四级英语作文写作方法【通用20篇】

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

1.用形容词"very"，"single"等表示强调

eg.You are the very person Im looking for.

你就是我要找的那个人。

Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.

红军就在此地打过一仗。

Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.

今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。

2.用反身代词表示强调

e.g.I myself will see her off at the station.

我将亲自到车站为她送行。

You can do it well yourself.

你自己能做好这件事情。

3.用助词"do/does/did+动词原形"表示强调

e.g.The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold.

那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。

Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache.

务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。

4.用"...and that"，"...and those"，等结构表示强调

e.g.They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days.

他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。

I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday.

前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。

5.用双重否定结构表示强调

e.g.There is no reason why this new immigrant should not have the same success.

完全有理由相信这些新移民应该拥有相同的成功。

A man can never have too many ties.

一个男人有再多的领带也不为过。

I cant thank you too much.

我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。

A mother can never be patient enough with her child.

I am not unfaithful to you.我对你无比忠诚。

6.用短语"in every way"，"in no way"，"by all means"，"by no means"，"only too"，"all too"，"but too"，"in heaven"，"in the world"，"in hell"，"on earth"，"under the sun"等表示强调

e.g.His behaviour was in every way perfect.

他的举止确实无可挑剔。

The news was only too true.

这消息确实是事实。

Where in heaven were you then?

当时你到底在哪里?

7.用倒装句表示强调

8.用强调句型表示强调

It is that或 It is who

e.g.It was the headmaster who opened the door for me.

正是校长为我开的门。

It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment.

就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。下面是小编分享的有关写景作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读！

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了。

（三）要借助想象和联想

作文一直是中学生的老大难问题，中考写作分值占到70分(总分120分)，更使学生为写作忧心忡忡。确实，写作必须建立于良好的写作习惯之上，否则，单纯应试的作文是难以获得高分的。写作能力也难以提高。从我们教学实际看，许多老师都在忙着为这70分找范文，归纳模式，许多学生忙着背范文，使体现能力的写作变为了对示范文的机械模仿，生搬硬套。这是违背教学规律，戕害教育对象心智的简单粗暴做法。所以，我们说写是提高写作能力的唯一路径。而从教学实践中，我认识到课外练笔是一种学生乐于接受，乐于思索，乐于动笔，教师易于入手指导的好方法。

我们这里谈的课外练笔强调出学生为主体，跳出应试作文，即所谓大作文的条条框框，不拘内容、形式，甚至于教师不命题，以生活作为大背景，让学生从对生活观察入手，感悟、思考生活，进而以写作为手段，还原生活并提高生活。这种写作的过程既使学生深入生活同时又提高了学生运用语文感悟生活及反映生活的能力。是符合于当前我们所研究的大课题的，也使学生的素质得到了提高，逐步摆脱应试教育的桎梏。

课外练笔之源在于生活，它是生活的积累。由于练笔的内容不限，学生大可以在写作中展示自己的生活空间。可以表现学校生活、家庭生活、社会生活，可以表现自己的喜怒哀乐，它真实地反映身边的一切，它是我真情实感地流露。因而课外练笔为学生提供了无尽的写作源泉，真实、生动、感人。学生在考场作文时就不会为没有生活找不到题材而发愁了。

课外练笔强调学生为主体，是学生个性的展示，更具创造性。只要调动积极性，给予他们更大的自由思维空间，那么学生所展示出的能力超出我们的想象。学生在充分发挥主观能动性的过程中，逐步形成了自已写作风格，或幽默诙谐、或机智活泼、或冷峻深沉。仅从学生练笔作文的题目就可见一般。例如写新转进班级的同学的《新股点评》，写电脑游戏中扭曲中国的《游戏中的中国》，写同学生病的《听取咳声一片》，写年终总结的《班级十大流行语、十大新闻人物》这些丰富的联想,奇异的想象，机智的语言，深刻的思想都不是我们几堂作文指导所能包容的。正是学生思想生出了自由的翅膀，才能敢于作大胆的尝试，生动地表现自己。

在做练笔时，教师要把握几个问题：

1、教师作引导，不仅是作文技巧的指导，更重要的是让学生明确写作是一种表达的需求，是一种心理宣泄的过程。这样，学生才能放松自己，把自己的练笔本或者读者作为倾述的对象，抒发自己的真情实感，以获得认同的满足感。

2、教师批改不应当只是技巧的点拨，更应当作为作者倾述对象作出情感的反应，小作者一起喜怒哀乐。由于练笔作文自由度较大，学生因为心理年龄层次、生活阅历深浅不，难免会流露出低调、消沉的情绪。那么教师也要善于在改评中作出正确的指导。目的是教师学生之间建立平等，相互信任依赖的关系，鼓励学生努力写下去。日久天长，感情真的笔触流于笔端不是太难的事情。

3、教师要上好评讲课。教师精选典型的文字在班级宣读。由于写作内容是学生近前的事或人，是学生都曾经历的情感，所以学生乐于听身边的故事，在惊叹于别人的高超的写作平的同时也会比较于自己的文字，逐步提高自己的水平。被宣读文章的同学也会因为自己文章获取认同而激励自己进一步更生动地表现生活。

所以，课外练笔不失为一种提高学生写作能力，克服写作畏惧心理的好方法。以上就是为大家提供的课外练笔是提高高考作文写作能力的重要方法希望能对考生产生帮助。

、

《落花生》在写作方法上的特点《落花生》这篇习作例文在写作上主要的特点是以物喻人。例文通过一家人过花生收获节品尝花生时谈论花生的好处，告诉我们做人要做务实有用的人，不要做只讲体面而对别人没有好处的人。我们可以从下面几点去学习这篇例文。

1．例文在结构上以“落花生”为线索，按“种花生—收花生—尝花生—议花生”顺序写的。收获节时对花生的议论是重点，至于种花生和收花生的情况写得简略。这样组织材料文章脉络清楚、重点突出、主次分明。

2．重点要学习例文以物喻人的写法。在重点段中以谈话的形式，引导孩子们去认识花生的好处和特点。父亲以花生生长的情况与桃子、石榴、苹果作了对比，用来说明花生“虽然不好看，可是很有用”的特点。接着是以花生喻人，阐明了做人的道理。我们在学习借鉴这类文章时，一定要注意借物是为了议论。借物是为了喻人，阐明做人的道理。只有议论部分写清楚了，中心自然就突出了。所以我们说借物是手段，喻人才是目的。

3．采用对比的手法突出要写的事物。例文就是通过与桃子、石榴、苹果的对比，来认识花生本身的特点，然后再用花生说明作人的道理。采用对比的手法使物更鲜明、更便于读者去理解。

简历自我评价很重要，我的理念是：在年轻的季节我甘愿吃苦受累，只愿通过自己富有激情、积极主动的努力实现自身价值并在工作中做出最大的贡献，作为初学者，我具备出色的学习能力并且乐于学习、敢于创新，不断追求卓越，作为参与者，我具备诚实可信的品格、富有团队合作精神；作为领导者，我具备做事干练、果断的风格，良好的沟通和人际协调能力。受过系统的经济相关专业知识训练，有在多家单位和公司的实习和兼职经历；有很强的忍耐力、意志力和吃苦耐劳的品质，对工作认真负责，积极进取，个性乐观执着，敢于面对困难与挑战。那是展现自己水平的重要内容，写简历自我评价的时候不能过分夸张，但也不能太过于谦虚，适当即可，要把自己的优点表现出来，这样可以让招聘人更多的了解你。

