英语作文的写作技巧热门6篇 作文怎么写（汇集20篇）

if a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.

上当一回头，再多就可耻。

if you make yourself an ass, don‘t complain if people ride you.

人善被人欺，马善被人骑。

if your ears glow, someone is talking of you.

耳朵发烧，有人念叨。

if you run after two hares, you will catch neither.

脚踏两条船，必定落空。

if you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.

杀鸡取卵。

if you venture nothing, you will have nothing.

不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

a cat may look at a king.

人人平等。

adversity makes a man wise, not rich.

逆境出人才。

a fair death honors the whole life.

死得其所，流芳百世。

a faithful friend is hard to find.

知音难觅。

a fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

a fox may grow gray, but never good.

江山易改，本性难移。

a friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真情。

a friend is easier lost than found.

得朋友难，失朋友易。

Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about 100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

参考范文：

Notice

Welcome you to this university and this new-bulided library. I am a libraian in our university and will give you relevent information about the library.

To begin with, there is circulation desk in the circulation hall so that you can borrow and return books more quickly and conveniently. Besides, the hours of loan books is during 9:00-17:00 from Monday to Friday so that you can take best advantage of the library. Moreover, the computer room in the library is big enough for you to search for some academic information charged by the hour so you must ensure that some money is left in your ID card.

I hope you will find the above information useful and I would be ready to discuss the matter with you to further details. If you have any questions about the library, please call 123456or send messages to 123456@abc. Wish you a good time during your colledge life.

请注意

欢迎你来这所大学和这个new-bulided库。我是一个libraian在我们的大学会给你有关信息图书馆。

首先,在循环大厅有循环桌子,这样您就可以借并返回书更快更方便。此外,小时的贷款是在9:00-17:00从星期一到星期五,这样您就可以最好的利用图书馆。此外,在图书馆计算机房对你来说是足够大的去寻找一些学术信息按小时收取所以你必须确保一些钱留在你的身份证。

我希望你会发现上面的信息是有用的,我准备和你讨论此事进一步的细节。如果你有任何问题关于图书馆,请致电123456或123456 @abc发送消息。祝你一段美好的时光在你科莱奇的生活。

一：简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

二：富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

三：获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

四：阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

五：尽能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

六：随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

七：专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

八：随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

九：集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

十：先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

十一：创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

十二：修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

十三：是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

十四：采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

十五：好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣。 他们会想知道得更多…写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

知识要点：

1、多角度地观察生活，发现生活的丰富多彩，捕捉事物的特征，力求有创意地表达。

2、所谓创意，即创造、创新之意。

考试说明：

中考时，考生该怎样根据命题要求以独到的眼光从素材库存中迅速选定材料，做到人无我有，人有我新，张扬个性呢？2001年中考优秀作文为我们提供了鲜活的经验。

1、以知出新

2、以事出新

初中三年的学生生活常常进入考生的选材视野，但雷同者多，出新者少。而有些考生却能把眼光锁定在特殊日子所发生的特殊事件上，给人人有我新 之感。浙江宁海市2001年中考作文要求以明天为话题自选角度写一篇文章。不少考生取明天的引申义构思，有位考生却取明天的本义作文，拟题《明天就是中考》，记叙了挤独木桥的前一天老爸赠送作战武器派克笔、老妈熬出高能量食物小米粥和表哥提供新式手表三件事，并在后记中这样结束全文：粗硬的派克正在舞动，已被小米粥填饱的肚子正在提供能量，nike在忠实地记录时间有的同学把叙事的笔触延伸到考场，更体现出所选角度之新。更有独具眼光的作者把叙述的时空就锁定在眼前的语文考场。2001年武汉市中考作文要求以服务为写作范围，自拟题目作文。有位考生别出心裁，所叙时间变一般考生的过去进行时为现在进行时，自拟题目《谢谢您，护花使者》，叙述自己在语文考场上的两次意外（一次墨水用完，一次鼻子出血），两次得到如慈母般的穿白裙的监考老师的关心和鼓励的具体经过。文中的护花使者身份特殊，所处时空特殊，这些都闪耀着作者创新思维的火花，使服务这一文旨演绎得别具魅力。

看图写话的训练目的是要求小朋友们能有顺序地观察图画、理解图画的意思并能表达图意，写成一段通顺的话。小编收集了小学生画图作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

仔细推敲写话

要求找出要素

看图写话，通常都会配有这样一段文字。“图上画的是什么时候，在什么地方?有哪些人在干什么?想一想他们会说什么?请用几句话把图上的意思连起来写一写。”这段文字很重要，小朋友千万不可一看而过，要细细推敲，这段文字就是对写话的要求，也提示我们如何写话。

写话要求通常提示我们观察图画要关注时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。因此在写话的时候你就要写上这幅图所告诉你的时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。只有这些要素都具备了，才是合格的写话。

对比前后图画的

不同之处

理清图意需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考。例如给你两幅图，第一幅图呈现了一条小鱼在鱼缸里、一个猫站在鱼缸边上正朝着鱼缸看，第二幅图呈现了一个鱼缸和一只舔着嘴巴笑眯眯的猫。你在观察时，就要对比两幅图的不一样，细心的你会发现第二幅图中鱼缸里的鱼不见了，而猫正在舔着嘴巴。经过你的认真思考，你会想到鱼被猫吃了。图中省去了猫吃鱼的过程，就需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考，理清图的意思。

请看这篇佳作：“有一只小花猫看到一个鱼缸里面有一条金鱼，她想来想去：怎么能吃到这条金鱼呢?

小花猫伸出猫爪在鱼缸里抓鱼，小金鱼游得非常快，就像一道红色的闪电。小花猫怎么也抓不到它，急得满头大汗。小花猫抓抓脑袋想出了一个办法。她对小金鱼说：“你游泳的技术真棒，可是你会跳吗?”小鱼得意地说：“我当然会跳啦!”“那你跳几下给我看看，我就不吃你了。”小花猫刚说完，小金鱼就跳了起来，水花溅了一地。小花猫看准时机在空中抓住了小鱼塞进了嘴里。

小花猫闭上眼睛，舔着嘴巴，得意洋洋地走开了。”

从图中场面及人物

加以推测

看图写话要求中常常会问图上是什么时间，小朋友在观察图画时就要从图中现有的一些场面来推测。例如呈现一幅图，公园里人们在锻炼身体，有的在跑步，有的在打太极拳，还有的在打羽毛球。从哪里能看出时间呢?小朋友就要仔细观察人们身上穿了什么，如果人们都穿了短袖、还有女士穿裙子，就可以推测是夏天。如果人们穿着厚厚的衣服，还有人戴手套、戴帽子，就可以推测是冬天。

再看场地是在公园，人们都在锻炼身体，显然人们是在公园里晨练，从而知道图上画的是早晨。因此理清图意，仔细观察、认真思考以及合理推测很重要。

按顺序观察

才能表达有序

看图写话训练的一个重点就是按顺序观察，只有按顺序观察了才能使你的表达有序，而不是杂乱无章。

按顺序观察常常出现在场面描写中，例如出示一幅图是小朋友们三两成群地在雪地里玩耍，有的打雪仗，有的堆雪人，有的滚雪球。小朋友在观察的时候可以按照从前到后、从后到前、从左到右或者从右到左的顺序观察，并按照这样的顺序进行描写，这样你的表达就显得条理清晰。

按顺序观察是前提，能详略得当地描写可以使你的作文更显张力。这就要求我们在观察的时候还要有所侧重。你可以重点观察小朋友是如何堆雪人的，雪人的眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴、手都是什么做成的。也可以重点观察小朋友是如何打雪仗的，他们的动作和表情怎样。重点观察后再写出来，那你的写话就更出彩了。

发挥合理想象

丰富语言

很多同学在写话的时候既表达了图意，也能够有条理地描写，但是语言很简单，仅仅是就图说图，缺乏合理的想象。其实想象可以使你的写话充满灵气和活力。

例如一幅图上呈现四个小朋友，他们有的扛着小树苗、有的提着水壶、有的拿着铁锹，很显然小朋友们是准备植树了。在小朋友的头顶上还有两只小鸟在飞。如果在写话的时候只是写你观察到的两只小鸟在小朋友的头顶上飞翔，就显得简单无趣。这时你就要展开合理的想象：小鸟可能在给小朋友们唱歌，小鸟可能在说：“太好了，我们又有新家啦!”这样的想象就比写小鸟在飞要生动有趣的多。

想象可以给你的作文添彩，但如果不根据图画进行合理想象，就会使你的作文变成“胡编乱造”。如果你想象图中的小鸟要去南方过冬、图中的小鸟正在觅食，就与四个小朋友去植树没有关联，背离了图意。

以上就是我们在写话中要掌握的几个技巧，每一环节都把握好了，才能写出优秀的看图作文。

英语写作中积累很重要。下面是语文迷网为大家整理的英语四级作文精彩句式，希望对你有帮助。

一.开头句型

1.Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.

