灵，洗涤着我的心胸，澎湃着我的热情。在泪水中我，我选择勇敢和坚强，在泪水中，我渐渐成长，在泪水中，我走向成功。

2、设置悬念法。

指在写作开始提出疑问，引起读者急切期待并探究事情原委的一种方法。此法能启发读者思索，激发阅读兴趣，达到引人入胜的效果。

如《一次精彩的课外活动》：“上个周六，我们7中的8年级二班发生了“轩然大波”：一个女生哇哇地在课堂上哭，而我们的班主任朱老师却微笑着站在讲台上，最后，全班同学都哄堂大笑起来。至今，同学们还在津津有味地谈论那天的事情……”设置悬念，到底发生了什么事情呢，为什么学生哭，老师笑，而最后同学们都哄堂大笑呢？读者感到好奇——咦，怎么会那样呢？就很想阅读下去。

3、情景渲染法。

也就是描写一个情景，让这个情景牵引出故事的开头。这类开头方法，是记叙文的常见开头方法，建议同学们采用。在故事中间或者结尾，要适时加上“于是出现了本文开头的那一幕”，以便于呼应开头。这种开头方法，其实跟上面的设置悬念有一定的联系。只是，悬念的浓度不大，更偏向于情景的渲染，而设置悬念，偏向于一个出人意外的结果，使人好奇。

如《我对网络的悔和爱》：“啪——”，一记清脆的耳光。

男孩子坐在床上，护着那半边红脸，低头哭泣，内心充满了愧疚。旁边的父亲正在大声严厉地训斥，愤怒涨红了他的脸。那个男孩就是我。此事要从头道来——

《防洪》的开头：突然,“轰隆”一声，一个罕雷直轰天顶。顷刻，黑压压的云层就吞噬了火辣辣的阳光，天空像是被炸开了无数个洞，大雨没头没脑的倾盆而至。很快，整个宇宙像是淹没在水的海洋中。此文开头描写了突降暴雨的情形，形象逼真，为下文记叙防洪的动人场面作了铺垫。

4、修辞排比法。

在开头的时候，用上几个修辞排比句，把文章主题的内涵，用排比句的形式写出来。这种修辞方法，可用于有记叙有议论类的记叙文。

这种方法的主要特点就是：连续把有几个象征意义的句子排比起来，最好把几个比喻句排比起来。而且建议同学们的比喻句不要太长。

《他让我明白了作为父亲的坚强》：一颗流星，只有熬过了焚身的痛苦，方能划破黑暗；一粒种子，只有承受了泥土的压力，方能指向光明；一只虫子，只有冲破了黑暗的包围，方能羽化成蝶。一位父亲，只有真正做到了坚强，方能令人感动和敬仰。我的父亲，就是这样的一位强者。

5、景物开篇法。

指开头用自然环境描写，渲染一种特定的氛围，烘托人物的心理，为全文定下感情基调的方法。这种方法适应于在某种环境下发生的某类事情，在开头的时候，不能牵强附会地硬搬环境和景物。具体到写作的时候，要灵活运用。

如《秋雨，淅淅沥沥地下着》：“淅淅沥沥的秋雨一个劲地下着，呜呜咽咽的唢呐不停地吹着。”文章一开始就给我们烘托出了一种悲伤的氛围。

二、记叙文结尾一个小窍门

同学们要记住，写什么作文，最后的结尾一般来说是要抒情的。结尾的时候要注意三点？一个再次切题，二是首尾呼应，三是优美的抒情语言。

1、再次切题，其实很简单，把标题内容换汤不换药地重复一下，甚至先说一句：“这就是XXXXXX”，接着再抒情就行了。

2、首尾呼应，要看是什么开头，结尾的时候，如果能把开头的内容回顾一下，就显得更舒畅了。

3、语言优美的道理很简单。语言优美了，抒情才能更动人。这种结尾，最好也用比喻排比句。

下面的示范结尾。同学们可比葫芦画瓢地模仿一下。

1、《光影魔术》：人生总是需要一些这样的片段，纵使时光走过了再不复年轻的容颜，纵使光阴老去了不再激情的色彩，我依然愿意相信，这些在光与影中衍生的美好愿望，早已在心中蔓延成一片绿洲。就像沙漠中跋涉，遇见一场海市蜃楼；就像走过风雨后，看见挂在天边的彩虹；就像在暗夜里独行，发现遥远的一盏灯火；就像喧嚣的街角突然飘出的一曲清音；就像书中一个引人回味的故事，就像一个美妙的梦境。虽然无法触摸，但是心会在那一刻，荡起层层涟漪。

2、《别让亲情等太久》：世上最持久最永恒的感情是亲情，不管是否有伤害，有动摇，有忽略，因为那一份绵久敦厚的情在那里等，总是会等到谅解，等到坚定，等到在乎的。因为这种感情，不是两人相遇后产生的，而是从一开始，就主动了血浓于水。

3、《他让我明白了作为父亲的坚强》：这就是我的父亲，一位坚强的父亲。他以责任和奉献,以勤劳和忍耐,向我诠释了什么是坚强。那股坚强，是我终生都会珍藏一笔宝贵的精神财富。

4、《在乐都大街上泪流满面》：我在今天，站在命运的梯田上，与幸福的云朵近距离接触，长久地接受安逸清风的熏陶。而我人生的背景、命运的全部是默默坐落在梯田底部的父母、母亲、哥哥、姐姐所支撑着。他们是天空，是大地，是河流，是我灵魂聚力前行的核能。

5、《愧疚》：生命怎么这般脆弱？我们的老师曾经经历过许许多多的坎坷，承受了那个年龄所不能承载的生命之重。而后，阳光出来了，难道在月亮的温情的对语里，没有属于他的那句？偌大上海滩，你是一滴水，一粒沙，还是一丝粉尘？

6、《祖母祭》：这是我亲爱的故乡，我知道从此后，山一层，水一层，故乡和祖母是我心中永远的风景；从此后，春夏交替，岁月更迭，有一份念想地老天荒。

7、《在每一个时间的转弯处》：此刻，我比以往的任何时候都坚信一点：就算时间的列车骤转多次，仍然打不碎我们曾经的聚合；就算时间的列车骤转千次，我仍会在每一个不期的转弯处，耐心地等待着，属于我的机缘。

8、《月亮上的蝴蝶》：我真想见见朱丽亚，那个美丽得炫目的美国少女，那只“月亮上的蝴蝶”。这天晚上，我做梦了。梦中，西双版纳的每一棵红豆杉上，都飞舞着一只美丽的“月亮上的蝴蝶”。

上述文章结尾的技巧特色：

各种修辞多排比，

优美语言写短句。

标题意蕴要点缀，

实在不行梦里去。

下面请看近近年中考满分作文的结尾技巧。

一：首尾呼应，凸显主旨

1、(首) 都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

(尾) 花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆。生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。 (选自湖荆州中考满分文《把梦想带给花季》)

技巧点拨：首尾呼应是考场作文中最实用的方法之一，一般情况是作者先在开头提出文章的中心，然后在结尾时再次强调，照应开头，从而使文章的中心鲜明突出。你看，在上例中，小作者运用首尾呼应的方式，以优美的诗一般的语言凸显了文章的主旨――理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

2、(首) 有一种光华，笼罩着中华民族的精神家园;有一种火苗，跃动在民族灵魂的奥林匹克山上;有一种烈焰，温暖了绵远的文明情思，那就是友善!

(尾) 我们不能因为屡受伤害就失去与丑恶斗争的信心，因为我们需要守卫我们的精神火种――友善! (选自河南中考满分文《守卫精神的火种》)

技巧点拨：这是一篇考场议论文的开头与结尾，与上例相比，此例为简洁明快，开头提出论点，迅速入题，结尾再次反复，呼应开头，加强了论证的力度。

二：言为心声，呼唤号召

1、让我们大家行动起来吧，把爱心带给他人，带给那些失学儿童，带给那些孤寡老人……带给身边的每一个人。当你把爱心献给他人时，你也获得了莫大的幸福。要相信，只要人人都献出一份爱，世界将变成美好的人间。 (选自湖北荆州中考满分文《把爱心带给他人》)

2、二十一世纪，我们是祖国的春天，我们不是我们的父母，热情奔放是我们的性格，我们不需要守那些规矩，打破陈规，让我们脑中的那团热情火燃烧得更猛烈，把我们的笑声、爱心串在一起，让全世界笼罩在爱之中。要笑就笑个痛痛快快，要哭就哭个歇斯底里，不要压抑自己，不要让那陈旧的观念束缚着，不要随便改变自己，请记住我的名言：“我就是我，给我一点阳光就这么灿烂。” (选自福建省中考满分文《给一点阳光就这么灿烂》)

技巧点拨：考场作文讲究情感真挚，要写出自己对真善美的呼唤，对假丑恶的鞭挞。这种情感不仅局限于自己，还可以在文章结尾发出真挚的呼唤，号召大家一起去追寻真善美，一起去鞭挞假丑恶。上面小作者真情呼唤，言为心声，表现了自己美好未来的向往之情。第二段小作者言词急切，个性十足，表情达意毫无遮掩，向所有的同龄人发出了真情的呼唤，有力的突出了主题，给读者以强烈的心灵震憾。

三：巧妙发问，引入深思

1、自然的色、自然的香、自然的味、自然的美，这一切都源于自然。自然是伟大的。是神奇的。它与生活是那么的近，那么的紧。品味自然，不就同品味生活了吗?

