四级英语作文写作方法实用20篇

We all known that reading should focus on method, but what methods are good for reading? Firstly, the difficulty of the book you read should be moderate. Too difficult or too easy are not so good.

If you find a book is too difficult to read, just put it aside and find an easier one instead. Secondly, read the books that are beneficial for you, which can help you in your career as well as in life. Thirdly, for those simple books or those without deep meanings, you can scan over them, but for those meaningful and beneficial, you should read them intensively and remember to take notes.

Finally, dont be shy to ask questions, because anyone could be your teacher. These approaches are general ones and each of you should have your own reading methods that make your reading fruitful.

游记既是文学体裁名也是记述游览经历的文章，是描写旅行见闻的一种散文形式。以下是小编给大家整理的小学生游记作文写作方法的内容，欢迎大家查看。

一、 按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来写所看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写作的顺序。

二、 抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记流水帐。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们要一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写菊花，颜色就有红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗等等，菊花的形状就有像小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些，作文指导《小学生游记作文范文写作技巧》。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

切忌：

一、游记作文不要写成旅游路线图;

二、针对你游览的某一地留下深刻印象的景点来作文;

三、必须考虑游记的顺序，空间，时间，角度(远到近);

四、描写不必面面俱到，要懂得删减枝叶;

五、选着留有深刻印象的点来做发挥，其中一定要有详略，那几个略写哪几个详写要想清楚;

六、注意历史事物和历史事件，传说的巧妙结合，更能凸显出游览的意义和文章的深度;

七、借景抒情的手法应该运用;

八、人文景观的描写中，环境烘托是必要的，选着恰当的景色进行烘托;

九、自然景观的描写中，修辞手法应该运用，但是不要落俗套，好好自己去用心感受，最好有些贴切的修辞创新。

一写作的过程

无论是四级还是六级的写作，一般分为三个过程：构思、组织、表达。

1 构思。即：当考生拿到考题，看懂题目，在脑中整合与考题内容相关的内容。这时的素材往往是个别的，孤立的，很凌乱琐碎；

2组织。即把脑中的素材做出整理，使其条理、系统化。取舍素材的标准如下：第一自己是否可以准备的英文进行表达，第二整理的素材字数是否符合考试的要求。

3表达。即把组织过的材料仔细推敲，确无问题了再落笔成文。在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等。

四级真题如：“My most impressive friends”

首先我们的脑海里会想到许多让我们影响深刻的人物，即使不是朋友也没有关系。

其次，想到这些人发生了什么事情使自己印象深刻。

最后，需要考生自己进行有效地删选，再回忆自己所积累的英语进行正确的表达。

六级真题如：“Whether technology is indispensable in education.”

首先，考题中出现“whether”一词，所以考生构思文章就可以选择两个观点的其中之一阐述，或者两个观点分别加以阐述。

其次，出现了文章的观点就需要阐述持有该观点的理由。

最后，应用自己在考神团队写作课上所讲授到的功能句进行套用表达。

二 写作的必备积累

1 基础语法。

写作是一个输出的过程，要求考生一定具备最基础的语法才会造出正确的句子，所以在真正写作之前，考生需要检验自己的最基本语法知识是否具备。具体如下：时态，语态，三大从句，主谓一致。倘若可以掌握更复杂的语法点自然是更好，如：虚拟语气，强调，倒装，非谓语动词等。但在此之前需要考生掌握造句的最基本语法。

2 高级词汇以及高级固定句型的积累。

写作的高分标准不是语言的正确表达，而是优美表达，换言之，文章不是写对就是高分，需要写好。这就要求考生一定有语言的积累，体现在写作的造句方面就是单词和句型的升级。

三 写作的提高方法

1 阅读优秀范文。

阅读是写作的基础，写好英语先要读好英语。积累一个词，应该要同时掌握这个词的用法。记单词不能光记它的表面意思，而应深入了解它的适用语境、常用搭配、习惯用法等，这样才算真正掌握了一个词。

例如“Actually, no rules of the game states you must do anything”这个句子中，查字典了解到“state”一词意思是“表明、说明”，在这里作及物动词，用法之一是“…state…”。以后在写作中要表达“考试中取得高分表明你学习取得了很大进步”便可写成“The high marks of the tests state youve made great progress in your studies”。

2 加强练词造句训练。

词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

3 了解英语写作格式

可以先看一本介绍英语写作入门的书，对英语写作有一个初步的概念，如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。

4恰当运用过渡词

恰当运用过渡词可以使文章结构紧凑，过渡自然，避免脱节现象。时间上的衔接词有“then、as time goes by、day after day、gradually、finally”等，表因果关系的有“as a result、because of、thanks to”等.

总的来说，要提高自己的英语写作能力，必须多精读、泛读，积累精彩的单词、短语、句子，并尽可能地运用到自己的习作中去，多模仿一些原汁原味的文章，这样才能使自己的写作水平跃上一个新台阶。

一、问号

问号要用在一个直接的问句，而不是间接的。

如：How will you solve the problem? 是正确的用法，但用在I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不对了，应该使用句点而不是问号。

另外，在客气的用语中，也是用句点而不是问号。

如：Will you please give me a call tomorrow.

二、句点

1.句点用于当一句话完全结束时。

2.句点也可以用于英文单词的缩写。如：Mrs. | Dr. | P.S. 等。但要注意的是当缩写的字母形成了一个单词的时候就不要使用句点。如：IBM, DNA 等。

三、感叹号

感叹号用于感叹和惊叹的陈述中，在商业写作中要注意感叹号的应用，因为不恰当的使用会显得突兀及不稳重。

四、分号

1.与中文一样，分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。在某些情况下，使用分号比使用句点更显出子句之间的紧密联系，另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus, however, therefore一起使用。

如：I realize I need exercise; however, Ill lie down first to think about it.

2.在句子中如果已经使用过逗点，为了避免歧义的产生，就用分号来分隔相似的内容。

如：The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee.