2.Recently the problem has been brought into focus.

3. Nowadays there is a growing concern over ... .

4. What calls for special attention is that...

5. There’s no denying the fact that...

6. what’s far more important is that...

7.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.

8.It is well-known that…

9.Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...

10.According to a recent survey, ...

11. With the rapid development of ..., ...

二.结尾句型

1.From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...

2.In conclusion, it is imperative that ...

3.In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 4.With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.

5.Taking all these into account, we ...

6. Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...

7.All things considered, ...

8.It may be safely said that...

9.Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable...

10. It can be concluded from the discussion that...

11. From my point of view, it would be better if...

三.表原因句型

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.

A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).

2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.

3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...

4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...

5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...

6. Part of the explanations for it is that ...

7. One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...

8. Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...

9. Perhaps the primary factor is that ...

10. But the fundamental cause is that ...

四.表比较句型

1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.

3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...

5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.

6.Like anything else, it has its faults.

7.A and B has several points in common.

8.However, the same is not applicable to B.

9. A and B differ in several ways.

10. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.

五.表证明句型

1. No one can deny the fact that ...

2. The idea is hardly supported by facts.

3. Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...

4. Recent studies indicate that ...

5. There is sufficient evidence to show that ...

6. According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...

六.表结果句型

1. It may give rise to a host of problems.

2. The immediate result it produces is ...

3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...

4. Its consequence can be so great that...

七.表反驳句型

1. It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.

2. There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.

3. Many of us have been under the illusion that...

4. It makes no sense to argue for ...

5. Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...

6. Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...

一、作文与考试

1、考试前几日，可以有选择地翻阅一些高品质作文图书，以帮助打开思路;

2、考试作文的最低要求是文顺和切题，达到了这两个要求，基本分数就可以拿到;

3、考试时要不要打草稿，这要视各人情况而定，一般来说，因为费时，所以尽量免去;

4、一篇文章起码分有四段，在六七段最为适宜;

5、书写整洁极其重要，阅卷老师的第一好感来自于你的字迹;

6、开头第一段一定要全力以赴，用描写手法描写人物形态、事件过程或景物特色。成功的开头占据全文得分的50%;

7、遇到生冷的作文题，不要害怕，缩小其范围，发现其核心，即可行文;

8、如果考试题已经做过，那肯定是一件大好事，当然，需要你“更上一层楼”;

9、像叙述一个故事给好朋友听一样，口语化的语言就像录音，非常生动有趣;

10、语言幽默一些，增加趣味性，让阅卷老师也忍不住笑出声来，这样的文章一定能得高分;

11、想象类的题目不要表现什么主题，只要写得有趣有益就行;

12、结尾段千万不能用议论或表决心，最后仍然是描写，与开头呼应，如果与开头基本相同，也很有特色;

13、考试中，要求你体裁不限，并不是说你想用什么体裁就用什么体裁，而应该根据“扬长”原则来完成;

14、语文大考时，起码要为文章留好一个小时的时间，基础知识的检查放在作文之后。修改时要使用标准的修改符号，并注意卷面的整洁。

二、作文与竞赛

15、认真的书写是成功的前提。阅读者会在第一眼就对你留下良好印象;

16、写作时，应在选材和形式上多加斟酌，表现出你的智慧、思想和追求，即使阅卷者也自愧不如;

17、文章中应充满强烈的感情色彩，因为唯有强烈的情感才能打动人心;

18、对手中的素材加以小小的修饰，使之更感人，更鲜明和更富有美感，这不是虚假，而是美化;

19、写作中要加进至少一种新颖的尝试，这种尝试是你从未使用过的。唯有你自己都觉得新鲜的东西，别人也才会觉得新鲜;

20、以第一人称写作最适宜抒情，并增加文章的真实感和可信度。

三、作文与形式

21、日记形式较为新颖，三篇日记分写一件事件的开始、经过和结果，给人新奇感;

22、立小标题，似乎文中有文，给人袖珍感。三四篇集中反映一个主题，或表现一个方面，较为讨好;

23、小标题的用语应该保持一致性，如全部是对话，或全部是古诗，或全部引用广告语等，整齐的形式能够起到一种意想不到的奇效;

24、用a面、b面，或是第一乐章、第二乐章等音乐形式来处理文章的结构，富有美感，能使人产生联想;

25、用“第一幕、第二幕”这样的话剧形式来进行写作，新颖别致;

26、用“第一幅：水彩画;第二幅：”等美术形式，来串联全文，必定会收到上佳的效果;

27、用角色自述的方法，给人亲切感、真实感和趣味性。如爸爸说、妈妈说和我说三部分，来写《我的家》这篇作文。

四、作文与情感

28、想象使情感丰满，并使你进入到一个真正的情感世界;

29、所谓创作的冲动，是指你的情感酝酿已久，到了不得不发和出口成章的地步;

30、好文章，是情感的产物。字里行间，应该有泪在飞;

31、阅读图书和观看戏剧，可使你的情感世界得以丰实;

32、写作时，想象人物在眼前微笑，想象小鸟在书房歌唱，想象树林在窗外静默，你的笔下一定会有幸福和美丽;

33、想象老人的童年，想象儿童的老年，想象女性的哺育，想象男子的耕作，你会慨叹人生的艰辛和无常，时间会改变一切，文字会流出泪水;

34、真挚的情感使人感动，夸张的情感令人不适;

35、让语言浸濡情感的泉水，叫词句表达你内心的涌动;

36、情感的程度通过形容词表现出来，惟一的情感，只有惟一的词语。

五、作文与修辞

37、比喻是最简便的修辞，形象、生动和大众化是它的特点;

38、直接使用喻体能使语句婆娑生姿，产生趣味;

39、在文章中使用与主题或场景相关的喻体，能收到异趣;

40、把a事件比作b事件，这样的比喻方式比较困难，但却有奇趣的艺术效果;

41、运用多个比喻，使其成排出现，这样的语句具有军营气势，如模特方阵正款款而来;

42、比喻应该为人物和主题服务，贬褒之喻都可看出作者的写作取向;

43、运用通感手法，接通五官，让香气变成正方形，叫声音变成花瓣雨，这样的写作手法奇妙无穷;

44、拟人之法是文章的生动之源，你一定要掌握和擅长;

45、夸张使语句产生奇效，夸张亦产生幽默;

46、排比句常用来抒情，对称句常用来描写，相同的句式和大致相似的字数，在文中出现也使形式美观;

47、反复是一种不常用的修辞方法，但你应该了解和懂得;

48、对比的手法很有趣，高山平原，请你去鉴别和感悟。

六、作文与立意

49、作文需要主题，但不一定非得高尚和伟大。你也可以写喜欢一只蚂蚁;

50、欲学作文，先学做人，词语里有你的思想，句子里有你的感情，段落里有你的形象;

51、语文老师常常强调立意，别太听信于他们。只要不是低级趣味，都行;

52、即使一种小小的情绪也能成为文章的中心，比如，夏日中午的一种惆怅和孤独;

53、同一题材能表现不同主题，这要看你的笔力，你的写作重心;

54、表现主题、表明中心和文章立意，说法不同，但内容一样，这对于语文学习也很重要。

七、作文与题材

55、所谓的题材，就是根据题目而选择的材料。题目是主人，而题材是居室。题材应该是主人认为最适合的和最好的;

56、在作文评分标准中，题材的分值占了相当的比例，你应该高度重视;

57、第一个出现的材料基本不是最好的，第二个会稍好一些，而独特优良的题材会在第三、第四个才可能被挖掘到;

58、把预选的题材写在纸上，作一比较，然后确定其中之一，这是一个选材的笨方法，但很实用;

