四级英语作文写作方法(精品20篇)

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

A good laugh is sunshine in a house.令人愉快的欢笑是房间里的阳光。(英国小说家萨克雷。W.M.)

A man who is never satisfied with himself and whom therefore nobody can please.人要是从来不满意自己，就不会有人能够使他满意。(德国诗人歌德.J.W.)

A smile is ever the most bright and beautiful with a tear upon it. What is the dawn without its dew? The tear, by the smile is made precious above the smile itself.笑容带上泪珠总是最鲜艳、最娇美的。正如没有露水，还算什么清晨?而泪珠带上了笑容，就变得甚至比笑容还珍贵。(美国哲学家、教育家兰格。S.K)

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不娱乐使人愚钝。(英国作家贺维尔.)

Anticipating pleasure is also a pleasure.预期快乐本身也是一种快乐。(德国剧作家、诗人席勒.F.)

Better by far you should forget and smile than that you should remem-ber and be sad.笑一笑而忘掉，比愁眉苦脸地记住要好得多。(英国女诗人罗塞蒂.C.G. )

But headlong joy is ever on the wing. 轻率的快乐总是瞬息即逝。(英国诗人 弥尔顿.)

Energy is eternal delight.精力充沛是永恒的快乐。(美国诗人、艺术家布莱克.W.)

Everything considered, work is less boring than amusing oneself.不管怎样，娱乐比工作更令人乏味。(法国诗人 查尔斯.B.)

Human felicity is produced not so much by great pieces ofgoodfortune that seldom happen , as by little advantages thatoccurevery day.(Benjamin Franklin ,American president).与其说人类的幸福来自偶尔发生的鸿运，不如说来自每天都有的小实惠。(美国总统 富兰克林.B.)

Most folks are about as happy as they make up their mindstobe.(Abraham Lincoln ,American president)对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。(美国总统 林肯.A.)

The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to botheraboutwhether you are happy or not.(George Bernard Shaw ,Britishdramatist)痛苦的秘密在于有闲功夫担心自己是否幸福。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that weareloved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。(法国小说家 雨果.V.)

There is no dise on earth equal to the union of loveandinnocence.(Jean Jacques Rousseau, French thinker)人间最大的幸福莫如既有爱情又清白无暇。(法国思想家 卢梭.J.J.)

To really understand a man we must judge himinmisfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一个人，需在不幸中考察他。(法国皇帝 拿破仑.B.)

We have no more center to consume happiness without producingitthan to consume wealth without producing it.(George Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)正像我们无权只享受财富而不创造财富一样，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

A lifetime of happiness ! No man alive could bear it ; it wouldbehell on earth.(G.Bernard Shaw ,British dramatist)终身幸福!这是任何活着的人都无法忍受的，那将是人间地狱。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇气的一种形式。(英国作家 杰克逊.H.)

Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)醉心于某种癖好的人是幸福的。(英国剧作家 肖伯纳.G.)

Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money ; it liesinthe joy of achievement , in the thrill of creativeeffort.(FranklinRoosevelt , American president)幸福不在于拥有金钱，而在于获得成就时的喜悦以及产生创造力的激情。(美国总统 罗斯福.F.)

He laughs best who laughs last.远行者见闻多。(英国科学家雷伊.J.)

He who can conceal his joys is greater than he who can hide his griefs.能隐藏欢乐的人比能隐藏悲痛的人更了不起。(瑞士作家 拉瓦特)

I like the laughter that opens the lips and the heart, that shows at the same time pearls and the soul.我喜欢能不开启双唇和心扉的笑声，喜欢能展示皓齿和灵魂的笑声。(法国作家雨果)

I never condider ease and joyfulness as the purpose of life itself.我从来不认为安逸和欢乐就是生活本身的目的。(美国科学家爱因斯坦)

I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life.我愿宣扬的信条是艰苦奋发的生活，而不是卑微低下的安逸。(美国政治家罗斯福.T.)

It is a curious fact that in bad days we can very vividly recall the good time that is now no more; but that in good days we have only a very cold and imperfect memory of the bad.奇怪得很，人们在倒楣的时候，总会清晰地回忆已经逝去 快乐时光，但是在得意的时候，对恶运时光只保有一种淡漠而不完全的记忆。(德国哲学家叔本华)

It is a poor heart that never rejoices.永远不快乐的心很可悲。(英国小说家马里亚特)

Joys are our wings, sorrows are our spurs.欢乐是人们的双翼，哀愁是人们发愤的动力。(法国作家里克特.J.P)

Labor is often the father of pleasure.劳动常常是快乐之父。(法国哲学家、历史学家伏尔泰)

One of the greatest pleasure in life is conversation.生活中最大的乐趣之一是交谈。(美国作家史密斯L.P.)

Perfect understanding will sometimes almost extinguish pleasure.完全的理解有时几乎会使乐趣消失。(英国学者、诗人豪斯曼.A.E.)

Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone.要清闲就完全清闲，要清静就完全清静。(英国诗人克莱尔J.)

People who cannot find time for recreation are obliged sooner or later to find time for illness.腾不出时间娱乐的人，早晚会被迫腾出时间生病。(美国商人 霍梅克.J.)

Pleasure is nothing else but the intermission of pain, the enjoying of something I am in great trouble for till I have it.快乐不过是痛苦的间歇，享受之前要进行艰苦的努力。(英国法学家 塞尔登.J.)

Praise is ilde sunlight to the human spirit, we cannot flower and grow without it.对于人的精神来说，赞扬就像阳光一样，没有它我们便不能开花生长。(英国作家 格林.G.)

做任何事情都要讲究门“门径”，门径便利，很快可以登堂入室。门径有新有旧，有巧有拙。只要行之有效，就是好方法。初学写作的中学生朋友要想很快进入作文的殿堂，无妨试试以下几种方法：

1、记日记。日记的内容广泛，学习生活中的所见、所闻、所感，都可以作为日记的内容，且形式自由，可长可短。因此，初学者坚持记日记，既能丰富自身的写作素材，又能提高自身的书面表达能力，还可以培养观察、辨析、审判能力。

2、写书评、影（视）评。我们看书、看^电.影（电视），难免会对书（影、视）中的情节、人物或作者的表示方法发表议论。假如能把这些议论记下来，久而久之，我们的写作能力和多篇能力便会得到迅速提高。

3、办手抄报。手抄报的内容可以是自身写的，也可以是从报刊上摘录来的有价值的文章。定期办手抄报可以提高自身的写作兴趣，能从摘录的过程中学到写法，从写的过程中得以练笔。同时又能培养自身的组稿、绘画、版面设计、书写能力。办好的手抄报又便于保管。

4、读后写。所谓“读后写”，就是选择一篇有价值有意义的文章，读过一两遍后，不看文章，凭记忆，把文章的内容具体地写出来。可以用文中的原句，也可用自身的语言，还可进行补充加工。写完后，与原文对照一下，看哪些语句没有把原文的内容充沛地表达出来，哪些语句使原文的内容更加丰富，更加感人。经常做这种练习，能不时地学习到写作的方法，同时又锻炼了自身的比较、记忆和发明能力，空虚自身的“语言仓库”。 以上四种训练方式，在培养作文能力的同时，又使其他方面的能力得以提高。喜好写作的初学者无妨一试。

导语：我们写作文，写人物要把人物写活，写出立体感来，这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。下面小编来说说怎么通过描写动作来刻画心理。

俄国作家阿•托尔斯泰说：“描写人物时，您千方百计去发现能代表他的内心状态的动作”，“有时，只要一个这样的动作，就足以描绘出那人物的特点了。”要把人物写活，必须选择有代表性的具体行动来描写。任何作品中的人物，总是在一定的具体环境中活动的，行动描写是构成事件的必不可少的内容。如果没有行动描写，人物就会静止不动。好像放幻灯，画面上的人虽然有手有脚，就是活动不起来，没有生命力。如果你写的人物是这样的假人，怎么能使文章产生感染力呢?任何人物的活动，都是受其思想性格支配的，因此，我们的作品应该通过对人物一连串行为、动作的描写，来展示人物的思想性格，推动故事情节的发展，突出中心思想。