技巧点拨：一篇好的文章做到言有尽而意无穷，要具有哲理启发性。如同欣赏一支优美的乐曲，曲虽终但余音缭绕，给人留下无穷的韵昧。你看，在上面一段文字中，作者在结尾巧妙发问，引发读者思考，将文章的意蕴加以深化。体现出作者思考的深刻性与独特性。

2、不同的话有不同的影响，不同的角度有不同的视野，不同的哈哈镜有不同的成像，不同的心情会有不同的行动，不同的花有不同的花香和样子，不同的评价造就孩子不同的命运。何必要让自己狭小的视角不公地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型? (选自湖北省中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾针对老师的评语表达了自己的看法，先用排比句的形式说明每一个学生都有自己的个性，老师不必磨灭学生个性，最后再以问句结束，启示人们进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

四：引用佳句，多姿多彩

1、“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，15年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃! (选自广州中考满分文《从天空想到的》)

2、想到这里，我又记起了一位名人说过的一句话：“身边的书多着呢，只要发觉，肯定会学到很多……” (选自陕西中考满分文《阅读身边的人》)

3、明日歌中说：“明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事成蹉跎……”希望大家能把握今天，创造出美好的明天。 (选自四川内江中考满分文《创造美好的明天》)

4、佐拉说：“人生――只有两分半种的时间，一分种微笑、一分种叹息、半分种的爱……”在我看来，在我陶醉于欣赏母亲的梳妆中，那一分钟的微笑不是勉强，那一分钟的叹息之后不再是叹息，而是爱的传递，母亲将她对生命的爱，对生活的爱，对亲人的爱融于平日的点滴中，我忘情天其中了…… (选自吉林省中考满分文《陶醉》)

技巧点拨：古今中外，名言佳句很多，作文结尾之时，若能巧妙引用，定能使文章增色许多。这里列举几例分别引用了诗文佳句、名人言论，既增添了文采又加深了文章的意境。效果很好，同学们应加以学习，此外，引用的范围可大些，如俗语、谚语、流行歌词等均可引用。

五：抒情议论，气势不凡

1、其实宁静就是那么简单，一个浅浅的微笑，一句贴心的话语，一颗能包含一切的心灵，足以使一张紧绷的脸松弛开来，让笑容在人们脸上轻轻地绽开，那笑容就如徜徉在天边的云朵，轻轻地点缀着那片蔚蓝的天，清新而自然， (选自广州中考满分文《从天空想到的》)

2、春光似海，青春如花。青春是美丽的，美丽的青春在于奋斗，在于拼搏。愿天下的人们都能让自己的青春绽放出花一样的馨香! (选自吉林省中考满分文《花样年华》)

技巧点拨：这两段文字发于心，出于情，运用排比、比喻修辞，以优美的文字抒发内心真实情感，并配以适当的议论，使文章结尾气势不凡，强劲有力。

六：景物烘托，情景合一

1、风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容，两代人的那扇玻璃也被那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。 (选自广州中考满分文《雨中品读》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾的特点十分突出，景物烘托的作用也很明显，小作者通过对雨后景物的描写暗示了两代人之间情感隔阂的消失，情与景有机地结合在了一起。含蓄隽永。余味无穷。

2、此刻，一缕阳光从外面射进病房，我感到自已真像一棵受伤的小树沐浴着它。呵，成长的路上，虽然风云莫测，但是阳光毕竟很好!我想。 (选自湖北省仙桃市中考满分文《在阳光下成长》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾突出阳光的作用，将阳光与成长结合在一起，暗示自己成长道路虽不平坦但充满阳光，表达出一种乐观向上的情绪。既照应了主旨，又显得情韵深厚。

在写作的过程中我们偶尔会引用一些名言，下面是语文迷网整理的36个常用的名言，供大家阅读。

1、 More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

2、 Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

3、 All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

4、 A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

5、 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

6、 Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

7、 Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

8、 well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

9、 It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

10、 Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

11、 Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

12、 Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

13、 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

14、 God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

15、 Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

16、 First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

17、 Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

18、 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

19、 live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

20、 Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

21、 East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

22、 Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

23、 Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

24、 Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

25、 The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

26、 Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

27、 An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

28、 As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

29、 Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

30、 One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

31、 Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

32、 A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

33、 Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

34、 All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

35、 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

36、 To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

如何提高信息的产出率、命中率，这是每位组工干部所关注的。现结合自身工作实践与学习体会，就如何写好组工信息，与大家共同进行探讨和交流。不当之处，敬请各位批评指正。

一、信息的概念、特点和作用

信息就是反映工作的文稿，是有价值的、客观情况的反映。层次高的信息是对原始信息的归纳、综合，是各级领导科学决策的重要依据。

信息的特点，主要表现在三个方面。一是具有宏观性。信息主要是为领导决策提供服务的，它所产生的效应直接或间接体现在决策方面。要求撰写信息人员围绕工作主题、单位工作中心工作抓大问题，抓有碍全局的实际问题，抓政策性问题，抓重要的监管动态以及重大的社情民意，而不是摄取小镜头，捕捉小花絮。二是具有真实性。与新闻报道不同，新闻报道要注重政治影响，而信息则要求实事求是。不管是喜是忧，都必须如实报告。一就是一，二就是二，决不允许在数字上来大概加估计。三是具有权威性。信息必须经过本级领导审查后方可报出，应该是具有严肃性的官方消息，决不是不加约束混淆视听的小道消息。

信息具有四个方面的作用，简单讲就是，宣传、协调、交流和引导。

二、信息的采编技巧

(一)要学会取材。有的同志反映，身边眼前都是平平常常的业务工作，哪有那么多具有价值的信息呢？信息从哪里来呢？通过积累和实践摸索，有14条采集信息的途径可以利用，用言简意赅的98个字加以概括，那就是：文件堆里挖；翻阅材料筛；讲话稿中捡；领导口中理；联系上下摸；会议之中捕；参与活动追；重大事件抢；深入基层拾；关注新闻抓；掌握规律掏；情况反馈传；跟踪问效知；利用网络选。信息就在我们的实际工作中，只要我们勤奋加刻苦，敏锐而深入，还会拓展出更多的渠道来，也一定会发现信息取之不尽，用之不竭。

(二)要注重时效。信息就像山里的药材，适时是宝，过时是草。要勤写快报，准确性中求快，新中求活，实中求深，是提高信息产出率的高招实招。同样一件事，你抢先一步，可能被录用，如果滞缓半拍，很可能被打入冷宫。

（三）要体现特色。条条块块承担的职能不同，信息的产生势必各有侧重。只有注重挖掘工作中的亮点，聚焦工作中的难点，采集领导关注的热点，信息工作才能源头活水滚滚来。

（四）要实事求是。编撰信息必须树立实事求是的文风，不做假大空的文章。不乱提诸如战略、战役、战术、方略等过高的口号。语言要求准确、朴实、精练、明快、提神，避免客套话和空话。

（五）要对号入座。要根据信息层次不同，需求不同，量体裁衣，看菜吃饭，适合于哪一级信息刊物用的就报给哪一级，内外有别。各有侧重，不搞一刀切，一锅煮。

三、信息的写法

(一)细琢鲜明标题。标题是信息内容的统帅、纲领。题常意要新，意常题要新，这是对标题较高的要求。如何写好标题：是题文一致。标题必须与内容一致，不能用一些不适当的副词、形容词，以免华而不实、故弄玄虚。同时，标题的观点在信息中要有充分的依据，语言精准，让人想看下去。内容准确，少不了时间，地点、人物、事件、效果等。

二是选择句式的艺术。陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句是汉语的四种基本句式。陈述句是将所要叙述的事情直接陈列表述出来。信息标题大量使用的是陈述句，并且多用主谓型结构。

写人的英语作文在高考中不少见，什么样的作文更能吸引人呢?下面请看语文迷为大家带来的技巧。

写人记叙文，一般为肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，应根据要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

【几点注意】

1.使用正确人称和时态。

①时态：

一般现在时--描写人物外貌、性格、兴趣等

一般过去时-- 描写人物出生、教育背景、经历、事迹

②人称：第一人称或第三人称

2.介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等，包括所给的全部信息点，不能遗漏或随意添加。

3.对所给的信息进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。

4.正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。

【常见词语】

①外貌特征：

pretty, beautiful, good-looking，handsome,ordinary-looking, with a big nose, with a big

smile, short, tall,thin, strong, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, …

②性格特点：

absent-minded, charming, attractive, bright, wise smart, confident, naughty，talkative, diligent,

lazy, friendly, generous, be ready to help others,kind-hearted, warm-hearted, patient, humorous,

have a good/ bad temper, independent,narrow-minded, …

③童年情况：

as a boy of 15, be born on, during his childhood, live a happy/hard life, the son of a poor family,

spend his childhood in, ...

④兴趣爱好： be delighted in doing, be good at , be interested in , be fond of , be crazy about, be pleased with, do well in, enjoy doing, have a strong desire to do, long for/long to do), take a pleasure in doing,…

⑤教育背景： be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test, get a master’s

degree, get on well with one’s lessons, go abroad to further one’s study, graduate from,major in, receive a doctor’s degree, pass the examination, take an active part in, …

⑥ 成就或事迹：

become a member of the team, encourage sb to do sth, give up one’s life for sth, receive the

Nobel Prize for physics, set a new world record of,win the first prize in, win a gold /silver/ bronze

medal, have a talent for, make up one’s mind to do sth., put one’s heart into, work hard at,

concentrate oneself to, devote oneself to,do sth.with great determination and perseverance, ...

⑦他人评价：

an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by , be honored as, be

considered/regarded as, be famous/known as,his hard work brought him great success, make

great contributions to our country, set a good example for , be highly spoken of for, ...

例文

你班要举办以“Ordinary but Great”为题的英语主题班会。

请根据下列信息准备一篇发言稿，介绍赵郁的成长经历。

注意： 1、词数不少于60。

2、文章的题目和开头已经给出。

3、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

提示词：首席技师 chief technician

Ordinary but Great

We are all ordinary people, but following what we are interested in and doing what we are good

at can help us make great achievements for society and go far. Here’s a convincing and inspiring example.

______________________________________

【范文】

Zhao Yu, the chief technician in the Benz Company,is regarded as a great success. However, his success is no accident. As a young boy with a sense of creativity, he was eager to learn and to make a lot of inventions. Being an ordinary worker in the Benz Company for 17 years, not only did he do well in his job, but he also made efforts to teach himself English and to learn how to use computers. Now it is easy for him to read English materials about cars. Besides, he became expert at solving various technical problems.Because of his great contribution, he has received awards many times.

Zhao Yu has set a good example that ordinary people can stand out by doing their jobs with interest and enthusiasm.