下面给大家提供几段简历自我评价的内容介绍，可以参考以下内容来写你自己的简历自我评价，如下：

1吃苦耐劳，勤勤恳恳，对工作认真负责，与同时和平相处。做事细心，善于发现问题解决问题，能够承受较大的工作压力。再多年的学习和实习过程中，发现自己对细微事物的处理有较高的才能。

2为人正直，责任心强，上级交给的任务能及时很好的完成，有较强的工作能力，善于交际，能正确的处理人事关系，团结人心。非常想加入……公司，如能有幸进入贵公司，必将努力工作，为公司的发展尽心尽力

3愿意吃苦受累，通过自己富有激情、积极主动的努力实现自身价值。作风优良、待人诚恳，人际关系良好，处事冷静稳健，能合理地统筹安排生活中的事务。具备较强的逻辑思维和判断能力，对事情认真负责，有很强的责任心和团队意识；自信、乐观，具有一定的创新意识和创造能力。

注：为了帮助评价对象有效地总结自己的工作表现、扩大评价对象的思路、明确评价的范围、保证教师评价的系统性，可以事先向评价对象提供参考提纲。

1在你的工作中，你最满意哪些方面？

2在你的工作中，你最不满意哪些方面？

简历自我评价就是要突出自己的优点，切忌不要夸大也不要过分谦虚，要让人家看到真实的你就可以了。

一、常写自由作文

常写自由作文， 文字表达能力就会渐渐增强，常看书看报，视野就会渐渐开阔；写立意明确，结构精巧，细节描写，景物描写都应与立意结合，文史哲知识引转，名人哲理都应恰到好处，的起承转合或先抑后扬，或开门见山，或借物说理都应在巧上下功夫。不管写啥样题材的都离不开布局谋篇，遣词用语所以常写是最好的方法。

二、巧用名言警句

利用名句 打造凤头开篇动人。唐诗宋词中的名句运用的恰到处，可以有意蕴，文采。

比如下面一个考生的《早》的开头

谁不期待那东方欲晓喷薄欲出的朝日？谁不渴望草色遥看近却无的欣喜？谁不想消除“草色烟光残照里的哀怨？这一切都源自对早的向往。有了早就能欣赏到”鸡声芦店月，人迹板桥霜“的孤寂美，有了早就能领略到”岭上晴云披絮帽，树到初日挂铜征的奇异，有了早，就能抒发“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”

------中学生要想提高作文的水平还需要积累，需要深厚的文史知识，深厚的生活底子，只读书不总结“死知识”只总结不应用“没灵气”只知用，不会用“书呆气”所以学习作文理论与实践相结合最为重要。

三、谈立意

写如同说话，是思想感情的真实流露，应该自然，大方，艺术深刻，内涵，意蕴。如果仅拘泥于优美的辞藻，完美的句式，精巧的结构来表达自怜自叹的个人哀怨的小资情调，而没有心系苍生悲天悯人的大爱情怀，那就相对浅薄，立意不高，没思想内涵很难让批改老师打出高分。当今社会处于转型，物欲横流，人情淡漠尤其是可恶的学案压得学生喘 不过气来“风声、雨声很难入耳，家事国事不易入心。在这样的背景写出高雅的时文不易，需要观察修养，需要下面浅谈个人的浅薄认识：

1、认真观察生活，感触世间真爱

人世间众缘和合，鱼水情手足情情相连，父母爱，山河爱，爱爱相通。一山一水有真情，一草一花有风景。只有细心体会生活，观世相，看人生，想未来积累素材就会逐渐丰富，逐渐内涵。

2、明白人情世故，正确认识世界。

人情世故是为人处事的道理和经验。有句老话说得好”世事洞明有学问，人情练达即”写不可生编硬造，应接触社会，感悟生活，多与人打交道多与人交往学会相处学会安排。

如何让托福作文的"例子"更生动：要想使托福作文逻辑更缜密，更加具有说服力，我们需要在托福作文中添加一些例子以支持自己的论点，然而，有些同学却不能很好的把例子融入托福作文中去，不是干巴巴的讲两句，就是把那些用滥了的例子再炒一遍。这样的托福作文，是不可能取得高分的。那， ，如何选择高分例子？如何在托福写作中更好的添加例子？

在备考托福写作的过程中，不少拿不到写作高分的中国学生遇到的问题不是看不懂题目，也不是想不到理由，甚至也不是写不到300字(有学生写了470字，却只得了fair)，而是不会论证。不会论证这四个字几乎就是托福写作的死穴。ETS的考官们在OG中反复强调fully developed的重要性，说的也就是这个理儿。论证的主要方法有直接论证、举例子、引用他人观点和数据等等。在这里，最适合中国学生操作，也是最容易得高分的就是举例子了。

然而，举例子这个方法向来不为中国学生所重视。因为对于大多数学生来说，举例子实在是太容易不过了，只要写上for example之类的提示词，再写上人尽皆知的诸如Einstein， Newton之类的例子就万事大吉了。而事实上，这样的例子考官早已经看过成百上千遍了，怎么可能再给高分呢?

因此，要想举出高分的例子，最好是写两种例子：

1)美国人所熟知的历史、文化的例子，但一定要有一些新意，不是讲烂了的Galileo， Mother Teresa之流

2)讲自己身边的故事。

若是考生能够选用第一种例子，用得恰当的话自然能让考官眼前为之一亮。例如在讨论媒体对人们的影响时，选用美国人所熟知的脱口秀女王Oprah Winfrey作为例子。或是在讨论学生是否都应该学习历史的时候，选用美国历史上知名的总统，如Thomas Jefferson， Herbert Hoover等进行论证都非常好。这样做既进行了有效论证，又不落入俗套。然而，举这类例子对于考生考前的积累要求比较高。如果距离考试还有三个月或以上的时间，我建议考生可以在考前多准备一些类似的人物或事件的例子，以备考试之用。在这里，推荐给大家几个参考的网站：维基百科/，纽约时报 /， 华尔街日报 / 和 American thinker / 这些都是很好的收集素材的网站。

对于大多数备考时间比较紧的考生来说，花大量的时间去准备第一种例子显得有些不太划算。因此，性价比比较高的第二种例子更适合于备考时间比较短的考生。托福考试仅仅是语言能力考试，只要能用恰当的例子论述清楚问题就可以，因此用自己或身边人的例子对于考官来说也有很大的说服力。

三大技巧学会编例子：

1) 加上姓名、时间、地点等

很多中国学生在写例子的时候会使用比如说有一个人……这样的表达。这样的表达看起来底气不足，且中式思维严重，很难受到考官青睐。考生完全可以改用另外的表达我有一个朋友叫Jason，他在两年前做了XX事……这样写就看起来舒服多了。在叙述个人类例子的时候，尽量使用具体的人名、地名和时间。这样能使你的例子看上去更丰满、富有细节，也更像真实的事件，有说服力。

2) 与论点结合，写出XX之前和XX之后的变化

需要特别注意的是，例子一定是为论证服务的，绝不能脱离主题举例子。有的考生非常心醉于自己编出来的故事，但是却忘了自己在写托福作文，这个故事并不能证明你的观点，那这样的文章得不到高分一点也不奇怪。

这里的XX指的是论点中的主题词。例如在写机经中的一个题目：公共交通是否应该免费时，有一个分论点是公共交通免费以后，私家车会减少，这样尾气排放得少了，环境也就变好了。这里的主题词就是私家车的数量，例子就可以写成N年前私家车很少，环境很好，然后私家车变多以后，环境就变差了。例子可写成：

10 years ago， in my childhood memory， the city which I live in now is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever seen. The blue sky and the clean water were quite impressive to me. However， 3 years ago， when I came back to this city again， I was astonished by those changes. The city developed rapidly during those days.There are far more private cars than years ago on the road every day. On average， every household has one or two cars. The city may be described as developed now，while the sky here is never as clear as ever.