[英语六级作文必备标点符号使用方法知识

中年级孩子写作文时，总是不知该如何下笔，更不懂如何谋篇布局。小编收集了关于语文作文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、变难为易

我鼓励学生结合课本学习，总结课文的写作模式，让学生想想，要是换做你，你会怎么来写你这篇作文，课文中有哪些值得你学习的地方，这样以后学生写到同类的作文就有个参照性了。

二、及时讲评

每次收上学生作文，我总是及时批阅，来得及的学生就面批。等到下次作文课的时候，我会说说上次作文谁的最有新意，谁的内容写的具体，谁结合了生活实际，是真实的文章。同时每一篇被表扬的文章，我都在精彩作文每日展上面展出，作为他们辛勤劳作的收获。学生受到了表扬，内心充满了成就感，激情会持续下来，写作的欲望就越来越强。

优点不突出的孩子，我会找出来读一读，让全班同学帮他们想一想该怎么修改。这样，孩子们你一言，我一语说出来。集思广益，在听取别人意见的时候，每个人的思想也得到了提升。被帮助的孩子通常也会激动不已，跃跃欲试地想把自己的文章改好，让自己的作品更有竞争力。

三、展示多样性

1、请孩子的家长参与进来，一起欣赏孩子们的作品，一起点评，并让家长也写上自己的话。因为有家长、老师一起点评，他们的写作与欣赏水平提高就更快了。

2、针对学生的优秀作品要及时投稿。学生的作品一旦获奖我不但给予精神上的鼓励还要给予物质上的奖励。以便增强学生的写作信心。

总之，我认为做一位作文教师，就要做一位有思想、有头脑的教师。只有教师不断努力，发挥我们无穷的智慧，形式多样，孩子们才会乐于跟风，才能兴致勃勃地学，快快乐乐地写，并竭尽所能地写出精彩的文章来。

作文与开头

题目是文章的眼睛，而开头则是文章的脑袋。最先进入人们视线的，常常是脑袋。我深知作文开头对一篇文章的重要性，所以这次课，我在四、五年级都着重介绍了作文开头的方法。

作文开头一共有多少方法，我不大确定，但是我向学生介绍了五种常见的作文开头方法：一、开门见山，直接入题;二、写景状物，渲染气氛;三、抒情议论，确定基调;四、设置悬念，引出下文。

我向学生强调了这次习作一定要重视作文的开头，我在评分时会有所侧重。果然，交上来的习作中，我看到了学生反复思考后的作文开头，也为整篇文章增色不少。我发现，学生在平时的习作中，他们根本不重视作文的题目、开头、结尾，其实这三项对于一篇作文来说起到了至关重要的作用。

所以我决定，在以后的作文教学中，每一项我都要作具体的指导，让学生的作文做到豹头、猪肚、凤尾。

文与结尾

古人在谈到结尾时常以“豹尾”为标准，是指结尾时笔法要简洁、明快、干净利落，犹如豹尾劲扫，响亮有力，给读者以咀嚼回味的余地。

结尾在一篇文章中是非常重要的，有点题、首尾呼应和总结全文的作用，有了结尾，一篇文章才会完整。我在作文课上，也经常向学生强调作文结尾的重要性，但有些学生还是常常会忘了写结尾。

上星期三年级的作文课，作文题目是“假如我是小偷”，课上我重点讲了习作的开头和中间部分，结尾只是一句话带过，我想，经过这么长时间的习作训练，学生应该会自己写好作文的结尾了。然而，事与愿违，一个班中还是有个别学生没写结尾，大部分学生因为我没讲怎么写，所以结尾写得很差，这令我很诧然，三年级的学生居然还不会自己写个结尾。

课后，我认真思考了原因，我想，我们只是每节课都向学生强调，一定要写结尾，一定要写。这个“一定”，学生也没有意识到结尾的重要性，这个老师没强调是不是可以不写。所以，我觉得我们老师要举例说明，让学生明白作文结尾的重要性，让他们觉得结尾是一篇作文中不可缺少的一部分，这样他们每次习作才不会忘记写。

当然，还有一部分同学不会忘记写结尾，但是他们却写不好。小学生经常会在结尾处大呼口号、大表决心，殊不知这是最幼稚愚蠢的做法。这说明了，我们作文教学还没有让每一位同学都懂得：作文是艺术，作文不是决心书和检讨书。

所以，在接下来的课上，我要向学生介绍几种常用的结尾方法，让他们的结尾不会那么枯燥

作文与修改

佳作不厌百回改。好文章不是写出来的，而是改出来的。这句话是有道理的，写作当中尽管也非常当心，但差错仍然不会避免，特别是心情激动起来，手下的笔简直是快步如飞，连回头看一下的时间都没有，有时就会漏了个词语，句子差个一半等等，这些情况在学生的作文中也是经常出现的。

写完之后，至少看上一遍，也是对读者阅读的一种尊重。但是学生们往往做不到这点，他们写完后，扔下笔就往讲台上跑，根本没想过写完后要修改这回事。

在学生交上来的作文中，我发现，很多错误都是因为笔误，自己读一遍就能找出来，但是学生不愿意，同时也加重了老师批作文的负担。所以，我贯彻“自己做自己的第一个读者”这句口号，在最近的这几堂课上，我特别强调了修改，写完后至少要让学生把自己的作文读一遍再交上来。这样做之后，虽然起到了一定的效果，但是收效甚微，很多学生都是为了完成任务，老师说要读一遍就读一遍，根本没有带着修改作文的心思去读。

所以，我觉得让学生学会修改自己的作文也是作文教学中十分重要的一部分，如果学会了修改，我相信他们的作文成绩能得到质的提高。

导语：小编给大家介绍一种写作方法，叫对比叙述法，是不是很耳熟呢，就是我们写作中经常用到的 嘛。下面小编跟大家细说，附带优秀例文给大家参考~欢迎阅读~

对比叙述法，亦称对比叙写法，或称对比描写法。它是指将不同的事物或同一事物的两个方面进行对比叙述，以突出事物的特征，增强表达的效果，表现作者的爱憎的写作方法。

对比，可分为两种：横比，即正反或矛盾的两种事物进行对比，是通过各自不同的特点来说明问题，表现观点;纵比，即同一事物的两个不同方面或同一事物的前后变化进行对比，是通过事物的发展变化来说明问题，表现观点。

运用对比叙述法，要善于选择对比的对象，善于确定对比的焦点，力求反映出对比事物之间的矛盾、差异，以揭示事物的内在本质和鲜明特征。

如鲁迅的《一件小事》，有“我”对“人”的态度前后不同的对比;又有“我”与车夫对受伤老女人不同态度和感情的对比。两种对比，既赞扬了劳动人民富于阶级同情和勇于承担责任的高尚品德，也表现了一个知识分子勇于解剖自己，虚心向劳动人民学习的精神。

优秀例文

一朵晶莹美丽的浪花

初夏，青弋江水静静地向长江奔去。一只渡船在江上往来穿行。船尾坐着一位老艄公，饱经风霜的脸上，刻着深深的皱纹，面色黑里透红，白须飘飘。船头立着一个十四五岁的小姑娘，红扑扑的脸，头上梳着两只羊角辫。她身姿矫健，熟练地划着桨，船行如飞，轻快平稳。

在渡口的上游，有一个用毛竹和木板搭成的跳板，浮在水面上，沿河的居民们常挤在跳板上洗衣、淘米。劈劈啪啪的捶衣声和人们的欢笑声交织在一起，在江面上飘荡着。蓦地，一只货船，鸣着汽笛，飞快地向东驶去。沉重的船身激起了一阵阵波浪，冲击着河岸。跳板在水面上晃荡着，人们急忙护好自己手中的衣服。

在岸边玩耍的一个六七岁男孩突然惊叫了一声：“妈妈，衣服掉到江里啦!”一个中年妇女转身一看，只见堆满衣服的篮子倒在跳板上，掉进江里的衣服已不见踪影了。她望着深深的江水直发愣，旁边一个大妈忙说：“哎，还不想办法快捞呀!”那个妇女叹了一口气：“唉，怎么捞呢?”