59、独特的经历是最好的题材，不要觉得丢人，也不要认为现丑，真情展露方为写作真谛;

60、小题材是美的，以小见大，给人丰富的联想，正所谓一粒沙里看世界，一朵花上见天堂;

61、观察是积累素材的最主要途径，但经历和体验更是人生的重要内容;

62、在上学路上，要注意每一条新的标语，每一家新开的商店和每一处美的变化，这些就是你生活的这个城市的脚步声;

63、在身边准备一本《随身记》，巴掌大小，忽有所思，忽有所见，随手录下，是积累素材的一种好办法;

64、世界上最感人的故事常常发生在你的身边，只是，它在你的眼皮底下仅仅逗留59秒钟;

65、留心从你身边匆匆经过的每一个人，注意他们的衣着、步态和眉宇间的忧乐，这些人会在某一天成为你的笔下的人物;

66、读生活，读天地，读大街，读一棵树的变迁，读一只昆虫的命运，你会获得源源不断的生活素材;同时，你也在生活的阅历中丰富着自己;

67、从别人佳作的阅读中发现和积累素材，然后在写作发生困难的时候取用，也不失为一种应急的办法;

68、发生在美妙情境中的事件令人难忘，比如“春夜”、“月下”和“河边”等，读之如在诗中;

69、写同学朋友类的作文时，应尽量避开那些班中的“高官名人”。因为这些人“受人瞩目”，并且已经个性尽消。相反，那些所谓的“皮大王”、“假小子”和“小胖墩”却个个活灵活现，满身趣事;

70、写“自己”的一类作文时，最好能通过一个较小的角度，比如一件物品的变迁，写出自己的成长过程和青春烦恼等，较为深刻;

71、写不同职业的人最好写最底层的，如摆小摊儿的、刷马桶的和送煤球的等，越普通越亲切，越亲切越感人;

72、写其他人时，最好写那些一听就产生爱怜或职业使人充满向往的人，如离家出走的小女孩、生命垂危的姑娘或地质勘探队员、探险家等，这类题材最能抓住读者;

73、写同学朋友的事时，写美好不如写遗憾，写密切不如写分手，写优秀不如写缺陷，写美丽不如写丑陋，写同性不如写异性，写成功不如写蠢事

74、写家中的事情时，最好选择那些极端的事例来写，如大悲：亲人去世、父母离异;或大喜：彩票中奖、爸爸出国等，如此，方能给人印象深刻;

75、写校园外的事件时，题材要注意新颖有趣，富有时代气息，与其写在第一百货公司发生的事情，就不如写在麦当劳发生的事情，与其写一家老字号门前的鞭炮齐鸣，就不如写一种新品上市时，所推出的文学时装秀节目;

76、不要抱怨生活的贫乏和经历的苍白，即使是一座空空的房间里，也会有无尽的可写之材;

77、写回忆性的文章，最能引发心中的感慨和文笔的缠绵。往事如烟，物是人非，谁不心潮涌动;

78、趣味性是作文教学薄弱的地方，有的老师认为趣味不是立意，其实，趣味就是快乐人生，是最大的立意;

79、在题材的选择上，讲究一点意境，追求一点高雅，接近一点诗意，体现一点古朴，这样的材料是最易打动读者之心的;

80、美丽的故事、美妙的人生和优美的意境，是题材的三大唯美卖点，读者会为之沉醉;

八、作文与语言

81、把一句话分成两句或三句来说，能避免病句的出现;

82、倒装句能起到突出某个词语的作用;83、在文章中适当地引用古诗名句，能够使文章文采大增;

84、开头段不能太长，控制在30到50个字内最佳;

85、写记叙文时如果无法开头可以从“时间+时令+景色”开始;

86、写人时，如果不会开头，那么就从“人物姓名+一个外貌特征+一个性格特点”开始;

87、写景作文，可以从景色的一处细小的美丽开始;

88、在第一段中出现一次妙语或一个妙句，是一种很讨好的开头方式;

89、如果叙述事例一止一个，一般来说，中间和最后的那个材料要安排得更为详细;

90、叙事中如果交待时间和地点，可以通过写景的方法来间接地说明。

九、作文与首尾

91、最好把最为抓人的场面放到叙事文的开头来写;

92、用几个字来归纳动物的特点，然后分别说明的描述，这是高超的写作手法;

93、说明文中加入谜语和诗歌等材料，能表现出你的文化素养，也能使说明的对象更为亲切;

94、用省略号结尾，既含蓄又节约，是一种“价廉物美”的结尾方法;

95、用人物对话结尾，有时会收到意想不到的文学效果;

96、用一句精辟的语句作结尾，也是一种含蓄有力的结尾方法;

97、用大段的议论结尾，是赶跑读者的最好方法;

98、在结尾处大呼口号、大表决心和大作检讨，是最幼稚愚蠢的做法;

99、倒叙法的结尾应该与开头相呼应

100、引用诗词或者歌词结尾，是一种余味悠长的收尾方法。

提分技巧之一

从人生的体会方面去思考，写人一定要写出人生体验。写满分作文最重要的就是要有一种责任感，大的方面不说，自己对自己也是有责任的。其次是家庭责任感，再次是社会责任感，每个人在每个阶段的责任感是不一样的。对于人文精神这一方面的作文，人们会更加关注，也会更加容易得到阅卷老师的喜爱。

提分技巧之二

从哲理思辨角度去思考，要把作文写得有深度，就要带着辩证思维去思考、去挖掘，任何事物之间都是有一定的联系的，比如，成功和失败，它们在表面上看起来，是明显对立的，大家都偏爱成功而讨厌失败，但如果从哲理方面去思考的话，失败也未必就是那么痛苦，失败可以给人经验，让人从经验中再次找到成功的动力，并且时刻提醒自己，一定不能再大意。如果作文内容能够反弹琵琶，那说不定能够收到更好的效果。

提分技巧之三

结合时代特点，任何一个时代都有其自身的特点。所以，同学们在写作文的时候，需要在日常生活中多关注一些时事，看一些报刊评论等等，这样有利于同学们紧跟时代去思考问题。

提分技巧之四

作文素材的累积至关重要。不同的作文题材需要不同的作文素材。所以，对于情感、道德、科技、自然、文化问题等这些方面都需要积累一些。积累的多了，作文也就有题材了，这是满分作文形成的基础。

一、什么是记叙文

对中学生而言,记叙文是一种比较熟练也比较容易掌握的文体。然而，我在阅卷中也常常看到文体感不强的记叙文。例如1994年的高考作文，要求以“尝试”为题，写一篇不少于700字的记叙文。可是，有不少文章或叙议并重，平分秋色;或议论过多，喧宾夺主;或叙少议多，本末倒置。据江苏省高考语文阅卷点的粗略统计，该省20万考生中，不符合文体要求的有3%之多。有的考生，其选材的眼光就决定了他不可能写出像样的记叙文。例如，有一位考生，写同学到“我”家来玩，因为父母不在家，“我们”就自己“尝试”着包饺子，一篇700多字的文章，用了23个“再”字：先弄一点面粉，再加水，再揉，再搓，再擀成饺皮……先把菜剁碎，再加一点盐，再加一点酱油……尽管文章也是有头有尾，清楚完整，但却很难说是一篇记叙文，而是比较典型的“怎样包饺子”的程序说明文。当年，许多写“尝试”着做一个物理实验、化学实验，“尝试”着解剖一只青蛙、一条鲫鱼的作文，严格地说来都不是记叙文，而是说明文或应用文。