这个例子当中所用的词汇、句型基本都是中学所学过的。但是其中用到了我们刚才所谈的第一个技巧，加上了时间细节，也用到了第二个技巧，扣紧了主题，说明了有私家车变多之前和之后的变化。这个例子看上去文采平实，但却符合托福考试的评分规范，单就这个例子而言，就是可以得到4~5分的高分的(满分5分)。

3) 写完例子以后，一定要再结合论点论证说理

这一点不难理解，却是很多考生所忽视的。再强调一遍，例子的存在是为了更好地论证论点，因此在写完例子以后，需要再加上至少1~2句话重申一下你的论点。例如上文中出现的例子，写完之后，还应再加上If the amount of the cars can be reduced， I believe it will further improve the environment here， and be beneficial to all the citizens here as well. And The free payment of pubic transportation will make this come true.这样就是一个完整的论述段了。

托福作文中如果能够运用上几个生动有趣的例子，文章就立刻丰满起来，如果没有明显的词汇和语法错误，这肯定就是一片高分托福作文。

中考命题作文包罗万象。如：童年回忆童年琐事、青春剪影我在花季、心香一瓣忘不了他(她)、难忘时刻：记一次升旗活动、走向未来自强的我、生活感悟我生活在集体的怀抱里、山光水色家乡变了、世相写生记一位平凡的人、温馨情怀母亲的爱等等。以下是为大家分享的中考作文写作技巧方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

从总体来看，中考命题作文有其设计、表达方面的规律：

第一，绝大多数文题涉及的内容充分贴近学生生活；第二，大题、宽题大大多于小题、窄题，便于考生自由选材；第三，记叙文题大大多于说明文、议论文题；第四，命题作文在使用数量上仍占主流地位。

了解这些规律，那么，在实际应试实践中又有哪些规律需要遵循呢?下面介绍四个要点。

1.要审题上，要做到瞻前顾后、一字不漏

对于题目，应从头至尾反复领会、研读，不得忽略一处。要审读的内容包括：

①文题的大、小、宽、窄、虚、实、显、隐。②文题中有没有点示主题的字词。③文题中有没有点示重点的语言标志。④文题中的的标点或其它符号及其含义。⑤有没有副标题，其作用是什么?⑥各种写作要求、限制。⑦能否从题目以外的语言材料中品味出一点隐含信息。

在写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的信息，步步都要紧扣文题，紧扣要求。

另外，在具体的审题过程中，对这样几种内容的题目不可掉以轻心。

第一种，看似很浅显的题目。

如“我长大了”这个文题，是一个宽泛的中考作文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对长大的理解。如果在审题之中认为长大的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等等，那这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能够寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

第二种，看似很熟悉的题目。

如“美在课余”这个文题，是一个宽题。可供取材的内容也是不少的。其实这个题目有一个迷惑点，这个迷惑点在那个美字上。稍不注意，就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对美字的品读。由于没有抓住这个美字，就会写出丰富多彩的课余、好玩的课余、有趣的课余、热闹的课余等等内容，这就没有突出这个美字。

第三种，看似很形象的题目。

如“风景这边独好”这个文题，也是一个宽题，题目似乎很形象，但远不是从字面上理解的那么简单。它既可以写实，如写一个地方的风景，写一个地方的景物特点，写一个地方的景物的变化，但更重要的是应该写这个地方的发展，写这个地方的特色，写这个地方表现出的时代的进步。再换一个角度思考，它不仅可以写地方，还可以写人，还可以写事，等等。

第四种，看似很直观的题目。

如“礼物”这个题目，好像一看就知道是什么。但在具体的写作中，它可能是实指某种物，更多的也许是喻指像礼物一样的美好事物。用喻指来写文章，其思路更广，其情感更丰富。要记住，不管命题作文的形式多么复杂，你的眼睛要永远盯着它的题目。在熟悉的题目面前不要激动，不要以为它就是你做过的原题；在生疏的题目面前不要紧张，不要以为你的心目中就没有它的影子。

2.在取材立意上，要做到大中取小，以小见大

我们先来看下面一些信手拈来的中考作文题：学语文的故事、母亲的爱、我生活在集体的怀抱里、他做得对、同学，你不能这样、在错误和挫折面前、谈谈我们的课堂教学、雨中、五星红旗升起的时候等等。它们的共同特征是好像只是画出了一个取材立意的框框，需要我们选用自己最熟悉的内容将其具体化。

对这样一些文题，要做到大中取小，将其具体化：第一，将宽题变窄。所谓宽题，就是从内容上看，可以包含许多题材、许多素材的题目。由于它的宽，似乎许多材料都可以用来写作文，我们就必须选准材料，把作文的内容浓缩到一个点之上，使之变窄，以便顺利成文。如火柴的联想是一个宽题，它可以让你联想到非常多的事，非常多的人，非常多的现象。但这种丰富的联想只能是在构思过程中，必须从这丰富的联想中决定一个供展开的联想点，才能开始考场作文的写作。

第二，将大题变小。

所谓大题，其实也是一种宽题。从意义上看，有些题目的主题比较直露，比较追求一定的意义。如文题“变了”，从这个变字上看就是要求你在文中一定要点示出某种意义。

对于这样的题，我们可以用加限制的方法将其变小。如“变了”这个题，我们可以在题目前加上限制性的语言，如：兰兰变了、我们家变了；也可以在题目后面加上副标题，如“变了——从一件小事看我们的班风、变了——他又回到了我们班。经过这样的处理，就可以开始构思了。

再来看下面一些常见中考作文题：

我的一天、记我受到的一次小挫折、家中小事、记一堂我喜欢的语文课、我的老师、常人小传、令我深思的一件事。这些题目对内容的要求都很具体，选材也比较容易。

对这样的文题，我们要做到的以小见大。小中见大最为关键的就是要选点生发，也就是说，要选好一个能够让你很好地展开记叙、很好地展开议论的点，再从这个点上写开去。

3.在构思上，要做到或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈

或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈这句话，可以说是中考作文构思的总策略。一点式伸展就是一篇文章内只将一个内容写好、写细、写完整，多点式铺陈就是在文章中多写几个内容，将它们有机地组合在一起。

看下面中考作文题的构思方向：

家乡变了：用多个画面、事例的组合来表现变，这是多点式铺陈。

我在家中的故事：可写一个故事的始末，这是一点式伸展。

给班主任老师的一封信：或谈一个观点，或回忆几件小事。

天下无难事：可通过记一件事来突现主题，也可用几个例证证明观点。

读书乐：可乐在一处，乐在一点；也可乐在几处，乐在几点。

我眼中的同龄人：必须进行多点式铺陈，写几个同龄人的生活。

一件小事给我的教益：必须进行一点式伸展，先写事，再写理。

以这两种模式为基础进行变化，设计好开头、结尾，安排好不同表达方式的穿插，考场命题作文的框架便能够设置得完整、规范。

4.在表达上，要做到：注重文体特征

表现个性特点，注重文体特征，就是要充分准确地表现文体特点，而不要出现将读后感写成读后叙、在家乡变了中穿插一半篇幅的议论、将自强的我写成自我介绍等模糊文体色彩的错误。

