四级英语作文写作方法推荐20篇

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

​导语：要想写好英语作文，我们平时就得多练习，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1)现象法：引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。

Recently the rise in theproblem/phenomenon of ... has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwideconcern. 近来(...)的问题/现象已经引起了广泛的关注。

2)比较法：通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点。

For years, ...had been viewedas .... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ..., people....

多年来(...)被认为(...)但是现在人们又有了新的看法，随着(...)增长，人们(...)

3)对立法：先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。

When asked about..., thevast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think/view a bitdifferently. 当被问及(...)大多数人们会说(...)但是我却不这么认为。

4)观点法：开门见山，直截了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。

Now people ingrowing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept / (be aware)that... 现在越来越多的人们开始认识到/接受(...)

5)引用法：先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，来引出文章要展开论述的观点!

"Knowledge ispower." This is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared bymore and more people. “知识就是力量”这是培根的名言，这句名言开始被越来越多的人们分享。

6)故事法：先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。(少用)

I have a friend who ...Should he ...? Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life. 我有一个朋友(喜欢赌钱等)，他应该(...)吗?在这种进退两难的境地下，我们要面对应付日常生活。

要写好一个人物，无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌（肖像）、心理等等。下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点：

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他（她）的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》（见后文），写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

我们来看这一段话：“回到教室，大家全都涌到郭枫面前，问：”坏小子，你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢？‘郭枫眨了眨眼，骄傲地说：“其实我捐了100元！说捐一毛钱，那是逗你们玩的！’听了郭枫的话，同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好，“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。

点评：

人物描写着重于刻画人物的性格，表现人物的精神面貌，应力求具体生动，能做到绘声绘色地再现“人物”，让读者如见其人，如闻其声。我们生活中会遇到形形色色的人，这时我们应该仔细观察他们外部情态的特征性表现，进而深入他们的内心，了解他们的思想性格，学习长处，获取启示。

[人物作文的写作方法

学生写作时，如果仅局限在把内容交代清楚的水准上，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，或一律使用简单句平铺直叙，那么，这样写出来的文章就会像一碗白开水，呆板、单调，没有可读性。下面是小编整理的英语作文写作10大技巧，欢迎阅读。

1. 灵活改变句子开头

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语位于句子开头。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如使用倒状语或以状语开头等，会使文章增强表现力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去;如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

在艺术考试编导专业考试中，笔试部分一般会有一项很重要的内容就是散文写作。可以说散文写作分数的高低直接影响考生录取的成绩。下面是小编为大家带来的编导散文写作的技巧及方法，欢迎阅读。

散文的文体特点

较宽泛的文体定义是认为文体只有四类：散文、诗歌、戏剧、小说。散文是一种自由、灵活地抒写见闻受的文体，它形式精粹亲切。表达作者对人生或自然的感悟。

散文与记叙文的最大区别在于，散文中所写的人生、自然、事件、景物等，都是从自身感悟出发，是作者对事物特殊意义和美的发现。这种发现，是知觉、思维、感觉的综合思维结果，体现着作者的深思妙悟，是散文的情、理、意、味。而记叙文是记录生活中的人和事，并不从作者的感悟出发。

散文的取材十分广泛，不间万象、宇宙万物、各色人等、宏观微观无不涉及，而这些材料一旦出现在文章中，就立即刻上了作者的主观感悟，代表着作者的人生经验、观点感受。所以，同样的材料，不同的作者看到的内涵是不同的。这里，我们把散文的取材叫“形”，把作者的感叫“神”。散文的文体特点就是：形散神聚。 散文的写法较其他文体更活泼自由，不拘一格。常见的方式是抒情，即使是记叙，也是带有强烈感情色彩的。散文常把记叙、抒情、议论等融为一体，夹叙夹议。表现手法上能出奇制胜，让读者产生新鲜独特的阅读感受。散文的结构追求自然而然的境界。在材料选取上，般运用联想手法。

总体来看，抒情的散文有时气势磅礴，有时低吟浅唱;记叙的散文如诗如画，曲径通幽;议论的散文情真意切，精彩纷呈……但是，不管作者怎么样安排文字，怎样组织材料，归根结蒂还是为了表达他对人生或自然的特殊感受悟。

基础等级

一、 形散神聚

这里讲的是散文的取材。我们还以《人类，止步吧!》为例。

全文分为三部分 ，引的诗句所抒发的感情本与本文主旨毫无关系，但经过作者巧妙的联想，它双完全和本文要表达的中心契合了。它所引用的材料也是几个似乎没有关联的场景。这种形式很散，但它们都指向同一个主旨：保护环境。这就是散文形散神聚的好处，可以让文章活泼灵动，变化多端。

二、 立意独特

散文的立意其实就是散文的感悟，有感悟才有散文的写作。可是普通寻常的感悟是不得人心的，看见蜡烛想起老师，看见葵花想起小学生……这些“感悟”已经不再给我们产生美感，而是产生憎恶;这样写作已经不再是生产精神产品，而是谋杀我们的阅读欲望。散文的立意要求独特，就是说作者的感悟是体现作者独特情志、独特感受、独特体验的感悟，是他人所不能产生的精神产物。

如《人类，止步吧!》一文。把文章的立意放在对《天净沙·秋思》一词的全新诠释上。分为三个小标题：1、枯藤+才能树+昏鸦=优质的木材;2、小桥+流水+人家=人类的日用品;3、古道+西风+瘦马=桌上的美食。这一巧妙的构思，把散文的灵动、形散特点体现得淋漓尽致。当然，对于环境的问题不是什么独特的发现，可是作者不是简单地申明要保护环境，而是把目光定格在“人们在做什么、做了什么、有什么后果”，提醒人们应该反省。

三、 感情充沛

没有感情就不成其为散文。散文对作者主观感情的要求是所有文体中仅次于诗歌的。散文一般的写作规律是：对事物、人生、景观突然有了感悟，感悟深化升华，敷衍成文。这感悟就是散文的意味之本，是散文的中心立意。可是要表现这样的中心立意，就得抒情。所以好的散文、记叙、议论都带有强烈的感情，字里行间都有渗透着感情。

四、 感悟具体

散文以感悟为灵魂，但感悟是什么，得在文章中说明白。有些散文含蓄，不明说感悟，但文章的景致、人物、事件均可以反映向感悟。感悟的清楚明白如同记叙文的主题一样，要明白畅晓，让人觉得可喜，引人思考，同时要清楚地出现在文章中。

如《亲近你》一文，就把抽象的感悟“体验“通过大量具体的意象表现出来：“幼鸟第一次避开慈母的呵护，飞翔有蓝天白云下，他体验到了自由的博大;蓓蕾在一场春雨后，绽放笑脸，新奇地看着这个世界，他体验到了尘世的纷杂;海燕在暴风雨中长鸣，勇敢他宣传革命圣火的到来，他体验到了胜利的喜悦;蝴蝶第一次来到大花园，飞东飞西，万紫千红的花为她绽放，它体验到了人世的热情……”通过这些具体的意象，作者的感悟就很容易让读者感同身受了。

发展等级

一、 入笔精微，以小见大

上面说过，散文往往出奇制胜，以少胜多，说是有散文表现中心的方法。散文的这一用法是独特的。一般的散文写作，我们可以从细小的方面入笔，做到以少胜多，以小见大。实际上，生活中的一件小事、一涕一笑;事物中的一枚叶片、一粒沙土……都可体现出大的主题。《点滴真情令我感动》就是这样一篇佳作。它的着眼点都有是我们生活经常遇到的小事，但对一个有心人来说，它们同样可以写出好文章。

二、 夹叙夹议，感情真实

含蓄的感情也罢，激昂的感情也罢，都要真实地表现出作者的状况。散文因为有对生活或事物的感悟，就得采用夹叙夹议定书表达方式，引导读者理解，体味文章的意味。如《百合花的笑容》等文章，把记叙、议论有机结合起来，全文感情真实，浑然天成。