描写人物的动作，第一应该选取最能表现人物思想性格的有代表性的动作、细节，作具体的刻画，把人物的思想融于动作的细节描写之中。

如歌手那英在舞台上演唱时，常常紧闭双眼，像是沉浸在音乐中不能自拔，又像是在独自享受唱歌的感觉。如果描写那英，就可以抓住她这个动作细节。

细节描写，是指对人物的语言、动作、服饰及心理活动等细小环节做得的细致、具体的描写。它对刻画人物，尤其是对表现人物的性格特征必不可少。一个真实的细节描写，对人物塑造能够起到両龙点睛的作用，使人物性格表现得更加详细生动。细节描写在行动描写当中是最常见的，这些对行动的细节描写，仅用寥寥数笔，一下子就抓住人物最本质的特征，通过对人物、动作的勾勒，表现人物的性格特征，反映人物的心理活动，揭示出人物的思想品质。洱以契诃夫的《变色龙》为例，文中有两次对奥楚蔑洛夫的细节刻画：

“曰加洛夫将军家的?嗯!……你，叶尔德林，把我身上的大衣脱下来。”

“嗯!……叶尔德林，给我穿上大衣吧。……好橡起风了。……怪冷的。”

脱大衣、穿大衣的细节刻岡，揭示了人物内心的紧张和尴尬。

还有的作者描写动作细节时，为了充分发掘细节的意义，多次反复描写，起到重笔渲染的效果。

描写人物的动作，第二要注意锤炼刻画动作的词语，使之准确、精当，只有选好了动词，才能生动、传神地把人物性格准确地勾则出来。

《范进中举》一文中，这样写胡屠户的贪婪像：屠户把银子攥在手里紧紧的，把拳头舒过来，说道：“这个，你且收着。我原是贺你的，怎好又拿了回去?”一攥一舒，动词选用准确，形象的刻刚出胡屠户爱财如命的形象特点。

每个人物的动作，哪怕是一个细小的动作，都能体现出鲜明的人物个性特征。我们要学会观察生活，抓住人物扱富有特征的行动来描写，从而表现人物内在的思想感情和精神面貌。另外，要想把人物的动作写好、写活，丰富自己的词汇知识十分重要，一个动作往往可以用许多.不同的动词来表达，用词不同表达效果也就不同。同学们，我们要扩大自己的阅读面，多读一些优秀作品，积累词汇，丰富自己的语言，把人物行动描写成功，使人物性格得到充分展示。

此外，要写好人物，还要细致的刻画人物的心理活动。

心理描写，能够直接表现人物在想什么或想要做什么，反映人物的精神面貌。心理描写，实际上也是动态描写，是人物内在的动态描写，即对人物内心活动的直接表述，通过心理刻画，反映出人物内在的感情的形成、发展及转化过程，再加上与人物的外部形态描写有机地结合在一起，就能够从里到外地展示人物的性格特征。好的心理描写，对表现人物性格、塑造人物形象，起很大的作用。在不少文学作品中我们都能看到，对人物的心理活动刻画得深刻细致，即使不写外部面貌，也可以展示出人物的个性特征。我们要求人物形象的外部风貌(容貌、仪表、姿态、举止、风度的美丑)和内在的灵魂(心灵、品格的美丑)的统一、和谐，就必须借助于心理描写这种写作方法。

不少同学对写人物的内心活动感到困难，因为它不像人物的肖像、语言和行动，是直观的，一眼就能够看出来。俗话说，“人心隔肚皮”，别人的心理活动看不见、摸不着，写起来无从下笔。其实，想了解别人的心理活动也不难，除了直接向他本人询问，向他人间接了解之外，很重要的还要通过自己的观察去了解。人物的内心活动往往表现在外在的表情神态上，从一个人的神态表情上可以了解他的内心活动。比如《我的叔叔于勒》一文中就是通过对人物表情的刻画展示人物的内心活动，从而突出他的性格特点：“他的脸色十分苍白，两只眼也跟寻常不一样。他回到我母亲身旁，是那么神色张皇。”“脸色十分苍白、神色张皇”等写出了人物内心的恐惧与不安。

由此可见，留心观察人物的这些外在神态，有助于了解人物的内心活动。

了解了人物的内心活动，用什么方法表现出来呢?主要有以下几种：

第一，内心独白。

这种方法常用于人物第一人称，以人物自己的口吻表述自己的思想感情和心理活动。

第二，直接刻画、交代和说明。

这种方法常用第三人称，对人物的心理活动作细致人微的描述，这种方法在描写心理活动中是最常用的。

第三，梦想、幻觉与梦境。

梦幻的描写是一种充满浪漫主义色彩的心理描写，是人物心理的一种曲折、集中而形象的反映。在塑造人物形象、表达强烈感情时，常常借助于梦幻描写反映心理活动，反映思想感情。

描写人物的心理活动，在运用上述三种方法的同时，还应该借助人物的神情、姿态、动作、语言来描写。因为它们直接受人的思想的支配，而又最能折射出人物的内心世界。

我们既懂得了如何去观察了解人物的内心活动，又慵得了描写人物内心活动的几种方法，经过自己的不断学习、实践，相信一定能通过心理描写，更好地揭示出人物的精神世界，让人物有生命，还宥思想，这样的典型不是更具魅力吗!

所谓“话题作文”，是指用一段提示语启发思考。激发想象，然后限定范围的一种命题形式。它不同于以前的半命题、命题及材料作文，是一种崭新的、具有很强生命力的作文样式。以下是为大家分享的话题作文写作方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

话题作文一般有三部分组成：提示性文字材料、话题范围、注意事项或要求。

话题作文有自己独特的个性，其基本特征可以概括为“四不限(即不限文体、不限主旨、不限具体内容及不限题目)一强调(强调考查考生的创新能力和综合素质)”。

要写好话题作文，应做好以下几点：

一、善于化大为小

话题作文由于范围宽泛，给学生的把握带来了一定的困难，因此写作前首先应学会化大为小。如一个西瓜，洗净后只有切成小块才好下口。话题作文的写作也应如此。我们可以将话题化为几个契合话题的子话题，然后从这些子话题中选择一个易写好的来写。简单地说就是采用大题小作的写法，从具体一点切入，然后调动自己的积累，在这个问题上聚焦、展开和提炼，把这一点说是说深说透。这样才能在800字左右的篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。

如果不善于化大为小，就难免泛泛而谈。那种东说一句西扯一句，鸡零狗碎的“拼盘”，是难以得到阅卷老师“欢心”的。

二、善于以小见大

如果仅局限于“小”，文章就显得平淡无奇，没有深意。只有小中见大，才能发人深思，引人入胜。

所谓以小见大，即大处着眼，小处落笔。写小的事情，表现大的主题。这种手法，往往通过对具体、平凡的小事小物和有关细节材料的叙述描写。并加以适当抒情议论，以阐明大道理，揭示深刻的社会意义，以一滴水折射出太阳的光辉，于细微处体现伟大的精神。如《琐忆》等，都采用了这种写法。

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考可根据自己的情况选择其中的个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this

2）The reasons for this are as follows

3）The reason for this is obvious

4）The reason for this is not far to seek

5）The reason for this is that

6）We have good reason to believe that

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life

．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：

如考生写第一个句子没有把握，

可将其改写成两个句子。

如：

Great changes have taken place in our life．

There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages

2）It does us a lot of good

3）It benefits us quite a lot

4）It is beneficial to us

5）It is of great benefit to us

例如：

Books are like friends．

They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds

and widen our horizons．Therefore reading extensively is of great benefit to us

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages

2）It does us much harm

3）It is harmful to us

例如：

However，everything divides into two．

Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient, possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life．

例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．

Soon, computers will be found in every home，too．

We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．

3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with Is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6 ．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．

3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to

meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．

2）No one can deny the fact that．．．

3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．

5）However，that’s not the case．

例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，

we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．

The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．

3）There is a striking contrast between them．

例如：

Compared with cars ,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．

例如：

With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s in some spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

再如：From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth．

2）People have different opinions on this problem．

3）People take different views of（on）the question．

4）Some people believe that．．．

Others argue that．．．

例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．

再如：

Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？

Different people have different views on it（注：

一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。）

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that ．．

例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved．

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．．

2）As is known to us．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph

（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．

5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．

The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly，and

the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，

we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．

Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after

we graduate.