表现个性特点，就是要表现考生运用语言文字的技能技巧。就是要认真遣词造句，稳妥布局谋篇，从语气、结构、主题方面尽量表现出自己的实际水平，甚至期望有超过水平发挥，力争做到常中出新、平中有奇。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

围绕话题，对课内相关事例进行归纳整理，密集有序的进行组合，如：

大海，我问你，你感受过人类的渺小吗?古代的君王，都要向你祭拜。你的一个巨浪就能吞噬一艘船和上面的生命。可你是否知道渺小的人类的顽强。人类，是所有陆生生物中惟一敢于真正向大海挑战的。架起船帆白布，穿梭于海面上，为了生存，人类向大海索取衣食之本。当老人在海上与鲨鱼搏斗三天三夜，辛苦所得尽入鱼腹时，他仍没有屈服。渺小的人类啊，从不会被表面上宏伟庞大的事物所征服。当麦哲伦在海洋上绕地球一圈，当特里斯特号潜入世界最深的马里亚纳海沟，当科学家奋勇前往百慕大探索，大海，你可以看到，人类并不惧怕你，他们已能自由地在海上放歌了。

——《面朝大海》片段

这一段概述了语文读本中的《老人与海》与历史课本中的几个事例，很好地表现了作者“面朝大海”时的深邃思考。

建议：平时学习中注意对课本与读本中的相关信息进行归类整理，围绕几个专题进行专题整理归纳。如以“在逆境中成长”为话题，可将教材中司马迁《报任安书》、史铁生《我与地坛》、《合欢树》、奥斯特洛夫斯基《钢铁是怎样炼成的(节选)》、海伦·凯勒《假如给我三天光明》、霍金《邂逅霍金》等身残志坚并有所成就的优秀人物事迹、名言归类整理，并高于课本，对他们所体现出来的精神作更深层次的思考

写好作文就需要有好的写作方法，下面是小编整理的2017年小升初作文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的 能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心，包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志;从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合

一要注重审题;二要明确写作目的，立意要新;三是选材要有根据;四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排 好篇章结构;五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲;六要注重文章写法，因文用法; 七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。 学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解：一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五 年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项

一、周记的写作能帮助老师更直接地了解学生，从而更有针对性地引导学生，培养学生良好的思想品德。

人，难免会犯错误，难免有这样那样错误的思想、错误的观点。生理、心理两方面都不成熟的初中学生，生活、学习各方面的困惑更是少不了。作为一个称职的教师，应当能够及时地给予正确的引导，纠正学生的不良思想倾向，培养学生良好的思想品质。韩愈给老师下的定义是：“师者，所以传道、受业、解惑也。”韩愈说的第一点，也是最重要的一点，乃是“传道”！作为一个教师，要给学生以正确的引导，了解学生是先决条件。而现在，一个教师麾下常有一百来个“兵”，很难对每个学生都了解，即使了解也不深刻。又怎能听到学生的心声呢？而学生所写的周记，却为教师了解学生提供了便捷、直接的原始材料，这是由于初中学生在周记中较敢于说真话，较少隐瞒自己的观点（即使这些观点是不正确的）。这样，老师们便可根据周记中学生所流露出思想倾向，给予有针对性的教育引导，能够收到事半功倍的效果。

学生在周记中所反映出来的诸如关心集体、热爱劳动、努力学习等等良好的思想倾向和行为，老师应在评语中给予表扬鼓励。而及时纠正学生错误思想、错误观点的意义更为深远。周记中反映出来的学生的一些错误思想是五花八门的，如厌学的情绪、对个别老师、个别同学的片面看法，对兄弟班级的怨恨，羡慕有钱的同学，甚至流露人生如梦的消极思想，对于这些错误的思想，如不及时加以纠正，有时后果是不堪设想的。教师了解了这些情况后应及时给予教育引导。可从两方面入手：{一}在评语中指出其错误所在及改正方法；{二}就反映出来的问题找学生个别谈话，解决其思想症结，教育学生正确地看待问题。由于做法具有针对性，事实证明，效果是非常好的，即使是差生也根本不会认为老师在找他麻烦，反而认为老师是在关心他、帮助他，师生间的情谊也因此而加深了。很多学生对语文老师批改的作文（命题作文）是只看分数而不屑看评语的，老师私下对此是“义愤填膺”，但又无可奈何。但周记的评语却意外地受欢迎，学生虽也看成绩是优是良，但对评语看得特别认真，有的还特地拿给要好的同学看。有的还在本子上跟老师探讨。这在写大作文时是很难想象的。学生倒也并非认为周记就比大作文重要，但出现如此的反差，值得我们深思。

此外，周记乃一周之回顾，所写之事应是实事，所说的话乃是真话，长期的训练，对培养学生诚实做人的良好品质也有潜移默化的作用。因为周记写作对教育学生有较大的作用，因此我认为批改应侧重于思内容方面，做学生健康成长的“引路人”。

二、周记写作是提高学生写作水平的有效方法。

前面谈到要提高初中生的写作水平是要花很大功夫的，多写多练虽是必经之路，但也应妥善解决怎样练，练什么的问题，否则难于达到预期的效果。有的老实认为应多写大作文，即命题作文，有的主张写日记等等。

写大作文的弊端，乃在于它违反了写作的规律，著名教育家叶圣陶先生早已提出作文“由教师命题，学生见题而知的，审题而立意，此其程序与实际作文违异。”所谓的作文，本应是作者“情郁于中，发之于外”，“有所感而发”，绝非无病呻吟，更非瞎编乱造。命题作文至今流行，乃是应试的思想在作祟，提倡不得。而日记确是遵循了写作的规律，是一种提高学生写作水平的极好手段，但老师毕竟精力有限，哪有时间天天去批改学生的日记呢？如此一来，周记的优越性便体现出来了，它既避开了命题作文的弊端，语文教师又可以从容批改学生的周记而不会耽误其他教学工作。初写周记，学生也会觉得困难重重，但只要经过三、四个学期的训练，大多就能过关，所以学生不会像写命题作文那样对写周记畏如虎蛇的。如能在初中三年自始自终坚持周记写作，学生作文水平是会得到显著提高的。

对于周记内容，老师无需限定，应让学生把内心想说的话说出来，想表达的情感抒发出来，一人、一事、一草一木，都可写入周记中，渐渐地，学生周记写得多了，材料的选择，字词的运用，自然也“水涨船高”了，这也可以叫做“不锻自练”，对学生智力的开发，提高学生的文学素质也有很大作用。是否可以这样认为，命题作文是“拔苗助长”，而周记是“自然生长”。

总而言之，周记写作在初中的语文教学中所起的作用是不容忽视的，它不但能有效地提高学生的作文水平，而且是思想教育的一个广阔天地，可帮助语文教师更好地完成“教书育人”的神圣使命。

作文

开头的方法很多，常见有：

1．开门见山法。

这种方法是文章一开头，就直入正题，把文章所要叙述的主要内容直截了当地交代出来，让读者一看就知道这篇文章描写的是什么人、什么事、什么活动。这种开头一下子就能吸引读者的注意力，而且还不会跑题。例如《课间十分钟》一文开头：