散文写作技巧

文体写作理论知识应由定义出发，定义中的要素可以衍生出写作的各种要求和方法。但是，不论诗歌，还是散文，传统认识集 中体现在一般写作教材上，对其定义的认识既不准确统一，又片面地强调社会属性。 不合乎文体本质属性的传统文学体裁定义在 本文中一概不提。需要的是最终表现作者个体生命本真的文体定义。 散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明，正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说 是表现自我。这就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。又如刘半农 所说， 散文要“赤裸裸地表达”。还如一些人所说，“我是怎样一个人， 就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”， “反正我只 是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。 必须明确一个散文写作观念， 这就是散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作 为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。 朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事， 而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》， 重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者业绩， 而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。散文一开始就使自己沉浸在一种突如其来 的悲喜交集的感情体验中，由此生发联想——小时候跟着妈妈赶集差一点丢失，四十年代初一度离开部队，“文革”中被迫放下笔 等。 最后又面对横江截流的宏伟场面，激情满怀。感情体验，是散文的内在结构。有了它， 就可以天马行空地起草。这一点， 不能不明朗和确定。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验， 只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

散文和小说一样， 建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而 散文则是“以线穿珠”。 小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。 而细节只能在这样 的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来， 任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我 们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体， 散漫如水，手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感 情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其它文体 理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。 散文可以主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应 试者选择使用。

一、 记人散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人，重点在后。 介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】▲一种情况：一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。

▲另一种情况：几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。 以对该人的感情体验及整体议

二、论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

三、抒情散文模式

【开头】1叙述自己与景物的关系。2议论景物和自己。

【中间】1描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。2联想发挥，更大意义。

【结尾】感慨

四、散文写作--构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情 ”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考， 在探索，在继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养 功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才 能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。 构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样 。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满 的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一 的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。 徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就 抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可 以说明这个问题。

总之，一篇散文的谋篇、构思，不同的作家有不同的方法，因人而异，不可强求一律，更不能照猫画虎，每人应有每人的独特

方法，但讲究构思，则对每一个作家而言，都是极重要的。 一篇优秀的散文，几乎难以离开联想。所谓联想，是指对事物由此及彼、由表及里的想象活动。由一事物过渡到另一事物的心 理过程。当人们由当前事物回忆起有关的另一事物，或者由想起的一件事物又波及到另一件事物时，都离不开联想。在这种联想活动中，事物的特征和本质，更容易鲜明和突出，作者的思想认识也能不断提高和深化。一个作者的知识积累，储藏愈厚实，则对生 活的感受愈敏锐，易于触类旁通，浮想联翩，文思泉涌。

联想，在心理活动中占有重要地位。回忆常以联想的形式出现，联想还有 助于举一反三的推理过程。特别是在散文创作及其它样式的文艺创作中，联想有着增强作品艺术魅力的功效。 散文家的灵感，看似偶然，实则必然，迁思妙得，得自长期积累。积累愈厚，愈发敏感。散文不是贵在触发吗?由此及彼是触 发，对于目前所经历的事物，发现旁的意思，既是触发，也是联想。深厚的积累，有助于触发的深化。要将“诗魂”变为诗，要从 触发达到构思，还必须发挥联想和想象。要将许多旧经验溶化、抽象、加以重新组织，假若没有一定生活积累做凭依，想象、联想 的翅膀则是飞不起来的。客观事物总是相互联系的，具有各种不同联系的事物反映在作者的头脑中，便形成了各种不同的联想 ——有空间或时间上相接近的事物形成接近联想(如由水库想起水力发电机);有相似特点的事物形成的类似联想(如由鲁迅想起 高尔基);有对立关系的事物形成对比联想(如由光明想起黑暗); 有因果关系的事物形成因果联想(如由火想到热)。

散文的联想，总是同精细的观察、细微的描述相结合。散文的画面，首先力求真实、具体，使人读之如身临其境，同时也要做到含 蓄、深邃，使人读之能临境生情。作者给读者想象空间、回味余地愈大，则诗意的芬芳愈浓，这就离不开丰富而活跃的联想。 联想，实质上是观察的深化，是此时此地的观察，与彼时彼地观察的融会贯通。没有这种融会贯通，便没有感受的加深、思想的升华 、诗意的结晶。如果说，精细的观察，为作者采集了丰富的矿石，那活跃的联想，则是对这些矿石的冶炼和加工。 联想不是凭着个人的闪念所得，漫无边际地胡思乱想。一个作家要想让联想的翅膀飞起来，没有广博的学识，不掌握事物之间内在的联系和底蕴 没有个人的创造性和激情，没有个人爱好的广大空间，思想和幻想、形式和内容的广大空间，是高飞不起来的。只能象蓬间雀那样在草稍上徘徊，而不能象大鹏那样展翅万里，海阔天空自由飞翔。 散文笔调的魅力，固然来自作家的真知、真见、真性、真情。但要将其化作文学和谐的色彩、自然的节奏、隽永的韵味，还必 须依靠驾驭文字的娴熟，笔墨的高度净化。文采，不在于文字的花哨和刻意雕饰，而在于表情达意，朴实真挚。如堆砌词藻，就象爱美而又不善于打扮的女人一样，以为涂脂抹粉，越浓越好，花花绿绿，越艳越好，其实俗不可耐，令人见了皱眉。 散文作者，要有特别敏锐的眼光和洞察力，能看到和发现别人所没有看到的事物，还需有异常严密而深厚的文字功夫。创作时不能心浮气躁，要静下心来，挖空心思找到准确的词句，并把它们排列得能用很少的话表达较多的意思。这就是古人所说的“言 简意繁”。要使语言能表现出一幅生动的画面，简洁地描绘出人物的音容笑貌和主要特征，让读者一下子就牢牢记住被描写人物的动作、步态和语气。

散文的语言美，作家们有不少独到精辟的见解。秦牧说：“文采，同样产生艺术魅力和文笔情趣。丰富的词汇，生动的口语， 铿锵的音节，适当的偶句，色彩鲜明的描绘，精采的叠句……这些东西的配合，都会增加文笔的情趣。”佘树森说：“散文的语言 ，似乎比小说多几分浓密和雕饰，而又比诗歌多几分清淡和自然。它简洁而又潇洒，朴素而又优美，自然中透着情韵。可以说，它的美，恰恰就在这浓与淡、雕饰与自然之间。”

散文篇幅小，容量大，行文最忌拉拉杂杂，拖泥带水，容不得老王婆裹脚布，又长又臭。简洁，并不是简境，而是简笔;笔既 简，而境不简，是一种高度准确的概括力。杜牧《阿房宫赋》开头写道：“六王毕，四海一。蜀山兀，阿房出。”仅仅十二字，就写出了六国王朝的覆灭。秦始皇统一了天下，把蜀山的树木砍光了，山顶上光秃秃的，就在这里，修建起阿房宫。短短十二个字， 写出了这么丰富的历史内容，时空跨度又很大，真可谓“言简意繁”了。

潇洒，对人来说，是一种气质，一种风度。对散文来说 ，是语句变化多姿。短句，促而严;长句，舒而缓;偶句，匀称凝重;奇句，流美洒脱。这些句式的错落而谐调的配置，自然便构成散文语言特有的简洁而潇洒的美。散文语言的朴素美，并不排斥华丽美，两者是相对成立的。