导语：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，练习英语写作也是一样，三天打鱼两天晒网是不行的，必须得持之以恒的练习，才会有进步。下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less

laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

121. on the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.

一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。

122. students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.

离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性

123. whats more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.

而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。

124. on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。

127. furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?

130. as for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.

我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. in the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.

首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。

132. although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.

尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. in the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.

第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。

134. although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in peoples life, an increasingevidences show that it is less useful than many people think.

尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

135. from what has been discussed above, i firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. the maintenance of the traditionaltechnology and methods is futile.

通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

136. at the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.

当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. we cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

139. there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. it is universally acknowledged that trees are

indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

141. there is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. an advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. the reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. so precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。

145. rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。

146. the harder you work, the more progress you make.

你越努力，你越进步。

147. the more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

148. to average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that english often means a good opportunity for ones career, is this really the case?

对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作，然而这是真的吗?

149. by taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。

150. listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

听音乐能使我们放松。

151. on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. it is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. there is no one but longs to go to college.

人们都希望上大学。

155. since the examination is around the corner, i am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。

156. it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. summer is sultry. thats the reason why i dont like it.

夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. the progress of the society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. we should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. taking exercise is closely related to health.

作运动与健康息息相关。

161. we should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. the condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. reading does good to our mind.

读书对心灵有益。

165. overwork does harm to health.

工作过度对健康有害。

166. pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. we should do our best to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.

家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. as is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.

众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. in order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.

现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. from what i have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on tv has great influence on youngsters behavior.

从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. there are two reasons for the improvement in peoples living conditions. in the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.

人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。

173. my suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. to begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

我对解决这个问题的建议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. people differ in their attitudes towards failure. faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. others, however, lose heart and give in.

人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

175. it is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. as a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. on the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. people in many countries are suffering from public hazards.

常言道：事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. lets take cars for example. they not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. the noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

178. it is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

179. there is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.

毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。

180. additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

翻开学生的作文本，许多学生生拉硬拽，无奈无味文字都会干巴巴的挤在眼前。例如：《洗衣服》许多孩子会写：我吧衣服泡在水盆里，放上水，再放一小勺洗衣粉，等十五分钟后开始洗。先使劲搓衣领，然后又在搓板上用力揉衣服。最后，打来清水把衣服投一遍晾在绳子上。三年纪是这样洗，到了五年级还是这样洗。由此就很让人怀疑他是否真的洗过一件衣服。而好多份几乎千篇一律的文字，则大多来自同一本参考书籍。

每每看到这些令人颇觉乏味的文字，都会是那个无奈与心痛：孩子们为什么会写得这样空洞？为什么写得这样难受呢？难倒只是缺乏细致的观察吗？难倒只是缺乏遣词造句、布局谋篇的技巧吗？不，不是的。归根结底学生不愿写，写不出来的一个重要原因是内心缺少了一种感情，一种对生活的点点滴滴的关爱之情。没有了这种情感，面对本来丰富多彩的生活就视而不见，听而不闻，一切都变成了过眼云烟，对生活的感应力、认知力降低。其直接结果就是每次作文总是先为;写什么;而苦恼。

纵观历代名家名篇：屈原满腔悲愤做《天问》；陆游忧国忧民写《示儿》；杜甫欣喜若狂述《闻官军收河南河北》；李白激情洋溢绘庐山瀑布。鲁迅先生笔锋犀利，无所畏惧，一篇篇恰似战斗檄文的作品至今依然是读者的首选。它们哪一篇不是作者情之所致，心之所致，而文之所致呢？因此我认为培养学生丰富的内心情感，提高生活认知力，激发出不吐不快的写作欲望，让一簇簇心灵火花烁烁闪耀是成就学生作品的一大要素。

那么如何培养内在情感，提高生活认知力，激发写作欲望呢？

借用诗人杜甫的两句诗就是：随风潜入夜，润物细无声。即把生活中点点滴滴的小事从学生身边信手拈来，开展朋友式的聊天活动，让学生在&ldqu;感知&rdqu;，（即在生活中的所见所闻）、&ldqu;感觉&rdqu;（即对所见所闻进行的浅显的评议）&ldqu;感悟&rdqu;（即透过现象看本质时所发表的比较深刻的见解）这三步曲中不知不觉地有话可说，有话愿说，有话会说，让一吐为快方觉舒畅地情感逐渐注满身心。

点评他人感悟，体验作者的创作激情，加强身心体验。

1. 以《穷人》一课为例。

《穷人》一课描绘了桑娜与丈夫不顾家境贫寒，生活艰难，依然抱养了邻居家的两个孤儿，与自家五个孩子一并抚养的故事。学生们认真阅读，并着重体会作者对女主人公心理活动的描写，以及对主人公语言的描写，从而明确作者的感悟皆来自于穷人们那些无私，善良的表现。

2. 入文想象，体验作者的创作激情。

在第一步体会的基础上，让学生们变成作者走进桑娜的家去看一看，然后谈谈自己的感想，再和渔夫出海打鱼，说说自己的体会。此举意在使学生深切感受到桑娜一家生活多么艰难，多么危险，最后让学生们想象自己是桑娜，是渔夫，去做一做它们的善举……在想象中，学生们慢慢体会到作者不仅仅是感觉到穷人善良就下笔的，而是在深刻体味到穷人们不顾自身苦难而忘我奉献的伟大精神时迸发出无限创作激情才成就此文的。与此同时，学生们也才会心旌激荡了。

如果说文中作者的创作激情对学生们是一种引领性的培养，那么生活中实践性培养、激发应是帮助学生提高生活认知能力，调动无限创作情感的必经之路。

点评身边琐碎，触动生活认知，调动写作热情。

生活中，每个人由于成长环境、机遇有所不同，生活色彩也就浓淡不一。但它与人心灵情感的充实与否并不成正比。也就是说，在平凡的生活中，依旧可以拥有一颗充实的心，一份洋溢的情。关键是如何拥有。是主动觅寻，还是被动逐波？当然选前者。而我们的任务就是要促动学生在生活的海洋中能够主动地游起来，且勇于追潮头，敢于立潮头，乐于领潮头。即能够树立自己的观点，发表自己的观点，升华自己的观点。这种观点就是学生对生活的认知，就是学生们的创作激情。

1. 随即点评身边小事，帮助树立正确认识。

一位同学在作文中提到曾经和他人为了好玩而一起爬墙头的事情，最后告诉大家千万要注意安全，别做危险的游戏。经过大家再三思议，觉得只是为了好玩而去爬墙头，不仅危险，而且是一种不文明的行为，是违反小学生行为规范的。还有的说应该学习创造一些有益的游戏，如果真想勇敢一次，不妨请解放军叔叔帮忙，指导……总之，同学们都认为应该做文明学生，学会对自己的行为负责。在大家的提议下，这位同学除了把爬墙时的危险动作描写更准确外，而且写出了爬墙的一些心理，细节等。如：骑在墙头上，开始还美得高举两手挥舞，忽然往下一看，呀，真高啊！心一下子怦怦跳起来，两手紧紧抓住墙头，腿也一下子夹紧了墙壁，身上热烘烘的……结尾修改后写成：这回不文明的大行动可把我害惨了，同学们可别学我呀！

可见，帮助学生点评身边琐事，自由认知，引导提高，使学生自然而然地感悟生活的积极意义，从而激发出学生高昂的写作热情，使作文更好地水到渠成。

2. 固定跟踪，积累看法。

以校园生活为例。学校是学生们重要的生活空间之一，与老师、同学、教室、校园的相处时间可谓长矣。感觉应是既熟悉又陌生。

说熟悉是因为每天相见，是自己身边的人与物，自然就多了一份亲切，说陌生是因为对人与物的喜爱与信任是需要培养的，所以也就多了一份生疏。然而正是这些熟悉的陌生人、陌生物，会成为激发学生跟踪议论的好题材、兴奋点。让学生去寻找那些人或物固有的特点及变化，然后抓住对人或物的外在感知，记录下自己的感觉乃至感悟。按捺不住之时讲给大家听。同学们边听边议，良好的创作情绪由此逐渐酝酿，慢慢生成……