记叙文以叙述、描写为主要表达方式，运用形象思维的手段，通过叙事、记人、写景、状物等来反映丰富多彩的现实生活。

二、记叙文的特点

1. 创造性

这可以从三个方面来理解：首先，记叙文虽然不像文学作品那样，对生活现象进行集中概括，通过典型形象来反映生活;而是常常选择日常生活中的那些亲眼所见、亲身经历、亲自体验过的生活内容作为写作的材料;但是，这决不意味着作者可以把现成的生活材料照抄到文章中去，决不意味着作者不需要对生活材料进行加工改造、提炼生发;相反，这是把生活材料转化成文章的必不可少的“工序”。这种加工改造、提炼生发的过程，包含着作者大量的创造性劳动。以写作成品形式出现的记叙文，不可能是客观生活的翻版，也不仅是作者心灵的视像，它是饱和着作者心血的精神产品，是作者心灵和客观事物遇合所孕育出来的创造物。其次，记叙文是用语言文字作为传达的媒介的，从本质上看，记叙文就是某种经验(外在世界的人、事，内在世界的思想、情感等)的陈述，运用语言文字进行叙述，本身就是一种创造。语言文字无法代替真实存在，语言化了的世界就不再是真实存在的世界本身。将真实存在转化成语言文字的工作，就是一种创造性的工作。第三，把真实存在转化成语言文字可以有千万种不同的方式，选用哪一种方式，即最后完成的文章是何种模样，其中必然包含着作者个人心灵的运作。因此，任何记叙文总是不可避免地带有作者个人心灵的色彩，正如苏联作家秋切夫所说：“我在一切之中，一切之中都有我。”所以，我认为，尽管记叙文是客观世界的反映，但这种反映，又总是和作者个人的创造性劳动结合在一起的，是通过作者个人的创造性劳动来反映的。

用语言文字把生活材料转化成记叙文，本身就包含创造性因素在内，如果在转化的方式上能够别出心裁，与众不同，其创造的程度就愈高。所以，写好记叙文的关键，一是要选择新颖的材料，二是要采用新颖的写法。

2. 形象性

议论文是以抽象的概念、判断、推理来揭示事物的本质，表达对生活的认识，它在许多具体的个别的事物中概括、抽取共同的特点，而把产生这些认识所依赖的一个个具体的个别的表象留置在作品之外。记叙文则恰恰相反，它往往抓住具体的个别的事物“做文章”。所以，它以叙述、描写为主要的表达方式，即使偶用议论，其目的也是为了“画龙点睛”，并且也往往是在画好全龙以后，才去轻轻一“点”。在这里，“龙身”是主体，是基础。记叙文要靠具体的形象去感染读者。叙述，必须清楚地交代事情的来龙去脉、前因后果以及具体的发展过程;描写，必须使读者如见其人，如闻其声，如触其物，如食其味，历历可感，如在目前。在记叙文写作中，创造场面是最基本的手段。因为说到底记叙文总是要在纵横两个方面来组织结构，纵就是时间的延续，横就是空间的展开，而场面就是对人或物在特定的时空中存在或活动状况的描述。只有组织起一连串的场面，记叙文才能获得生动具体的形象感。

所以，那种连贯、整一、富有动态感的材料，是记叙文最需要的材料。对短小的记叙文来说，就更是如此。那种千里来龙，百年纷争式的材料，不是记叙文的好材料，记叙文需要的是缩时间于一瞬，寓空间于一隅的短小精悍的材料。

3. 情趣性

从格调上来说，记叙文不像议论文那样庄重严肃，也不像说明文那样冷静客观，它追求的是以情动人，以趣逗人。从选材方面来看，记叙文并不要求一定要选择重大题材，而往往是从日常生活中选择富有情趣的凡人小事，作者往往通过对凡人小事的记述，来寄寓自己的感情，来表现丰富多彩的现实生活的某一侧面。从表现手法方面来看，记叙文追求的是引人入胜的表达效果，它要求把写作内容表现得曲折生动，意趣盎然。有时，记叙文也传达作者对某种事理的认识，但是，它一般不展开直接的议论，而是把这种认识潜藏在具体的生活画面之中。它通过具体形象的描绘，潜移默化地影响读者，从情感、情趣方面去晕染读者，让读者用审美的眼光去领悟作品的意蕴。

在写作记叙文的时候，写人，最好要选择那些内心情感丰富复杂的人物作为描写对象;写事，固然要注意事件本身的脉络，但更要注意流荡在事件中的情感线索，特别要注意选择富有情感内涵的细节来充实、丰满事件的血肉;写景、状物，固然要注意准确地描摹景物的外在状态，但更重要的是，要写出客观景物与主观感受的“化合”。

三、写好记叙文的关键：选材

写好记叙文的关键是选材，选到了一个好的材料，文章就成功了一半。那么，什么样的材料才是记叙文最需要的材料呢?

1.要选择有较强的情感内涵的材料

老舍先生说过：“小说是情感的记录，而不是事实的重述。”记叙文写作也是如此。事件，线索等等仅仅是记叙文的表层结构，其深层结构是充溢其中的情感内涵。事件、线索等等仅仅是承载情感内涵的框架，真正感动人的是蕴含在框架中的情感。为什么有的文章看起来也是有头有尾，清楚完整，但就是清淡无味，不生动，不感人呢?最关键的一点就是其中缺乏深厚的情感。在“记叙经历”的文章中，最好要选择富有情感内涵的经历。那些没有情感内涵的“经历”不是记叙文的好材料。把一次一般性的大扫除的经过记叙得再详细，把一次实验课的过程描写得再具体，把一次郊游的经历写得再热闹，如果其中不流淌在真挚的情感，也是不可能动人的。因为“感人心者，莫先乎情”(白居易语)。

1988年的高考作文题是《习惯》，文体不限。这与近两年的话题作文有点相似。当年不少写记叙文的考生都选择了写老师。应该说，这是一种比较聪明的选择。因为阅卷的是老师，写老师容易博得好感。然而，写老师的什么呢?不少考生都是这样写的：到了晚上，某老师又习惯性地坐到了窗前的书桌旁，照例开始备课、改作业。这样的材料其实没有什么写头，因为它只是在表扬老师的敬业精神，在情感上没有什么特别的动人之处。试想，一位老师晚上不去备课、改作业，而是去跳舞、搓麻将，会是一位好老师吗?可是，有一位考生的选材却不同凡响，他写道：新学期开学了，王老师又像往常一样来到了学校，当他快到教室门口时，突然想起自己已经退休了。于是，只好悻悻地回了家。第二天一早，他又准备到学校去了，但这一回他记起自己已经退休了，他应该在家“挎垮篮子，生生炉子、抱抱孙子”了。可是，他在家里犹如芒刺在背，坐立不安，什么事也干不了。他老是惦记着他的学生。于是，他又来到了他任教的教室旁。他要看一看他的学生。然而，他又怕影响正在听课的学生。于是，他蹑手蹑脚地来到了教室的窗下，躲在那里听学生上课的情况……这样的选材就要高明得多了。因为这个材料中饱含着王老师对学生的梦萦魂牵的一腔深情，这是一个老教育工作者挥之不去、无法排解的对教育事业的真情。这样的选材与晚上备课、改作业，不是一个精神等级，不可同日而语。由此可见，只有那些饱含情感内涵的材料，才是记叙文真正需要的材料。

那么，在“记叙经历”时，可以写哪些情感呢?

从程度方面来说，可以写温情、热情、激情等等;从类属方面来说，可以写亲情、友情、爱情等等。要把文章写得激动人心，要使文章具有较强的情感冲击力，在选材时还要注意以下几点：

(1)要写那些人人都能感知、体会的人之常情。情感虽然是一种说不清、道不明的内在感觉，但是“人同此心，情同此理”，这就是情感具有可体验性的生理、心理基础。有许多情感内容是人们共有的，共通的，传达这样的情感，就会激起别人的共鸣，就会使人感动。例如，1999年江苏的高考优秀作文《伤心儿女》一文，写三个不孝儿女，在母亲的弥留之际，不是给母亲留下最后一点安慰，而是通过移植母亲的记忆，寻找母亲的遗产，然而，他们在母亲的记忆中，却看到了母亲的艰辛，母爱的伟大，母亲的忍辱负重，看到了自己的丑陋。母亲的记忆，荡涤了不孝儿女灵魂深处的污垢，于是，他们的灵魂也得到了升华。对父母的孝顺，是埋藏在中华民族心灵深处最深厚的感情，写这样的内容，最能激起人的共鸣。这篇作文，在阅卷现场就使许多阅卷教师感动得热泪盈眶，在媒体发表以后，又广为传诵，被视为当年全国高考的最佳作文。其中最主要的一点，就是它所传达的情感打动了千千万万人的心。