下课铃响了，同学们快步走出教室，到操场上参加自己喜欢的课间活动，校园里顿时沸腾起来。这个开头就点明了时间——“下课”，地点——“操场上”，人物——“同学们”，事情——“课间活动”。非常直截了当。

2．提示中心法。

这种方法是一开头就点明全文的中心，使读者对文章的中心思想有一个明确的了解，我们看看下面的开头。

“生活在集体中间是幸福的，两年前，我深深地体会到这一点。”

这是《生活在温暖的集体里》一文的开头，

3．描写引入法。

描写人物和景物来开头，这种方法就是描写引入法。描写人物就是在文章的开头，对人物的肖像、服饰、神态、等进行描写，以达到人物在读者面前树立一个鲜明形象的效果，描写引入法中还有一种是以描写景物来开头，也就是在文章的开头对故事情节所处的自然环境或社会环境必要的描写，以起到交代背景、渲染气氛突出中心的作用。

4．设置悬念法。

在写事的文章中，我们常常把事情的结果或文中的某个片段放在开头来写，以引起读者的疑问，然后再记叙事情的起因和经过，这种开头的方法叫设置悬念法。这种方法可以激发读者强烈的兴趣，如《智斗奸商》一文的开头写到的：放暑假的第二天旱上，我和表姐一块儿去买菜。走到菜场的北口，我就看前面很多人。我和表姐紧走几步，也围了过去……

5．对比法。

在文章的开头，把不同的人和事物或同一个人和事物的不同时间，不同方面的情况作对比介绍。运用对比法可以使描绘的形象更为突出，增强文章的表达效果，给人留下深刻的印象。

6．回忆联想法。

由人、事、景、物、等引起回忆，联想、引出下文，展开情节，这种方法就叫回忆联想法。运用回联想法开头，给人一种亲切，自然的感受。

7．对话开头法。

以人物的对话开头。这种开头起笔自然，往往给人以新鲜的感觉。采用对话的形式开头，一定要把对话写得精彩有意义，紧扣中心。

自然景物描写是指对季节、气候、风光、景物、地域等自然景物进行描写的方法。成功的自然景物描写对展现风土人情、衬托人物形象往往有重要作用。要使描写的景物逼真而有情趣,要注意以下几个方面:

首先，要抓住景物的特征。不同的景物有不同的特征，即使同一类景物，尽管具有共同的特征，但是也各有许多差异，要有重点地写。抓住景物的特征，关键在于作者细心的观察，并将观察所得铭记于心，才能笔墨传神。正所谓“静观默察,烂熟于心”。要求在观察中,善于抓住不同季节、不同时间、不同地区中景物呈现出的颜色、形态、声响、气味、等方面特有的变化,善于通过眼、耳、鼻等感官去观察、体会。这样，才能抓住景物的特征加以描写。如果抓不住景物的特点,泛泛地描写或者堆砌词藻、过分雕琢,就不能给读者留下鲜明深刻的印象。

其次，要选好观察点。观察点就是描写作者观察景物的立足点。观察任何景物，都要有个立足点。立足点可以固定，也可以变换。要根据表达的需要运用固定立足点和变换立足点观察景物,或远观、或近觑、或仰视、或俯瞰，做多角度、多侧面的描写。

再次，要安排好描写的顺序。写景物可以按方位写，如从内到外，或从外到内;从上往下，或从下往上;从左到右，或从右到左;从前至后，或从后至前;从近而远，或从远而近。也可以按整体和局部的关系写，或先写全景再描述局部，或先描述局部再描写全景。还可以按时间的顺序写，可以依据白天、黑夜或清晨、上午、中午、下午、傍晚、深夜的先后顺序来写，也有的按春、夏、秋、冬的季节变换顺序来写。

还有，要恰当的运用修辞手法。描写景物需要绘形、绘色、绘声，给人身临其境的感觉，这就需要尽可能选用那些生动形象的语言。古今中外著名作家成功的写景片断都是非常具体、形象的。这是为什么呢?其中之一是，许多作家不约而同地运用了比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法。准确、恰当地使用修辞手法有助于把景物写得具体、形象、真实感人。

另外，运用传说，状物绘景。状物写景要富有活力，运用传说也是一个重要途径。我们在描写景物时，插入一些故事逸闻、神话传说、典故名言、文史资料、民俗谚语，使景和物蒙上一层神奇的色彩，不仅能使文章内容丰富，而且能使文章情趣横生。

电子手表同机械手表相比较，既方便又经济，作为一种新型的计时工具，已越来越 多地进入到人们的生活中。

最初的电子手表主要是由晶体管和钮扣电池组成的。由于结构简单，功能也不完善，一般只 可显示简单的时间(精确度为一秒)，外型也较笨重、粗陋。现在较简单的电子手表内部结构 已有了变化，加入了二极管、简单的电子计算机记忆程序等，精确度提高到01秒。另外还 可整点报时、放音乐、指示星期几、夜间亮灯照明等，对方便人们的生活起了不少作用。

随着科学技术的不断发展，电子手表也在不断进步。除了以上所谈到的较普通的功能外，近 年来又出现了许多使用高科技成果的新产品。如1982年日本制的第一只电视手表。它由一个 带日历的电子手表和一个12英寸的黑白液晶显像屏组成。外型精巧，体积为487×398 ×9毫米３，重约50克，兼带耳机及调谐装置，既可作为手表显示时、分、秒、日历等， 又可作为电视，收听伴音、短波，还可通过调谐器选择频道，调节音量及调节画面光亮度。 还有一种电子脉搏表，重量不到30克，是由一个小型秒表连接一架微型计算机构成。把它戴 在手腕上，就可精确地测出每分钟脉搏次数，并用数字显示出来。

这种表可以很好地协助运 动员参加体育训练。另外有一种会说话的电子表，没有指针及数字，表盘上只显示一个机器 人的脸。那么它是如何向人们报告时间的呢?原来在它的内部装有一个报时的机械装置，只 要按动表上的按钮，就会有一个摹拟的女声报时。这种表对于盲人和视力差的人来说是一种 极好的计时工具。另一种电子手表能对聋哑人进行帮助，在这种手表上装有一个微型话筒， 用来接收3米内发出的声音，将声音输入表内的微型计算机，经过分析，声音信号便可传递 给手表附件中一个发光二极管，使其产生视觉信号。聋哑人根据看到的不同符号，就可以判 断出对方讲话的内容。

除此之外，各种新型的电子手表还可以测量体温、通讯联络及用作精密的野外观测等。我们 相信，在科技飞跃发展的明天，电子手表将发挥巨大的潜力，更好地为人类服务。

在这篇文章中，作者通过将电子手表与机械手表的造型、工艺、使用方法作比较，准 确地说明电子表越来越多地走入人们的生活中的原因。

总之，说明的方法很多，还可以列出许多种，如数字法、图表法、拟人法、顺序法等，不再 一一列举。但不管是哪种方法都要注意到科学性、准确性，为说明、阐释事物服务。

议论文是一种剖析事物论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。下面小编来给大家介绍议论文写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