例如要写《可爱的校园》时，发动学生先列举出校园从内到外的新颖、独特风景。大家看到校园的美，心旷神怡中感悟出这是师生辛勤劳动的结果，并且应该好好爱护。还有的同学能够认识到：人多力量大，人心齐泰山移，努力付出就会有美好的收获，收获是快乐的，更要好好珍惜。有了这些感悟，当学生再提笔时，不再是生搬硬套一份喜爱之情，而是凭着一份激动的心情去夸窗明几净，整齐有序，活泼美丽的校园了。

孔子说：知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。叶圣陶先生说：识得深切，写出来当然亲切；识得浅薄，写出来不免浅薄。一无所知，硬要写也没法写出。因此培养学生的认知能力，激发学生的写作情感，使学生认识到周围事物的价值，对周围的事物感兴趣应是引领学生们走入作文大门的重要一步。而且通过帮助学生点评生活，可以直接对学生进行潜移默化地进行人与人交往教育，社会道德教育，科学思想方法的启蒙等等，使作文与育人紧密结合，为学生的长远发展打下一定的基础。

“写作的实质，就是对自身储备的一种综合调动。”笔者认为，这种储备，是写作学所说的素材，是心理学所指的经过感知的客观事物在头脑中再现的形象，即表象。这种综合调动，是写作主体通过观察、积累、回忆、联想、想像等动态的、内在的、心灵的运动过程，促进各种表象的交流、再现、创新，上升为思想、观念，然后形诸语言文字，把它们表现出来。

一、观察分析，储备表象

巧妇难为无米之炊，这是常识；无本之木、无源之水，是不存在的。目前，许多中学生感到作文难，其中一个主要的原因，就是他们对社会生活没有留心观察，或视而不见，或熟视无睹，以致头脑里所存留的关于客观事物的表象材料少，没有东西可写。因此，教师应该特别注意培养学生稳定而广泛的兴趣，激发学生对现实生活的好奇心、观察力和思考力，强化训练，使学生学会收集材料、储备表象。

“和氏之璧”一而再地被贬为“石头”，是因为人们欠缺高深的辨别力；金银盾有人说它是金盾，有人说它是银盾，争论不休，是因为观察不全面；一张多色图案，有人却说它是单色的，是因为这人患了色盲症。这就说明，同一客观事物反映在人头脑中的表象是不同的，有正误之分，有真伪之别，有妍媸之异，这与人的知识能力、经验体会、思想观念等有关。若储备在脑子里的表象是片面的、错误的，再现在语言文字上自然有损于文章的质量。所以，教师指导学生作文，首先要培养学生正确的人生观、价值观，提高美丑、善恶、真伪、正误的辨别力，以正确认识社会现实，准确全面地反映社会现实。

二、调动储备，引出表象

在写作主体综合调动自身储备的过程中，第二个重要环节是“引出表象”。

所谓“引出表象”，就是写作时，写作主体在充分占有材料的基础上，选取最佳的表象材料。那么，怎样才能引出表象呢？

1.能引出表象的有直观事物和语言符号。

看见别人吃酸梅时，就引起以前吃酸梅的映象在脑子里再现、复活，再传递到味觉神经，口水就会流出来。这是由眼前事物诱发的表象活动。“谈虎色变”和“望梅止渴”这两则成语故事，并没有看到实况，而只是听别人说说，就产生了变脸色和生津液的效果，这是由于语言（文字）的中介作用，联想到过去所遇到的情况，而有了身临其境之感。

2.要引出表象，就要具备以下三个条件：

第一，对客观事物要感知得多，最起码要有过类似的生活体验。有人说“虎伤人，众皆不惊”，是由于众人没有被老虎吓唬过；田夫色动异于众，是因为田夫曾被虎伤过。

第二，要有强烈的刺激性。刺激性越强的事物越容易引起表象的复活、再现。酸梅比香蕉更易引发口水流出，是由于酸梅容易引起感官和大脑的反应。

第三，在急需时，也容易引出表象，特别是生理上感到不足时，更容易引出表象。例如，饥饿时看见人家吃饭，就会流口水。

3.引出表象的主要心理活动是回忆和联想。看到先人的衣物，就会产生思念、悲恸之情。参观烈士陵园和烈士纪念馆，就会回忆起烈士的英雄事迹。读文学作品，就会产生身临其境、耳闻其声之感，这些都是靠回忆和联想而产生的。

所以，教师在作文教学中，应巧设练习，以帮助学生调动储备，引出表象，更好地为文章主题组织材料。常见且效果较好的练习方法有：

①触景生情法；②直观诱导法；③抛砖引玉法；④范文导引法。

三、大胆想像，努力创新

借助表象进行想像而创造出新的形象，常用的有以下几种方法。

1.组合法。把几个同类表象组合在一起，概括出新的形象、新的意旨，这是一种常见的写作方法。

2.移植法。这是把人物形象典型化的行之有效的方法之一。一种是专以生活中的某一个人物原型为基础进行想像而创造出新形象的方法；还有一种是在广泛地集中、概括各种表象材料的基础上，塑造新的形象，即鲁迅先生的“杂取种种人合成一个”的方法。通过这种移植法创造出的新形象所反映的生活，会更集中、更有普遍的代表性。

3.类比法。类比法是根据两个对象之间某些方面的相同或相似，而推出它们的其他方面也可能相同或相似的一种方法。

4.改变法。改变法是给现有表象再加上或减去一些表象材料，或把原材料扩缩范围，或改变想像角度，或用别的表象材料来转换、代替等。这样的方法能有效地把握住写作中心，选取出最佳题材，创造出富有个性、富有新意的文章来。

导语：要使得人物立起来，就必须注重细节描写，下面我们就来详细看看。

“人物”是文章的灵魂，但在学生的习作中常见的人物形象往往是千人一面，既无个性，又不生动，整篇文章显得干瘪乏味，缺少感染力。仔细阅读这些作品，就会发现这样一个共同的问题：往往只是一味地追求把某件事写完整，而忽略了进行生动具体、细致入微的细节描写。

细节描写的范围很宽广，它的作用也是多方面的，但主要还是刻画人物性格，塑造人物形象。一个个传神的细节，犹如人体身上的细胞，没有了它，人就失去了生命;文章少了细节，人物形象就失去了血肉和神采。作家李准说：“一个细节在揭示人物的性格特征的作用上，有时和一个情节、一场戏肩着同样的作用。”正如平常所谓的“于细微处见精神”。

文学大师的创作，就非常重视对细节的描绘。鲁迅的《阿Q正传》中有一段阿Q刑前画押的细节描写：“要画圆圈了，那手捏着笔只是抖，于是那人将纸铺在地上，阿Q伏下去，使尽平生的力画圆圈。他生怕被人笑话，立志要画得圆，但这可恶的笔不但很沉重，并且不听话，刚刚一抖一抖的几乎合缝，却又向外一耸，成了瓜子模样了。”这个行为细节，具体、形象、生动地反映了阿Q的性格特点──直到死还恪守着自欺欺人的“精神胜利法”。当人们读到这一细节描写时，谁又能不觉得阿Q的可笑、可悲、可怜?又怎么会不“哀其不幸，怒其不争”，进而深思国民劣根性?

不仅中国作家如此，外国作家亦然。如巴尔扎克的《欧也妮·葛朗台》中写葛朗台死前，当神甫把镀金的十字架送到他唇边让他亲吻基督的圣像时，“他却作一个骇人的姿势想把十字架抓在手里，这一下最后的努力送了他的命”，只这一细枝末节就活画出了这个守财奴贪婪成性、至死不变的丑恶形象。正是细节描写，使人物有血有肉，性格鲜明，形象栩栩如生;有了鲜活的人物，整篇文章因之而充满生机，产生强烈的感染力。

当然，并不是所有生活上的细节都具有价值，也不是只要写得“细”就可以了。好的细节描写必须是有用的、真实的、典型的。它必须为展示人物的精神风貌和深化文章的主题服务，它必须符合人物的性格特点，符合现实生活的实际，应最能突出人物的个性特征。

细节从哪里来?文学来源于生活，细节就在丰富多彩的生活之中。做个生活的有心人，时时处处留心观察身边的人和事，特别是自己的描写对象。绍兴街头，咸亨酒店，鲁迅潜心观察短衣帮与长衫客，才“画出沉默的国民的灵魂”。都柏林阴暗的咖啡室，乔伊斯冷峻地打量着游荡的女、骗子、精神病患者、乞丐和富人，酝酿着震惊世界的《尤利西斯》。古往今来，伟大的作家，总是终生用心捕捉那些使灵魂颤栗的人和事，熔铸成千古流传的篇章。捕捉细节、运用细节，让这一把金钥匙为你所用，使你的文章散发出熠熠光彩!