“好捞，”一个待渡的小青年搭上了腔，“不过有一个小小的条件，你得给两块钱。”那个妇女摸摸衣袋，似乎没带钱，为难地望望他。小青年见她犹豫不决，便怪声怪气地说：“哼，一件衣服少说也值七八块钱，真是大账不算，算小账。”跳板上的人听了都不满地瞪了他一眼。一位大妈愤愤地说：“小青年，做点好事还要钱，真没见过!”小青年却像没听见似的，敞着衬衫，吸了一口烟，慢慢地从嘴里吐着烟圈，歪着脑袋，眯着眼睛等待着。

这时，渡船渐渐地靠岸了。那小青年做出要上船的样子，转身说：“一块五吧!愿不愿，随你便。再等一会儿，恐怕你出五块钱也捞不着蟫。”

摆渡的老爷爷早就注意到这边的喧闹了，等船靠稳时，他一面招呼乘客下船，一面朝小姑娘努努嘴。小姑娘会意地点点头。正待那个妇女要答应小青年的条件时，小姑娘一步跳到跳板上，轻蔑地瞥了那小青年一眼，对那妇女说：“大妈，别急!我来帮你捞。”说着，便纵身跃入江中，江面上激起了朵朵清亮晶莹的浪花。

跳板上和渡口边立刻寂静下来，人们都带着赞赏的神情注视着水中。只见小姑娘一会儿露出头来，一会儿又潜入水中，犹如一条蛟龙在水里翻来钻去。一分钟，二分钟，三分钟过去了，衣服还没有捞到。真是，在这深深的江水中，要捞一件衣服谈何容易啊!小姑娘深深吸了口气，顺着水流，潜水向下游摸去。十几双眼睛焦急地注视着水面上涌起的朵朵浪花。摆渡老人望望江水，却悠然地摸出烟袋，吸起烟来。站在岸边的小青年见此情景，得意洋洋，又点了一支烟，唱起洋腔：“有本事的怎么还没捞上来?刚学会个狗爬式就来逞能了，哼!”十几双眼睛又愤怒地瞪了那小青年一眼。

一个穿着满身油腻工作服的青年工人走过来，脱下工作服，准备下水。突然，小姑娘在四五丈远的水中冒上来了，她一手抹着脸上的水，一手拿着一件崭新的涤纶褂子。“好!”人们不约而同地喊了一声，脸上露出了欣喜的笑容。那位妇女忙跑上前去，把小姑娘拉上岸来，激动地连声说：“谢谢，小妹妹，谢谢你。”刚才还神气活现的小青年，像泄了气的皮球，蔫着脑袋，低着头，也不上船，灰溜溜地返身走上岸堤，向青弋江桥那边走去，消失在人们鄙视的目光中。

这时，那个小男孩跑到姑娘跟前说：“大姐姐，你要几块钱呀?”小姑娘的脸刷地红了：“谁要钱呀?”小男孩又说：“那个大哥哥不是非要钱不可吗?”小男孩的话把大家都逗乐了。跳板上、渡口边飞起了一阵笑声，笑声中，小姑娘飞身跳上渡船，渡船轻轻晃动着，在奔腾的江水中，激起了一朵朵晶莹美丽的浪花…

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

同学们在旅行当中不仅可以领略美丽风光，也可以学习文化，但写好一篇游记作文是不容易的，同学们怎么才可以写好游记作文呢？

写好游记，要注意以下四点：

一、细心观察，手写心记

游记的写作犹如蜜蜂采花酿蜜，素材主要来源于游览见闻。细心观察，就是要抓住有特色的景观和对表达中心有重要作用的事物。世界上没有完全相同的两片树叶；事物的特色都是在比较中显示出来的。游览过程中我们就是要善于运用比较的方法，捕捉眼前的景物与其他地方的景物有什么不同之处。有些同学只顾热闹或贪玩，常常忽视景点中的人文资料，如神话传说，乡风民俗，名人轶事，诗词典故，碑文楹联等等，结果是丢了西瓜抓芝麻，写起？ 自然内容贫乏，索然无味。所以，必要时还必须心记手写，也可以回来后查看有关资料，以保证内容的丰富充实。

二、依据中心，决定取合

旅途见闻的内容丰富多彩，但是不可能什么都写进文章里。下笔前首先要理一理自己的思绪，想一想本次游览的主要感受是什么？确立一个中心，然后决定：哪些内容详写，哪些内容略写，哪些内容不写。题材的取舍，当然首先要选新颖有趣的内容，更要选有个性、有地方特色的材料，特别是上文提到的那些人文资料，不仅能使你的文章主题鲜明，中心突出，而且读起来更有文化内涵，从而使你的文章更有社会价值。

三、紧扣游踪，疏密有致

游记的内容往往多而杂，写出来怎样才能做到清晰而不繁乱呢？最常用和最简便的方法就是：移步换景。即以游踪的变化为线索，随着时间的推移和地点的转换，完整有序地写出重要的游览过程。当然也要避免写成一本流水账或一幅游览路线图。所以，写作中要用浓墨重彩突出重要的点，跳出一般性的过程交代，使整篇文章成为几个主要景点活动的有机组合体。为了使这个组合体结构匀称，我们还要运用一些穿插的技巧，将与景点有关的资料、数据等内容，通过游览者的交谈或引用等方式适时介绍，这样，就可以调整文章的结构，消除看上去有些部分“臃肿肥胖”、有些部分又显得“面黄肌症”的毛病。

四、写好景物，注入感情

古人云：文章是案头的山水，山水是地上的文章。描写名山秀水是游记的重头戏，写好的关键是注入自己的真感情。我国古代众多游记名篇，“案头的山水”绝不仅仅是自然山水的反映。作者游踪所至，美景在目，心有所感，形诸笔墨，往往物中有我，景中见情，不仅写出了山水的蓬勃生机和无穷妙趣，还能含蓄蕴藉。意味隽永地把作者的身世和人生理想表现出来，达到直抒胸臆、情景交融的效果。当然这不是一日两日的功夫，正好说明了好笔头要靠长期反复磨练的道理。

附例文：

游狼山

闻思月／文

我们南通是个依江傍海、景色宜人的花园式城市，狼山更是名闻遐迩。星期日早晨，我们一家三口前往游玩。上午我们先去了啬园，午餐后就直奔狼山。

一路上爸爸告诉我们，狼山古称狼五山、紫琅山，相传有白狼踞其上，所以又叫白狼山。据史籍记载：唐天宝年间，鉴真东渡日本，曾经过此山以避风浪。它位居全国佛教八小名山之首呢！