一、提出论点

首先要摆出论点或分论点，接着对所提出的论点进行解释或阐述。由于议论文的观点必须明确、鲜明、新颖、深刻，开篇提出论点可以给人留下深刻印象，便于读者掌握文章的主题思想。同时，对议论文的观点进行阐释，以便后文展开论述。换句话说，议论文的观点越明确具体，越便于围绕展开论述。因此，当我们提出这个论点以后，我们紧接着就要对论点进行解释阐述，讲明是什么，为什么的道理，使观点正确、鲜明。要做到这些，我就要学会将话题或题目进行分解。

二、摆事实，讲道理

1、提出论点并阐述清楚后，我们接着就可以从事理上对论点进行论证。即运用马列主义的原理、生活规律、自然规律、社会公认的公理等，从理论上证明论点的正确性。为实现这一目的，我们可以举出具体的事例进行论证，也就是平常所说的摆事实，讲道理。

2、对于论据的要求：

(1)论据要真实。事实论据必须可靠，事理论据必须准确。

(2)论据要典型。只有从事物的一般情况及其内部的必然联系出发去掌握事实，这样的事实才能胜于雄辩。

(3)论据要全面、充分才有说服力。

(4)论据要新颖。从心理学的角度来分析，旧的论据读者不会很感兴趣，自然也就影响说服力

3、举例要注意以下问题：

(1)我们所选择的事例要能与观点吻合。

(2)对事例的叙述要简明扼要，不必从头叙述故事的原委，只要把能证明观点的那个部分提炼出来就行。

(3)举完事例之后，我们要对事例进行分析，揭示事例蕴含的道理，与论点相呼应，从而起到论证论点的作用。

(4)若有多个事例时，要讲究顺序，从古到今、从中到外，或者从大到小，有序的排列能加强文章的气势。

三、反面论证

在举出正面事例后，我们可以从反向进行假设，说明如果不像前面事例中那样做将会出现与先前相反的结果，从而增强事例的论证力量，让论点论证得全面完整。反面例子更能加大论证力度，加深读者印象，发人深省。 正反论证，道理昭然。

四、重申观点，提出对策或劝勉

正反两方面论证后，文章结尾就可以重申文章的论点，这样做既可以照应开头使结构完整，又可以增强文章的逻辑性和说服力。最后，我们可以根据文章的具体情况，提出解决的对策、发出号召，或作劝勉等。

五、 温馨提示

虽文无定法，但初学者还是要掌握一些适用的法，有助于将事理说的有条理，话说的更清楚，有利于提高写作水平。总之，文无定法，但贵在得法，要写好作文，一定要注意命题的新颖、立意的巧妙，结构的创新和语言的锤练等。

不少青年教师向我吐苦水：想写论文却不知写什么、怎么写，情急之下只能东拼西凑应付了事。我发现这是一个很普遍的现象。

说一说我的经历吧。由于工作需要，学校安排我由上数学课改为上历史课，算是一个不小的改变。为了适应新工作，我集中全部精力钻研教学，真有点“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只想教学研”，阅读了大量名师、大师的中学历史教学参考资料，为的是能把历史课上得够权威。

可一段时间后，效果并不如我的预期，课堂沉闷、学生没劲、授课吃力成了我最大的困惑。静心反思，我顿悟，一味依赖教材、参考资料，缺少鲜活的素材，导致学生缺乏学习兴趣，正是我课堂的软肋所在。我觉得这是一个很好的课题，便对“学习兴趣与历史课教学的关系”作了深入研究。

另外，我还将竞争机制引入课堂教学，如上复习课，不是简单地重复讲解，而是采用“知识抢答赛”的形式，激发学生动手、动脑、动口，使课堂气氛格外活跃，让学生产生酣战后的痛快淋漓之感，在兴奋的状态下掌握知识。

后来，我把这两个案例从不同侧面整理进了我的教学论文《利用历史教学渗透德育之我见》《怎样提高历史课堂的教学效率》。

我在总结中这样写到：只有在备课中具备强烈的教育教学研究意识，才能进入较深的思维状态，授课才更有科学性和创造性，从而也为撰写论文打下基础。

毋庸置疑，写好教育教学论文，最重要的一环就是认真做好教育教学的研究工作。研究的方面有很多，如教法、学法、基础知识、智力开发、非智力因素等。要把研究与讲课、听课、评课、试卷分析、作业讲评有机结合起来。除了研究，还要注重实践，从实践中来，上升为理论，再回到实践中去，既指导实践，又接受实践的检验。这样多次往复循环，再得出结论，就是不断研究教育教学的过程。夯实了一定的研究基础，又掌握了必要的论文写作知识，这样才能写出有真知灼见的教学论文来。

如今，语文也日渐成为各重点中学选拔学生的标准之一，但是如何在语文上拿高分，让很多学生以及家长备受煎熬。今天我们就从语文的最大得分点——作文入手，为大家讲解""中应该注意的事项。

一篇好的作文除了要具备健康鲜明的主题，优美生动的文字以外，还要有一个完整、连贯、流畅的结构，我们把它归结为八个字，那就是"上下贯通，首尾相援"。

文章结构必须上下贯通，首尾相援，这也是作者思路的连贯性在文章中的体现，这种形式的连贯同时也能够体现文意的连贯，即形式服务于内容。文章的各部分之间，段落之间，前后语句间都要紧密连接，通篇一贯，这样的结构才能严谨、完美。好的结构会使文章主题鲜明突出，内容清晰完整，过渡自然流畅，文章整体和谐统一。否则，如果信马由缰，文章结构势必混乱无章，主次不分，再典型生动的材料恐怕也难以吸引读者去阅读和欣赏。"思想是有一条路的，一句一句，一段一段都是有路的，好文章的作者是决不乱走的。"（叶圣陶《认真学习语文》）。

文章结构必须细密周严，层层衔接，无懈可击，任何一篇文章都应是一个有机完整的整体，因此，我们在写作文时要在选好材料的情况下精心安排语句段落间的过渡与衔接，开头与结尾的关照与呼应，做到前后勾联，相互顾及，防止脱节，顾此失彼。

一、格外重视文章的线索。

所谓线索就是贯穿在整篇文章中情节发展与思想感情发展的路线，它像链条一样穿结着文章里全部的人物、事件和景物，让文章成为一个统一的艺术整体。在记叙文中，它把一个个彼此相关的事件及人物贯穿在一起，推进情节的发展，彰显主题；抒情性的文字中，线索又成了咏物抒怀、托物寓意的凭借，使主题突出，形散神聚。

初中课本中《藤野先生》一文以作者的爱国主义思想为明线，以作者与藤野先生的交往为暗线，把若干情节与事件有机的联系在一起，集中体现了藤野先生对学生严格要求，求实严谨，没有狭隘的民族偏见等高尚品质，这两条线索互相交融，但目标一致，都起到了贯穿全文的作用。如《感受真挚的友谊》一文，小作者以"友谊"为线索，架设小标题，向我们展现了小学生生活中三个典型画面，表现了自己与同学之间深深的友谊。而《感受友情的四季》一文更是以四季中的春、夏、秋、冬为线索，通过恰切、生动的比喻，抒写自己对友情如四季真挚感怀，以四季贯穿全文，新颖别致，使文章结构整齐划一，条理清晰，让人耳目一新。