(2)要写那种超出常规的强烈的反常合道的情感。有时候，人物的所作所为与一般的人不一样，似乎不大正常，但这种反常的行为中往往包含着强烈的情感。这种情感具有很强的冲击力，往往给人留下难以忘怀的印象。例如，上面说的那位退休的王老师，在一般人看来是有点不大正常，这么大年龄了，居然蹑手蹑脚躲在窗户下听课。但是，正是从这反常的举动中，我们看到了他对学生执着的爱，看到了他对教育事业的痴迷，并对他产生了崇高的敬意。相反，那种一到晚上就坐到窗前备课，改作业的老师，正因为他们的合常、平常、正常，反而激不起我们情感的涟漪。当情理冲突，必须舍理取情的时候;当正确与正确之战，必然要舍弃一方，形成悲剧冲突的时候;当人物对某种事物痴迷、执着到难舍难分而与常规的做法不一样的时候;情感就开始动人了。《灌园叟晚逢仙女》中爱花如命的“花痴”，《聊斋志异》中的书痴、石痴、鸟痴、情痴，都是这方面的典范，我们应该从中得到启发。

(3)情感要能产生振荡和分化。文似看山不喜平，那种一览无余的、直线发展的情感，缺少回环蕴藉的美感，很难使人产生情感的激荡。因此，在描述情感的时候，要尽量展示情感的曲折和波澜，一步一步把读者引入情感的旋涡。

2.要选择有较深的主题潜能的材料

所谓主题，是指文章使用的材料所蕴含的基本意义以及作者通过对材料的思考、体验所传达的基本思想和评价。前者是主题的客观性，也就是说，这种基本意义是材料本身所固有的;后者是主题的主观性，是指作者对材料内涵的洞见开掘。主题是客观性和主观性的结合。所以鲁迅先生要求“选材要严，开掘要深”。选材和立意是记叙文写作中两个重要的环节，他们处于互相影响的联动状态。材料选得好，为开掘主题提供了最大的可能性;主题的开掘和深化，又反过来制约、促进材料的选择和加工。就选材这一环节而言，和选择矿点的道理是一样的，矿藏的深厚度如何，质量如何，有无开采价值，这都是打井前需要认真考虑的。有些考生在选材时往往只考虑是否切题，却很少考虑材料的主题潜能，正如鲁迅先生批评的那样：“将一些琐屑的没有意思的事故，便填成一篇。”这样的文章当然不可能获得高分。有时候，同一材料，在不同的作者手里，可以写出主题深浅不一的作品。但是，也有不少材料，本身并不具有什么内涵，无论你怎样妙笔生花，也很难开掘出多深的主题来。这就提示我们，在选材的时候，一定要事先估测一下材料的主题潜能，看看它们有没有可开发性。

举一个例子来说吧。1994年的高考作文《尝试》，不少考生写的都是尝试着学骑车，学游泳，学烧饭做菜，学干农活等等。这样的材料固然也切题，却没有什么可以深层开发的主题潜能，充其量也就是告诉人们“只要去尝试，就可能成功”的道理。而这样的道理是人们共知的常理，是相当肤浅的，它并没有为人们提供新的认识和新的启示。这是材料本身的局限。

那么，怎样才能选择到具有丰富的主题潜能的材料呢?

(1)要摒弃老套的选材思路，开拓选材的视野。比如，写《灯下》，就不要只是想到自己或别人在台灯下刻苦读书;写“假如记忆可以移植”，就不要只想到不劳而获地去移植名人的记忆。这一类老套的材料本身的主题容量就很小，当然更谈不上新意了。其实，每一个题目，每一个话题，可写的材料很多。就拿《灯下》来说吧;灯，可以有电灯、油灯、路灯、探照灯、聚光灯等等多种多样的灯;人们在灯下也可以做各种各样的事。“假如记忆可以移植”，本来就是一个开放性极强的话题，可写的东西太多太多了。为什么非要去一窝蜂地移植别人的记忆呢，可不可以把自己的记忆移植给别人呢?为什么非要去移植名人、伟人的记忆呢，可不可以移植普通人的记忆呢?移植了别人的记忆，人物双方会发生些什么事呢?……一旦把思路打开，选材的天地是非常广阔的。当年，有的考生要把自己游历祖国名山大川的美好记忆移植给自己从来没有出过门的奶奶，让她也体会一下祖国美好河山的大好风光;有的考生要把自己看到的万紫千红、五彩缤纷的大千世界的记忆移植给从小失明的“小弟弟”;有的考生要把自己聆听美妙音乐的记忆移植给从小失聪的“小妹妹”。角度一变，境界全出。

(2)要善于从日常的生活小事中发现具有丰富内涵的材料。中学生的生活阅历当然不可能太丰富，但是，“对于我们来说，生活中不是缺少美，而是缺少发现”(罗丹语)。其实，具有丰富内涵的写作材料无处不在，关键是作者要有一双善于发现的眼睛。也正因为中学生的生活阅历不够丰富，就更需要从日常的生活小事中去发现有意义的材料。从某种意义上来说，愈是能从细小的生活现象中发现深邃的内涵，其作品的质量就愈高。“一粒沙里看世界，半瓣花上说人情”，这是艺术的高致。2001年江苏的高考优秀作文《一毛钱与诚信》，从微不足道的一毛钱中看到了诚信的弥足珍贵，看到了道德的巨大力量，这样的选材是独具慧、颇有新意的。

(3)要处理好虚和实的关系。中学生写记叙文，大多数选材都比较实，都是实实在在地叙述、描写。其实，最具有主题潜能的材料，往往是那些具有象征意蕴的事物。如《白杨礼赞》《荔枝蜜》等都是运用事物的象征意蕴来拓展作品的主题的。因此，我们在选材时，不仅要注意那些写实性的材料，也要注意那些具有象征意蕴的材料。象征的事物往往能使作品的主题具有多义性、多层性、多向性，从而使读者产生丰富的联想，使作品产生特有的艺术魅力。像《门》《坡》《风》这样的题目，就既可以是写实的，也可以是象征的，当然也可以是二者结合的。有时候，在总体写实的情况下，选择一些具有象征意蕴的事物穿插其间，也能使作品荡出虚神，收到言已尽而意无穷的艺术效果。

3.要选择有有初步形式意味的材料

在考虑记叙文选材时，许多考生往往只注意材料内部方面的某些因素，强调选材要积极健康、典型生动等等。这固然不错。但是，如果忽略了记叙文的形式规范对选材的特殊要求，就会造成文体感不强，记叙文的文体特征就会因为选材不当而显示不出来。从某种意义上来看，记叙文区别于其他文体的特点主要就表现在选材上。

那么，记叙文本身特有的形式规范，对选材有哪些要求呢?概括起来就是三点：连贯、整一、动态。

(1)整一。整一，就是记叙文的材料必须相对集中。这种集中，不是要求作者像写议论文那样围绕中心(主题)选材，而是要求围绕记叙文自身的内部要素选材，或集中于人物，或集中于事件，或集中于环境，这也是记叙文内部又可以分为写人、叙事、绘景等类型的原因所在。议论文是旁征博引，运用零散的、片断的材料来证明中心论点，它是在观点与材料统一的原则之下，靠理性的辐射来集中材料;而记叙文则要靠自身的时空关系来凝结材料。在写作训练中，我们经常可以看到《记XXX》 之类的作文，但是，这类作文往往不像记叙文而更像议论文，其原因就在于作者在选择材料时运用的是议论文选材的方法：为了证明xxx具有某种思想品质，于是就从XXX 的生活经历中选择出与这种思想品质有关的“二三事”。其实这正是议论文中的例证法。用这种方法来选择材料、记叙经历、刻画人物，其事件往往是凌乱的，人物的思想性格往往是浮浅的，主题也往往是直露的。在1999年的高考作文中，运用一连串的“假如记忆可以移植”的排比段来展开记叙的文章，之所以文体感不强，显得松垮，散乱，其原因也就在这里。

(2)连贯。连贯，就是要求记叙文的材料，最好是截取现实生活中连续发生的片断。当然，在具体描写的时候，可以有详略，疏密等。这里需要特别注意的是记叙文的一个重要因素：时间。在记叙文中，要始终潜藏着时间的暗流，也正因为如此，人们把叙事作品称之为时间的艺术。在议论文中，也往往要叙事，但是，它所叙之事，往往是拧去了时间的抽象的说明性格或主题的例证。无论是整篇的议论文还是作为例证的叙事片断，时间往往消解在议论的逻辑展开之中，它所使用的材料，也没有时间序列的具体要求。