在散文作品里，我们往往看到朴素和华丽两副笔墨并用。该浓墨重 彩的地方，尽意渲染，如天边锦缎般的晚霞;该朴素的地方，轻描淡写，似清澈小溪涓涓流淌。朴素有如美女的“淡扫蛾眉”，华 丽亦非丽词艳句的堆砌，而是精巧的艺术加工，不着斧凿的痕迹。但不论是朴素还是华丽，若不附属于真挚感情和崇高思想的美， 就易于像无限的浮萍，变得苍白无力，流于玩弄技巧的文字游戏。 像生活的海洋一样，语言的海洋也是辽阔无边的。行文潇洒，不拘一格，鲜活的文气，新颖的语言，巧妙的比喻，迷人的情韵 ，精采的叠句，智慧的警语，优美的排比，隽永的格言，风趣的谚语，机智的幽默，含蓄的寓意，多种多样艺术技巧的自如运用， 将使散文创作越发清新隽永，光彩照人。

H1N1 influenza, since the claws reached into the earth and stuck it into our world caused great sensation. From Moscow, the United States, Japan, ... ... to China, have spared, showing the speed of its spread. While we use some of the medical technology we have can be prevented, you can cure, but it is still scary. The most laughable thing is that some people thus do not eat pork. However, these are not the focus of my concern, I am concerned, I am sad is:

When we state the first to be infected were found, one who returned from abroad Sichuanese, I heard mostly blame everyone, it makes me sad exception. Had returned from abroad is a good thing, is between the happy event. But because even not aware of being infected was a complete mess of things hands and become pieces of sad things. At first, I think we should sorry for him, should go to help him. However, many people said: "In the U.S., do not come back Well!" "We also are engaged in a state of panic." ... ...

So I write this, would like to call everyone together for their fuel.

Unfortunately, they are infected, and now has been isolated, they can not see their loved ones, they have lost freedom, they are very painful, very unwilling. So let us give them the courage to give them strength! Let us wish them a speedy recovery!

H1N1流感，自从这个魔爪伸进地球，伸进我们的世界就引起了极大的轰动。从莫斯科，美国，学习英语的网站，日本……到我们中国，无一幸免，可见其传播速度之快。虽然我们利用我们己有的医学技术，可以预防，可以根治，但是却还是令人恐慌。最可笑的是，有人因此而不吃猪肉。然而，这些都不是我关注的焦点，令我关注的，令我伤心的是：

当我们国家的第一个被传染者被发现时，就是那个从国外回来的四川人，我听到的大部分都是大家的苛责，这令我异常难过。原本从国外回来，是件好事，是间喜事。却因为连自己也不知道被传染的事搅的得一塌糊涂，成了件悲事。原本我想我们应该为他难过，应该去帮助他。然而，很多人却说：“在国外就不要回来嘛!”“还搞的我们人心惶惶的。”……

所以我写这篇，学英语的好网站，想呼吁大家，一起为他们加油。

他们不幸感染上了，现在被隔离，他们不能见到自己的亲人，好的英语学习网站，他们失去了自由，他们也很痛苦，很不甘。所以让我们给他们勇气，给他们力量!让我们一起祝愿他们早日康复!

健康：中药能够战胜甲流吗？

英语写作：Freedom in my Dream

从总体来看，命题作文有以下规律：

第一，绝大多数文题涉及的内容充分贴近学生生活；

第二，大题、宽题大大多于小题、窄题，便于考生自由选材；

第三，记叙文题大大多于说明文、议论文题；

那么，我们都应该注意一些什么呢？

1.要审题上，要做到“瞻前顾后、一字不漏”

对于题目应从头至尾反复领会、研读，不得忽略一处。

要审读的内容包括：

①文题的大、小、宽、窄、虚、实、显、隐。

②文题中有没有点示主题的字词。

③文题中有没有点示重点的语言标志。

④文题中的的标点或其它符号及其含义。

⑤有没有副标题，其作用是什么？

⑥各种写作要求、限制。

⑦能否从题目以外的语言材料中品味出一点隐含信息。

在写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的“信息”，步步都要紧扣文题，紧扣要求。

另外，在具体的审题过程中，对这样几种内容的题目不可掉以轻心：

第一种，看似很浅显的题目

如“我长大了”这个文题，是一个宽泛的中考作文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对“长大”的理解。如果在审题之中认为“长大”的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等，这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

第二种，看似很熟悉的题目

如“美在课余”这个文题，是一个宽题。可供取材的内容也是不少的。其实这个题目有一个“迷惑点”，这个“迷惑点”在“美”字上。稍不注意就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对“美”字的品读。没有抓住这个“美”字，就会写出“丰富多彩的课余”、““有趣的课余”、“热闹的课余”等内容。

第三种，看似很形象的题目

如“风景这边独好”这个文题，也是一个宽题，题目似乎很“形象”，但远不是从字面上理解的那么简单。它既可以写实，如写一个地方的风景，写一个地方的景物特点，写一个地方的景物的变化，但更重要的是应该写这个地方的发展，写这个地方的特色，写这个地方表现出的时代的进步。再换一个角度思考，它不仅可以写“地方”，还可以写人，还可以写事，等等。

第四种，看似很直观的题目

如“礼物”这个题目，好像一看就知道是什么。但在具体的写作中，它可能是实指——某种物，更多的也许是喻指——像“礼物”一样的美好事物。用“喻指”来写文章，其思路更广，其情感更丰富。不管命题作文的形式多复杂，你要永远盯着它的题目。

就让学霸来告诉你，命题作文到底该怎么写

2.在取材立意上，要做到“大中取小，以小见大”

题目要求只是划出了一个取材立意的框框，需要我们选用自己最熟悉的内容将其具体化。对这样一些文题，要做到“大中取小”，将其“具体化”：

第一，将宽题变“窄”

所谓宽题，就是从内容上看，可以包含许多题材、许多素材的题目。由于它的“宽”，似乎许多材料都可以用来写作文，我们就必须选准材料，把作文的内容“浓缩”到一个点之上，使之变“窄”，以便顺利成文。

如“火柴的联想”是一个宽题，它可以让你联想到非常多的事，非常多的人，非常多的现象。但这种丰富的联想只能是在构思过程中，必须从这丰富的联想中决定一个供展开的“联想点”，才能开始考场作文的写作。

第二，将大题变“小”

所谓大题，其实也是一种宽题。从“意义”上看，有些题目的主题比较直露，

比较追求一定的“意义”。如文题“变了”，从这个“变”字上看就是要求你在文中一定要点示出某种“意义”。

对于这样的题，我们可以用加“限制”的方法将其变“小”。

如“变了”这个题，我们可以在题目前加上限制性的语言，如“我们家变了”，也可以在题目后面加上副标题，如“变了——从一件小事看我们的班风”。

3.在构思上，要做到“或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈”

“或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈”，是中考作文构思的总策略。

“一点式伸展”就是一篇文章内只将一个内容写好、写细、写完整，“多点式铺陈”就是在文章中多写几个内容，将它们有机地组合。

4.在表达上，要做到：注重文体特征，表现个性特点

注重文体特征，就是要充分准确地表现文体特点，而不要出现将“读后感”写成“读后叙”、在“家乡变了”中穿插一半篇幅的议论、将“自强的我”写成自我介绍等模糊文体色彩的错误。

表现个性特点，要表现出运用语言文字的技能技巧，认真遣词造句，稳妥布局谋篇，从语气、结构、主题等方面磨练文章。

一份简历的重点就在于工作经验。对于职场老手来说，工作经验是表达能力和自我程度的重点，也是整份履历表成功的主要关键条件，透过这些工作内容和服务过的公司资料，以及职务名称或是负责的项目，企业主可以藉此评估求职者的能力、过往薪资结构、经验、和曾经负责的项目内容。

但凸显工作经验和能耐的方式，对于刚从学校毕业的新鲜人就显得作用不大了。年轻的毕业生在工作经验上普遍都是钟点或是工读的资历较多，负责的工作项目多半也因为其年轻和能力有限，属于帮忙、服务、劳力…等性质为多数，因此，该项工读经验做到什么程度或成果，就是你在填写工作经验时的重点了。比方说，你在某某电器行打工三个月，成功卖出一百台电风扇等业绩型写法，都比你单纯写上“XX电器行工读三个月”要有看头的多。