二、严密紧凑，顺理成章。

这就是说文章的布局应该注重衔接，注重段落语句之间的过渡，前后关联，这样才不会造成各部分内容的疏散与脱离。

1．谈谈过渡。过渡是文章内容连贯的一种重要方法。好的过渡能够使文章前后衔接，自然流畅，天衣无缝。如我们学过的《从百草园到三味书屋》一文第9段"我不知道为什么家里的人要将我送进书塾里去了------Ade,我的蟋蟀们！Ade,我的覆盆子们和木莲们！……"很明显这是一个过渡段，巧妙地将白草园与三味书屋两段生活联结起来。又如《感受幸福》一文开头一段，"现在我终于明白了，原来它就在我的身边"一句，既回答了上文关于"幸福在哪里"的疑问，又自然地引起下文，写"我"对幸福的体验过程。

2．谈谈照应。照应是指文章前后内容之间的关照响应。前面的内容要有呼应后面的情节，前面也要埋下伏笔。在形式上照应有三种方式，一是结尾和开头的照应；二是伏笔和关键语句的照应；三是正文和标题的照应。

首尾照应是写作中常见的照应形式。开头结尾是文章的有机组成部分，好的开头能够帮助读者抓住要领，感受全文，好的结尾能够使文章的主旨更加明确，主题得到升华。而首尾照应则体现了两者的有机结合，更能突出文章的主题。如《感受友谊的枫叶》一文，小作者从不经意间发现的藏在书中的半片枫叶凝神沉思写起，道出了这代表友谊的半片枫叶的来由，结尾处以"很久很久，我才回过神来，又将那半片枫叶放回了书里"收篇，很自然地照应了开头"我将它拿起，放在手中，默默地站在那儿想了很久"，文章首尾圆合，浑然一体。再看《感受团结的力量》一文，小作者以散文化的笔法描述了几个花须经历了风雨的洗礼，造就了脉脉的芳香，但并未注意到首尾的呼应。开头写道，茉莉花虽无艳丽的外表，但香气脉脉而高雅，结尾处写"盛开的花代表了友谊的结晶，花下的世界，永远存在着那几个根须"，让人联想到花开的艳丽，与"脉脉的香气"是不吻合的，这也正是此文的重要缺憾之一。

正文与开头的照应能够使主题更加明确，中心更加突出。我们看一下《感受幸福》一文的结尾："如果有来生，我还要感受一下这辈子的幸福生活"，这一句意在照应文章的标题，然而语言过于平淡，格调低落，使人产生一种消极的情绪，不符合新时期少年儿童所应该拥有的心态，因而降低了文章的格调，这是我们在写作时要十分注意的。

一篇好的作文是讲究构造艺术的，而这个艺术的核心正是使文章"上下贯通，首尾相援"的艺术，做到这一点，也就做到了文章的通篇连贯，和谐一致，我们在作文时千万不要忽视它。

前伏后应的照应也是照应的基本方式之一。《感受友谊的枫叶》的小作者就注意到了这一点。文章的第三段"那是一个深秋的晚上"道出了故事发生的季节是深秋的时节，而此时也是枫叶正红的时候，为后文的"从高高的树上落下了一片火红的枫叶"伏下了很好的一笔，不得不赞叹小作者在构思上的精雕细琢。

写人作文有很多是写长辈的，如何写好长辈？本文从类型、题目、开头，为大家介绍。

一、写长辈亲人的作文类型

1.写长辈亲人对自己的关心和爱护；

2.回忆长辈亲人对自己的关怀；

3.表达自己对长辈亲人的尊敬和怀念。

二、写长辈亲人的参考题目、参考开头

1.《我的_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的亲人当中，有一个人是我忘不了的，他就是已经离开我们整整三年的爷爷！

第二种开头：爷爷离开我已经三年了，可是我只要一看见他的照片，就会觉得他好像还活在人世，还在给我讲着《三国演义》的故事。

2.《她教我怎样做人》的两种开头

第一种开头：还在我上幼儿园的时候，外婆就对我说过一句话，那就是：“人穷志不穷。”

第二种开头：外婆是一个退休工人，没有多少文化，但她却懂得很多做人的知识，我从她那里学到了许多许多。

3.《长辈》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的长辈之中，最让我难忘的就是我的爷爷。

第二种开头：爷爷在三年前离开我们的时候，特地把我叫到医院，要见

我最后一面。

4.《_____，您将留在我的记忆里》的两种开头

第一种开头：外公，您现在在哪里呢？您还记得您的外孙吗？虽然您已经离开我们五年了，但您将永远留在我的记忆里！

第二种开头：五年前，我的外公不幸被罪恶的癌症夺去了宝贵的生命。五年过去了，外公的音容笑貌却依然存在，他，永远活在我的心里，留在我的记忆里！

重视作者的全面修养，从根本上增强写作主体对于客体的理解、把握能力。

在写作活动中，作者对于客观事物的反映总是能动的、积极的。一篇文章的思想内容和艺术特色，不仅是作者某种写作意图和写作能力的直接体现，也是他整个人的思想、感情、阅历、个性特征、文化水平和个人风格的折光。所以人们常用“文如其人”来说明作者和文章写作的关系。加强作者自身的修养，全面地锻炼自己正是学好写作的根本条件。

首先，要锻炼思想，陶冶感情。鲁迅先生早在20年代就指出：“我以为根本问题是在作者可是一个’革命人’，倘是的，则无论写的是什么事件，用的是什么材料，即都是’革命文学’。从喷泉里出来的都是水，从血管里流出的都是血。”这就是说，作者的理想、情操和审美眼光，对文章的特色和价值是起决定作用的。对我们初学者来说，首先应该认真学习马克思列宁主义、毛主席思想和邓爷爷理论，树立科学的世界观和崇高的人生理想，积极自觉地参加各种有益于国家、集体或他人的实践活动，在广阔的社会生活中锻炼思想，陶冶感情，更好地增强自己的写作激情以及发现新事物、看出新问题的能力。

其次要积累生活，拓展知识。文章是客观事物的反映，生活是文章写作的源泉。文章的内容及其表达，和作者的生活知识储备有着密切的关系。生活阅历浅，知识贫乏，很难写出好文章。丰富的生活经验和广博的知识，不仅给作者提供了大量的写作信息，而且可以激发作者的写作欲望，充分调动作者的创造力和想象力，使文章写得更充实，更准确，更生动，更优美。我们要积极地投身生活，在生活的感知中积累经验，拓展知识，不断更新自己的知识结构，充实自己的头脑，为灵感的触发和文思的活跃提供更多的水源或燃料。

再次，要训练思维，提高智能。文章是客观事物的反映，但要根据客观事物制作成文章，还需要有多方面的智能。比如在认识和摄取客观事物时，作者需要有观察能力，发现能力，采集能力;在构思过程中，需要有综合、分析能力，筛选加工能力，想象能力和创造能力;在表达时，需要有结构能力，语言运用能力和修改能力。写作还需要有一定的技巧，技巧也是能力的体现。整个写作，要靠诸种智能和技巧的综合运用。在运用各种智能和技能的过程中，思维贯串于始终。写作正是以思维为核心组织各种能力和技巧的一种综合性智力活动。没有积极而富有创造性的思维，诸种智能和技巧难以发挥，写作对象也主很难如意地转化成理想的文章形式。为此，培养和发展思维品质，提高思维能力，正是发展智能、开拓思路、写好文章的重要一环，也是作者全面修养的一个重要组成方面。

多读、多写、多改，“在游泳中学会游泳”。

1、博览，精读，从范文和例文中体会和学习各种写法。

写作和阅读不可分割。读写结合，从范文中借鉴，极有助于提高写作能力。古人说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”，“劳于读书，逸于作文”，这些经验之谈，是有道理的。