【评析】

1.作者运用了所给出的全部信息：姓名、职务、经历。对所给的信息进行了适当重组，突出了重点信息(赵郁的经历)，内容完整、详略得当，体现了话题“Ordinary but great”所表达的内容。

2. 正确使用人称(第三人称)，灵活使用时态(一般过去时、一般现在时);合理使用过渡词，使文章层次分明、结构紧凑。

3. 语言规范，表达准确。文章运用了一些高级句式，如同位语、介词短语、分词短语、倒装句、同位语从句等，增加了文章的亮点。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感、灵活的文学体裁。随着时间发展，散文的概念由广义向狭义转变，并受到西方文化的影响。小编收集了散文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

开头

①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

中间

一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

结尾

①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

抒情散文模式

开头

①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

中间

①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

结尾

巴金的部分散文创作历程

1929年到1937年中，创作了主要代表作长篇小说《激流三部曲》中的《家》，以及《海的梦》、《春天里的秋天》、《砂丁》、《萌芽》(《雪》)、《新生》、《爱情的三部曲》、(《雾》、《雨》、《电》)等中长篇小说，出版了《复仇》、《将军》，《神·鬼·人》等短篇小说集和《海行集记》、《忆》、《短简》等散文集。以其独特的风格和丰硕的创作令人瞩目，被鲁迅称为“一个有热情的有进步思想的作家，在屈指可数的好作家之列的作家”(《答徐懋庸并关于抗日统一战线问题》)。其间任文化生活出版社总编辑，主编有《文季月刊》等刊物和《文学丛刊》等从书……

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明， 正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我，“我是怎样一个人， 就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”， “反正我只是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。 朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事， 而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验， 再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

四、散文写作--构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考，再探索，再继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养、功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。

构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文，起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。

徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可以说明这个问题。

总之，一篇散文的谋篇、构思，不同的作家有不同的方法，因人而异，不可强求一律，更不能照猫画虎，每人应有每人的独特方法，但讲究构思，则对每一个作家而言，都是极重要的。

一篇优秀的散文，几乎难以离开联想。所谓联想，是指对事物由此及彼、由表及里的想象活动。由一事物过渡到另一事物的心理过程。当人们由当前事物回忆起有关的另一事物，或者由想起的一件事物又波及到另一件事物时，都离不开联想。在这种联想活动中，事物的特征和本质，更容易鲜明和突出，作者的思想认识也能不断提高和深化。一个作者的知识积累，储藏愈厚实，则对生活的感受愈敏锐，易于触类旁通，浮想联翩，文思泉涌。联想，在心理活动中占有重要地位。回忆常以联想的形式出现，联想还有助于举一反三的推理过程。特别是在散文创作及其它样式的文艺创作中，联想有着增强作品艺术魅力的功效。

散文家的灵感，看似偶然，实则必然，迁思妙得，得自长期积累。积累愈厚，愈发敏感。散文不是贵在触发吗?由此及彼是触发，对于目前所经历的事物，发现旁的意思，既是触发，也是联想。深厚的积累，有助于触发的深化。要将“诗魂”变为诗，要从触发达到构思，还必须发挥联想和想象。要将许多旧经验溶化、抽象、加以重新组织，假若没有一定生活积累做凭依，想象、联想的翅膀则是飞不起来的。客观事物总是相互联系的，具有各种不同联系的事物反映在作者的头脑中，便形成了各种不同的联想──有空间或时间上相接近的事物形成接近联想(如由水库想起水力发电机);有相似特点的事物形成的类似联想(如由鲁迅想起高尔基);有对立关系的事物形成对比联想(如由光明想起黑暗); 有因果关系的事物形成因果联想(如由火想到热)。

散文的联想，总是同精细的观察、细微的描述相结合。散文的画面，首先力求真实、具体，使人读之如身临其境，同时也要做到含蓄、深邃，使人读之能临境生情。作者给读者想象空间、回味余地愈大，则诗意的芬芳愈浓，这就离不开丰富而活跃的联想。 联想，实质上是观察的深化，是此时此地的观察，与彼时彼地观察的融会贯通。没有这种融会贯通，便没有感受的加深、思想的升华、诗意的结晶。如果说，精细的观察，为作者采集了丰富的矿石，那活跃的联想，则是对这些矿石的冶炼和加工。 联想不是凭着个人的闪念所得，漫无边际地胡思乱想。一个作家要想让联想的翅膀飞起来，没有广博的学识，不掌握事物之间内在的联系和底蕴，没有个人的创造性和激情，没有个人爱好的广大空间，思想和幻想、形式和内容的广大空间，是高飞不起来的。只能象蓬间雀那样在草稍上徘徊，而不能象大鹏那样展翅万里，海阔天空自由飞翔。

散文笔调的魅力，固然来自作家的真知、真见、真性、真情。但要将其化作文学和谐的色彩、自然的节奏、隽永的韵味，还必须依靠驾驭文字的娴熟，笔墨的高度净化。

文采，不在于文字的花哨和刻意雕饰，而在于表情达意，朴实真挚。如堆砌词藻，就象爱美而又不善于打扮的女人一样，以为涂脂抹粉，越浓越好，花花绿绿，越艳越好，其实俗不可耐，令人见了皱眉。

散文作者，要有特别敏锐的眼光和洞察力，能看到和发现别人所没有看到的事物，还需有异常严密而深厚的文字功夫。创作时，不能心浮气躁，要静下心来，挖空心思找到准确的词句，并把它们排列得能用很少的话表达较多的意思。这就是古人所说的“言简意繁”。要使语言能表现出一幅生动的画面，简洁地描绘出人物的音容笑貌和主要特征，让读者一下子就牢牢记住被描写人物的动作、步态和语气。

散文的语言美，作家们有不少独到精辟的见解。秦牧说：“文采，同样产生艺术魅力和文笔情趣。丰富的词汇，生动的口语，铿锵的音节，适当的偶句，色彩鲜明的描绘，精采的叠句……这些东西的配合，都会增加文笔的情趣。”佘树森说：“散文的语言，似乎比小说多几分浓密和雕饰，而又比诗歌多几分清淡和自然。它简洁而又潇洒，朴素而又优美，自然中透着情韵。可以说，它的美，恰恰就在这浓与淡、雕饰与自然之间。”

散文篇幅小，容量大，行文最忌拉拉杂杂，拖泥带水，容不得老王婆裹脚布，又长又臭。简洁，并不是简境，而是简笔;笔既简，而境不简，是一种高度准确的概括力。杜牧《阿房宫赋》开头写道：“六王毕，四海一。蜀山兀，阿房出。”仅仅十二字，就写出了六国王朝的覆灭。秦始皇统一了天下，把蜀山的树木砍光了，山顶上光秃秃的，就在这里，修建起阿房宫。短短十二个字，写出了这么丰富的历史内容，时空跨度又很大，真可谓“言简意繁”了。 潇洒，对人来说，是一种气质，一种风度。对散文来说，是语句变化多姿。短句，促而严;长句，舒而缓;偶句，匀称凝重;奇句，流美洒脱。这些句式的错落而谐调的配置，自然便构成散文语言特有的简洁而潇洒的美。

散文语言的朴素美，并不排斥华丽美，两者是相对成立的。在散文作品里，我们往往看到朴素和华丽两副笔墨并用。该浓墨重彩的地方，尽意渲染，如天边锦缎般的晚霞;该朴素的地方，轻描淡写，似清澈小溪涓涓流淌。朴素有如美女的“淡扫蛾眉”，华丽亦非丽词艳句的堆砌，而是精巧的艺术加工，不着斧凿的痕迹。但不论是朴素还是华丽，若不附属于真挚感情和崇高思想的美，就易于像无限的浮萍，变得苍白无力，流于玩弄技巧的文字游戏。

像生活的海洋一样，语言的海洋也是辽阔无边的。行文潇洒，不拘一格，鲜活的文气，新颖的语言，巧妙的比喻，迷人的情韵，精采的叠句，智慧的警语，优美的排比，隽永的格言，风趣的谚语，机智的幽默，含蓄的寓意，多种多样艺术技巧的自如运用，将使散文创作越发清新隽永，光彩照人。期刊——《散文》

《散文》创刊于1980年1月，是我国第一家专发散文作品的纯文学刊物。创刊之初，便确立了思想上追求高格调，艺术上追求高水准的办刊宗旨，二十年如一日的坚持，使得《散文》成为一份高雅纯净，独具品位的刊物，推出了包括贾平凹、赵丽宏、詹克明、李汉荣等在内的大批优秀散文作家及作品，得到了广大读者和社会的认可。

多年来，《散文》的发行量一直居全国同类刊物之冠，影响遍及海内外华人世界。曾获历年省市级优秀期刊奖，首届及第三届“中国期刊奖”。2005年的《散文》，将一如既往地坚持自己的艺术追求，并在此基础上进一步加大内容的丰富性和风格的多样性.“格高境阔，文洁意新;继承传统，发展创新”这是我们始终坚持的十六个字。所有照亮黑暗启迪心智的思考，都值得我们收藏;所有为丰富汉语写作形式上可能性的努力，都值得我们珍视。我们从来不以绯闻、逸事和低级趣味来吸引读者;以平常心为平常人办刊，关怀人生、贴近灵魂是我们靠近读者的方式，而这一切的实现，又不以牺牲文学性和原创性为代价。我们相信，中国需要《散文》，这就好比人生需要艺术的因子一样。我们认为，一本好的刊物，它当然要尊重人的日常欲望，但更为重要的它理应对破坏爱、善与和谐的力量表示自己的不妥协。正是在这个意义上，《散文》呈现了一种罕见的沉思的品质和悲悯情怀。薪火相传，

导语：什么叫话题作文?“话题”，是谈话的核心议题，是描述或议论所涉及的范围或“由头”。“话题作文”便是就着这个“由头”说事论理、抒情言志。有人打比方说，话题作文就好比是电视里栏目主持人，跟嘉宾和观众一道聊天，或评述人物春秋，或讲述百姓故事，或评论时事热点，所聊的内容就是“话题作文”。

近几年高考话题作文以新的面孔出现在我们的眼前。它们是天津卷的“我说90后”和辽宁卷的“明星代言”。和往年相比，今年的话题作文命题思想和写作要求又有了一些变化，在内容范围和写作要求上提出了更严格的限制。比如，天津、辽宁两卷都提出了“不得套作，不得抄袭”的要求，以保障高考的严肃性和公正性;辽宁卷还明确要求“不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文”，这就避免了以前话题作文可以不联系材料从而无节制放纵的弊病。所以可称其为“新话题作文”。