多半职场老手由于了解企业主阅读履历的习惯和方式，所以会自行设计履历表的排序方式，而以经验导向型的求职者，还会将工作经验做仔细的分析和整理之后，直接排放在履历表前两项的顺位，利用直接导入主题的方式彰显特殊与优秀的资历，也是一种创新的履历呈现方式。

学校生活中的“团队经验”，对于职场老手比较不太重要，但对于新鲜人或是工作经验不足的人来说，就是一种辅助的工具了。

比方说，在团队中曾经担任过团长有时就代表着领导能力，独立或经由团队合作安排跨校联谊、建教合作等活动，可能代表着协调力、谈判力、团队重视程度、或是开发市场的能力，利用团队经验的填写方式，可以有效帮助主管猜测你的个人特质与个性，也是另类彰显能力与评估发展性的指针。

不过，在这里要注意的是，并不是每项团队经历对求职者都有帮助，也不是每一次的校内活动都有正面的意义，我会建议毕业生们在处理这个部分的时候要稍微做一番整理和选择，无关这份工作可以帮到忙的项目或资历，干脆把他放到自传的部分去说明，免得引发负面的想象。

它是作者对人物的经历和事件的发展变化过程以及场景、空间的转换所作的叙说和交代，在写事文章中应用较为广泛，主要是把人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程表达出来的一种表达方式。小编收集了记叙文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一 记事的文章

1 要把记叙六要素交代清楚，记事要完整。

2 要确立一个线索，或以时空为线索，或以人物为线索，或以某物为线索，或以情感的变化为线索。

3 要明确写这件事的目的是什么，你想通过这件事表达哪些情感，揭示什么意义。 中心要集中统一，不要出现多中心的毛病。

4 选材要新鲜真实，有时代气息，有生活气息，不要写别人都写烂了的事，也不要胡编乱造。最好写自己亲身经历过的事情，这样才能写出真情实感，才能感动自己，感动别人。

5 注意详略得当，与中心关系紧密的事要浓墨重彩的详写，与中心关系不紧的略写，与中心无关的事不写。

6 不要只有叙述性的语言，要有生动的描写，要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，要有点明主旨的抒情议论句， 要注意多次点题。

7 内容一定要饱满，不要太单薄。

8 叙事文章不要平铺直叙，故事情节要一波三折，有曲折之美。要会设置悬念，要出人意料，要会运用倒叙插叙，要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛，要会运用对比法、抑扬法等。

9 要结构完整，层次清晰。

10 可运用书信体、日记体、片断组合体、小小说等一些体裁。

11 用词贴切，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法，文句有表现力。

12 学会运用小标题。小标题运用的主要方式有：

①.日记标题式，以日记连缀的方式成文;

②.字母标题式，以A、B、C、D等若干段连缀成文;

③.单词标题式，以诸如春、夏、秋、冬，喜、怒、哀、乐等单词统领的段连缀成文;

④.数码标题式，以(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)等数字标明段落;

⑤.引用语录式，以诗词或散文中的句子作为几个小故事的小标题;

⑥.概述情节式，在段首运用诸如“序幕”、“发展”、“高潮”、“尾声”之类的词语;

⑦.概括内容式，如“她来了”、“她哭了”、“她笑了”之类;

⑧.留出空行式，即各段之间自然空一行，若干段并列，显得格外醒目。

二 写人的文章

1 一定要写出人物的个性，不要千人一面，千人一腔。

2 写人的文章是为了表现人物的性格特点或品质。选择一些典型事例来表现人物特点，这是一个最重要的方法，这些典型事例一定要特别，有个性，与众不同。

3 人物形象一定要饱满，有血有肉，不要干瘪乏味，不要只见筋骨不见血肉。要想人物饱满有个性，就一定要有生动细致的细节描写，包括人物的动作、神情、外貌、服饰、心理等方面的细节描写，要学会描写人物的眼睛。这些描写一定要能突出人物的性格或品质。

4 要学会用侧面描写，通过他人的眼光或评论来写人物。

5 要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛。

6 要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，

7 用词要贴切生动，句式要灵活多样，要善于运用修辞手法，文句要有表现力。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的联系：记事记叙文一定会涉及到写人，写人记叙文中的人物的性格和品质一定会通过具体的事来体现。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的区别：记事记叙文以记事为主，写人不是目的，一般是把某一件事情写清楚写生动并揭示事情的意义;写人记叙文以描写人物为主，重在反映人物的性格品质，一般会通过多件事情来表现人物的性格品质。

同学们平时写记叙文时应重点关注的问题：

1 如何使记叙文立意高远; 2 如何在记叙文布局谋篇上创新; 3 如何使记叙文情节曲折;

4 如何使记叙文内容充实; 5 如何使记叙文文采飞扬。

三 记叙文写作的十种技巧

巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

穿插流动

粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见，“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山，直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：(一)“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务。(二)行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫，它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势，是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象，赞美它“要求于人的甚少，给予人的甚多”，又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比，补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”，直到第九段作者才笔锋一转，点明题旨说：“我每次看到松树，想到它那种崇高的风格的时候，就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势，后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫，后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议，论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲，大营宫室，招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起，发出深沉的议论慨叹，指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民，国家就不会败亡，表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋，前两段的描绘渲染，是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势，描绘渲染是议论的基础，议论则揭示主题，突出文旨，这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点：一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分，只有将这部分写充分了，才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然，如果为铺垫而铺垫，过多地堆砌，反会暴露出人为的痕迹，那效果就适得其反了。

前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

镜头剪辑

镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于写作，指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。此类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片段、有序地写下来，其间的每一部分都可单独成文，组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构，由于其形式新颖，巧妙精致而受到好评。

卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

时空交织

在记叙一件较复杂的事情时，在同一时间段中，先叙甲地的情况，再叙乙地的情况，转而再写甲地的人事，这就是“时空交织”的文章构制方法。它有利于结构紧凑，文字简练。早年有一篇著名的通讯，题为《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，说的是平陆县六十一个民工突然发生食物中毒事故。作者先写民工中毒后的场面，接着写卫生部接到紧急求援电报，再写平陆医院抢救经过，转而又写北京有关医药商店调运紧急药品的情况，如此轮流反复交织的叙说，构成了一曲动人心弦的凯歌。当然，采用这种方法有一定难度。

有时，在叙述一件事的过程中，作者运用插叙、补叙等手法，也可构成“时空交织”的感觉，我们把这种谋篇方法也纳入“时空交织”中。

一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象;船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波;自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波;由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波

“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。杨朔写过一篇著名的散文《荔枝蜜》。他在文中说小时候因为被蜜蜂螫过，因此对它总有疙疙瘩瘩的厌恶之感，但后来在广东从化参观了养蜂场，尝到了荔枝蜜，又听了养蜂老人的一番介绍，对小生灵蜜蜂顿生敬仰之情，它那勤恳、无私的品质正体现了中国劳动人民的美德。这是典型的欲扬先抑写作手法。所谓欲扬先抑，是指本要大力颂扬的对象，而落笔开始却贬抑它，批评它。前文的“抑”，反衬了后文的“扬”。采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

1、organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc。 下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。

2、write clearly。 be concise。 avoid wordiness。写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。

3、use good grammar and write complete sentences。 使用好的文法，写出完整句子。

4、write simple sentences。 avoid a fancy style。 尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。

5、avoid slang、cliche and informal words。 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6、avoid use of the first person (i。e。 i/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece。除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。

7、writing naturally。 read it aloud。 does it sound natural? does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

8、move logically from one idea to the next。 dont skip steps。 上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