阅读对于写作的作用是多方面的。首先，博览群书，可以开阔思维，活跃文思。陆机说：“伫中区以玄览，颐情志于典坟。”他认为观察事物可激发文思，研读古籍也可以丰富文思。有些人写文章如行云流水，笔到之处，文意丰富，言辞自然，这和他读书多有极大关系。其次，阅读还可以吸取和丰富写作材料。从根本上说，写作中的材料都是取自社会生活，但一个人的阅历有限，不可能对宇宙间过去和现在的所有事物都去直接观察和感受。广泛阅读，则可以帮助我们了解自己不可能亲自去接触、认知的生活和知识，从而丰富自己的写作材料。第三，阅读又是掌握写作规律、学习写作方法的有效途径。别人的好文章读得多了，耳濡目染，便会懂得文章作法。鲁迅先生也特别提倡这一点。他说：“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着‘应该怎样写’。”他称这为“实物教授法”。熟读名篇佳作，往往会从写法上加以效仿。读多了，效仿的次数多了，慢慢主会变成自己的方法，并能有所改进和创造。第四，阅读又可以丰富我们的词汇，提高运用语言的能力。一切古今中外名著，都是语言巨匠用提炼加工而成成的规范化的语言写成的，阅读名作，可以帮助我们更好地丰富语汇，了解更多的句式和修辞手法掌握运用评议的基本规律，提高运用评议的技巧。

2、多写多练，勇于实践，不断摸索

写作方法和技巧的掌握，最主要的途径还是要靠自己的实践。凡是有成就的作者在谈写作经验时，没有一个不强调“做”字。清人唐彪对

此有一段精辟的论述，他说：“学人只喜多读文章，不喜多做文章;不知多读乃藉人之功夫，多做乃切实求已功夫，其曾益相去远也。人之不乐多做者，大抵因艰难费力之故;不知艰难费力者，由于手笔不熟也。若荒蔬之后作文艰难，每日即一篇半篇无不可;渐演至熟，自然易矣。”他在另一段话里又说：“谚云，’读十篇不如作一篇’。盖常做则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽易，为之则难。沈虹野云：’文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不做。’”这些话讲得都是极为中肯的。

练习写作，要端正态度，防止和克服一些不正确的思想。首先要有信心。初学写作，可能写不好，如同小孩子学走路，开始时总是要摔跤的，但走着走着，也就学会了。写作也是一样，开始写不好是正常的，关键是不要因此失掉信心。只要持之以恒，慢慢就会上路。一些写作上很有成就的文章家、作家，他们的文化程度原来并不高，开始时也写不好。但他们不怕失败，不怕别人讥笑，能从实践中总结经验教训，不断摸索，终而取得成功。

练习写作，要防止自卑或自负心理。有些人开始时劲头很大，但写一段之后就停下来，不是由于失败而自卑，就是由于自满而止步。这些都是提高写作能力的大障碍。鲁迅先生就：“一个作者，’自卑’固然不好，’自负’也不好;容易停滞。我想，顶好是不要自馁，总是干，但也不可自满，仍旧总是用功。”写作是一种相当复杂的精神劳动，想要一蹴而就，一下子就写出好文章是不可能的。“自卑”和“自负”都容易停滞、倒退，只有总是“用功”，不停的“干”，才能有所长进。

初学写作往往还有一种急躁情绪，一下子就想写长篇大作，而不注重基本功的训练。殊不知做任何事情都要注意打基础和练基本功。基础不牢，功底不厚，事情就很难办好，只有脚踏实地，由小到大，由简至繁，由粗到精，才能逐步掌握写作要领，真正有所成就。

3、多听意见，深入思考，反复修改

文章是客观事物的反映。客观事物是复杂的，人们对客观事物的认识也要有个过程。只有深入思考，反复加工，才能正确、恰当地反映客观实际，表达好自己的思想感情。

修改是写作中的一个重要环节，是保证文章质量、提高写作水平的重要途径。有些人信奉所谓“一挥而就，文不加点”，写完后自己不看，不改，也不请教别人，这样就很难发现问题，更谈不到精益求精。有人是为了怕麻烦，写完了事，至于写得如何，他就不管了，这是一种不负责任的表现。它们都是提高写作水平的拦路虎、绊脚石。

修改文章，还要虚心求教，多听别人的意见。因为一个人的认识和能力总是有限的，只有躬身求教，博采众长，文章方能长进。古今中外许多大作家，不但善于向作家学习，还能向师友以及一般读者求教。相传唐代大诗人白居易“每作诗，令老妪解之，问曰：’解否？’妪曰：’解’，则录之，’不解’，则又复易之。”法国大作家莫里哀常把自己的作品读给女仆吃后悔药，每读完一部新作，女仆都称赞说写得好，莫里哀以为她文化低，是有意讨好主人。有一次，莫里哀故意把写失败了的剧本念给她听，结果女仆瞪大眼睛说：“这不是先生写的。”莫里哀听后非常震惊。可见文化低的人同样也能够鉴别文章的好坏。这里的关键是虚心，要有群众观点，放得下架子，才能得到有益的帮助。

重视写作基础理论知识的学习，提高以理论指导写作的自觉性，减少盲目性。

前面说过，写作是文章作者创造性的精神活动，也是社会性的文化现象。一篇文章的得失好坏，不仅决定于作者自身的个性、禀赋或努力程度，也和他对这一精神活动的客观规律以及与此相应的规范性要求的理解、把握程度有关。所谓写作理论，主要就是对于这些规律规范的概括和阐释。

有的同志轻视写作理念知识对于写作实践的指导作用，认为不学理念也可以写出文章，其根据是有的作家没有学习写作理念知识，也写出了很好的作品。这个看法是片面的。事实上，所有会写文章的人，都是自觉或不自觉地通过不同途径，在写作的规律性知识方面积累了较高理论素养或丰富的经验性体会的。有些人由于种种原因未能系统地学习写作理论知识，但他在练习写作的过程中，一定也阅读过许多范文，在这些范文中，就蕴含某些写作原理和规律，所以他也等于是在学习借鉴前人的写作实践中掌握了他们。毛主席同志在《实践论》中说过：“感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解

了的东西才更深广地感觉它。”系统的理论学习和具体的经验积累之较高的理论修养，自己在实践中就能自学地扬长避短，阅读别人作品也能更好地分辨精华、糟粕，对于写作能力的提高自然会有更大的帮助。

学习知识和理论，目的是指导实践，要在能力的转化上多下功夫。即使是对知识、理论掌握程度的考核，也就在把重点话如何运用知识、理念来分析问题、说明问题上面，而不以单纯地复述、背诵要领或条条为满足。再说，知识和理论的作用，主要在于说明写作活动自身的矛盾运动及其变化规律，帮助习作者端正学习态度，改进学习方法，而不可能提供什么一试就灵的仙丹妙药或是照搬不误的万能模式。

正因为如此，我们在重视学习科学的理论知识与前人成功经验的同时，还须与发挥自己独立的创造精神有机地结合起来。古人云：“文有大法无定法。观前人之法而自为之，而自立其法……不死，文自新而法无穷矣。”又说：“所谓法者，行所不得不行，止所不得不止……自神明变化于其中。若泥定此处应如何，彼处应如何，不以意运法，转以意从法，刚死法也。”今天我们同样需要有这样的学习态度和写作态度。