在充分认识到时间在记叙文中的重要作用以后，又必然引出记叙文的另外两个要素：原因和结果。我们强调时间序列在选材时的重要作用，并不意味着一切具有时间序列的“流水账”都可以作为记叙文的材料，相反，只有在时间序列中包含着“价值”的材料，才是记叙文需要的材料。这里的所谓“价值”，就是伴随着时间演进的因果裂变。福斯特曾经打过一个很有意思的比喻：国王死了，王后也死了，这叫做“时间生活”，没有入文的价值;国王死了王后也伤心而死，这叫做“价值生活”，就可以入文了。由此可见只有伴随着时间的演进中，产生一系列因果裂变的材料，才是真正适合写记叙文的材料。至此，我们可以说，所谓连贯，不仅仅包含着时间的连续，而且也包含着因果关系的连缀。

(3)动态。动态，就是要求在事物的发展过程中，在动态流程中表现某种主题。因此，只有那种具有动态感、过程感的材料才是记叙文真正需要的材料。从本质上看，叙事都是对已经过去了的事情的追述。但是，这种追述，在不同的文体中有不同的方式，在说明文中，运用的常常是“一般现在时”;在议论文中，运用的常常是“一般过去时”;而在记叙文中则常常要把它转化成“现在进行时”。

我们说，记叙文的真正中心是人，但是，决不是用二三事的例证法就可以把人写活的只有把人放到动态发展的人生中去，放到人的历史性展开的过程中，才能展示人的丰富生动的性格。即使是在写景状物，主要表现空间关系的游记之中，也只有写出诸如曲径通幽、移步换景、豁然开朗等动态景观，写出人与自然景物的沟通、交流、融合等等，才能带来艺术的美感。这也正是静止的介绍景物的导游图、说明书与散文、游记的区别所在。在议论文中作为例证的叙事片断，只要交代人物做过些什么，做了些什么;而在记叙文中，则不但要写出人物做什么，更主要的是，要表现人物怎样去做(动态)。在导游的说明中，主要是交代那里有什么(静态);而在记叙文中则主要描写“我”在那里看到了什么(动态)，它在“我”心里引起了什么反应(动态)，“我”的行为引起了别人什么反应(动态)。

选择具有动态感的材料，还要注意，动态发展的流程最好是波浪式的，而不是直线式的，因为那种直线式的事件、直线式的情感缺乏回环蕴藉的美。“文似看山不喜平”，在那些优秀的作品中，我们总会感到，人物的性格、人物的内在情感、事件的发展过程，总是曲曲折折地向前发展的中国古代小说中的那些三迭式情节，如三打祝家庄、三顾茅庐三打白骨精等等，为我们提供了成功的范例，我们应该从中得到启发。

[佳作示范]

好 奇 心

2008年 江苏考生

在那个不寻常的中午，在她坚定地迈出每一步时，阳光碎了。

很喜欢这样一句话，每个女孩都是天使。但当我第一次看到她时，我觉得她不是。

她是那个坐在教室角落里的女生，不美，而且她只有一条腿。也许正是因为这，我的好奇心才会像雨后的小草一样“嗖嗖”地长了出来。

那天的阳光好像格外刺眼，中午放学后我走得迟了点，刚好看见她拄着拐杖缓缓地走向楼梯。这时，我的好奇心告诉我：为什么不跟过去看看她怎么下楼梯呢?于是，我悄悄地跟了上去。

只见她拄着拐杖艰难地走下楼。楼梯并不高。但对于她来说每一步都是一次挑战吧!她先将拐杖拄在下一级台阶上，再用腋下顶住拐杖，用力地将那条独腿挪到下一级台阶。我看到她的双手紧紧抓住拐杖，手上的青筋清楚可见。

这时，我的好奇心不但没有减退，反而更加强烈了。不知是谁将吃剩的香蕉皮随手扔在了楼梯上，大概是想恶作剧吧!不知道她会不会注意到，我屏住呼吸看着她艰难地一步一步地走下去。近了，近了……

她要做什么?只见她一手抱住栏杆，一手将拐杖放下来，接着，她蹲下身……她，竟将香蕉皮捡了起来。我的好奇心仿佛一下子被击碎了。我觉得自己好像是一个恶魔，站在这个角落，阴险地看着这样一个天使走进危险。

阳光透过窗射进来，我仿佛一下子被照亮了。我不再好奇她会怎样走下楼梯，赶紧思考怎样去弥补我的好奇犯下的错误。

于是，我飞快地朝她走去。她正努力着站起来。也许是因为太累了，她怎样努力都没有用。这时，我伸出手想把她拉起来。她抬起头，用疑惑的眼神望着我。我轻轻地对她微笑，她便也微笑着将手递给我。于是，我就这样扶着她走下了楼梯。虽然，我们没有说一句话，但我却从她手心的温度中感受到了来自她内心深处的温暖。这温暖慢慢地将我融化，将我的好奇心融成了一颗有爱、有温暖的心。

走出教学楼，她微笑着对我说：“谢谢。再见。”接着便向路边的垃圾筒走去，她小心翼翼地将香蕉皮扔进垃圾筒，然后又迈着坚定的步伐走出校门。耀眼的阳光洒在她瘦小的身上，我仿佛看到了她变成了一个天使。只不过她是一个单翼的天使。她头顶上的隐形的光环温暖了我的心。

我站在金急雨的花树下，将那颗好奇心小心翼翼地放进心中的角落，用她给我的充满爱的心温暖自己。

评析

我已经好久没有看到写得这么精彩的记叙文了!见多了粗糙的叙述，俗套的描写，读到这样的开头：“在那个不寻常的中午，在她坚定地迈出每一步时，阳光碎了。”我禁不住陡然一惊，我预感到：好文章要来了!

果然，每一处描写，都是那样的细腻、真切，每一处心理的变化都是那样的自然、动人，每一句话都是那样的耐得起咀嚼、品味。请特别注意文中关于“阳光”的描写，在阳光的映衬下，文中的许多描写，都成了诗，成了画，成了美的精灵!

写人，固然要写人物“做什么”，但动人处往往在“怎样做”。

请仔细体会以下的细节描写：

只见她一手抱住栏杆，一手将拐杖放下来，接着，她蹲下身……她，竟将香蕉皮捡了起来。我的好奇心仿佛一下子被击碎了。我觉得自己好像是一个恶魔，站在这个角落，阴险地看着这样一个天使走进危险。

想一想，作者为什么要着力描写这个细节?“她蹲下身……她，竟将香蕉皮捡了起来。”这一句中的“……”和“，”隐藏着“我”怎样的心理过程?

好 奇 心

2008年 江苏考生

坐在我前桌的那个人竟然没来参加考试?!看着前面空荡荡的座位和那空白的答案纸，我的好奇心蠢蠢欲动。

她(他)是因为害怕吗?

如果是这样，我只能表示理解但并不赞成。我们这一届是江苏高中课改的第一届，放在科学实验中也就和“小白鼠”差不多，从教材内容到考试形式都是全新的，从老师到学生都是摸着石头过河，真正信心百倍的能有几个呢?但是，我们不能因为这些不确定的因素就临阵脱逃。高考固然可怕，但仔细想想，高考也是可爱的。它意味着我们终于能和数不清的作业、上不完的晚自习和考不完的试卷说再见了!我们终于能以最公平的方式和同龄人展开较量，证明自己的实力了!毛主席说得好，“数风流人物，还看今朝”!所以对于高考，今朝的咱们不用怕!

她(他)是因为复习太认真而病倒了吗?

如果是这样，那真的太不值得了。高考对于我们这群人来说是很重要，从某种意义上来说，它直接决定了我们未来五六十年的生活质量，很多家长都把高中生活说成是“辛苦三年，幸福六十年”，但高考的成败并不代表一切，上大学是一条出路，不上大学也照样有很多创造美好生活的选择，“条条大路通罗马”的古训永远都不会过时。所以，何必为了一次高考把自身给搞垮呢?高考诚可贵，健康价更高啊!还是咱毛主席说得好：“身体是革命的本钱!”

她(他)已经被某所著名院校提前录取了吗?

如果真是这样，我只能说：“太羡慕了!”上学期，我们班也有一位同学被南大录取了，当时那个轰动啊，真是无法形容。班上同学都羡慕得有点儿嫉妒，拼命吵着让那人请客，后来还是“老班大人”结束了这场骚乱，以每人一块德芙巧克力收场。要是我前桌的这个人真的被提前录取了，我倒挺幸运的，兴许还能沾沾她(他)的仙气，最后也能上一所重点大学，不知道这算不算是唯心主义思想啊?