[坚持八条英语作文的写作守则

众所周知，作文在语文试卷中所占的比重足够形容为：得作文者得好成绩。那么，如何让孩子写得一手好文章呢？我们来看看名师是怎么说的：

一、关注学生体验，选材贴近生活

学生不愿意写作文的重要原因就是无话可说，根源在于对事物、活动观察不细、感受不深。因此要积极引导学生观察社会、生活，鼓励学生调动情感因素，学会为生活感动，善于从身边选材，从小事中挖掘其深远的意义。

1、让游戏走进课堂。游戏，孩子们都喜欢。教师可以把游戏搬进课堂，在游戏活动中指导学生有目的、有顺序地观察、体验。如：拿出一节课的时间让学生做贴鼻子游戏，游戏前向每位同学提出观察要求：观察贴鼻子同学的动作、表情以及周围同学的反应，游戏后让学生交流观察的结果。最后让同学们把这项活动记录下来。对此，同学们兴致极高，交流热烈，写成的内容也篇篇鲜活。

2、结合阅读教学。阅读是培养习作能力的基础，在教学中，根据教材的不同特点，结合阅读材料，提出扩写、编写、改写、仿写、续写、写读后感等要求，让学生在动情之中学有所思，学有所感。

3、让绘画走进习作。绘画也是少年儿童喜爱的一种表达方式。利用绘画，可以让学生的写作写得更具体、生动。如：让学生练习写人物时，让他们先为同学、老师、家长或想象中的人物画一张像，画好了再写一写。这样学生就会仔细地琢磨，人物的眼睛是大是小、是丹凤眼还是小眯眼，眉毛是柳叶眉还是剑眉等等。观察越细，习作也就是写得越具体、越形象。又如：在写校园文章时，指导学生先画出自己心目中的校园再用文字描述出来。结果绝大多数同学的这次习作写的生动活泼、妙趣横生。

二、变习作批改为习作交流

以往批改习作，教师就像医生拿着手术刀，对学生的习作大动干戈，把自己改得头昏眼花，把学生改得兴趣全无。因此，教师批改习作应把居高临下的精批细改变为平等交流。老师就习作和学生平等交流，以发现的眼光、欣赏的态度对待学生的习作，在充分交流的基础上，给出自己建议式的评价结果。

1、当面交流，倾听学生心声。学生的习作交上来后，教师们往往因为工作繁忙而过几天才有时间看，这样就错失了和学生交流的好机会。

2、心灵交流，感受孩子的童真。小学生的习作是他们情感的真实表达，尽管有时幼稚、不成熟，但却充满天真的情趣和独特的创意。教师用真心去感受，用童心去理解，从他们的角度去分析，才能走进他们的世界，学生才会和教师真诚对话，而不是编造故事，迎合教师。

三、让竞争伴随学生成长

小学生好胜心强，自尊心强，因此采取多种有效手段，把竞争机制引进作文课堂，能激励孩子们相互促进、不断成长。

1、师生同写。通常学生习作时，教师习惯于在巡视时，对学生的习作进行评价，这样一来学生的创作思路容易被打断，不能一气呵成，学生的创作也受到老师思维的影响，不能完全做到我手写我心。而教师与学生同写一篇作文，学生也把老师当成竞争对象，想和教师一比高低。这样往往能写出好作品，教师的作文也会对学生有启发、示范作用。

2、佳作欣赏，鼓励发表。把孩子们的优秀作文张贴在教室的习作园地中，供大家欣赏。这使得小作者产生荣誉感，其他同学也增强了写作信心。对一些文质兼美的文章，鼓励学生向校报投稿，向优秀刊物投稿。学生的作品刊登在了报刊上，在征文比赛中获了奖，都会让学生体验到成就感和习作的快乐。

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径：

１．问题现状

２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

四级作文考查的是写作的基本功，其准确用词包括三重含义：一是书写正确，即拼写和大小写等无误；二是词义正确，即所用的词确定能表达自己的意图；三是用法正确，包括词的语法搭配关系和意义搭配关系等。

选词的标准是：所选的词应该准确达意，通俗易懂，并符合英语的表达习惯。选词的重要性我们不再赘述，这里我们着重介绍由于用词不当而造成的错误现象。错误现象的成因很多，而形近词的误用是出错的重要原因之一。比如：有个美国学生在作文中这样写道：My goal in life is to be a success, and when I retire I want to devote my money to philandering。这个学生把最后一个词弄错了，他原来想说的词是philanthropy，结果意思相差十万八千里。

下面我们从句子和段落两方面，通过具体实例来说明选词在短文写作中的重要性，以及因为选词不当而造成的错误现象。

【例1】 Good study habits attributed to his performance on tests。

【分析】该句中的attributed to意为把归于；认为是的原因，用在这是不符合句意的。我们知道contribute to意为助于；促成，所以这里是因词义混淆而产生的句子的逻辑错误。

【更正】Good study habits contribute to his performance on tests。

[四级考试写作选词方法与技巧

一、什么是心得体会?

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的 感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫?读后 感?。 在参与社会生活与社会实践中， 人们往往会产生有关某项工作的许多 感受和体会，这些感受和体会不一定经过严密的分析和思考，可能只 是对这项工作的感性认识和简单的理论分析。 用文字的形式把这些心 得表达出来，就是?心得体会?。 ?心得体会?是一种日常应用文体，属于议论文的范畴。一般篇幅可 长可短，结构比较简单。

二、心得体会怎么写?

心得体会的写法 心得体会的基本格式大致由以下几个部分组成 ：

1、标题 心得体会的标题可以采用以下几种形式： 在 XX 活动(或 XX 工作)中的心得体会 关于 XX 活动(或 XX 工作)心得体会(或心得) 心得体会如果文章的内容比较丰富，篇幅较长，也可以采用双行标题的形 式，大标题用一句精练的语言总结自己的主要心得，小标题是在 XX 活动(或 X X 工作)中的心得体会?

例如： 从小处着眼，推陈出新 ——参加大学生科技创新大赛的心得

2、正文 这是心得体会的中心部分

(1)开头 简述所参加的工作(或活动)的基本情况， 包括参加活动的原 因、时间、地点、所从事的具体工作的过程及结果。

(2)主体 由于心得体会比较多地倾向于华考范文网在文章标题下署 名，写作日期放在文章最后。

三、写作心得体会应注意的问题

(1)避免混同心得体会和总结的界限。 一般来说， 总结是单位或个人在 一项工作、一个题结束以后对该工作、该问题所做的全面回顾、分析 和研究，力求在一项工作结束后找出有关该工作的经验教训，引出规 律性的认识，用以指导今后的工作，它注重认识的客观性、全面性、 系统性和深刻性。在表现手法上，在简单叙述事实的基础上较多的采 用分析、推理、议论的方式，注重语言的严谨和简洁。 心得体会相对来说比较注重在工作、学习、生活以及其他各个方面的 主观认识和感受，往往紧抓一两点，充分调动和运用叙述、描写、议论和说明甚至抒情的表达方式，在叙述工作经历的同时，着重介绍自 己在工作中的体会和感受。它追求感受的生动性和独特性，而不追求 其是否全面和严谨，甚至在有些情况下，可以只论一点，不计其余。

(2)实事求是，不虚夸，不作假，不无病呻吟。心得体会应是在实际工 作和活动中真实感受的反映，不能扭捏作态，故作高深，更不能虚假 浮夸，造成内容的失实。

(3)语言简洁，生动。心得体会在运用简洁的语言进行叙述、议论的基 础上，可以适当地采用描写、抒情及各种修辞手法，以增强文章的感 染力。是要准确选择感受点 写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的眼 睛，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点。 读完一本书或一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或 一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看 法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的?滥竽充数?成语故事为例，从 讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人 早晚要?露馅。

认识到掌握真才实学的重要性;若是考虑在齐宣王 时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导 作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要 从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的大锅饭缺 少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客 观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来,打破铁饭碗，废除大锅饭的 必要性。 一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作 为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注 意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中 选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。