我们在车上远望狼山，只见一片翠绿，雄伟的宝塔屹立在山顶，十分壮观。不一会儿，到了山脚下，我们没上缆车，沿着花岗岩铺成的台阶向上攀登。山上人来人往，喜气洋洋。山路两旁古木参天，千姿百态，不禁令人暗暗称奇。狼山不高，父亲说才104.8米，面积18公顷，在多山的地方，根本就算不上什么山。但在南通，却是大名鼎鼎。真是应了那句：山不在高，有仙则名；水不在深，有龙则灵。

说笑间，不知不觉我们就登上了山顶。从山上向下俯视，马路四通八达，楼房一幢接一幢，江面上传着几艘豪华的大轮船，码头旁的大吊车犹如长颈鹿玩具，好一片壮观景象。

狼山因为落座在一马平川、沃野千里的江海平原之上，耸立在一望无垠的长江之滨，所以显得特别突兀高大。尤其是它山势陡峭，拔地而起，临江高耸，直插蓝天，气势更加非凡。登上支云塔，仿佛觉得不是站在一座百米小山之上，而是置身于九霄云外了。辽阔的江海平原，从脚下一直伸展到无边的远方；滚滚的万里长江，犹如一条闪光的缎带，从遥远的天际蜿蜒而来，奔腾入海；那海，那长江入口处的大海，更是水天相连，烟波苍茫，好一派江天寥廓、沧海浩瀚的壮丽景象。怪不得宋朝大诗人王安石来此，情不自禁地发出这样的赞叹：“遨游半是江湖里，始觉今朝眼界开”。想起萃景楼前两根石柱上的那副楹联：“长啸一声山鸣谷应，举头四顾海阔天空”。我们的胸怀也顿觉无限宽广！这样的山，怎能不名闻遐迩呢？

狼山之名所以闻名，更因为它和历史文化名人联系在一起。如唐初四杰之一的骆宾王，近代革命先驱、教育家、实业家张謇，就葬在狼山。又如法乳堂内的十八高僧巨幅瓷砖画像，出自南通籍画家范曾之手，同样令人敬仰。

傍晚，回程途中，妈妈感慨地说，一切为中华民族作出杰出贡献的人，人们是永远不会忘记他们的。——说的是啊！

快乐的狼山游，真是难忘而甜美的记忆。

点评：

这篇游记的一个突出优点是善于挖掘和引用了大量人文资料，从自然山水写出了人文内涵，写出了狼山与其他旅游景点不同的个性、特点和意义。其中的神话传况、名人故事、经史典籍、古人诗文、墓葬文物、景点楹联、地理数据等等，大大提升了文章的文化品位和阅读价值。作者记述游览见闻是有选择的，不是只顾自己的玩兴，什么开心就写什么(其实那天，他们在狼山脚下的水上乐园玩得很“疯”，文中就只字未提)，可见写作态度很认真：又因为善于穿插，所以结构匀称，毫无堆砌之感。文笔优美，语言精炼是本文的又一特色，作者从不同角度描写出来的狼山景色，都生动形象，充满豪情，又各有千秋！这一点也值得称道。

在我们作文中，不管是写人，记事，也常常会有景物描写。那么写景应注意什么呢?下面是小编收集的六年级写景作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

写景作文写作要点

景物描写在记叙文写作中往往是必不可少的。可是许多同学在写作中不懂得景物描写的特点，有的描写模糊不清，有的分不清主次，有的缺乏情感，出现了许多不应有的败笔。那么，在记叙文的写作中应该怎样去描写自然景色呢?具体来说，景物描写应注意以下三个问题：

1、写景要有顺序。人们观赏景物都有一定的规律：或定点环顾，或边走边看。描写时也应该“顺其自然”。例如老舍先生的《济南的冬天》一文，描写济南城周围的环境时写道：“小山把济南整个儿围个圈儿，只有北边缺点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱，好像把济南放在一个小摇篮里。”景物描写与作者的定点鸟瞰相吻合，自然清晰，形象准确。又如凡妮的《野景偶拾》一文，按照沿途所见，依次描写绕村的溪流，山梁的小路、盆地的高粱、山坡的谷穗、旷野的幽静、落日的霞光、宛如绸带的河流和公路、华美如贝雕的田野和山林。移步换形，有如移舟前进，时过景迁，景观随之改换，给人一种身临其境之感。

2、写景要有选择。写景时应要有所取有所弃，抓住最能代表彼时彼地特征的景物加以描写，其它的景色则略写或不写。老舍先生的《在烈日和暴雨下》，为了突出天气变化的过程，就着力描写了杨柳的动态：“一点风也没有时——枝条一动懒得动;有一点凉风时——枝条微微动了两下;风大起来时——柳条横着飞。”通过杨柳的动态。显示了风的从无到有、由小到大，而对暴风雨降临时其它景象的变化，作者作了简略处理。这样，抓住特征，既形象地表现了天气变化的过程，又避免了描写的呆板重复，使得文字准确而精练。

3、写景要有情致。人们观赏景物总是要带有某种感情的。因此，描写时也应该将这种感情一起表达出来，做到寓情于景，情景相映。鲁迅先生的《故乡》一文，反映旧中国农村衰败萧条，日趋破产的悲惨景象时，笔下的景色是“苍黄的天空下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。”而脑海中闪现出少年闰土的美好形象时，则为“深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。”景物描写之中渗透着作者爱憎分明的思想感情。以景促情，情景交融，有力地深化了文章的主题。

随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本（纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片），当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧！先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅（没有叹生词）。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则（就像我的前一句那样）。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏（没有其他软件得干扰）的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴；然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲；等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多…写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

在我们的英语写作过程中，如果能够很好的运用英语谚语，能给我们的作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷整理的高频谚语，一起来看看吧。

(一) Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

(二) One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

(三) Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

(四) A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

(五) Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

(六) All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

(七) Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

(八) More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

(九) Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

(十) All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

(十一) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

(十二) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

(十三) Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

(十四) A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

(十五) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

(十六) Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

(十七) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

(十八) well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

(十九) It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

(二十) Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

(二十一) Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

(二十二) An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

(二十三) As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

(二十四) To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

(二十五) Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

(二十六) Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

(二十七) First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

(二十八) Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

(二十九) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

(三十) live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

(三十一) Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

(三十二) East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

(三十三) Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

(三十四) Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

(三十五) Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

(三十六) The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

我们来看看句子吧。如果说单词是句子的灵魂，那句子就是文章的基石，而句型则是不同品质的基石，可以让整篇文章充满多样的色彩，读起来让人很有兴趣。虽然句型的变化很多，可是针对TOEFL文章的特点，一篇接近300字的议论文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同时，也需要文章有精彩的内容。可是文章篇幅有限，我们仅仅需要熟练地应用几个不同的句型，就一定会给评分人留下很深刻的印象了句子中的修辞