去年有部特火的电影，叫《好奇害死猫》，说的是好奇心毁了一个家庭。不过今天，在这个考场上，好奇心帮了我一个大忙!顺利完成了这篇命题作文。要是有幸能拿到不错的分数，我一定会对身边所有的人说：“好奇心真是个好东西!”

评析

在紧张的考场上，作者居然注意到前面有一位缺考的考生，于是激发了自己的好奇心，展开了丰富的联想，成就了这样一篇奇文。

文中关于为什么缺考的三种揣测，来自活生生的高中生活，个中滋味，甜酸苦辣，既自然真切，充满了生活的质感，又写得轻松活泼，幽默诙谐。能做到这一点，靠的是平时对生活的体察，靠的是从容和自信的心态。

仔细体会，本文绝不是简单的“灵机一动”，而是长期积累和妙手偶得相结合的成果。

从本文中我们应当得到这样的启示：写作的素材其实是无处不在的，关键是要善于体察。文中富有现场感的“前面空荡荡的座位和那空白的答案纸”，以及关于缺考原因的三种揣测，无不来自于作者对生活的体察。而我们的许多考生，被沉重的书山题海压得连喘气的工夫都没有了，感觉器官也迟钝、麻木了，对书山题海以外的事物，甚至对与自己紧密相关的生活现象也变得视而不见，听而不闻，触而不觉了，哪里还有什么“好奇心”呢?闭目塞听，麻木不仁，哪来写作的素材呢?身在宝山不识宝，也只能空手而归啊。从这个意义上来说，开发五官，永远保持一颗敏感而活跃的“好奇心”，拥抱生活，体察生活，才能接纳写作的源头活水。

让我走远看看你

2008年 湖南考生

我是你生命的延续。命运的精灵在我出生之日起便用血缘的长绳将我和你绑在一起，挣不脱，扯不断。我们紧紧相伴十八年，却因置身太近，使我在这十八年的晨光与黑夜感受不到我们之间真实存在的温暖厚重的那个字。

以后啊，让我走远看看你。

很小的时候，别的孩子还被全家捧在手心的时候，别的父母还小心翼翼地牵着孩子过马路的时候，你把我带到游泳池边，用命令的口吻说：“下水。”几岁的孩子，即便在浅水区也不及水深的高度，怎么敢走向那未知的恐惧?你没法向我说明求生技能的重要，狠心扔入水中，且拦住急欲下水救援的哥哥半分钟，任那么小的小孩子在水中挣扎、叫喊、哭泣。那是如死亡般恐怖的记忆。让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你。然而，当十岁的我被教练一眼相中，加入县游泳队的时候，当独自去海南潜水却中途弄掉氧气嘴的时候，我突然发现这一技之长竟如此有用，而此时，我已经远离了你。

小学的时候，别的孩子还举着棉花糖坐在单车后座的时候，别的父母还做好可口的饭菜为孩子端上桌子的时候，你配了一把亮闪闪的钥匙挂在我胸前，随口叮咛：“靠着右边走。”于是，长长的20分钟的路程，一个刚上一年级的丫头片子，便这样一点一点学着自己走了。因为步行，每天要早起10多分钟;因为步行，每天要晚回家10多分钟。回家后，没有炊烟，没有人声，先做作业，等父母回来。你永远不会觉得一个人呆在家里是多么恐怖的事，自强如你，只会觉得那是天经地义。那是如粗布般灰暗无光的记忆，让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你，然而，当四年级的我便能独自骑车去上学的时候，当12岁的我便一个人走南闯北的时候，我突然发现我的自立竟如此超人，而此时，我已经远离了你。

初中的时候，你调去外地，留我一人在家读书。妈妈尚且每周回来一次，而你，即使我过去，也未必能找到时间陪我。好强如你，只是在偶尔见面时责备我的功课，那是如羽毛般苍白无力的忘记，让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你。然而，当我顺利考入重点中学的时候，当我在高中亦能平平稳稳的时候，我突然发现严厉竟能如此激励一个人的成长，而此时，我已经远离了你。

今天早上，你又骂骂咧咧地责怪我不会买圆规，硬是自己上街重新买回一个最好用的，亲自送到教室，然后转身离开。我站在远处看着你，和近距离的相处不同，我突然觉得你已苍老一个世纪。

父亲，我亲爱的父亲，过去的十八年，我们相离得太近，因而感受不到爱的存在，那么以后，让我走远看看你。看看你是如何用自己坚实的臂膀为自己的女儿撑起一片爱的天空。

评析

2008年，湖南的高考作文题是这样的：

阅读下面文字，按要求作文。

“天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”是唐代诗人韩愈的诗句。意思是说，在滋润如酥的初春细雨中，春草发芽，远远望去，一片淡淡的绿色，可是走近后，却只见到极为稀疏的草芽，绿色反而感觉不到了。诗句的意境是美的，隐含的哲理也很丰富。它使我们领悟到：置身太近，有时反而感觉不到实际存在的东西;要把握某一事物，有时需要跳出这一事物;人对事物的看法与美的感受同距离是有关系的……其实，生活中的许多事物和现象都含有这两句诗的意境与哲理，关键在于你的观察和体会。

请根据自己阅读诗句所体会到的意境与哲理，联系现实生活，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

本文作者准确地理解了命题的意图，紧紧扣住材料中有关“距离”的提示，写出了在“近处”看父亲和在“远处”看父亲的不同的体会和感悟，文章的内容切合题意;文章记叙了“很小的时候”、“小学的时候”、“初中的时候”与父亲在一起的时候感受到的父亲的严厉和自己的怨恨，以及“远离”父亲时才体会到这些特殊的教育方法所带来的好处。全文线索清楚，内容充实，语言流畅。

文章最后，父亲为自己“买圆规”这个细节以及自己站在远处看父亲的感受，不仅与全文的内容相扣相合，而且使文章的主题得到了进一步的强化。

仔细想想，本文的几个主要片段，也就是《我的父亲》之类的文章中常见的内容，但是却被作者用到规定性很强的试题中来了，而且非常切合题意，其中的奥妙在哪里呢?这就是我多次讲过的“语言周旋”“拉一拉，靠一靠，扭一扭”的技巧。你看，从文章的题目“让我走远看看你”到文中每写一事都反复强调“让我在那么近的距离里深深怨恨着你。”“而此时，我已经远离了你。”作者在“拉、靠、扭”上用了多大的力气!

把本文和2006年湖北的高考优秀作文《三生有幸遇上你》结合起来阅读，想一想，同样的材料，怎样转化运用到不同的题目中去。你学到一手了吗?

三生有幸遇上你

2006年 湖北考生

前生，今生，后世，这三生我所有的幸运都只是能够遇上你。——题记

佛说，因果有缘，千百年的轮回皆由缘而起。我想，上辈子也就是前生，我一定是千万次的回眸，亿万次的寻觅，才能在滚滚人流中遇到了你，惟一的你!