要写得有真情实感 不要矫揉造作地拼凑感受，要避免公式 化。上半篇介绍文章内容，下半篇对照自己联系实际来个自我批评， 最后再来写上几句空洞的保证。我们要开放思路，在真正理解原文闪 耀的思想火花和艺术力量中真切的感受会骤然产生。

写独特新鲜的感受 检查式的读后感不可取，要尽力写出有新 意的见解来感染读者。例如王安石 《读孟尝君传》 该文一反常人论调， 说孟尝君只是好做鸡鸣狗盗之徒的首领，所以真正有治国之才的士一 个也没得到。全文不到一百字，却被誉为驳论文的千秋绝调。

四、读后感的基本思路如下：

1、简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以 及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来， 并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个简字，决不能 大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关 系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

2、亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表 述出来。这样的句子可称为观点句。这个观点句表述的，就是这 篇文章的中心论点。观点句在文中的位臵是可以灵活的，可以在 篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

3、围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是 对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正 确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事 实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

4、围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真 情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这实际可以是个人 的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注 意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。 以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善 于灵活掌握。比如，简述原文一般在?亮明观点?前，但二者先 后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所 摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

在写作中，人物描写的方法有许多，不同的描写方法刻画的人物性格会有所不一样，以下是小编整理的写作之人物描写的方法，欢迎参考阅读!

一、白描

利用言简意赅的文字，不加渲染烘托。不用色彩修饰，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，最大限度的少用形容词，单纯的描出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，胳膊下挟着一叠大小不一的书籍。”《藤野先生》——鲁迅

寥寥数语，变形象而又生动的描绘了他的简朴生活和对教学的治学严谨形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

用以极其夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，把人物塑造为形态各异、千奇百怪、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小；由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”（王润滋《卖蟹》）

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人；穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发；牙黄羽纱的长衫；隶体‘一’字似的胡须；左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”（阿累《一面》）

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，同学们可以根据写作的需要，灵活地加以运用。

在平时的作文练习中，很多同学就对材料作文的审题立意感到十分苦恼，因为一不小心就容易走偏。下面是小编整理的高考作文写作立意的方法，欢迎阅读。

一、主旨领悟法

这是材料作文最为常用且最为稳妥的审题立意方法。如果能准确地领悟材料的中心，并以之为文章的主旨，那么，所写文章定能既切题又有深度。

示例

《华尔街日报》报道：海湾战争前夕，该报记者到驻沙特的美国陆战队采访时，惊奇地发现，在沙漠的帐篷里，待命的军舰上，美国的官兵正在争相研读中国的《孙子兵法》。陆战队司令格雷将军指令：《孙子兵法》为陆战队官兵必读书。

综观材料，我们不难发现，美国官兵之所以学习中国的《孙子兵法》，是用以指导他们的战术，材料的主旨十分清晰，据此，可提炼“他山之石可以攻玉”之类的观点。当然，这是显性的;从隐性看，外国人尚且如此重视对我国文化遗产的学习，那么作为中国人的我们，则更应“重视祖国文化遗产的传承”，而这在某种意义上更具深意。

二、关键把握法

关键词句往往是“文眼”，蕴含着材料的主旨。因此，可将其作把握材料、选择立意角度的突破口。在材料作文的材料中，关键词句常常是命题者或材料中的人物的评议性语句。

示例

巴西足球名将贝利在足坛上初露锋芒时，一个记者问他：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他回答说：“下一个!”而当他在足坛崭露头角，已成为世界著名球王，并踢进一千多个球后，记者又问道：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他仍然回答：“下一个! ”

这“下一个”三个字，既体现出永不满足的进取精神，又蕴含着艺无止境、不断创新的哲理，闪耀着人格、智慧、精神的光芒。抓住了这个关键词，便抓住了材料的灵魂实质。

三、由果溯因法

事物都是互相联系的。比如，有很多事物就是以因果关系的联系形式存在的。写材料作文，审题时如果能由材料中列举的现象或结果推究出造成所列现象或结果的本质原因，往往能找到最佳的立意。

示例

某胶粘剂公司研制成强力万能胶水，在推向市场之前，别出心裁地将一枚价值可观的大金币，用该胶水粘在该公司的大理石柱上，并称谁能将其取下而不损坏门柱，金币归谁。一时间，门前人头攒动，不少人纷纷一试身手，结果力气耗尽，金币却岿然不动。人群中爆发出热烈掌声，各色人等称赞有加，消息不胫而走。新产品一上市，厂家即获得巨大效益。

材料中新产品一上市，之所以“获得巨大效益”，一是因为该强力万能胶水粘后能“岿然不动”的有目共睹的过硬质量，二是由于公司采用了非同寻常的营销宣传策略，于是，我们便能顺理成章地分别得出 “事实胜于雄辩”、“酒香还需巧吆喝”的结论。相比之下，后者更富有时代气息。

四、寓意揭示法

对于一些寄寓性材料，如寓言、童话、漫画等，须透过材料的表象，进行“由物及人”、“由物及事”的联想，即由材料中的物联想到人，进而联想到与材料内容相类似的人生哲理、社会现象等，挖掘其真正的内涵，从而确立论点。

示例

驴子驮盐渡河，它滑了一下，跌进水里，盐溶化了，它站起来时轻了许多。这件事使它很高兴。又有一天，它驮了海绵走到河边，故意一滑，跌进水里，那海绵吸了水，驴子站不起来，终于淹死了。

这则寓言告诉我们，一切应从实际出发，情况变化了，我们的思想和工作方法也应随之变化，如果墨守成规，或盲目套用，必将招致失败。写作时要透过驴子驮盐和海绵的表象，把握并取其寓意作为文章的论点。

五、细节切入法

示例

郑板桥的书法，用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今，俗称“板桥体”。他的作品单个字体看似歪歪斜斜，但总体感觉错落有致，别有韵味，有人说“这种作品不可无一，不可有二”。

从局部细节来看，大致有以下思路：

郑板桥书法，“用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今”，启示人们要“善于借鉴”，学会融合;“作品单个字体看似歪歪斜斜，但总体感觉错落有致，别有韵味”，提示我们要注重个体与总体、局部与整体关系的和谐，即“和谐就是美”;而“这种作品不可无一，不可有二”，则揭示出任何事物唯有 “彰显个性”，具有鲜明的个性特色，方能体现其价值、立于不败之地的真理。

六、倾向揣摩法

面对材料作文，不少考生因未能真正吃透材料，熟练掌握审题立意、观点提炼的方法，时常造成所提炼的观点与材料若即若离，甚至南辕北辙，即使你的文章结构再严谨、论证再充分、事例再丰富、语言再优美，也只能是“瞎子点灯白费蜡”了。可见，材料作文的观点提炼，至关重要。

那么，如何才能吃透材料，紧扣材料，选好角度，确立一个具有相当新意、深意的观点呢?