一、提高小学语文写作教学效果的有效方法

1．提升教师自身素质

在作文教学中，教师依托写下水文，提升自身写作能力，是最直接有效的方法。一方面能激发学生写作的兴趣，能避免教学中的许多误区（如最常见的命题作文，命题往往脱离学生的生活）；另一方面，“实践出真知”，老师自己动手，才会懂得评价学生的作文，如果一个题目写不出，就可以更宽容学生的作品；如果一个题目写得很好，那讲授就有了依据，学生学习也有了方向。这是教学相长的好办法。在作文教学改革中，教师勤于动笔不仅是言传身教，更重要的是通过写下水文，教师能真正体验写作规律，在教学中把写作规律和教学规律更好地结合在一起。

2．点燃学生的写作兴趣

第一，教师在设置作文题目时，应该结合学生的实际生活状况，选择学生感兴趣的话题，这样学生才会有话可说、有内容可写。第二，教师应该给予学生充分的肯定，让学生感受到成功的喜悦。第三，在写作教学中，教师应该范读优秀的文章，鼓励学生参加形式多样的作文比赛，在竞争中让学生体会到写作的快乐，从而使学生的写作兴趣得以提高。

3．培养学生的写作能力

为了让学生轻松、容易地完成写作内容，教师应该加强学生写作能力的培养，在写作教学过程中，可以根据学生的实际情况来选择写作题目，使之赋予文章趣味性和生活性，从而让学生将自己的情感流露于文字之间。引导学生感受生活的趣味，并使之把感情抒发出来，这样才能提高学生的写作技能，如教师可以组织学生开展协调性强的集体活动，如拔河比赛、足球比赛、踢毽子比赛等等，在活动结束后可要求学生描述对活动的认识，或者是对伙伴的认识，抑或是对集体的认识等等，同时教师在学生写作时要引导学生多使用修辞手法，从而使文章生动与活泼。

4．引导学生积累写作素材

课外活动的开展是对课堂教学的有效补充，课外活动不仅可以帮助学生积累切身体会到的写作素材，而且能够让学生在写作中流露真情实感、开启创新思维。如自己坐车回家，自己去看医生等，通过接触社会来开启学生对事物的思考；通过体育比赛活动激发学生的写作热情；通过开展义务劳动，积累劳动的感受和素材；通过游览名胜古迹，积累学生的游记素材等等，切身融入生活，对学生的写作水平会有很大的提高。

5．拓宽学生的写作思路

优秀的作文是具备创造性和真情实感的，小学生写不出好的作品，主要原因在于学生没有良好的创造精神、缺乏想象力、知识积累不足、生活体验不足、情感投入不丰富等。因此，教师在写作教学过程中，要积极引导学生多进行课外阅读，丰富写作教学形式，开展形式多样的语言活动，如词语接龙、讲故事比赛、小型辩论会等，这样的写作教学模式不仅可以诱导学生的学习兴趣，而且能够在愉悦的环境中丰富学生的知识。同时，教师可以采取分组讨论的形式让学生进行评论和学习，在此过程中学生可以从别人的文章中感受到写作的不同思路以及借鉴别人的优美语句，进行加工再创造并恰当地用于今后的写作中，使自己的写作思路得以扩宽、知识得以丰富，从而有效提高自己的写作水平。

二、结语

综上可知，教师要结合小学生自身的特点来完善写作教学，帮助学生树立写作的自信心，培养学生的写作兴趣，让学生在自信与兴趣的驱使下主动贴近生活、感受生活，愿意表达、善于动笔，为以后的学习和写作打下坚实的基础。

一、在生活中选材。

在我们的周围，差不多每天都有新鲜事。将你们在漫长的暑假里亲身经历(如参观、游览、钓鱼、游泳、回乡探亲、参加夏令营活动等)的事情加以筛选，把印象最深、最有趣的写出来。

二、叙事要完整，经过要具体。

要把事情说清楚，讲明白，必须交代清楚事情的来龙去脉。一篇完整的记叙文应该包括六个要素，即：时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。一般情况下，这几个要素必须齐全，但在特殊情况下，也有例外。

只有把事情的经过写具体，才能给读者留下深刻的印象，这是本次作文的一个难点。 怎样才能把经过写具体呢?有下列两种方法可供选择：1多问几个“后来又怎样?”把怎么样回答清楚了，事情就写具体了。2按照纵式结构，把事情的经过划分成几个阶段，一步一步地写下去，自然也会写得具体。

三、突出重点、详略得当。

事件的过程要写具体，告诉别人做了些什么，是怎样做的，这很重要，但是要注意突出重点，详略得当。这就要求我们在动笔之前，认真回忆发生在暑假里某件事的有关情况，有选择地确定写什么场面，重点写谁，不要面面俱到，注意把握重点，突出主要内容。

一般来说，文章的主要内容要详写，次要内容要略写。对写事的文章，时间、地点、事件和参加人，要略写;事件的经过，反映事件的特点、有代表性的内容要详写。这样，文章才能显得重点突出，中心明确。

四、写出情趣，吸引读者。

我们经历的事情及参加的活动，大致都有生活情趣或启发教育意义，能使我们从中感受到快乐，有所收益。如果在事件的记叙中用生动活泼的语言表达出参加者、经历者的欢乐之情及所受到的启发，就会使文章更趣，更吸引人。

①认真观察说明对象，抓住了特征;

②说明讲究了一定的顺序，条理性强;

③依据说明对象或说明内容采用合适的说明方法;

④语言表达讲究分寸，用语准确，并力求多样性。怎样才能写好说明文呢?首先，要抓住事物的特征。

所谓特征，就是事物本身的某一点(或几点)的独特属性，也就是这一事物与其他事物在本质上的差别,即这一事物区别于其他事物的标志。

要准确地把握特征，一要靠观察，二要靠比较。

观察，必须认真、仔细、全面，这就是发现、抓住并说明事物特征的前提;比较，有纵向比较，如现在和过去相比;有横向比较，如此物与彼物相比。对于事物说明文来讲，还要通过调查资料、向人请教等途径弄清事理。只要善于观察研究，就能把握特征。

同是建筑，有的以雄伟著称，有的以精巧见长，有的简朴自然，有的典雅华丽;同是动物，有的凶猛，有的温驯。这些都是可以通过观察来把握的。比如要你写一篇介绍水的说明文，你必须介绍水是一种什么物质、水的种类和形态、水的重要性等。要做到这一点，你必须观察研究，知道水是由氢、氧组成的无色无味的透明液体，随着温度的变化而呈液态、固态和气态，水是人民生活和工农业生产必不可少的物质。

1993年全国高考小作文，要求根据所绘图画介绍圆规。小而平常的圆规，乍看无特征可言，但一深究，圆规最大的特征是什么呢?当然是画圆，这是它最大的属性，也是特征。抓住这一点，文章就好写了。

按要求要写圆规的构造、功能和使用方法，但这一切又必须紧紧围绕画圆这个主要特征，其作用是画圆，而它的构造和使用方法也都是为画圆服务的。

第二，用词要准确。在说明事物形态、性质、功用或操作程序时，必须将数量、范围、程度、次序等表达清楚、恰当，尤其要注意修饰、限制、补充性词语的选用。第三，条理要清楚。根据说明对象及其特征的不同，分别选用空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序及主次顺序、因果关系等。

最后，要学习运用举例子、列数字、作比较、分类别这四种主要的说明方法。把所要说明的对象说清楚,就应做到把握说明对象的特征，注意说明顺序和说明方法，有条有理地予以介绍。说明文写作的重点也就应放在这三点上。

大纲要求初中生能写简单的说明文，中考说明文写作考查只要求写小作文。从说明对象的类型看，常见的考题有以下几类：①根据图表内容写说明文;②介绍某物的制作过程;③介绍某一物件的结构、性能等;④介绍某一特定环境的位置;⑤说明某种现象的成因;

高中各科目的学习对同学们提高综合成绩非常重要，大家一定要认真掌握，小编为大家整理了高一语文学习方法：写作的习惯，希望同学们学业有成!