我们看看下边的几个例句：

1. Knowledge will never lie。

知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。

这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。

2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。

那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。

这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。

3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life。

自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色。

这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。

这几种句子中的修辞手法都可以使句子的意思表达起来更生动，让人读起来容易接受，同时也避免了直接翻译的很多缺点。

强调句的应用和举例说明

孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓，一句“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中，这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章，这句话直译过来说的是：有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗?通过中文理解，我们知道这句话所强调的部分是：一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择，常用的有happy和glad，高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中，可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点，例如：

It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。

在这个句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很平常，每个人都会写，所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇，那么作为强调句，恰好是delightful这个词，代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心，让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉，这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意，但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了，明显高兴的程度不一样，delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋，迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多，我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用，例如：

It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth。

这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容，即an undeniable fact. 为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实，做成这样一个句子。

Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute。

这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures，而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施，强调的唯一性，无二法门。

为什么要倒装

从字面上解释，倒装句子的特点就是把句子倒过来说，这样的解释过于直白但却很实际。根据英语(论坛)句型结构特点，因为要强调才会选择去倒装。我们看看下边的两个例子：

1. So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it。

2. So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk。

句子中划线的部分就是倒装结构的重点强调所在，关于倒装句的作用，前边已然讲过，这里就不多说了。在TOEFL的具体应用中，我们需要在写作实践里进行检验。

Only through education can we rise in the world。

Only by receiving education can we rise in the world。

从句什么时候使用

在托福写作中，从句句型还是应用比较广泛的，常用的主语、宾语从句，定语从句，还有我们讲过的同位语从句。我见过的托福写作范文中，包括CBT和IBT的两类作文，段落中从句出现的频率都是很高的，尤其是第一段introduction中，一般做背景介绍的时候都会使用宾语从句，例如：some people claim that… 在文章的主体部分中，为了体现句式的变化，各种从句交替应用就显得很重要;即使在iBT导入了first draft的概念之后，对文章的内容要求也没有改变要求，需要体现完整性和统一性。有一点值得注意，从句虽好，但不宜过多重复，这就好像美酒虽好，但不要贪杯的道理一样。好钢用在刀刃上，从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的，但只有简单句结合从句，才能体现句子的多变性;也只有全部的句子都为主题句服务，文章的整体性才会更好的体现。以下是议论文写作中比较好的一些从句例子：

1. Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle。

宾语从句，一般出现在首段背景介绍部分。

2. Horror movies, in which there might be bleeding and terrifying scenes, are not recommended for children。

定语从句，一般在主体部分中比较常见，用以解释说明，达到简化句子的目的。

3. As long as you are a student, you should always behave yourself。

状语从句，让步状语从句比较常见的使用although或者though来引导，这里介绍一个使用as long as来引导的句子，这个例句可以解释成做一天和尚撞一天钟。

4. When it comes to psychology, most people believe that it is a behavioral study。

时间状语从句，例句中的应用表示了“当谈到…的时候”，这是一种美式英语中经常出现的句式，口语和书面语都可以使用，推荐各位掌握。

一、给学生创造发表园地，激发学生习作兴趣

在教学中，我们采用了发表法，即让学生的习作在课堂或墙报上得以“发表”，并经常组织学生参加各类作文竞赛，对于学生的优秀习作推荐给报刊发表。每次习作之后，我们都朗读优秀习作和片断，让学生产生一定的成功感，以激发学生写作文的兴趣，让每个学生都能积极主动地练笔，变“要我写”为“我要写”。

二、加强语言训练，让学生自己感受并积累美的语言

学生并不是有了一定的习作欲望就能把文章写好，而实际情况往往是这样：学生胸中有话，胸中有情，却不能用恰当的语言准确表达出来，词是句子的组成单位，句意表达是否正确生动、恰如其分，依赖于词语是否准确。因此，在语文课教学中，我们进行了切实到位的词语训练，使词语的色彩、形象、分寸感一同沉淀于学生脑海中，形成对该词语的强烈感受，这样，当遇到这种情况时，相应的词语便会在脑中凸现，准确表达的词语就会脱口而出。同时，我们还引导学生有感情地朗读课文，进行语感训练。最大限度地发挥其主观能动性，逐步积累语言，提高习作水平。

三、引导学生观察、联想，积累习作素材

学生有了强烈的作文欲望，并有了一定的语言基础，还要适时引导学生积累习作素材。

习作的素材来源于生活，要引导学生细致观察生活的点点滴滴，习作时才有话可说，并且要善于联想：即从眼前看到的事物、出现的景象，想象到曾经见到的、听到的、感受到的另一个事物，取其彼此相似点或相同点，由此及彼，生发开去，进行想象思维的培养。比如，看到园丁在修枝剪叶，就联想到教师的教书育人;由蜜蜂采蜜联想到农民的辛勤劳动……细心观察，善于联想，就会有取之不尽的习作素材。

四、引导学生正确选材

在习作教学中，我们采取步步引导、层层深入的方法，不仅提高了学生的习作水平，而且培养了学生良好的学习习惯和思维品质。

I Learn English Like This

English is very important for us. Everyone wants to learn it well. My English is very good. How do I learn English?

First, I listen to the teacher and make notes carefully in class. I revise my old lessons and prepare my new lessons after class.

Second, I like speaking English withmy classmates, not only in classroom, but also on the playground. Its to improve my spoken English.

Third, I keep a diary every day to practise my written English.

Besides this, I often read English newspapers or magazines in order to enrich my knowledge on English culture.

英语对我们来说很重要，每个人都想学好英语。我的英语很好，那我是怎么学英语的呢?

首先，我上课认真听老师讲课，认真记笔记，课下我复习旧功课，预习新功课。

第二，我不仅在教室里，在操场上也一样喜欢和同学们说英语，这提高了我的口语。

第三，我坚持每天记日记来练习写作。

除此之外，我经常阅读英语报纸和杂志来丰富我的文化知识。

1、格式

法定代表人授权委托书

兹委托×××(姓名、性别、年龄、职务)代表本企业为×××(项目名称)的代理人，其权限如下：

×××(具体说明代理的事项和内容，包括谈判权、签订合同权、代为承认或者放弃一定权利权等)

法定代表人：×××

×年×月×日

2、说明

法定代表人授权委托书是企业法人委托他人代为某种法律行为的法律文书。法定代表人因事不能亲自为某种行为时，可以通过授权委托方式，指派他人去办理。这时，就需要制作法定代表人授权委托书，被委托人在授权的范围进行活动，对委托人直接产生法律效力。

填写法定代表人授权委托应当注意的事项有：必须写明被委托人的姓名、性别、年龄、职务等基本情况。写明授权的范围，不能简单写“全权委托”，而应当逐项写明授权的内容。如委托代理诉讼，就应写明在诉讼过程中委托代理人的权限，有无放弃、承认诉讼请求的权利，有无反诉权，有无和解权等。如果未写明，则认为不具备这些具体权利，只有诉讼代理权。如果是签订合同，则应当明确在什么条件下、什么范围内签订的合同是有效的，超过这个范围就是无效的。