七、多向发散法

有些材料作文的材料比较散。对于这样的材料，审题时可以采用多向发散的思维方法，围绕材料展开多角度立意。

示例

薛潭学讴于秦青，未尽秦青之技，自谓尽之。遂辞归。秦青弗止，饯于郊衢。抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云。薛潭乃谢求反，终身不敢言归。

从薛潭角度，我们可抓住他 “学讴”、“未尽秦青之技”就“辞归”，得出“要谦虚”的启示;也可从他意识到自己远未学到老师的本事而 “谢求反”，总结出“要知错即改”的道理。从老师秦青的角度，我们可从他面对学生的自以为是，并未发怒，而是“弗止，饯于郊衢”，且“抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云”的不一般的举动中，受到启发：“教育要讲究方法”。

然而薛潭 “终身不敢言归”的做法值得商榷。倘若学生真的将老师的本事全部学到家的话，那又何必 “终身不敢言归”呢?我们完全可以理直气壮地另行拜师，博采众长。当然，提炼出多个观点后，应择优而作。

八、舍次求主法

有些材料作文的材料往往会牵涉许多人和事。因此，审题时要明确哪些是材料的主要人物或事件，哪些是次要人物或事件，并舍弃次要人物或事件，从主要人物或事件的角度审题立意。

示例

公交车靠站停稳后，车站上一位妇女为抓紧时间，抱起原先站着等车的小孩上车。车上一青年乘客主动起身让座。抱小孩妇女谢过对方，放下小孩，笑笑说：“小家伙刚会走路，还是让他自己站吧。”此刻，见两人互相谦让，无人入座，一旁的时髦少妇眼明手快，一屁股坐下，并大声招呼道：“囡囡，妈妈帮侬抢到座位了。 ”

材料中共出现了三个“人物”。无论从让座青年角度提倡 “要助人为乐”，还是从抢座位的时髦少妇方面提出“要文明礼让”，似乎均无不可。然而从整个材料的重心、指向来看，应舍弃后两个次要人物，着眼点放在主角抱小孩的妇女身上，宜立意“尽早让孩子自立”。

九、求同存异法

此法对组合性材料作文尤为适宜。如果提供的组合性材料内涵是一致的，可以抽取其共同的、本质的内容，提炼出一个论点;如果提供的材料之间内涵不一致，甚至相差很远，那么应摒弃相异的面，寻找交叉、重合的点。

示例

丹麦人去钓鱼会随身带一把尺子，钓到鱼，常常用尺子量一量，将不够尺寸的小鱼放回河里。他们说：“让小鱼长大不更好吗? ”两千多年前，我国孟子曾说过：“数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也。 ”

一中一外、一古一今的两材料，告诉我们的是同一个道理：在急功近利、异常浮躁的当今社会，务必“要有远见卓识 ”。

十、互补完善法

示例

①佛罗伦萨诗人但丁的名言：“走自己的路，让别人去说吧! ”

②波兰谚语：“常问路的人不会迷失方向。 ”

材料①“走自己的路”强调要有坚定的信念;材料②“常问路的人不会迷失方向”是讲走路时要有虚心求教的精神，要听从他人指导。两者孰是孰非?两者具有很强的互补性，若将两者结合起来，就既全面又合理。因此，可以提炼这样的观点：只有既有“走自己的路”的坚定信念，又有“常问路”的虚心精神，才能走好自己的人生之路。

当然，材料作文审题立意的方法还有很多，而各种方法也并非孤立的，可能互有交叉。若在具体的审题立意过程中能灵活地综合运用，效果则更佳。

一、四级作文概述

四级作文是提纲作文，一般按提纲写出相应段落即可。在文章内容上无需追求高深新颖，切题合理便可落笔；在思路逻辑上则要求句意通顺，文字流畅；在文字表现上要求无语法错误，个别小错可忽略(如动介搭配，单词拼写等不涉及语法类小错)。另外，值得一提的是，在篇章结构上建议写三段，所以即便题目只给出两个提纲，最好在完成两个提纲后，再多补充一段，所补内容不限，但须跟话题相关。

二、四级作文例题分析

(1) The Shortage of Fresh Water

1. 目前淡水资源非常紧缺

2. 为什么会出现这种情况

3. 该如何解决

96年6月份曾考过此题，今天来看，似乎更有现实意义。这是一道负面社会现象题，那么挖掘其背后根源，并找出解决方案，就成为探讨的主要方面，而提纲也正是如此。三个提纲各属其类，界限清晰，直接按提纲写三段即可。段1为提出现象，确立研究对象。提纲1翻译后仅一句话，作为一段话则显内容单薄，字数匮乏，所以需进一步发挥。不妨从例证角度扩充，举例时即可基于国内现状，也可纵观全球，显然前者更易行。可从我国西南地区的生活缺水，水价上升，以及河流干涸等细节方面铺陈。段2是原因分析，建议分析主观原因和客观原因两方面。所谓主观原因即是基于人的思想意念，心理意识，行为动机以及行为举措，比如人们节约意识的淡漠或者人们误认为淡水取之不尽等不当想法。而客观原因则是从非人角度出发，如社会发展，人口激增，甚至污染的加剧等方面出发，这些因素均使得淡水消耗的增加。当然，考场上由于时间紧迫，无法细想，可能会写出的两个全是主观类或客观类的原因，其实也无妨，只要二者不同即可，谨防虽言明两原因，但实则彼此混淆，出现逻辑不清的窘况。段3是措施分析，措施可从官方措施和民众措施两方面写起，也可加入作为现代年轻人，我该如何约束自己，从生活中小事做起节约水资源等内容。总之，在内容上考生尽可发挥想象力，纵马驰骋，原则依旧：切题者皆可。

(2)Part-time Jobs for College Students

1.目前大学校园里很多学生业余时间做兼职

2.对于大学生是否该做兼职工作，人们看法不一

3.我的看法

这是一道校园话题，在内容上即涉及现象，又涉及观点，能很好地考察到学生的综合分析能力。提纲1依旧是现象提出，看到提纲1，大家脑海里会浮现很多熟悉的场景，如校园布告栏里张贴着的兼职广告，校园论坛上也经常发布的一些兼职信息等等，这些都可反映在段1中。所以当我们第一眼看到话题或提纲时，脑海中常常会浮现出相关场景，把这些画面定格，进行详细描绘即可，即自然又切题。当然，段1也可从学生的兼职渠道以及兼职类型等方面加以发挥。总之，提纲是总领，而符合总领的任何附属内容都可写。段2是人们对此学生兼职的不同看法，一正一反。切记在表达上述两类观点时，提出其相关论据。段3是提出作者本人看法。本人看法既可选择上述任一方(只要不极端)，也可提出与上述均异的第三类观点，对于极度偏激的正反方观点则需做一番调和与勾兑(这个一般很少见)。需要提醒的是，继提出己方观点后，还应补充其他内容，如论据；也可写我的下一步做法，甚至可写我所认为的大家对此问题所应采取的对策云云。

(3)Private Cars of Today

1.目前私家车越来多了

2.私家车为人们带来的益处和问题

这道题只有两个提纲，所以建议在完成提纲要求内容之后再补充一段相关内容，可以在提纲2之后续补段3(如举措类：如何合理地限制私家车的出行以减少废气排放等等)，也可在1，2之间插入一段(如原因分析，即为何私家车越来越多)。先来看提纲1，依然是事实陈述，看到提纲1，会很容易联想到马路上川流不息的过往车辆，以及高峰期令人沮丧的堵车，那么即可将这些内容付诸笔端。再看提纲2，是私家车给人们生活带来的影响，该事实是一中性事实，则需辩证地分析其影响的两面性，一方面它带来好处，如让人们的出行变得更自由更方便，另一方面它带来坏处，如排放废气，污染环境，或造成交通堵塞等等。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

通过分析近十年的四六级高分作文，我们归纳出了四六级作文中间段常用的写作方法。一般来讲，真正决定作文表达效果的还是中间段。为了紧扣题意，增强表达效果，中间段的写作可采用以下三种方法：

▌列举法

列举法是四级写作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列标志词引出原因或者可能的影响等。列举法常用的素材有：

引出列举

1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也许有一些因素造成/可以解释______。

2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______显著增长/下降的原因有三个/许多/几个/很多。

3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解释这一趋势。

4. Why______ ?为什么______？

5. The causes of______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 这一问题的原因不难发现。

7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。

8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，这里我只想探讨其中几个最重要的原因。

9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 导致这种现象的原因有很多，以下是其中比较有代表性的。

10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解释该问题。就我而言，我认为以下原因比较典型。

11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______变化的因素有很多。

分条列举

1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

2. First,______ . Second,______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一个原因是______。第二个原因是______。第三个原因是______。

5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

6. For one thing,______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly,______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为______。

▌对比法

对比法是指通过对比两种截然不同的观点来陈述其中的利弊，从而得出自己的结论。对比法常用的素材有：

1. The advantages gained in______ outweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from ______. 从______中获取的优势远远超过我们从______中获取的。