1、积累素材。素材的积累宜从以下几个方面入手：一是自己的亲身经历和体验(含自身周围环境见闻)，这是极为丰富而行动的材料来源;二是学过的课文内容，这也是一个可观的材料库;三是课外阅读(书籍、报刊、影视等)中发现的反映社会生活的典型材料、精彩片断、名言警句等。

2.要注意文体的选择。现在高考作文在文体上几乎对考生没有限制，但文体影响着评卷老师对一篇文章优劣的认定，所以考生千万不能掉以轻心。

3.要注意材料的运用。引用材料宜概括，不要原文照抄。

4.要注意文章的模仿。

5.要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。

6.要注意在平时多观察、多思考，强化文句表达训练。

7.要注意追求独特的构思，但不为追求而追求。独特的构思吸引人，尤其在许多模式化、公式化的文章中。独特的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑，丰富的内容必须紧扣中心。

尊敬的人力资源经理：

您好！

经过深思熟虑地思考，我决定辞去我目前在公司所担任的职位，我知道这对于您来说，是非常难以作决定的事情。

第二段：说明您自己考虑的辞职的时间（尽管您提出辞职经公司同意后，公司的人力资源部将按照固定的离职日程办理离职手续，但这样说并不是画蛇添足，大多数情况下，你都能够争取到提早离开的时间）。

例如：

我考虑在此辞呈递交之后的２?４周内离开公司，这样您将有时间去寻找适合人选，来填补因我离职而造成的空缺，同时我也能够协助您对新人进行入职培训，使他尽快熟悉工作。另外，如果您觉得我在某个时间段内离职比较适合，不妨给我个建议或尽早告知我。

第三段：说明您在这个公司里的经验积累，尽可能地去赞扬公司对您的栽培（不论您有多么大的委屈和气愤，都不应该在辞职信里表露）。

例如：我非常重视我在“……公司”内的这段经历，也很荣幸自己成为过“……公司”的一员，我确信我在“……公司”里的这段经历和经验，将为我今后的职业发展带来非常大的利益。

最后，请务必使用亲笔签名，而且签名要尽量刚劲，并写好日期。

一、注意积累写作素材

素材是复杂的、宽泛的、零碎的、不系统的社会生活现象，是作者搜集起来的生活材料。大量素材在作者头脑中积蓄，通过作者的感知、剖析，受到启迪后，产生的某种创作冲动。作者有一种明晰的思想，一种真挚的感情需要表达，不吐不快，这便往往产生了主题。主题是客观事物作用于作者的头脑而产生的主客观相统一的新思想。选择何种角度，何种形式表达主题，便要由表达主题的需要来决定，在素材中搜索，哪个可用，哪个不用，怎样剪裁。而为表达主题作者所摄取的生活角度、事件、场景，便成了作品题材。可见，是素材决定主题的产生，主题决定对素材的选取。写作不是原样照搬生活，但必须有“生活”即对素材的占有。有志于写作的人，要做一个生活中的有心人，对什么事都留心，见到什么事都思考一番。

怎么积累素材，当然方法很多。这里只强调一点，请你身上备一个小本，遇到一个新鲜事，一个场景，听到一个故事，或千虑之一得，便及时地记录下来，再不时地翻一翻。久而久之，聚腋成裘，那个小本本就成了你素材的仓库。俗话说“好记性，不如烂笔头”。相信你坚持下去，定会受益。

二、鉴别和选择材料

占有了大量素材，却不一定会写出好文章。这除了“技巧”上的差别外，还有一个鉴别、欣赏、选择的眼光问题。在大量素材面前，要善于鉴别和选择材料，这是作者必备的又一个能力。有的人自我感觉良好。可是，当提起笔来，立刻头脑空空，或虽感到有一个事很好，却不知如何写，原因就是你知识的土地太贫瘠了。怎么办?捷径只有一个，多读书。培根说过“读书足以怡情，足以长才。”高尔基也说过“人的知识愈广，人的本身也日臻完善”。可是，我们有的同志没有读书的习惯，甚至连报纸也不看，写作上的无能也就不足为怪了。当然，读书多也不一定就有知识，还要学会思考。知识，只有当它靠积极的思维得来而不是凭记忆得来的时候，才是真正的知识。知识是引导我们走向“能力”巅峰的灯火，思考能使知识的灯火更加明亮。想写出高水平的文章，必须先具备鉴别和选材的能力。这个能力不是一朝一夕就可具备的，知识的积累是长期的、终生的，那么，请从现在就开始吧。

三、主题的提炼

有的人很想写文章，苦于不知写什么，无从下笔。其重要原因之一，是初学者不善于提炼主题。主题是一篇文章的灵魂，而材料是血肉，结构是骨骼，语言是细胞，叙述、描写、议论、抒情是手段，缺一不可。但若没了“灵魂”，便成了“行尸走肉”，没了“灵魂”，别人看了文章，也会不知所云。那么，我们怎样提炼主题呢?打个比方，如果“主题”是金子，那金子是从大量的金矿、金沙中“淘”出来的。如前所言，是在占有大量素材的基础上，在具备相当鉴别和选材能力的基础上产生的。提炼主题时，要认真思考一下：(1)这些给我一些朦胧启示的素材，最使我感动的是什么?(2)这个令我感动的地方，表现的是一种什么样的思想、情操?(3)这种思想、情操是否具有时代性、先进性、典型性?(4)具有时代性、先进性了，那么是否有新意?是不是别人都写“滥”了的，我还能否从中掘出新意、选出新角度?凡此等等，经过一番思考后，那个确定下来要表达的东西，即主题。对主题的要求，要观点正确、内涵深刻、表现集中、角度新颖。我们学过的《谁是最可爱的人》，写志愿军战士的文章很多，但魏巍同志却表现得最集中、最深刻，角度也新，所以脍炙人口。主题产生，离不开丰富的生活基础，源于对生活有深刻的认识，并且我们要有强烈的表现(写出来)欲望。由生活到思维，从感性到理性，就是主题产生的过程。一般说来，别人认为没啥意思，不值写，我偏要写出点意思，便容易深刻，别人这样写，我偏要那样写，便容易出新；别人想出得面面俱到，我却抓住一点，小中见大，集中笔力，深掘细琢，主题更容易突出集中。提炼主题的功夫，最根本的靠反复实践，平时就注意“读文取法”，从文字背后寻真谛。

长久以来孩子们的写作思维被固化了，这篇文章孩子们认真阅读，真正掌握了其要义，就可以把文章写的更鲜活，富有灵性!

1写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?

孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。” 如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

2写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。 张三说：“……”; 张三无可奈何地说：“……”; 张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……” 显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

3写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?” 按照蒋老师“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

4就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!蒋老师此言一出震惊四座。不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。 如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

5遇到“很”和“非常”

想一想 对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼? 比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

6环境里面有“真”“情

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。” 孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

7要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”(一句话把文章就给写完了) 学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

8一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了! 怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

9一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“” 这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

10字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。 如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

导语：写英语作文的时候运用名言警句或者谚语会给人眼前一亮的感觉，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

01. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧.

02. Time is money. 时间就是金钱

03. Easier said than done. 说来容易做来难

04. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成.

05. Look before you leap. 三思而后行.

06. Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量

07. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助.

08. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 心之所愿，无事不成

09. Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老

10. No pains, no gains. 不劳无获

11. Once in a blue moon. 千载难逢

12. To make the impossible possible. 将不可能变为可能

13. Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母

14. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情

15. First things first. 先做重要之事

16. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同

17. Rome was not built in a day. 成功并非一朝一夕的事

18. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子

19. East or west, home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝

20. Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人

导语：高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：

For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达，例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)， 例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)，例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)，例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)，例如：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)，例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ，例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型，例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来，她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来，就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型，例如：

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装 例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时，重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做)，例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型：

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意，比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思， 例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)，例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)，例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)，例如：There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问，他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)，例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)，例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)，例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)，例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如：

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)，例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式，例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)，例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ，例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的) ，例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句，…, 例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么，请拒绝他。注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句，例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好)，例如：It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛，真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了，告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的)，例如：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意：此句型中it是形式主语，其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如：

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的，我们要作出更大的努力，不然/否则，我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如：It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移)，例如：

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)，例如：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意：表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较：That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因)，例如：Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如：It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如：I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……)，例如：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意：此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如：

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下，一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

导语：语文作文近些年越来越受到学校、学生、家长的重视，无论是政策引导还是未来中高考中语文作文的分值占比，作文越来越成为孩子们需要练习的对象。下面是小编收集的一些人物描写的写作技巧，请同学们认真阅读!

作文，不论是记事还是写人，总离不开人物描写。人物在文章里一出现，就像演员出现在舞台上一样，首先映入观众眼帘的是外貌。因此，学会观察和描写人物外貌是写记叙文的一项不可忽视的基本功。

人物外貌不但指人的容貌、身材、衣着打扮，还指人的神情、姿态、声音等。把人物的这些特点具体地写下来，就是人物外貌描写。如下面例段：

太阳晒得墨黑的清瘦的脸上，有一对稍稍洼进去的大大的双眼皮儿眼睛;眉毛细而斜;黑里带黄的头发用花布条子扎两条短辫子;衣服都很旧;右裤脚上的一个破洞别一支别针;春夏秋三季都打赤脚，只有上山抓柴禾的时节，怕刺破脚板，才穿双鞋子，但一下山就脱了。

这里描写的是一位农村姑娘的外貌。用六个并列的分句描写了容貌和衣着，具体地写出了一个家庭穷苦、热爱劳动、性格倔强的农村小姑娘的形象。

要写好人物外貌，关键在于平时仔细观察。抓住人物的外貌特征，注意人物的身分，了解、熟悉他们的个性。还要留心他们的变化。具体来说：

第一，描写人物外貌要抓住人物外貌的特点。

如下列例段：

这是个三十来岁的年轻人。身穿军用棉大衣，脚穿高筒皮靴。高个子，方脸盘，长得很魁梧。下巴上有一颗黑痣，那双眼睛在黑暗中闪着亮，使人觉得粗犷又精明。

李云是一个机灵、陶气的孩子。他胖乎乎的脸上，长着一对调皮的大眼睛，眼帘忽闪忽闪的，那两颗像黑宝石似的大眼珠只要一转，鬼点子就来了。在他那黝黑的脸上，不论是那鼓鼓的腮帮，还是那薄薄的嘴唇，或者那微微翘起的小鼻尖，都使你感到滑稽逗人。

例段一，写的是一位三十来岁的青年人。作者抓住“身穿军人棉大衣”、“脚穿高统皮靴”、“高个子，方脸盘”、“眼睛闪亮”等外貌特点，写出了一个粗犷、精明的男子汉形象。例段二主要抓住孩子：调皮的大眼睛”、“鼓鼓的腮帮”、“翘起的小鼻尖”等相貌特点，把一个机灵、滑稽逗人的孩子写得活灵活现。上述两例告诉我们，写人物外貌，一定要抓住外貌的特征，这样，就不会出现“千人一面”的毛病。

第二，描写外貌要注意人物的身分，不能张冠李戴。

如下面例段，人物身分就非常鲜明。

我仔细端详着面前这位青年人。他戴着一顶篮色旅游帽，帽沿上有一行白字：“日本大学生旅游团”。身上穿一件黑灰色太空服，下身穿着牛仔裤，肩上背着一个黑色的旅游包。

这老汉，头上戴着一顶破草帽，露在帽沿外边的头发已经斑白了。肩上搭着一件灰不灰、黄不黄的褂子。整个脊背，又黑又亮，闪闪发光，好像涂上了一层油。下面的裤腿卷过膝盖，毛茸茸的小腿上，布满大大小小无数个筋疙瘩，被一条条高高鼓起的血管串连着。脚上没有穿鞋，脚板上的老皮怕有一指厚，……腰上插着旱烟袋，烟荷包搭拉在屁股上，像钟摆似的两边摆动着。

上面两段分别描写了两个不同身分的人物形象。例一写的是一个初次见面的陌生人，通过描写穿着打扮的特点，告诉人们他是一位日本来华旅游的大学生。例二侧重描写老汉的脊背肤色、小腿形态、赤脚、腰上插着旱烟袋等特点，生动描绘出了一位居住农村，饱经风霜、朴实健康的、典型的老农形象。

第三，描写外貌要注意人物内心感情的变化。

人总是生活在一定的环境中，在不同时期，不同情况下，年龄、经济地位、职业、心境、感情都在起一定的变化，这种变化必然会反映到人物的外表来。因此，写人物外貌，不能一成不变，要通过人物外貌的描写反映出人物的心内世界。

请看下面三个例段对同一位老人表情变化的描写：

除夕晚上，儿子、孙子都来到她身边，她满脸皱纹都舒展开了，就像盛开的菊花瓣，每根皱纹里都洋溢着笑意。

一天，她的老伴儿病倒了，她脸上珠网般的皱纹更深了，两道眉毛拧成的疙瘩锁到一块儿了。

她望着老伴儿的遗像，嘴唇微微抖动着，刀刻般的皱纹里，流淌着串串泪珠。

三个例段描写的是同一位老人面部表情的变化，却反映了三种不同的思想感情：例一表达了老人享受“天伦之乐”的幸福心情;例二反映了老人为老伴儿生病而着急发愁的心态;例三写出了老人伤心、悲痛的思想感情。由此说明，描写人物外貌，一定要注意人的内心的感情的变化。

第四，描写外貌，还要注意人物的性格特点。

人，各有各的性格，就是一对双胞胎，尽管长相一样，但性格和气质是不尽相同的。描写外貌的时候，就要注意“以形传神”地把人物的性格特点反映出来。如下面例段：

金豆才七岁，头发披散着，垂到脖子边，见人就羞得把头低下去，或者跑开了又悄悄地望着人，或者等你不知不觉时猛然叫一声来吓唬你。

她大概叫琅琅，穿一件红底白点小罩衣。凸额头、塌鼻梁，一头柔软的卷发。总是不声不响，像个静默的小哲学家似的。

女儿长得像她娘，眼睛长得尤其像。白眼珠鸭蛋清，黑眼珠棋子黑，定神时如清水，闪动时像星星。浑身上下，头是头，脚是脚。头发滑溜溜的，衣服格挣挣的。

上面三个例段都是写小女孩儿的相貌，但写出了各自不同的性格和气质。例段一侧重描写孩子的神态，突出了金豆怕羞但天真、活泼的性格;例段二先描写琅琅的长相轮廓，然后用比喻的手法写出她文静的特点;例段三着重描写眼睛。通过对眼睛色泽和眼睛神态的描写，表现了女孩聪明，纯真的内在气质。

导语：如何提高信息的产出率、命中率，这是每位组工干部所关注的。现小编为大家整理了相关的信息资料，希望大家喜欢~

一、信息的概念、特点和作用

信息就是反映工作的文稿，是有价值的、客观情况的反映。层次高的信息是对原始信息的归纳、综合，是各级领导科学决策的重要依据。

信息的特点，主要表现在三个方面。一是具有宏观性。信息主要是为领导决策提供服务的，[莲山课件]它所产生的效应直接或间接体现在决策方面。要求撰写信息人员围绕工作主题、单位工作中心工作抓大问题，抓有碍全局的实际问题，抓政策性问题，抓重要的监管动态以及重大的社情民意，而不是摄取小镜头，捕捉小花絮。二是具有真实性。与新闻报道不同，新闻报道要注重政治影响，而信息则要求实事求是。不管是喜是忧，都必须如实报告。一就是一，二就是二，决不允许在数字上来大概加估计。三是具有权威性。信息必须经过本级领导审查后方可报出，应该是具有严肃性的“官方消息”，决不是不加约束混淆视听的小道消息。