授权委托书范本

委 托 单 位：________________

法定代表人：________________

受 委 托 人：姓名：________，工作单位：________________

职务：________，职称：________________

姓名：________，工作单位：________________

职务：________，职称：________________

现委托上列受委托人在我单位与________________________因________________纠纷一案中，作为我方诉讼代理人。

代理人____________的代理权限为：____________________

代理人____________的代理权限为：____________________

委 托 单 位：________________(盖章)

法定代表人：________________(签名)

____年____月____日

GMAT考试很多考生很重视自己的写作，复习GMAT作文的时候也非常的认真。一些基础不是很好的同学想知道GMAT写作可不可以速成，小编这里给大家分享一些速成的方法，希望同学们注意：

速成，就是如何在短时间内取得够用的GMAT考试分数。作文地位有些特殊，它不是很重要，但是趋势却是大家的分数都越来越高，以前底线是4，现在已经提到了4.5。

我复习GMAT时作文就写过一篇，考试时作文时5.5。我是胡扯派的入门弟子，这里有一些小技巧和大家分享.

GMAT作文是很死的八股文，写五段，不要6段也不要4段，开头结尾，中间三段论证。练好打字速度，600以上最好，最少也不要低于450字。质量质量，质提不上去就靠量来充字数。

先是小作文，小作文怎么复习呢：先看OG上面argument的题目，对照着孙远作文宝典，看第六章的提纲就OK了。自己先找错误，找不出来时看提纲。看十篇就能练出火眼金睛，基本找错误没什么问题，然后是经典的七宗罪，这样就会对逻辑错误有一个宏观的认识了。一般用剥洋葱的的手法去写，一层一层的来这样不会漏掉错误，也层层递进，逻辑关系紧密。

然后是ISSUE：同样的道理，先看题目自己想观点，想不出来时看孙远宝典的提纲，十篇足够了。一般来说我都是写中立的观点，这样比较好些，先是开头亮明自己是中立的，接下来两段阐述观点，第四段来个让步，最后是结尾。

Keeping a diary in English does a great deal of good to my English study. Keeping a diary can help you review all the English knowledge you have learned. For example， you must know the correct spelling of each word needed in the diary； you must use the phrases correctly and choose the suitable sentence patterns， meanwhile， it is also necessary to use you knowledge of grammar in a correct way.Keeping a diary can help you not only to console your knowledge of English， but to form the habit of thinking in English. Practice makes perfect. By and by， your English writing will be greatly improved.

[谈写英语日记的好处英文写作

要写好英语作文，具体要做到以下几点：

注重英文阅读习惯的养成与坚持

坚持英语阅读的习惯，不仅可以保持对英语语感的敏感度，更重要的是它有助于培养英式思维，从而避免汉式思维句子的出现。

(1)平时多读，积累句型：读的越多，语感欲强烈，写作的时候自然而然就可以自如的运用灵活多变的句式来完整一篇小作文了，另外建议多积累名言警句、谚语等以作为高级句型运用与作文中。

(2)选出一些代表性范文精读：选出不同题材的优秀作文范文，读的时候注意文章的开头、结尾、层次结构以及所用句型等。要有目的、用学习的心态来精读优秀范文，并做到学以致用。

注重平时的写作训练

英语写作训练可以以日记、话题或仿写的形式来进行。通过坚持一个学期的英语日记，保持英语写作的习惯。所以一定要坚持每周两到三次的写作训练，正所谓习惯成自然就是这个道理。

五步写出一篇好作文

什么才是好作文呢?很多同学误认为只要像学校平时测验那样子“句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误”就应该得满分。而小升初对作文的考核并非如此简单，同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么除了以上两个方面外，我们怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文而在小升初中获取高分呢?下面就来看我们的“高分作文五步法”。

(1)认真审题，确定时态人称，同时关注题材格式

时态：故事性文章一般用过去时，其中表达感受时可用现在时。说明性或议论性文章一般用现在时，举例时可用过去时。根据题目要求也会出现时态的交错使用，如过去和现在的对比等。如果句中出现了时间状语，时态则要遵循时间状语。

如ago，last…过去时;next，in…将来时等

人称：注意在句子中人称的统一。

例如：

Thanks to the teachers， we have improved our English.

其中we和our就是人称的统一。

格式：注意书信格式的开头和结尾。

(2)找全信息点，紧扣主题，突出重点

切忌只看表格中或所列1、2、3中的信息点。一定把题读全，找齐信息点，建议用铅笔标出，写完后再涂掉。根据题目，可适当增加合理内容。特别注意文章要有开头和结尾。

(3)成文时表述正确，文字流畅

切忌与汉语提示的一一对应，使用所学表达方法将语义表达出来即可。首先考虑句子结构(如主谓宾，主系表等)。同时注意短语的正确使用和单词的拼写，最好使用课本上学过的短语和句式。

(4)文章结构清晰，重点句型画龙点睛，可使文章在得分上提高一个档次，考虑文章的篇章结构，使用适当的连接短语，使文章结构紧凑。

常用连接词：

1.表文章结构顺序：

First of all， Firstly/First，Secondly/Second…

And then， Finally， In the end，At last

2.表并列补充关系的：

What is more， Besides，Moreover，

3.表转折对比关系的：

However， On the contrary， but

On one hand… On the otherhand…Some…， while others…

4.表因果关系的：

Because， As、So， Therefore， As a result

5.表换一种方式表达：

In other words

6.表进行举例说明：

For example，句子;For instance，句子;such as + n/doing

7.表陈述事实：In fact

8.表达自己观点：

As far as I know， In myopinion

9.表总结：

In short， In a word.

文中正确使用两三个好的句型，如：感叹句、宾语从句、动名词做主语等。

宾语从句举例：

I believe Tianjin will be morebeautiful and prosperous.

感叹句举例：

How I want to study in thebest middle school in Guangzhou!

动名词做主语举例：

Reading books and swimming aremy hobbies.

常用状语从句句型：

1)时间：

when， not…until(直到…才…)， as soon as(一…就…)

2)目的：

so that + clause; (为了)

3)结果：

so…that…(如此…以至于…)， too…to do(太……以至于……)

4)条件：

if， unless(除非)， as long as(只要)

5)比较：

as…as…(与…一样)， not so…as…， than

(5)认真检查，检查信息点是否全面，时态、人称是否一致，句子结构是否清晰，短语使用、单词拼写是否准确等。

检查后，将草稿誊写在纸上，请注意按结构分段，书写清晰。

下面列举一些在检查中可发现的错误：

We livemore and more comfortable.

改正：comfortably(副词修饰动词)

2.we can getmany informations by reading newspapers.

改正：much information (不可数名词由much修饰)

3.There willhave a football game tomorrow.

改正：There will be a football game tomorrow.(Therebe句型的将来时结构)

4.I thinkride a bike can keep our health.