2.______ bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to ______.______与______极为相似。

3. On the one hand, ______. On the other hand, ______.一方面，______。另一方面，______。

4. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way,______ . 同样，______。

5. Although______ enjoy(s) a distinct advantage, ______.尽管______有明显优势，但是______。

6. Many students like ______. Among them there are two different attitudes to ______. Some of them think that . Others, however, don餿 think so. They feel that ______. 许多学生喜欢______。关于他们有两种不同的观点。有人认为______。而另外一些则不赞同这种看法。他们认为______。

7. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match ______. 没有什么能与______相比。

8. Indeed,______ carries more weight than______when______ is concerned.的确，就______而言，______的重要性要超过______。

9. Serious as the problem may be, it pales into insignificance by comparison with . 这个问题可能很严重，但与相比就微不足道了。

10. In comparison/contrast,______. 比较而言/对比起来，______。

11. Indeed/Certainly,______ play(s) a more/less important role when compared with ______. 当然，与______相比，______的影响要大/小得多。

12. Despite the fact that most of them like ______, I would like to choose to ______.尽管有许多人喜欢______，我还是倾向于______。

13. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident. 比较一下优缺点，结论就不言而喻了。

14. There is no consensus among people as to ______. Some people suggest that ______, while others argue that ______. I agree with the latter/former.人们并未就______达成一致意见。一些人建议______，而另一些人则争辩说______。我赞成后者/前者。

15. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that ______. Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that ______. Personally, I stand on the side of ______. 人们对于这个问题的态度差异很大。有人认为______。与此相反，另外一些人认为______。就我个人而言，我站在______这一边。

16. For most people today, ______have/has become their main source of ______. But as for me, ______should be regarded as a better source. 如今大多数人将______作为______的主要来源。但就我而言，______应被看作一种更好的来源。

17. ______may be superior to ______, but it poses problems for those who ______. ______可能比______更好一些，但它会给那些______的人带来问题。

18. Different people have different ideas about ______. Some people take it for granted that ______. On the contrary, some other people think ______.关于______的观点因人而异。有人想当然地认为______。相反，其他人则认为______。

19. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that ______, but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that ______. 随着越来越多的人加入它的行列，这一事件已经在全国引起了巨大反响。然而，人们对此的观点却迥然不同。反对者认为______，但支持者则宣称______。

20. People differ in their opinions on ______. Some of them believe that ______, while others deem that .人们对______持有不同的看法。有些人认为______,而有些人则认为______。

21. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that ______. Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that ______. 许多调查显示，越来越多的人开始意识到______。同时，仍有许多人持传统观点，认为______。

▌举例法

所谓举例法，是指以恰当的事例来佐证自己的观点，例子应该典型、精炼。举例法常用素材有：

1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that ______.根据我的日常经验和观察，我可以举出几个例子来证明______。

2. There are many instances supporting my opinion. 有许多例子可以证明我的观点。3. Perhaps the most important example of______ is ______.有关______的最重要的例子可能是______。

4. A case in point is ______. 一个恰当的例子是______。

5. Take______ for example. 以______为例。

6. This is a concrete example that ______. 这是一个有关______的具体例子。

7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that ______.再没有比______更明显的例子了。

8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of ______.要说明这个问题，______是一个最好的例子。

9. The latest surveys conducted by______ show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that ______. 由______开展的最新调查显示______。

10. No one can deny the fact that . ______没有人可以否认______的事实。

11. Talking about ______, the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be ______. 说到______，我们首先想到的似乎就是______。

12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is ______.一个被普遍引用的例子是______。

13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that ______. 类似的例子不胜枚举，但这一个就足以说明______。

14. History abounds with the example of ______. 历史上有许多______方面的例子。

中考即"初中毕业和高中阶段招生考试"，是选拔考试，但又是建立在义务教育基础上的选拔;中考要考虑初中学生升入高中后继续学习的潜在能力，但高中教育还是基础教育的范畴。yuwenmi小编提供一些中考英语写作必备句子给大家，欢迎借鉴!

1.People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

2. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

3. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

4. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

5. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

6. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

7. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

8. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

9. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

11.There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12.An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13.A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话:只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14.Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

16.When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

17.The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18.It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活。

19.Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点任何年龄进行。

20.No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21.According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

22.The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

23.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

24.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

25.Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

26.Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

27.In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

28.Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

29.An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，象犯罪和卖淫。

30.Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

想要写好初中作文，多掌握一些写作技巧方法是很有必要的。以下是小编要与大家分享的初中中考满分作文，供大家参考!

初中作文写作技巧一：亮出题目

题目是文章的眼睛。题好一半文，一个亮丽的题目给人以悦目之感，给人以击节之叹，给人以回味之思。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。

谈生命的价值，题为《把握生命的脉搏》、《与生命同行》;谈社会的公德，题为《归来吧，良心》、《同心灵一个共振》;谈审美取向，题为《美，在于发现》、《美是一种透明的情怀》;谈读图与读文，题为《各得其所，各取所需》、《读图，大众文化的需要》，如此等等。总之，题目是给人的第一印象，是你必须为之推敲再推敲的重要领域。

初中作文写作技巧二：亮出开头

开头是文章的脸面。万事开头难，也许正因为难，它才有价值值得我们去为之琢磨。简洁地引述材料，准确地提出观点，用题记点睛，用名言开门见山……

例如作文：《忘忧草———人类的悲哀》的开头：若世上真的有忘忧草，那将是一件多么可怕的事!在辉煌世界文坛上，有多少璀璨的明珠都放在了“忧愁”这座伟岸的丰碑上，然而，仅仅一颗忘忧草就会令整座丰碑瞬间化为灰烬。没有了仇恨，就不存在哈姆雷特的复仇之剑;没有了猜忌，也不会有奥赛罗可悲的命运;没有烦恼，何来李白“抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁”的感慨;没有了痛苦，又怎能听见李清照“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”的呻吟?……

初中作文写作技巧三：亮出语言

语言是文章的材料。准确、得体、生动、形象的语言材料，才能构建起漂亮的“高楼大厦”。同义词、反义词、俗语、成语的合理应用，多种修辞手法的灵活使用……都是亮语言的好方法。

例如作文《月远，月近》的精彩语言：月光是月亮的长发，它长长地垂下，直垂到离人的窗台，拉近了千山万水的距离。月亦洒下冰冷的寒霜，薄薄地覆在汉节上，苏武轻轻拂去它，仰见明月，想象既遥远而又近在咫尺的故乡。

初中作文写作技巧四：亮出层次

层次是文章的眉目。层次又是文章逻辑线索的外在体现：并列式、递进式、总分分、总分总……总之，你的文章，要有你的思路标志——层次、段落。

初中作文写作技巧五：亮出材料

材料是文章的血肉。材料要做到典型性：必须是众所周知的;必须是吻合观点的;必须是“意料之外，情理之中”的。熟、俗、怪、僻的材料要避而远之。

例如作文《有志者事竟成》的材料：临池洗墨，磨杵成针，斧凿龙门，愚公移山;大禹过家门而不入，李冰胼手足而不息。大江东去，千古风流，有志者事竟成。

初中作文写作技巧六：亮出结尾

结尾是文章的帷幕。当帷幕拉上的瞬间，给读者(阅卷教师)留下一个美好的印象，是文章结尾义不容辞的责任：与题目呼应，与观点呼应，与开头呼应……用短句结束，用哲理收尾，用抒情结语……

例如作文《面对大海》的结尾：大海神秘吗?大海美丽吗?大海欢快吗?我不知道。但我想，我会知道的。

初中作文写作技巧七：亮出标点

标点是文章的呼吸。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”，不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号。一篇文章应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。

初中作文写作技巧八：亮出书写

书写是文章的服饰。尽最大的努力展示你的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚，三要美观。