新话题作文一般有很强的现实针对性，常常是社会热点问题。如今年的“明星代言”，考生可联系社会现实生活说事评理。其次便是有较充分的自由度。以今年天津卷的“我说90后”为例，对于“90后”的认识并没有统一的答案。文体选择也相对灵活，可写成“90后”的故事，可写成“90后”的宣言，也可写成为“90后”的辩白，甚至可写成理性评判对“90后”的毁誉之类的议论文。但是也应注意到：新话题作文在内容方面的限制性在增强。比如，“我说90后”这个话题，你可以任选“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”中的某一个角度或说理，或叙事，或抒发感情，但是你得承认：“90后”终将担当起社会和历史赋予的重任。

新话题作文审题要注意几个方面，可概括为“五要”

一要全面，审清命题的所有信息要素。新话题作文文题的表述一般由导语、材料和要求三部分构成。对这三部分用语要全面关注。尤其是“要求”用语，其内容往往涉及角度、拟题、文体、字数、提示、警示等，大都是刚性要求，不可逾越，如2009年高考天津卷“要求”后的1至3点和第5点，而第4点则是一个善意的提示：“写出自己的真情实感”。材料表述有时会表明题型如“以‘我说90后’为话题”，有时则比较模糊，需要借助有关信息参比才能半端出题型，如辽宁卷材料表述的第一节“513网上论坛。主题：明星代言”，它意味着以“明星代言”为话题写文章。

二要深入，审清话题概念的内涵、外延甚至一些隐含信息。还以“我说90后”为例，其中“90后”应指20世纪90年代出生的一代人，而不能理解为时间、时代、社会等。“我”意味着文章应以第一人称表述，是写个人的认识，但不是写自己，并且第一人称还可以用“我们”来表述。“说”导向的文体应该是议论文，是要求作者发表对“90后”群体的感受、看法和评价。

三要分析，审清材料的内容、含意以及不同的角度。如辽宁卷“明星代言”，应围绕“明星代言”现象衍生出“小主题”或要点，如诚信、责任、道德与利益、法制等。抓住这些要点便于围绕中心从不同角度逐层论述。而天津卷“我说90后”材料中“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”三个关键词则是三个并列的角度，最好选择其中一个进行叙事或评说，不要将几个纠合在一起，以至缠绕不清。

四要推求，审出话题背后的“命题意图”，以便有针对性地选择写作策略和方案。高考其实是一种社会行为，既要教育考生，又要引导舆论，自然应有积极的命意。话题或文题只是一个“窗口”，它要引导考生张望社会、世界和人生。因此我们应以正确的思维方式联系社会热点，推求命题意图。比如“我说90后”这个话题，是要让考生了解、认识自己所处的这个群体，正视自己的长处和短处，意识到自己这一代人的历史责任，以便更好地健康成长。而“明星代言”这个话题，将材料和社会热点如三鹿奶粉事件联系起来则能推出其“引导考生关注社会民生的热点问题，学会辩证思考和分析社会现象，培养独立思考的习惯和批判意识”的命题意图。

五要抓“点”，这样便于选择恰当的切入点、合适的文体、合理的思路，形成最佳写作方案。比如“我说90后”，材料中那三个关键词，你只需选择一个以优化的方案展开;而其中的“说”，明眼一看，议论文便是最合适的文体。再如“明星代言”，抓住五则材料的要点，可快捷地理出文章的合理思路。当然也可以抓住其中一个方面如道德自律或法制监管深入剖析，形成最佳方案。

今年有学者对高考作文命题晦涩化、幼稚化和缺少思想力度提出批评。这是我国高考作文命题的思想将发生较大变化的征兆，从上述两个文题可窥见一斑，至少它是对旧话题作文乃至多年高考作文命题沉疴的反拨。一些专家介绍的国外命题内容和话题形式，也值得我们关注。

对于作文这一部分来说，大家应该首先了解不同文章的特点和规律，下面是小编整理的2017考研英语高分作文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、了解意图，抓住精髓

近年来的大作文非常玄妙，值得细品。首先，很可能大作文正在经历由时事向哲理过渡的重大变革，这在2001年、2002年、2004年、2007年、2009和2010年真题上表现得最为明显。其次，出题人将尽量用图画来表达意图，而不借助或少借助图中或图旁的文字，这样意义表达的会更深刻，对考生的思考力和判断力的要求也就更高。第三，图画的含义深刻，可以接受的解释也较多，但要想取得高分，必须紧扣图画，把握住其中的精髓，最深刻地表达其核心的意义。

二、扣紧主题

写大作文时切记要扣紧主题，切不可离题太远，导致最后回不来或时间不够写不完。另外，各部分之间的比例应适当，第一段不要太长。与主题相关的关键词语一定要用对，否则会影响分数。

三、看清要求

有的同学一看到写“网络”，就立即联想到这方面最火爆的话题“网络成瘾”，将主题确定为此。有的同学干脆将之转变为自己看到过的文章——“网络的利与弊”。这些都是不正确的做法。写大作文时，首先要减少语言的错误，提高语言的准确性。语言错误有许多种，有的是小错误，甚至可以忽略不计，而有些是大错误，是让老师看到后不得不扣分的错误。另一方面就是增加闪光点，除了结构清晰外，闪光点主要指好的词、词组或句型，一是使用恰当，二是要有变换。上述这两点都不容易，而结合起来就更难了。如果文章分为三段，那么起始段、结尾段和中间段落的开始部分是非常关键的。对于背诵的好词、词组和句型，一定要和具体的行文联系起来，融入到文章中去，不仅要用对，还要用好，避免给人突兀的感觉。

四、避免投机取巧

近年来，有些考生有投机的心理，结果却很惨烈。有的考生准备了万能模板，直接往上套，这样的效果并不好。正如有的较为激进的阅卷老师所说，这些考生是想通过不诚实的手段得到不属于他的东西，这样的人应该得到惩罚。实际上这些考生中有的水平还不错，如果坚持依靠自己，咬紧牙关奋力拼搏的话，结果会是不错的。

综上所述，对于作文这一部分来说，大家应该首先了解不同文章的特点和规律，而后用心地学习范文并进行模仿，然后练习全文写作并请老师批改再细细揣摩。相信通过这样的过程，大家的写作一定会有长足的进步。

写作方法是一门应用科学，也是一种技巧。娴熟的写作技巧，能使文章流金溢彩，引人如胜，对突出与提高文章的价值很有作用。当然，它虽非一日之功能，但多读、多看、多写，也会熟能生巧、驾驭自如。古人说：读书破万卷、下笔如有神。

要想写出好的新闻作品，必须把握以下四点：画龙点睛的标题，轻重得当的布局，行云流水的思路，洗练生动的文笔。

l、千锤百炼标题

新闻标题之于文章，相当于眼睛之于人的脸庞。美不美，看脸嘴，神不神，看眼睛。俗话说，眼睛是心灵的窗户。消息的标题，直接决定了编辑和读者的第一印象，印象的喜恶又决定了取舍的意愿。夸张一点说，在稿源充足的情况下，标题决定稿件的生死。通常说的“看书看个皮，看报看个题”，就是对此的精妙注解。标题成为了筛选信息的最好尺度，同时，还是一个记者最高文字水平的体现。

对尚未入门的初学者来说，好的标题，就是一块敲门砖。取了一个好的标题，可以说就成功了一半。

标题是什么?标题就是主题的凝炼，是主题的精练显现，是主题的文字浓缩。提练不出消息的主题，凝炼不出主题的标题，结果就只会是文不对题，就是牛头对马胯，南辕北辙，风马牛不相及，下笔千言，离题万里。

标题，原则上应有三方面的要求：第一，鲜明。如《县委书记的榜样——焦裕禄》，见题就知文章内容要反映什么。第二，新颖。如《鲜花开在牛屎上》，人们都知“鲜花插在牛屎上”的含义，但此变一个字，就达到反其意而用之的效果。第三，扣题。如《抢救里根总统记》直接揭示文章内容。这三方面的要求，其目的就是给人一个“一见钟情”的感觉，见到便有多看几眼或看个究竟的欲望。有的文章内容很好，但标题不好，就容易在编辑那里被见题生厌或引不起注意，弃之一旁。如果我们的通讯员发表的稿件，只要达到60%以上数目的标题不被改动，那拟制标题就算及格了，或者说不错了。

实题与虚题。标题有实题与虚题之分。实题是指标题是文章内容的实在浓缩，内容就是标题的展开。如《焦裕禄》、《总统》。虚题是指标题是内容的意境升华或比喻，内容不是标题的展开。如《鲜花》写的不是真实的鲜花开放在牛屎上，而是将人将成绩比喻成鲜花，牛屎暗示工作和生活环境。实题与虚题并无优劣之分，关键是看文章内容，需用什么样的形式表示更好一些。二者各有千秋。

正题与副题。文章都有其标题，但通讯在很多时候既有正题，又有副题。正题，通常揭示文章主题。副题，是正题的补充，常划定某个范围或作某种揭示。如《总统》就只有正题，因为这里的正题已说得相当明白，勿需副题来画蛇添足。如《鲜花》发表在《经济信息时报》上，编辑就按惯例加了个副题“—一记朱家场工商所的年轻人们”。这就限定了范围并予以揭示，这篇通讯写的是朱家场工商所的年轻人，既不是写花，也不是写哪一个人。一般来说。现在中篇人物通讯，多有副题，短通讯即小故事，通常不用副题。

2、别出心裁布局

写作的金科玉律三点式：凤头、熊肚(猪肚)、豹尾。 最精采的呈现在开头，最打眼的妆点在开头，最关键的浓缩在开头，最震撼的推出在开头。使人一见动心，欲罢不能。

最厚重的在中间，最充实的在中间，最丰满的在中间，最信服的在中间。容天纳地，精采纷呈;事实胜于雄辩。

最隽永的回味在收笔，最揪心的牵挂在收笔，最警醒的拷问在收笔，最振奋的激情在收笔。掩卷击节，拍案称绝。

通常而言，这三点式是所有作文的通则，但消息因其特殊体裁而略有不同，就动态消息来说，常常是重要的放在前边，越靠后就越是可有可无，甚至不要，也不影响读者对消息的知悉度。如果有人留心便不难发现，大型会议的报道，最后常常罗列非顶级的长串领导名录。当然，长消息与经验消息综合消息，就要认真布局，尤其“肚子”，要厚实与丰满，逻辑关系一定要相互关联与照应，不能顾此失彼，互不相干。布局上力戒平铺直叙，起伏迭宕方见奇。