改正：I think riding a bike can keep us healthy.(动名词作主语)

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。小编收集了提高英语写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

英语教学的目的在于发展学生的英语语言技能，培养学生良好的英语交际能力。《英语新课程标准》中语言技能包括听、说、读、写四项基本技能及这四种技能的综合运用能力，四者之间密切联系，相互渗透，互为基础。听、读是领会和理解别人表达的意思;说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高，而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。还需要学生有创造性、有合乎逻辑的表达思想的能力。目前的小学英语教学中，极其重视“听、说、读”的能力训练， “写”的教学基本一直停留在“抄写”阶段，没有开始真正意义上的写作教学。

一.写作准备阶段

(一)消除恐惧心理

自英语普及后，根据社会要求，杜绝“哑巴英语”，大多数的学校都从一年级就开设英语课程，到了四年级，学生的口头表达能力都很好，笔头方面就相对弱了。进行英语写作，他们就会觉得不自信，觉得自己水平达不到，能力也够不上。针对这点，就得需要教师在教学中，根据学生的实际能力安排教学。学生是教学的主体，要想教学有效果，就必须发挥学生的主动性。学生怕写作，一方面是觉得自己的所积累的词汇量和句子不够多，教师在教学中注重适量的拓展和培养积累单词，词组的好习惯，对句子进行举一反三的说。另一方面学生怕在写作中犯错，怕会因为一些小错误就受到老师的批评，就这方面，教师在指导时应多给予鼓励，只有让他们认识到了错误，改正了，才会减少错误，在鼓励中增强学生的自信心，从而消除他们对写作的恐惧感。

(二)创设写作环境

环境是非常重要的因素，人的成长需要好的环境，写作当然也要求有个好的环境。况且，写作是个复杂的思维过程，环境在此更显其重要性。在教学中，教师可以精心为学生创设一个积极、合作和富有鼓励性的环境，使他们乐于写作，充分发挥自己的思维能力。比如，在中年级的英语教学中可以安排学生对练习册上的短小语段摘抄下来，读读背背，培养语感;在高年级的英语教学中，可以安排写英语日记，一组的学生的共用一本日记本，每天由一位同学带回家写英语日记，内容及多少都不限制。老师每次都得对日记进行认真批改和给予鼓励性的评价。学生可以传阅，在其中他们能分享成功的喜悦，也扩大阅读量。

(三)传授基本知识

写作就像盖房子一样，有了材料，要把这材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋，这都需要老师的指导。英语写作技能的难度较大，学生也不能很快接受，提高英语写作质量也不容易，教师在进行英语写作教学时，要特别注意教学目标与学生特点，采用适当的教学方法，传授基本的写作知识。

1.科学指导学生对单词的识记，提高单词拼写的正确率，减少不必要的拼写错误。教师可以引导学生在阅读过程中和其他课内外学习中养成记单词的好习惯，同时也要鼓励学生注重词组及常用句型的积累，同时也要给与适合的场合让他们输出。

2.语法是英语学习中非常烦琐，枯燥的一项，小学生很难接受，但在教学中适当得进行句法结构操练还是必要的。让学生自然地接受语言结构，以便他们在写作时能正确地表情达意。

3.汉英表达存在着差异，如Ilikeit,too.中文的正确表达是：我也喜欢它。不会说成：我喜欢他，也。这就是中文和英文在词序上的不同，也是一种习惯表达的不同。没有特定的规律，这就需要学生多阅读，培养好的语感。

4.标点符号虽是小问题但不可忽视，教师应对此进行讲解，把两种语言中的标点符号的用法不同进行比较，阐明正确使用标点符号对正确表达思想十分重要。如，在表示一个人说话，汉语中用冒号和双引号，在英语中是没有冒号的，要表示一个人说话，得用逗号和双引号。

二.写作训练阶段

写作包括能用所学词汇、语法和句型造简单的句子、回答问题、改写课文、看图写话、依照学过的题材写小短文。这些需要循序渐进，要从最简单的语言和言语练习开始，从基本要求做起，由易到难，逐步提高要求，每一步都要有具体要求，切实可行。

(一)句的训练

词连成句，造句是英语写作教学的主要练习形式之一。可以先由教师提供词素，让学生学会连句，熟悉句子结构，为以后造句打下基础。教师也可以在教授一种句型结构时让学生改句子。而后，让学生自己造句，教师常常可以为学生造句提供一个结合实际生活的情景，这样可以避免注重语言形式，忽视内容，脱离一定的情景与主题。

句型转换也是训练形式之一，让学生在不改变语言意义的前提下进行句型转换练习，理解表达同一个意思可以采用不同的句型，这样可以避免写作时句型的单调与重复。

(二)段的训练

句连成段，可以进行看图写作，教师出示一幅图，让学生对其进行描述写成小段。看图写作有其长处，可以在写作过程中可以增加图片与英语思维、表达的直接联系、培养想象力、减少对中文的依赖。为了使学生更多地参与写作教学，激发他们对写作的兴趣，看图写作的图画老师可以让学生自己根据喜好，选择适合他们水平的图画或照片，带到课堂上使用。图画生动多样，大大激发了他们的写作兴趣，可以选一部分优秀的进行展示，评价，相互学习，这样能提高学生的整体水平。

(三)短文的训练

提供学生一些生活化的话题，选择的话题材料要接近学生的现实生活和学习。比如学生可以写自我介绍，写最喜欢的动物，学生会很活跃地思考，用最简单的句子表达他们的意思，表达他们的感情。

同时，也可以是对书本内容进行的扩充，如《牛津小学英语5B》，Unit4中出现了writeane-mail，在这里可以补充教授书信的格式，通过网络让学生学会用电子邮件发信，教师可以让学生结合自己的实际，与自己的朋友写e-mail,但要做到有信必回，这样才是有效的训练。如6B讲到seasons时可以给他们一个topic：Whichseasondoyoulikebest?Why?这样的话题是他们自己切身感受，学生们可以畅所欲言。

(四)阅读的训练

俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神。阅读是写作的基础，大量的，广泛的阅读，能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大词汇量，增强语感丰富学生的语言知识。教师可以指导学生读一些相同水平的文章、故事，记忆背诵一些典型的范文也是可以的。让学生在大量的阅读中积累词汇、句子，形成良好的语感，为学生更好的写作打下坚实的基础。

三.如何评价写作内容

学生的作文要及时地批改，对学生在写作中出现的错误，可以用一些柔和的方式指出，并给予他们指导，告诉他们怎么错了，订正在边上(订正在原位会使他们忽略他们的错误)，知道正确答案，再加以鼓励。这样，他们会慢慢积累知识。即使有学生的错误很多，也不要说“写得不行，不好”之类的话，打击他们的积极性，可以给予他们一些建议，给予他们多些指导这样会更好。