信息具有四个方面的作用，简单讲就是，宣传、协调、交流和引导。

二、信息的采编技巧

1、要学会取材。有的同志反映，身边眼前都是平平常常的业务工作，哪有那么多具有价值的信息呢?信息从哪里来呢?通过积累和实践摸索，有14条采集信息的途径可以利用，用言简意赅的98个字加以概括，那就是：文件堆里挖;翻阅材料筛;讲话稿中捡;领导口中理;联系上下摸;会议之中捕;参与活动追;重大事件抢;深入基层拾;关注新闻抓;掌握规律掏;情况反馈传;跟踪问效知;利用网络选。信息就在我们的实际工作中，只要我们勤奋加刻苦，敏锐而深入，还会拓展出更多的渠道来，也一定会发现信息取之不尽，用之不竭。

2、要注重时效。信息就像山里的药材，适时是宝，过时是草。要勤写快报，准确性中求快，新中求活，实中求深，是提高信息产出率的高招实招。同样一件事，你抢先一步，可能被录用，如果滞缓半拍，很可能被打入冷宫。

3、要体现特色。条条块块承担的职能不同，信息的产生势必各有侧重。只有注重挖掘工作中的亮点，聚焦工作中的难点，采集领导关注的热点，信息工作才能源头活水滚滚来。

4、要实事求是。编撰信息必须树立实事求是的文风，不做“假大空”的文章。不乱提诸如“战略、战役、战术、方略”等过高的口号。语言要求准确、朴实、精练、明快、提神，避免客套话和空话。

5、要对号入座。要根据信息层次不同，需求不同，量体裁衣，看菜吃饭，适合于哪一级信息刊物用的就报给哪一级，内外有别。各有侧重，不搞一刀切，一锅煮。

三、信息的写法

1、细琢鲜明标题。标题是信息内容的统帅、纲领。“题常意要新，意常题要新”，这是对标题较高的要求。如何写好标题：—是题文一致。标题必须与内容一致，不能用一些不适当的副词、形容词，以免华而不实、故弄玄虚。同时，标题的观点在信息中要有充分的依据，语言精准，让人想看下去。内容准确，少不了时间，地点、人物、事件、效果等。

2、是选择句式的艺术。陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句是汉语的四种基本句式。陈述句是将所要叙述的事情直接陈列表述出来。信息标题大量使用的是陈述句，并且多用主谓型结构。

3、是信息标题用好补语。补语用得好，可以增加标题的信息容量，阅读者即使不看文章，也能对内容有大致了解。例如：《x县新建场所建设建成率达到100%》。

4、是交待好背景。信息标题中恰当地使用背景材料，可以引起读者注意，加重信息的份量。常见的背景有三类：—类为人物背景，包括领导和群众。—般来说，以领导为背景，是为了对领导关注的事情有个交待。以群众为背景，则是为了引起领导的重视，研究解决群众关心、社会反映强烈的问题。二类为时间背景，包括过去、现在和将来，以加深读者印象。例如《××组织部“五项举措”确保“元旦”“春节”困难党员基本生活》。三类为时事背景，包括政治形势、经济形势以及突发事件等。背景材料的选用主要是为了突出信息的重要性。

5、是使用好数据。用数字议话，是信息一个显著的特点。一般来说，绝对数字越大越难以理解，越小越容易明白;孤零零的数字不好理解，有比较的数字就好理解;零散的数字难理解，概括归类的数字易理解。

因此，信息在采用数据上，可以采取如下方法。

其一是比较法。即用纵比、横比、类比，让数字在对比关系中反映出所要表达的意思。

其二是换算法。将原始数据进行艺术处理，将绝对数变成相对数，将数字换算成增长数，使之更加明白。

其三是综合串联法。就是将一组相关的数字串联合起来使用，更具说明力。

从规范来讲，标题当中除使用顿号外，不可以用逗号等其他标点符号。

a.确定信息主题。信息主题就是信息所表达出来的基本观点或中心思想。我们写任何一条信息，总有一个目的，就是通过反映什么问题，说明什么观点，提出什么建议，达到什么目的。

确定主题的基本要求：

一是正确。正确反映出事物的内在规律和内在性质。

二是鲜明。基本思想清楚明确，毫不含糊。

三是深刻。要把情况写明、写透。是集中。说明一个问题要突出重点，引用的材料要集中到一个中心思想上来。确定主题的关键就是提炼主题。主题的提炼要从全部材料的筛选出发，从事物本质出发，从领导科学决策的需要出发，从实践需要出发。日常工作中应着重把握那些有新意、有特色、有借鉴、有启发、有探讨性、有共性的事项和问题。

b.精心安排结构。结构是文章的表现形式和框架。主题是灵魂，结构是骨架，是为表现主题服务的。信息的结构比较文学作品、机关公文、新闻报道来说，要短小、简单。

信息在写法上要避免素材的堆积，—般采取直言表达，总分结构。具体要求有三点：

一是简朴。能省的则省，通篇给人以明晰、舒畅、一目了然的感觉。有的写信息总喜欢在开头罗列一大堆背景材料，而把最有信息价值的事实夹在文章的中间，这是布局之大忌，谋篇之失策。信息的一个鲜明特点在于开门见山，单刀直入，必须把新近发生的事实写在头上，背景材料最好不用或少用。如果一篇信息有若干个观点构成，在谋篇布局时，也应把最新颖最有说服力的观点排在前面。

二是严谨。不因其短而变粗，虽短但要“五脏俱全”。

三是自然。长短详略，顺其自然。撰写信息应站在第三者的角度来反映本单位开展的工作，杜绝在文章中出观“我们、我局、我区、我单位”等用语;忌用“为了”，“指导思想”等词语，事件的过程要简写，有的甚至不要过程;全篇都是“了”字的晦涩拗口文章要摒弃。

四、几种常见的信息写作要领

(一)经验性信息(常见，最多)

1.已经取得显著成效的经验。要领：一是简单交待背景和目的;二是具体介绍主要做法;三是介绍成效。

2.暂无显著成效的做法。要领：一是选择有创新意义，能给人一定启示的做法来写;二是简单交待背景和目的;三是具体介绍做法。[莲山课件]

(二)问题性信息

l.对上级正着手重点整治的问题。这种信息采用率较高。要领：把相关问题来龙去脉交待清楚，找出问题的根源和实质，并点明造成问题的责任对象。

2.对上级正在酝酿有一定参考价值的问题性信息。要领：—是指出问题;二是分析问题产生的原因;三是只对发展的趋势作出预测;四是提出具体建议。

3.重大事件信息。要领：一是把事件基本情况介绍清楚;二是按照法律、法规作出定性;三是本部门采取措施。对难以定性和处理的重大案件，还可以提出请求上级予以帮助的具体内容。

(三)建议性信息

建议性信息是为领导提供决策服务最直接的一类信息，很受领导欢迎。它一般包括提出问题、分析问题、解决问题三个部分。提出的问题不宜太大，应当是比较具体的问题;分析问题要力求条理清楚，理由充足，切中要害，为提出建议作好铺垫;解决问题要提出具有可操作性的建议，力戒原则笼统。

(四)跟踪反馈性信息

1.贯彻落实上级重要会议精神的信息。要领：一是开头交待清楚是贯彻落实什么会议精神。二是针对会议要求解决的主要问题，把本部门的安排部署逐—交待清楚就可以了。

2.反映上级重大政策举措出台后的信息。要领：—是及时收集情况，做到快速反应;二是在开头简要交待对什么举措的反映和所反映情况的来源;三是把正面或负面的反映以及涉及的政策条款和产生这种反映的主要原因交待清楚;四是尽可能提出具体建议。

(五)领导言论性信息

指各级领导对组织工作及管理的肯定性讲话和指导性言论。由于领导人的特殊身份，其言论对组织工作的开展具有重要的影响。

综上所述，撰写信息人员只要坚持强化质量意识、责任意识、服务意识和超前意识，撰写时注意集中精力唱好地方戏、打好优势仗，少些“大路货”、多些“土特产”，努力争取做到人无我有、人有我快、人快我新、人新我深，就能写出写好高质量的信息。

最后要谈的就是，信息只能一文一事，不要一文几事。