开篇。对文章成败有较大关系，有的文章有专门的章节或段落。如引子或序言之类，有的则没有。不管有无，但开头都必需精彩、引人。清人李渔说过：“开卷之初，当以奇句夺目，使之一见而惊，不敢弃去。”开头写得好，就能“逼”着读下去。如枯燥干巴、乏味，则难以吊读者的胃口，引起他们的兴趣。《鲜花》是这样开头的：“鲜花插在牛屎上，历来是一个贬意语，然而‘鲜花绽开牛屎上’，却是一方父老的口碑。”为何反其意而成为口碑呢?欲知详情如何，那就请看下文分解，达到以俗变新，诱人下看的目的。

主体。这是文章的全部内容所在，背景、因果、经过、人和事、环境等，全在这里，这是文章全部价值的彰显之所，同样又是作者的匠心所在。可以说，文章的成功与否，系于主体。《鲜花》的四大部分“潇洒人生”、“服务上帝“、“拳拳爱心”和“造福一方”，都在主体部分。这四部分分别表现他们人生观、价值观和荣辱观;表现他们的职业忠诚和服务市场经济的行为;表现他们对人民的一片赤诚和厚爱之心;表现他们汗水换来的山区经济的发展。通过四个方面刻画，使读者相信，这的的确确是一束鲜花，是值得人们口碑的。

结尾。是文章的结束部分，也是呼应开篇、呵成一体的重笔之处。结尾，往往以议论或抒情作为结束语，以达到昭示、震撼、警醒、呼唤、反省、回味之目的。形式有恬淡或浓郁、轻盈或凝重、隽永或豪迈、飘逸或苍劲等等不一而足。结尾，有的文章有尾声等章节，但篇幅不长的通常无此必要。《鲜花》以“奋进吧，年轻人!愿牛屎上的鲜花绽开得更加绚丽夺目”作为结束语，抒发了作者强烈的感情和厚望，与开篇呼应，浑然一体。

3、酣畅淋漓思路

清晰畅达，行云流水，迭宕起伏，圆润柔滑。力避脱节、冲突、重复、离心。

消息的思路，相当于人的血脉、经络。血脉与经络淤滞不畅，人必将元气耗失，萎靡不振，沉疴在身，病体奄奄。一副病入膏肓的样子，何来美感，何以打人。思路决定成败。再好的新闻，思路搭铁短路，懵懂迷糊，不能辨其价值，或不能表现价值，价值也就无从谈起。独家新闻好写，不是独家新闻，就得拓开思路，另取角度，另寻视点，见人之所不见，写人之所不写，即古人说的，人人心中均有，个个笔下皆无。

如魏巍的《谁是最可爱的人》。这标题凝炼得穿越时空成为永恒，

成为志愿军甚至是此后解放军的代名词。国内大量的战地记者写了数不清的战斗故事与战斗英雄，而魏巍另取角度，另寻视角，从三个普通的士兵身上提炼出了代表整个志愿军对祖国对朝鲜人民忠与爱和对侵略者恨与狠的本质精神。(牺牲战士嘴里的耳朵;炮兵要求改步兵;雪拌炒面的回答：怎么不苦，我们革命军队又不是怪物。)真实真情与独特的视角，成为永恒经典。

思路最显心力的是主体架构。主体结构的形式，通常有顺序式、倒序式、并列式、花朵式等几种。

4、栩栩如生文笔

妙笔生花，花团锦簇;妙笔生辉，辉映锦绣。妙笔的底线是真实，迭破真实的底线，妙笔就是杀人的刀，一是杀他人，二是杀自己。

消息的要害是鲜活灵动，是带着朝露的嫩绿，富有勃勃的生机。多用动词，少用形容词;多用平实口语，少堆砌华丽辞藻;多用短句，少写冗长繁语。用洗练生动的语言写出人物与事件的鲜活，切忌枯燥死寂。

娴熟的文笔，是驾驭文章的前提与条件。没有好文笔，写不出好文章，同样也不能写出生动形象的消息。通讯，不仅要娴熟的文笔，还需斐然的文采;文采，让文章容光焕发，使作品熠熠生辉。写作中，尽量避免学生腔与无病呻吟，学生作文的痕迹不可避免地在初学者的文章中显露。不要追求太时髦与太滥的书面语和千篇一律的陈词滥调，如法制类消息，只要是犯罪嫌疑人一落网，90%的都写“等待他的，将是法律的严惩”，耳朵生茧，听而翻胃。

动词是让句子富有生命力的关键，能使句子获得最大限度的流动感和跳跃感。美联社1974年修订的《编辑手册》中对记者的新闻写作提出了10个要求，其中第6条明确规定：“要牢记，一个句子中至少有一个实体动词，而这个动词应当是句子中最重要的词。”

(三)通讯写作的基本技巧

通讯写作最见功力的，是人物通讯。只有赋予人物思想与情感，让人物鲜活起来灵动起来，作品中的人物才能被读者认可与接受，才能感染与打动读者，才能完成作品的使命。

就我采写的人物通讯《鲜花开在牛屎上》，谈谈通讯写作的基本技巧。这篇通讯曾获全国工商好作品三等奖，也被贵大教授作为授课的范文讲评。

1、在矛盾冲突中展开故事情节，增强感染力

任何事物都是矛盾的统一体，社会在矛盾作用下前进。写通讯，就要将人物与事件在整个社会生活环境的相互关系和作用表现出来。背景是什么，矛盾焦点在哪里，情节发展如何，都必须考虑，依据如此诸多因素，造成一种强烈的矛盾对比的环境氛围，掀起情节发展的波峰浪谷，张驰有度，轻重有节，提起一个又一个悬念。常言讲的“文章似山不喜平”就是这个道理。为突出矛盾、突出情节的起伏，就必须戒除平铺直叙，面面俱到，应对素材有所取舍，当繁则繁，当简则简，有的要浓墨重彩，有的只一笔带过，以轻衬重，以次托主。《鲜花》首先介绍了环境的跟苦，而这些文化素质都较高的年轻人们是一种什么心态呢?面对起伏不定的市场效益，他们又是怎样作为的呢?一个个悬念都在迭宕起伏的情节中，在矛盾的变化中消失了。这样，文章的感染力也就得到增强。

2、利用典型事例烘托，增强说服力

典型事例，最具说服力。离开典型事例，就显苍白，也就没有通讯。典型是在特定的背景下，特定的环境中产生出来的特定典型人物与典型事例。较之普通不同的独有“个别”，是一篇作品产生的成因。只有写好了典型，文章才有说服力。《鲜花》在特定环境中，写了四件典型事例，并辅之以若干小事。“一滴水可以反映太阳的光辉”，通过典型事例，就由衷说服了读者。

3、让人物充分活动，增强生命力

人物，是通讯的核心，没有人也同样不存在通讯，尤其是人物通讯。为此，必须调动一切因素，刻画好人物，肖像刻画、语言刻画、心理刻画、行为刻画，立体综合表现，着力把握好对主要人物的刻画，让其用音容笑貌、喜怒哀乐、行为举止表现出一个血肉丰满的活人来。《鲜花》在心理刻画方面。其中有这样一段：“四头牛价值13000元，牛贩要求必须由工商担保，而且要在五天内给钱。长沙人有身份证和介绍信，身份真实，诈是不会的，只是等他们回去再寄钱来，至少也要半月。江所长面对—边恳求的眼光，一边慷慨的配合„„”他到底会怎么样?这个中风险如何?这诈与不诈怎样界定?这五天期限又如何实现?究竟应采用何种妙策?只有让人物充分地立体活动了，文章和主人公的生命力才能得以表现。

4、使用描写、议论和抒情等手法，增强表现力

在通讯中，描写是大量的人物描写、景物描写、场景描写，这不赘述。议论和抒情，也显得非常重要，在关键时候加以运用，往往起到升华主题与主人公思想境界的作用。有人曾这样说：“议论之于文章，犹如翅膀之于鸟。鸟无翅膀不能凌空，文无议论，境界难以升华”。可见，议论在通讯中的重要，但切切不能多用甚至滥用议论。议论与抒情，可以是文中人物，也可以是作者。先讲文中人物议论。如《鲜花》“农科院一位同志握着两人的手感慨地说：小同志啊，我活了这么大，是你们让我真正当了一回上帝!”这抒情式的议论，就将“服务上帝的思想境界升华了。再讲作者议论。如《鲜花》“潇洒吗，凭你说”。短短六个字，就将年轻人乐于艰苦创造辉煌的潇洒人生，予以了充分肯定和热情赞美。

5、关于标点符号

标点符号，在文章中占有非常重要的位置，有时起到了类似人身关节的作用。用得好，会使文章增色;反之会使文章辞不达意，甚至相反。标点符号，在文学作品中显得非常重要，在通讯中也很重要，它不仅起标点段句的作用，还能起到调节文章节奏、变换句式、阅读韵律、强调感情的作用。也许有的人现在还不能理解，或许觉得荒唐，一旦你写多了，个中奥妙自会明白。如《鲜花》“场内两棵三人合抱的古樟树，神树。病牛进场，好了;萎牛进场，雄了。树不死，场就不散”。用了这些标点。文句变短了，口语化了。节奏感强、明快。但若变成：“场内两棵三人合抱的古樟树，仿佛神树一般，病牛进场变好了，萎牛进场变雄了。只要树不死，场就不会散”。这样，字多了，句子也变长了，也不口语化了，明快的节奏感也随之逝去。

(四)重心与中心

对初学者而言，一定要知道消息的重心与中心两个最基本也最重要的概念。重心，是作者的功夫着力点;中心，是作者的思想展示点。

1、重心是标题与导语

新闻界有一个共识：编辑最见功力的是标题制作;记者最见功力的写好导语。

投稿时，新闻标题与导语的好坏，在很大程度上直接决定了编辑的取舍。报纸新闻的好坏，也同样直接决定了读者的取舍。美国哥伦比亚大学新闻系教授曼彻尔说：我写新闻，有一半甚至更多的时间用