对于写的好的，可以当场给予表扬和鼓励，把好的文章读给大家听或者展贴出来，其余学生可以一起分享。俗话说“乐此不疲”，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在写作教学中要鼓励学生创作，培养他们创作的兴趣，好的作品可以将它们推荐到小学生学习报刊、杂志。这样，学生的积极性就调动了，他们也觉得有成就感，也更乐于写作了。

写作在英语教学中是不可忽略的一项，也是学生最难接受的。“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。”“滴水穿石非一日之功，冰冻三尺非一日之寒。”教师合理教学，学生长期持之以恒，做生活的有心人，做勤劳的小蜜蜂，多思考，多练笔，一定能对写作产生浓厚兴趣，提高英语写作能力。为今后的英语学习打下结实的基矗

1、随时变化法

【特点】

随时变化法一般运用于描写日出、月上、日落、月夕等天空的景色变化，以及描写刮风、下雨、下雪等气色变化。采用随时变化法描写景物，一定要注意仔细观察时间的推移过程中，景物所发生的细微变化，这样才能言之有物。在描写景物时，要把时间的变化交代清楚，这样能反映景物变化的时间进程感。其次要把景物在各个时间里自身特征的变化描写具体，使读者好像看到一场景物变化的小电影。

2、日内变化法

【特点】

同一景物在一天内不同的时刻，景色是不一样的。采用日内变化法描写景物，我们必须随着时间的变化而变化，去勾画景物的不同画面，并做到各有侧重，避免画面相似。（next88）采用日内变化法描写景物，不能只改变景物的地点，但是侧重点可以变化。这样，才能做到同中有异。

3、定点换景法

【特点】

运用定点换景法描写景物，首先在观察景物时要注意选择好观察点。因为表现同一事物时，立足点不同，观察的“方位”、“角度”不同，呈现的面貌也各不相同，表达效果大不一样。其次描写时要注意把观察点交代清楚，即使不用文字作专门说明，也应该让读者能从描写中领会到作者观察的立足点和角度方位。此外，描写时要按照一定顺序，即由近及远或由远及近，由高到低或由低到高，从左到右或从右至左等等。这样可以把景物写得层次清楚，鲜明逼真，有立体感，给读者以如临其境，如在目前的感受。

4、定景换点法

【特点】

同一景物，从不同的位置去看，所呈现的面貌是完全不同的。采用定景换点法描写景物就是把不同位置观察到的景物的差异写出来。采用定景换点法描写景物首先要把观察点的变化情况交代清楚，使读者知道是在什么地方观察到的。其次交代观察点时要按一定的顺序，或由下至上，或由上至下，或由远及近，或由近及远，或由左到右，或由右到左。此外描写景物时，注意从不同的侧面去反映，使读者对景物有整体感。

5、移步换景法

【特点】

移步换景法一般适合于游记或参观记，描写景物时，人走景移，随着观察点的变换，不断展现新画面。采用移步换景法描写景物时，首先要把观察点的变换交代清楚。这样，读者才能清楚地知道游览或参观的路线。其次要把移步中或移步后所见到的景物具体地展现出来，使读者看到一幅幅绚丽多彩、内容丰富的生动画面。采用移步换景法描写景物时，要注意围绕一个中心展示不同的画面，避免有支离破碎的感觉。其次要进行精心的剪裁，要把一路上最有特色的景物描绘出来，删去一般性的描写，避免记流水帐。

[常见的作文五大写作方法

导语：以下是一直六年级的语文作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

小学一年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.对写话有兴趣;

2.能够把句子写完整、通顺。

二、写作内容：

1、通过看图、影视节目、观察周围事物等，写几句完整、通顺的话;

2、能运用生活中学过的词语造句，并根据表达的需要，学习正确使用“句号、问号、叹号”等符号。

三、写作形式：

观察写话;用词造句;仿句练习。

小学二年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1. 能乐于表达自己看到的、听到的、想到的事物;

2. 能写几句连贯、通顺的话;能写留言条、请假条;

3. 学写简单的日记。

二、写作内容：

1. 从能看图并展开想象、观察大自然和周围的事物，写几句连贯、通顺的话，逐步向连句成段过渡;

2. 能用几个词语写几句连贯、通顺的话;

3. 会写留言条、请假条。学写简单的日记。

三、写作形式：

看图写话;观察日记;用词造句;连句成段;结合阅读练习，仿写、续写。

小学三年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.乐于用书面语言表达自己的见闻、感受和想象;

2.能写内容较具体的片段，修改明显错误的词句;

二、写作内容：

1.通过观察(抓住特点)写一段内容较具体的片段;

2.用一段连贯的话写下来，字数不少于300字;

3.能根据提供的词语展开想象，书写内容丰富的语段。

三、写作形式：

仿写练习; 连句成段;修改练习; 结合阅读仿写、扩写、续写练习。

小学四年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.能用书面表达自己觉得新奇有趣、印象深刻、最受感动的内容;

2.愿意将自己的习作读给人听，与他人分享习作的快乐;

3.能用简单的书信、便条进行书面交际;能修改有明显错误的词句;

二、写作内容：

1.能围绕习作要求，自主收集习作素材;

2.能抓住特点观察自己周围的事物，并用几段连贯的话写下来;

3.学写书信、便条，掌握其格式;

4.能修改有明显错误的短文;

三、写作形式：

书信练习; 修改短文; 学习命题及自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。

小学五年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.懂得写作是为了自我表达和与他人交流;

2.学习写简单纪实作文和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实;

3.学写板报稿、建议书;

4.自拟题目，学习编写作文提纲;

5.能从内容、词句、标点等方面修改自己的习作;

二、写作内容：

1.能审清题意，围绕中心选材;

2.初步掌握纪实作文及想象作文的一般规律，养成勤于练笔的习惯;

3.培养先列提纲后作文的习惯;

4.学写板报、建议书，掌握其格式。

三、写作形式：

板报及建议书的练习;习作的互评互改; 命题或自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。

小学六年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.有自我表达和与人交流的欲望;

2.能写简单的纪实和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实，条理清楚;

3.学写会议记录和读书笔记;

4.能根据习作要求自主选材，编写作文提纲;

5.能独立修改自己的习作，并与人交流修改，做到语句通顺，行款正确，学写规范、整洁。

二、写作内容：

1.能围绕目标系统地搜集、整理材料。

2.能进行初步的记叙、议论、抒情的综合训练，为升入中学打好基础。

3.能写简单的会议记录和读书笔记，做到格式正确。

4.能熟练运用常用批改符号进行习作的互评互改。

三、写作形式：

综合练习;会议记录; 命题或自由作文; 文章修改。

作文基础知识

作文是字、词、句、段篇的综合训练，它体现出每位同学的认识水平和文字表达能力。那么，怎样才能写好作文呢?一般说来应做到：

一、思想健康，中心明确。

二、内容具体，条理清楚。

三、语句通顺，意思连贯。

四、详略得当，主次分明。

五、善于观察，想象丰富。

六、书写工整，格式正确。