于琢磨导语。

2、中心是主题与事实

主题从事实中凝炼升华，事实支撑与丰富着主题。主题是新闻事实所体现出的中心思想与基本观点，是作者通过客观事实所要表现的主观意图，是写作过程须臾不可偏离的中心。正如唐代杜牧所说：“凡文以意为主。”亦即要表达的思想意识和由此呈现的事实本象。

(五)新闻写作的十大规则

1、真实，是新闻的生命。

2、时效是消息的气色;越新鲜，气色越出采。

3、标题至少出现一个动词，最好无形容词。

4、独家新闻标题用基本事实，多家新闻突出角度。

5、用最好、最简短的语言写成导语。

6、消息中杜绝主观议论。

7、将专业术语变为大众语言，如不能，则尽可能放弃。

8、先起标题后写文，增强文章逻辑性。

9、多用动宾词组，少用偏正词组。多用祈使句，少用叙述性语句。

10、消息以细节数量取胜，不追求细节的扩展。

写人的作文，就是以人物描写为主的文章，人物可以是一个人，也可以是群体。写人文章不同于一般的记事文章，记事文侧重于写一件具体的事，落脚于事情发生的详细过程，人物不是主要的描写内容；写人的文章则着眼于描写人物的言行举止、心理动态等，人物是主要描写的对象，事是为突出人物的性格特点、思想品质服务的。

小学生怎样写好写人作文？以写人为主的记叙文主要是通过对人物外貌、语言、动作、心理活动的描写和典型事例的叙述来反映人物的思想、性格、品质、作风等特点。要写好写人为主的记叙文，应当从以下几方面入手：

（1）一、写好人物的形象。

人物的形象，一般指人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等。人物的外貌，就是人物的外形特征，包括容貌、衣着、姿态、神情等等。外貌描写首先必须从文章中心思想的需要出发，要求抓住人物的本质特征，有选择、有重点地描写。人物的语言包括人物的独白，对话，交谈以及语气。言为心声。人物的语言是人物内心世界的直接表现。因此成功的语言描写能恰当地表现人物的身份、年龄、思想、品质、作风和个性特点。描写人物语言时，要注意符合人物的身份，表现人物的思想感情，反映人物相互间的关系。描写人物的动作时，不仅要写出人物做什么，还要写出怎么做。心理活动是无声的语言，是直接表现人物精神面貌，思想活动的手段。描写人物的心理活动时，要注意把心理活动产生的原因叙述清楚，还要注意与外貌、动作、语言描写结合起来。外貌、语言、动作、心理活动写好了，人物的形象就突出、鲜明了。

详细分解：

A语言描写：在记叙文写作中，进行人物语言的描写是不可缺少的。进行人物语言的描写，不是随心所欲的，想怎样写就怎样写，而应该像鲁迅先生指出的那样：人物语言的描写，能使读者由说话看出人来。这就是说从人物语言的描写中看出人物的鲜明特点。那么，怎样才能达到这种境界呢？

一、人物语言的描写要符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。

二、人物语言的描写，力求反映人物的特征。成功的对话描写，不仅要符合人物的身份、年龄、职业等特点，而且也要能反映出人物的思想感情，表现人物的性格特征。

三、人物语言要力求简洁，避免有话必录和拖泥带水的现象。

四、具有鲜明个性的人物语言描写，并不是垂手可得，而要通过艰辛的努力才能获得。同学们为自己笔下的人物设计语言，更应该如此。

B、心理描写：是对人物内心活动的描写。深入描写人物的内心活动，是展示人物形象的重要手段。事出有因。任何心理活动的引起是有原因的，把心理活动的起因写清楚，对于展示人物形象是必不可少的。通过心理描写来展示人物形象，一定要把心理活动的过程展现出来。不然，人物的形象无论如何都会显得苍白无力。

心理活动的展现和其它事物的发展一样，都是有层次的。我们把人物心理活动的层次逐渐写出来，人物形象的展示也会越来越具体。写心理活动时，有一点要特别注意：用第一人称写人时，可以写我的心理活动，但不能写别人的心理活动。因为别人心里是怎样想的，我是无法知道的呀！

在现实生活中，不同人物之间的性格特征，或同一人物在不同环境下内在性格的变化，常常处在不协调的矛盾状态之中。为了显示人物性格的差异，写作文就必须通过对比加以表现，将他们面对相同的事物作出不同的反应抖落出来，从而突出人物的形象。

C、外貌描写：描写人物的外貌就是指对人物的容貌、身材、衣着和表情的描写，叫做外貌描写。我们有的同学一写到以记人为主的作文时，往往是作这样的描写：高高的个子，大大的眼睛，目光炯炯有神好像天下的人都是一个模样。其实，世界上的人有千千万万，没有完全相同的外貌。关键的问题是没有根据表达的需要，去描写人物的外貌。

怎样根据表达的需要去描写人物的外貌呢？

第一、根据表达的需要，描写人物的外在特征。每个人物都有他（她）自己的特有外貌，总是在一定的程序上表现出内在状态。由于人们的出身、经历、素养、社会环境的影响，同时自己鲜明的个性，这些在他（她）的表情、姿态、服饰等方面都能流露出来。

第二、根据表达的需要，有重点地描写外貌。

有的同学他们不分主次，不根据中心思想的需要，面面俱到地进行描写。眉毛胡子一把抓。可是效果呢？罗里罗嗦，让人看半天也不会知道特征在哪里。

第三、根据表达的需要，安排好外貌描写的顺序。对于一个人的外貌，作者往往是从多方面进行的。这些方方面面，哪些先写，哪些后写，应该遵循一定的顺序。但是，有时为了表达的需要，或者观察角度的变化，外貌描写的顺序也会有变化。

总之，外貌描写要有利于文章的中心思想的表达，有利于人物内心世界的展示，只有这样，才可以说文章的外貌描写是成功的。

二、抓住人物的特点。

每个人都有自己的特点，这个特点可以从人物的年龄、外貌、语言、动作、兴趣、个性、生活习惯等诸方面去考虑。一个人的特点是多方面的，作文时，我们应根据中心思想有所选择地写。

三、选用典型事例。

人与事是分不开的。一个人做的事很多，在作文时我们应选择那些最能表现人物思想、性格和文章中心思想的典型事件。

四、运用细节描写。

细节描写就是对能充分表现文章中心思想的人物外貌，语言、动作、表情等细小环节作具体、细致的描写。

小学阶段以写人为主的记叙文，一般分为三种类型；写一个人、写两个人、写几个人。其中应以写一个人为主。

一、写一个人。

记一个人的写人记叙文，大致有以下三种情况：

（一）通过写一件事写一个人。有的文章写人只写了一件事，写这一类的作文要注意以下几点：

1、要选择有代表性的生动事例画写。反映一个人的精神面貌的事例是很多的，通过一件事写人就要选取最有代表性的生动事例来写。

2、要写出事情的发展过程，使人物的形象逐步完整。

3、要把事情写具体。用一个典型事例记叙一个人，应该把这一事例写具体，这样人物形象才能丰满。

4、为了使读者对人物了解得更全面，使重点记叙的这件事有充分的依据和坚实的思想基础，使人物的形象更加丰富，文章的开头可以对人物作简要的介绍。

（二）通过几件事写一个人。

我们在生活中会接触到各种各样的人，有时使用一件事来反映一个人就显得比较单簿，不足以充分反映人物的特点及其品质，因此，必须用两三件事才可能说的明白，再现得充分。

通过几件事写一个人，要注意以下几点：

1、几件事不能相互矛盾，，人物的性格在几件事中要和谐、统一。

2、概括交代和具体描写相结合。在一篇简短的作文中要用几件事写一个人，不可能将每一件事详细叙述，因此一般可以交代和具体描写相结合的方法。即先概括交代一些事例，再具体记叙一两件事。

3、通过对比的方法写一个人。

通过对比方法写一个人，一般有三种：第一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人变化；第二种是对一个人的认识前后相比，说明这个人的品质；第三种是一个人同另一个人比，突出歌颂其中一个人。

通过对比描写来突出人物形象，要注意几点：

运用对比描写，不应该勉强凑合，主要看作文的材料是否适合采用对比的写法。如果材料本身需要用对比的写法，那么作者才可以通过对比来写人，完成自己的写作意图。如果材料的本身不适合采用对比的手段，那么也不要人为的牵强附会，为对比而对比。两个人进行对比，不能割裂开来先写一个，后写一个，互不相干，而是围绕中心事件叙述，刻画两个人不同的思想性格。写人，如果从一个侧面去描写，人物形象往往单薄。如果从多个侧面去描写，人物形象就容易丰满。多侧面地描写人物形象，这个侧面的选择不是随心所欲的，而是从众多的材料中选择整理出各具代表性的若干侧面，分工而又合作地表现人物形象。通过多侧面描写来丰满人物形象，我们可以称它是众星拱月。月就是人物，星就是侧面，拱就是多侧面展示人物形象的过程。不过应该看到，众星拱月的众星也不是平分秋色的，它们之间也有主次、详略的区别。所以在写众星的时候，是没有必要平均使用力量的。

二、写两个人

写两个人，一般是写《我和**》，**应包括亲人、同学、朋友、老师等熟悉的人，要写好这一类型的作文必须注意：

（一）要写好人物之间的联系。《我和**》，题目中突出了一个和字，这就要求从双方写起，通过具体的事例，写出我和**之间的联系。在叙事过程中，要写出彼此之间都想了些什么，说了些什么，做了些什么。只有从双方落笔，才能把握住题目要求写的重点。

（二）用对话展开情节。写《我和**》作文时，由于要写出两个人之间的关系，所以一定要写好两个人之间的对话。要用对话展开情节，用对话表现文章的中心。

三、写一群人。

写一群人，比写一个人、两个人难一些，难就难在要通过一定的材料组织，巧妙地将一群人凝聚在一起，从而反映各自的思想、性格、面貌。那么，怎样组织材料才能把一群人凝聚在一起呢？应该抓住贯串各个人物之间的线索。写人物群像，是不是每个人在文章中所占据的位置都一样呢？不是的。在一群人中，有的在文章中担任主角，有的在文章中担任配角，谁主谁次，是根据表现文章中心思想的需要来决定的。

人体是靠骨架支撑的，文章也是一样的道理。如果把文章的中心思想比作灵魂，材料比作血肉，那么，结构就是灵魂和血肉的骨架。因此，同学们在有了写人的材料以后，就应该进一步考虑它的结构。

写人的结构方式主要有以下两种：

第一种，总分总式。

这是最常见最朴素的写人结构。它的特点是有一个点明题意的开头（A），简洁醒目，作为文章的总起部分。主干部（B、C、D）也可以说是文章的分述部分，它的几段互相独立，从不同的角度表达中心，在编排先后的次序上还需要有一定的斟酌。结尾E是文章的总结部分，它不仅是D的自然过渡，而且常常是对B、C、D的归纳小结，又是对A的照应。

第二种，逐层进入式。

这种结构方式适用于用一件事写人。它的特点是：第一层次A，写事情的起因；第二层次B，写事情的发展；第三层次C，写事情的高潮；第四层次D，写事情的结局。文章的二三层次是全文的灵魂和力量所在。这两个层次写得好，常常可以使文章内容丰富起来。

一、从图中场面及人物加以推测

看图写话要求中常常会问图上是什么时间，小朋友在观察图画时就要从图中现有的一些场面来推测。例如呈现一幅图，公园里人们在锻炼身体，有的在跑步，有的在打太极拳，还有的在打羽毛球。从哪里能看出时间呢?小朋友就要仔细观察人们身上穿了什么，如果人们都穿了短袖、还有女士穿裙子，就可以推测是夏天。如果人们穿着厚厚的衣服，还有人戴手套、戴帽子，就可以推测是冬天。

再看场地是在公园，人们都在锻炼身体，显然人们是在公园里晨练，从而知道图上画的是早晨。因此理清图意，仔细观察、认真思考以及合理推测很重要。

二、仔细推敲写话要求找出要素

看图写话，通常都会配有这样一段文字。“图上画的是什么时候，在什么地方?有哪些人在干什么?想一想他们会说什么?请用几句话把图上的意思连起来写一写。”这段文字很重要，小朋友千万不可一看而过，要细细推敲，这段文字就是对写话的要求，也提示我们如何写话。

写话要求通常提示我们观察图画要关注时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。因此在写话的时候你就要写上这幅图所告诉你的时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。只有这些要素都具备了，才是合格的写话。

三、对比前后图画的不同之处

理清图意需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考。例如给你两幅图，第一幅图呈现了一条小鱼在鱼缸里、一个猫站在鱼缸边上正朝着鱼缸看，第二幅图呈现了一个鱼缸和一只舔着嘴巴笑眯眯的猫。你在观察时，就要对比两幅图的不一样，细心的你会发现第二幅图中鱼缸里的鱼不见了，而猫正在舔着嘴巴。经过你的认真思考，你会想到鱼被猫吃了。图中省去了猫吃鱼的过程，就需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考，理清图的意思。

请看这篇佳作：“有一只小花猫看到一个鱼缸里面有一条金鱼，她想来想去：怎么能吃到这条金鱼呢?

小花猫伸出猫爪在鱼缸里抓鱼，小金鱼游得非常快，就像一道红色的闪电。小花猫怎么也抓不到它，急得满头大汗。小花猫抓抓脑袋想出了一个办法。她对小金鱼说：“你游泳的技术真棒，可是你会跳吗?”小鱼得意地说：“我当然会跳啦!”“那你跳几下给我看看，我就不吃你了。”小花猫刚说完，小金鱼就跳了起来，水花溅了一地。小花猫看准时机在空中抓住了小鱼塞进了嘴里。

小花猫闭上眼睛，舔着嘴巴，得意洋洋地走开了。”

四、发挥合理想象丰富语言

很多同学在写话的时候既表达了图意，也能够有条理地描写，但是语言很简单，仅仅是就图说图，缺乏合理的想象。其实想象可以使你的写话充满灵气和活力。

例如一幅图上呈现四个小朋友，他们有的扛着小树苗、有的提着水壶、有的拿着铁锹，很显然小朋友们是准备植树了。在小朋友的头顶上还有两只小鸟在飞。如果在写话的时候只是写你观察到的两只小鸟在小朋友的头顶上飞翔，就显得简单无趣。这时你就要展开合理的想象：小鸟可能在给小朋友们唱歌，小鸟可能在说：“太好了，我们又有新家啦!”这样的想象就比写小鸟在飞要生动有趣的多。

想象可以给你的作文添彩，但如果不根据图画进行合理想象，就会使你的作文变成“胡编乱造”。如果你想象图中的小鸟要去南方过冬、图中的小鸟正在觅食，就与四个小朋友去植树没有关联，背离了图意。

五、按顺序观察才能表达有序

看图写话训练的一个重点就是按顺序观察，只有按顺序观察了才能使你的表达有序，而不是杂乱无章。

按顺序观察常常出现在场面描写中，例如出示一幅图是小朋友们三两成群地在雪地里玩耍，有的打雪仗，有的堆雪人，有的滚雪球。小朋友在观察的时候可以按照从前到后、从后到前、从左到右或者从右到左的顺序观察，并按照这样的顺序进行描写，这样你的表达就显得条理清晰。

按顺序观察是前提，能详略得当地描写可以使你的作文更显张力。这就要求我们在观察的时候还要有所侧重。你可以重点观察小朋友是如何堆雪人的，雪人的眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴、手都是什么做成的。也可以重点观察小朋友是如何打雪仗的，他们的动作和表情怎样。重点观察后再写出来，那你的写话就更出彩了。

（三） 务求解说清楚、做到条理分明

写说明文的目的就是让人获得知识的技能，只有解说清楚，才能达到这个目的。说明说明，一说即明，如何解说清楚，要讲究说明的方法，注意结构的安排，着力语言的运用。关于说明的方法，这里就不详细介绍了。这里着重讲讲结构安排的条理性问题。

文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身的特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐释事理要按其本身的条理来安排说明的次序，使之层次清楚，主次分明，安排说明文的结构首先要注意条理性。如何具体安排结构，不同类型的说明文有不同要求，介绍产品制作过程的说明文，往往按照产品生产工序来安排结构，如叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》是一篇介绍手工工艺品景泰蓝的说明文。它按照制作工艺的程序，抓住“做胎”、“掐丝”、“涂色”、“烧制”、“打磨”五道关键工序依次作了详细具体的说明，全篇言之有序，给人的印象十分鲜明。这一类安排，以时间变化为序，着重写事物的过程。

从结构上看，一篇读后感至少要有三个部分的内容组成：一是要介绍原作的篇名内容和特点;二是根据自己的认识对原作的内容和特点进行分析和评价，也就是概括地谈谈对作品的总体印象;三是读后的感想和体会。下面是小编整理的读后感的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

首要的一点是“读”。“读”是感的基础，“感”是由“读”而生。只有认真的读书，弄懂难点疑点，理清文章的思路，透彻的掌握文章的内容和要点，深刻地领会原文精神所在，结合历史的经验、当前的形势和个人的实际,才能真有所“感”。所以，要写读后感，首先要弄懂原作。

其次要认真思考。读后感的主体是“感”。要写实感，还要在读懂原作的基础上作出自己的分析和评价。分析和评价是有所“感”的酝酿、集中和演化的过程，有了这个 分析和评价，才有可能使“感”紧扣原作的主要思想和主要观点，避免脱离原作，东拉西扯，离开中心太远。

所以，写读后感就必须要边读边思考，结合历史的经验，当前的形势和自己的实际展开联想，从书中的人和事联系到自己和自己所见的人和事，那些与书中相近、相似，那些与书中相反、相对，自己赞成书中的什么，反对些什么，从而把自己的感想激发出来，并把它条理化，系统化，理论化。总之，想的深入，才能写的深刻感人。

第三，要抓住重点。读完一篇(部)作品，会有很多感想和体会，但不能把他们都写出来。读后感是写感受最深的一点，不是书评，不能全面地介绍和评价作品。因此，要认真地选择对现实生活有一定意义的、有针对性的感想，就可以避免泛泛而谈，文章散乱，漫无中心和不与事例挂钩等弊病 。

怎样才能抓住重点呢?

我们读完一部作品或一篇文章后，自然会受到感动，产生许多感想，但这许多感想是零碎的，有些是模糊的，一闪而失。要写读后感，就要善于抓住这些零碎、甚至是模糊的感想，反复想，反复作比较，找出两个比较突出的对现实有针对性的，再集中凝神的想下去，在深思的基础上加以整理。也只有这样，才能抓住具有现实意义的问题，写出真实、深刻、用于解决人们在学习上、思想上和实践上存在问题的有价值的感想来。

第四，要真实自然。就是要写自己的真情实感。自己是怎样受到感动和怎样想的，就怎样写。把自己的想法写的越具体、越真实，文章就会情真意切，生动活泼，使人受到启发。

从表现手法上看，读后感多用夹叙夹议，必要时借助抒情的方法。叙述是联系实际摆事实。议论是谈感想，讲道理。抒情是表达读后的激情。叙述的语言要概括简洁，议论要准确，抒情要集中。三者要交融一体，切忌空话、大话套话、口号。

从表现形式上看，也有两种：一种是联系实际说明道理的。这是用自己的切身体会和具体生动的事例，从理论和实践的结合上阐明一个道理的正确性，把理论具体化、形象化，使之有血有肉，有事有理，以事明理，生动活泼。另一种是从研究理论的角度出发，阐发意义。根据自己的研究和理解，阐明一个较难理解的思想观点，或估价一部作品的思想意义。它的作用是从理论上帮助读者加深对原文的理解。这一种读后感的重点仍在“感”字上，但它的理论性较强，一定要注意关照议论文论点鲜明、论据典型、中心明确突出等特点。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

1、拟人法

【特点】

把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。

2、动物自述法

【特点】

动物自述法是采用第一人称来描写动物，因此文章中要把“我”当作动物来写。这里要注意在写作时把“我”和动物融为一体，不能露出痕迹用拟人的方法来描写动物，因此在描写时，既要反映动物外形、动作、习性的特点，又要体现人的一些特点。这样才能使文章既具有科学性，又显得生动活泼。

3、议论抒情法

【特点】

采用议论抒情法记叙动物，要对能给予启示的动物特点进行仔细观察，然后进行详细的描述，这样议论或抒情时就会更具说服力和感染力。议论抒情法要把动物的某些特点与人们在日常生活、工作中所要具有的精神、品质、思想紧密地联系起来。描写动物特点时，要为议论抒情作好准备；议论、抒情时，要围绕所描写的特点进行。采用议论抒情法描写动物，要注意围绕一个中心进行描写、抒情、议论。

4、景物衬托法

【特点】

景物衬托法就是描写动物，首先要集中笔墨描写好动物，写出动物的特点。动物的描写要成为文章的中心。其次描写动物周围的景物时，要为描写动物服务。景物的描写在全文中只是起衬托的作用，不能喧宾夺主。

5、季节特征法

【特点】

采用季节特征法描写自然景物，一定要对景物四季不同的特征进行仔细观察。描写时，既要逼真地再现具体的时令特征，又要表现景物本身的特征，使时令特征和景物特征融为一体。在描写景物的四季特征时，不能面面俱到，要做到各有侧重。此外，运用季节特征法描写景物时，不能变换景物的地点，要对同一地点的不同季节景色描写。

两个原则

1、真实才能动情。真正能打动读者的，还是那些你亲身经历有真情实感的身边小事;

2、妙语才能煽情。只有风趣幽默，生动活泼的语言才能让读者眼前一亮，读之使人不断点头默叹。

三字要求

1、稳：写好事，力求能够按照记叙文的六要素把事情交代清楚，开头结尾注意点题，结尾处要点明中心，稳定的发挥好自己的写作水平。特别是写作能力较好的同学，不要强求自己必须写出“惊世之作”来，考试作文能够发挥自己80%的写作水平就很了不起了。

2、细：不要像电视剧情介绍那样的简单叙述，中间要加入环境描写、人物外貌、动作、语言、心理描写，能力好的同学再来些远近相衬、动静相映、侧面烘托、环境渲染、五觉描写，是文章细腻、动人。

3、精： 对于一般的同学来说，“精”体现在：(1)选择自己最拿手的内容;(2)写出自己最好的字;(3)采用自己最顺手的结构(总分结构或顺叙方式)，力求发挥好自己的水平。

对于写作能力较好的同学来说，“精”应体现在：(1)选择较有新意的、又是自己有把握写好的内容;(2)有漂亮的书写;(3)精心的安排好开头和结尾，适当的采用倒叙、衬托、联想、象征、描写、抒情、以小见大、欲扬先抑、渲染气氛、借景抒情、托物喻志、以物喻人的方法方式结构文章;(4)采用适当的修辞手法，特别是运用比喻、反复、排比、反问等手法，恰当的运用成语、引用格言名句，增添文采。

四个流程(保住基本分)

1、审清题意：千万注意，题意审不好，来个文不对题，哪就……应该先花2-3分钟看看作文题，然后在开始答基础知识题目。

3、选好材料：符合题目要求的、自己最熟悉的、能够写好的事。

2、立好中心：至少指导自己想说什么，是喜欢、是厌恶?是感动、是反对?是快乐，是痛苦?是哲理、是深情?是赞扬、是批评?…………用一句话把它写在草稿纸上。

4、写好提纲：(1)用一句话写出中心内容和主题;(2)分清开头、中间、结尾各写什么?(3)打好开头、结尾的细稿，以及每段的开头句。

接下来就是在试卷里写作文啦，要力求一气呵成，只要提纲和开头、结尾、段落开头的稿子打得好，一气呵成事不难做到的，思路顺畅了20分钟就可以把作文写好。

五项技巧(赢得感情分)

1、有一个灵活的头脑：造句法、筛选法、换题法。

2、有一张可爱的脸蛋：书写要工整，自己的字能够写多好就必须写多好，不得使用涂改液，不得随意修改，特别是开头、结尾和段落的开头句，不能修改。

3、有一双闪亮的眼睛：好的文题等于成功了一半。参见《话题作文的拟题方法》

4、有一身漂亮的衣装：(1)一个最拿手的题材(适合自己);(2)一个好故事(好布料);(3)一个好结构(好设计);(4)一口流畅、优美的语言(好花纹、好色彩)。

5、有几件精美的饰品：(1)倒叙、描写、引用开头(好发型)(2)结尾：议论反问式、含蓄余味式、赞美抒情式、哲理深思式、名言点睛式、联想做梦式、决心号召式(名鞋);(3)名言名句名作的恰好点缀(钻石哟);(4)用景物描写渲染气氛(如梦的纱巾)。

六个大忌(莫丢冤枉分)

一忌潦草涂改：书写要端正，千万别连文题都改，只改明显的错别字，将错就错，能够不改的就不改。

二忌过短过长：字数一定要足，字数不足，写得再好也很难及格;字数不能太多，不要超出试卷中的作文纸，万般无奈之下，也只能在2行以内。

三忌开头议论：还不如开门见山、直接点题开头的好，能来点环境描写，就先来点描写。

四忌分段太少：4-6段为好，千万别少于3段。

五忌文不对题：不说也知道会有什么后果。

六忌选材太俗：别总是玩呀、救落水儿童呀、猫啊狗啊……

七隆重忌一点，千万别把人写死了，也不能把人写成癌症。

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。小编收集了中考英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作十分强调形式上的严谨性，特别是全局的丝丝入扣。如果写作时结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗，适当地填如观点、素材，文章就自然而然地立起来了。

掌握了这些英文写作中的练习技巧，会使提高英文写作水平的努力有更大的收益。

下面智康教育跟大家分享写作的“五项基本原则” ：

1、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

as a creature, i eat; as a man, i read. although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

to begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

3、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

4、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

i cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：i cannot put up with it.

i want it.

可以用短语表达：i am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

5、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

i enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

the car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

the coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

the snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：this is what i can do.

whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

when to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

the man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

i don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

mr liu, our oral english teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

①概说

商品说明书的开头部分常常用概说的方法简要地阐明其性质特点，有的甚至全文都用概说的方法。

概说，就是抓住事物的主要特征或主要情况，进行简明扼要的交代和简要概括的说明。

②陈述

陈述就是根据事物需要说明的顺序，有条理地说出来。但叙述的目的不是为了表现过程，而是说明方法。陈述的写作必须立足于消费者一方，从方便顾客和使用安全等方面着想，尽可能考虑一些在使用过程可能发生的问题，作比较详尽的介绍。过程的陈述需要达到什么程度，是根据商品的性质和消费者使用的具体情况决定的。如果所要说明的方法比较复杂，商品价值比较昂贵、危险性比较大，或者比较容易损坏等，消费者需要了解它们的操作或使用过程，作者就应该加以详尽的陈述，甚至加有说明的图画、照片，使消费者一看便清楚。这种增强消费者信赖感和安全感的方法，其实也在增强了产品的竞争能力。

③解说

解说作为商品说明的主要方法，是由商品说明书的特性所决定的。商品说明书是向读者引荐商品的媒介，就必须要解说，侧重于对事物的性质、特征、功用、方法诸方法的讲解。

由于各种产品的功能、用法不同，写作方法自然也大有区别，但不管使用哪一种方法，其目的都是为了读者明白。因此，商品说明书的写作语言必须力求通俗、准确;结构必须条理、有序。原则上说明书结构的安排主要有以下两种：

a.根据人们认识事物的先后顺序安排结构;

b.根据事物特征的内在联系安排结构。

导语：英语写作能力作为体现语言交际能力至关重要的一个方面,写作测试是对学生书面交际水平及能力进行检验最有效的途径。以下是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的写作技巧，希望对您有所帮助。

要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色，写出自己的“亮”点。

一、词汇选择——标新立异

在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。

1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。

A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.

B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.

分析:is in是常见词语，而situates in则是《大纲》上没有的，属于高级词汇。

2)在周末我们做很多作业。

A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do.

B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.

分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of，而是使用了endless。endless就是由《大纲》词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。

3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。

A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good.

B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.

在表达要点时，B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强，也显得生动。

在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一个，也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。

二、结构造句——与众不同

在造句时,既要使句子生动，又要使其简明扼要。

1、使用与人不同的表达方式，特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。

1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。

A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.

B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.

大多数同学使用了there be结构，这是对的，但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓语+宾语”结构，且使用了terrible,hit/strike这样的词汇，更是难能可贵的。

2)你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。

A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)

B: Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)

2.使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。如：

3)阿福救了我妹妹。

A: Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)

B: It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调句式)

4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴。

A: We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句)

B: How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.(感叹句)

3、句式多样,复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、并列句与复合句共用，还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构如独立主格，分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多，而且多处使用there be结构，显得单调、乏味，而B句就有自己的特色(请同学们自己分析)。

5)这是一套25平方米的住房，住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房;卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。

A: Its a flat of 25 square metres. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well.

B: Its a flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.

三、布局谋篇——独具匠心

在写作中，我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点，同时为使主题突出,结构严谨，我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上，NMET2002范文堪称典范。请看：

Opinions are divided on the question.

60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.

On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.

1)该文使用Opinions are divided...作交代句，开门见山，随后两个段落均使用了主题句(见黑体字部分)，使全文结构紧凑，表达严谨。

2)在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整，如“40%的同学认为应收门票，但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首，而后部分另起一句放在句末：They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急，主题突出，条理清楚。

3)范文使用了and, what is more, however等连词，在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的)，这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系，使文章表达连贯，浑然一体。

4)范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节，这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的常见方法。

写作技巧：

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

由标题、称呼和正文三部分组成，标题与称呼的写法与开幕词基本相同。在标题和称谓之后，另起一段首先说明会议已经完成预定任务，现在就要闭幕了;然后概述会议的进行情况，恰当地评价会议的收获、意义及影响。核心部分要写明：会议通过的主要事项和基本精神;会议的重要性和深远意义;向与会人员提出贯彻会议精神的基本要求，等等。一般说来，这几方面内容都不能少，而且顺序是基本不变的。写作时要掌握会议情况，有针对性地对会议内容予以阐述和肯定;同时可以对会议未能展开都已认识到的重要问题作出适当强调或补充;行文要热情洋溢，文章要简洁有力，起到激发斗志，增强信念的作用。结尾部分一般先以坚定语气发出号召，提出希望，表示祝愿等;最后郑重宣布会议闭幕。

闭幕词出现在会议终了，因此，要写得与开幕词前后呼应、首尾衔接，显示大会开得很圆满、很成功。

1．词语选择的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：

it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。

成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。

2．词语选择的可能性

实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。

从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：