我是一个受命运诅咒的孩子。在我很小很小的时候，上天就带走了我的妈妈……一个熟悉的身影，眨眼间消失了，那种感觉，那种心痛贯穿了我的整个生命。从此，我变得敏感多疑，寡言少语，心灵封闭，没有安全感，缺少人情味儿。

我以为我会一直这样生活下去，与空虚相伴，与孤独同眠。然而，三生有幸，我遇见了你……

我还记得第一次见到你，是在那个微凉的晚秋，枯黄的叶子漫天飞舞的时候。你作为小学三年级的班主任出现在我的视线里：微胖，短发，一身黑色衣服，笑时给人温暖，不笑时给人一种严肃。那时，我已习惯于独守自己的心灵世界，不容外人涉足，那是伪装到最后的坚强，也是不容任何人去打破的宁静，对你也没有任何多余的感情。

奇怪的是，你并未因我的冷漠而忽视我，还让我当了学习委员，掌管班上大小事务。一有机会，便表扬我，一有时间，便找我谈心，鼓励我多与人交往，不断地教我一些做人的基本道理。你心疼我，我知道，可是，我心里的冰块是那么牢固，那么寒冷……

时光在你的关心和我的冷漠中如白驹过隙，一晃三年过去了，我离开了你，升上了重点初中，与你的联系少了许多，但是，你始终没放弃过对我的感化与疼爱。

几年如一日，你对我关爱有加，问寒问暖，情浓如水。

中考前的那个下午，我记忆犹新。你托人送给我一封信，看到信封上的熟悉笔迹，我感受到世界上最美的亲情：加油，好好考，我始终相信，你是最棒的!我的眼泪潸然而下，心里有股暖流在涌动，我仿佛听见了自己心里的冰层开始破碎的声音，我不禁笑了，这是妈妈“走”后，我第一次幸福而快乐的微笑。

考入县城重点高中后，我们学校与你家的距离更远了，但我们的心更近了。你时常拎着水果来看我，给了我全部的母爱。

你的信笺和电话成了我温暖的源泉，你的看望和谈心成了我愉悦的家园，你的汇款和米菜成了我幸福的粮仓，在我渴望的时候，你是春天般的及时雨。

高考临近，你发短信来说：“孩子，亲爱的：你要认真复习啊，好好考试，我一直认为你是最优秀的孩子!”老师，你不知道啊，我又一次落泪了，你老是惹我哭，惹得我激动地哭，惹得我高兴地哭……

今天是六月七日，高考的第一天第一科。此时，我想，你肯定捧着保温盒站在考场外，因为你说过，离这儿再远也一定来送考。今天不知为什么你来晚了，是拎的东西多了，还是堵车了?是节约车费步行艰难，还是走错了路?……如果你现在已经从百里之外赶到了这儿，我真的很想跑到考场外，拥抱你，亲吻你，对你说一声：“我想叫你一声妈，老师!”

妈，我三生有幸遇见了你，虽然你并不是我的亲生妈妈，但你满足了我对母爱所有的希望，妈，我爱你!是你教我懂得爱，懂得生活，懂得追求。上帝是公平的，它带走了一个亲妈，却还给我一个伟大的母爱!

三生有幸遇见你，希望我还有下一个“三生”，再下一个，生生世世，永远有幸与你相见!

妈妈，你听见了吗?但愿生我之身的妈妈升入天堂，爱我之身的妈妈永驻人间!

我爱你，妈妈!

评 析

本文从自己的生活经历中选材，写出了对一直关心“我”的老师的真挚、深沉的感情，文中对老师的肖像描写、对老师在场外送考的想象，都写得真切动人。文章从“题记”人手，扣上命题的要求，结尾时，又进一步照应“三生有幸”，首尾圆合。特别是“但愿生我之身的妈妈升入天堂，爱我之身的妈妈永驻人间”一句，更把文章的感情推向高潮，读来令人动容。

2006年湖北的高考作文题要求写出对带“三”字的词语(一个或几个，如“三思而行”“举一反三”“三省吾身”，等等)的联想与感悟，题目出得相当灵活，考生自由选择、自由发挥的余地是很大的。这位考生非常聪明，她(他)所写的其实也就是《我的老师》《记一个人》等题目中常见的内容，但她(他)巧妙地把这些内容融会到《三生有幸遇上你》这个题目中去了。我曾经在许多场合讲过，同样的材料，是可以转化运用到不同的题目中去的。北京有一位对高考作文颇有研究的特级教师甚至说，任何命题都是“不命题”。你对这篇文章的构思，你对这样的观点，有什么看法呢?

下面是语文迷网精心为大家整理的关于高考英语作文素材，背熟以下句子有助于你的写作哦。

1、 Success is dangerous. One begins to copy oneself, and to copy oneself is more dangerous than to copy others. It leads to sterility. -Picasso , Spanish artist 成功是危险的。一个成功的人开始模仿自己，而模仿自己比模仿别人更加危险。因为这样做将毫无结果。 ── 毕加索 , 西班牙画家

2、 But failure also taught me that life is a road with unpredictable forks and unexpected tomorrows. 但是, 失败还使我懂得, 生活的道路充满了无法预测的岔路口和无法预料的明天。

3、 The common idea that success spoils people by making them vain, egotistic, and self-complacent is erroneous; on the contrary, it makes them, for the most part, humble, tolerant, and kind. Failure makes people cruel and bitter. -W. Somerset Maugham , British author 人们普遍认为成功使人变得虚荣、自以为是、自满, 从而毁了他们, 但这种看法是错误的;恰恰相反, 成功在很大程度上使人变得谦恭、宽容、善良。失败则使人变得残忍、怨愤。 ── W•萨默塞特•莫姆 , 英国作家

4、 Against all the odds she achieved her dream of becoming an actress. 她冲破重重困难，实现了当演员的梦想。

5、 He is too smart not to jump at the chance. 他这个人很精明，不会错过这个机会的。

6、 I’m not sure if I’ll succeed, but I certainly hope so. 是否成功我没有把握, 不过我当然希望会成功

7、 I wish you every success. 祝你万事如意!

8、 He seems to be successful in anything he tries. 他好像不论做什么事都能成功。

9、 Experience shows that success is due less to ability than to zeal. 经验告诉我们，成功与其说是由于才能，不如说是由于热情。

10、 Ambition is to life just what steam is to the locomotive. 抱负之于生活, 恰似蒸汽之于火车头。

11、 With their advanced features and compact size, portable electronic devices offer consumers freedom, productivity, and organization. 由于本身小巧玲珑, 又具备种种先进的特点, 便携式电子设备为消费者带来了自由, 提高了生产力, 改进了对信息的组织。

12、 However, the ease and speed with which messages can be sent and received has increased and accelerated to such an extent that many people are receiving hundreds of electronic messages of all kinds each day. 但是, 信息发送与接收的便捷发展得如此之快, 以至于很多人每天都会收到各种各样、成百上千的电子邮件。

13、 Weak men wait for opportunity, but the strong men make it. 弱者等待机会，强者创造机会。

14、 Opportunity meets the prepared mind, as the old saying goes. 正如俗话所说，机遇只属于那些有心理准备的人。

15、 Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth. 十九次失败，到第二十次获得成功，这就叫坚持。

16、 He tried hard to learn, and to be a good boy, and he succeeded fairly well. 他用心学习，又很听话，因此一切倒还顺利。

17、 In fact, there’s an old Chinese saying which goes, “He who hasn’t been to the Great Wall is not a true man.” 实际上，中国有句古谚语说：“不到长城非好汉。”

18、 A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. -John Barrymore只要一个人还有所追求, 她就没有老。 ── 约翰•巴里莫尔

19、 To take advantage of them, you can’t let yourself be destroyed by a defeat, or let others set the limits on your ability to achieve. 利用它们, 你就不会被一次失败击倒, 也不会让别人来限制住你成功的能力。

20、 Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily. 只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。

21、 The most important thing in life is to have a beautiful dream and good ways to realize it. 人生最重要的是要有美梦，并有好的方法去实现它。

22、 We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions. 尽管条件极端困难, 我们必须坚持下去, 直到成功。

23、 This belief in equal opportunity has produced a spirit of competition. It’s like a race to the top of the success ladder. 这种机会均等的信念造就了一种竞争的精神, 它就像一场通往成功之梯顶端的比赛一样。

24、 Just as history has shown that species which fail to adapt die out, businesses will die out if they don’t get to grips with the Internet. 正如历史所示, 适者生存, 企业如果不紧跟互联网就将退出历史的舞台。

25、 Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures. 电视与无线电不同, 电视能播送和接收图像。

26、 When people master the digital organization, it will greatly simplify and improve both their professional and personal lives. 当人们掌握了这种数码管理方法后, 他们的工作与个人生活都会得以极大地简化并改善。

27、 A new IT high-tech park in Beijing is helping the city keep its promise to be the country’s center of the knowledge-based economy. 一所焕然一新的IT高科技园帮助北京实现了它的诺言：成为全国知识型经济的中心。

28、 Observation is the best teacher. 观察是最好的老师。

29、 Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想像力比知识更重要。 ── 爱因斯坦

30、 Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知识是一座宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。

31、 We can kill two birds with one stone by combining our honeymoon with our business trip. 我们可以把蜜月和出差合在一起，这样一举两得。

32、 Greatly inspired, he made up his mind to read as much as he could, and what’s more, he would study harder than ever before. 他深受鼓舞，决心尽可能多读书，而且，比以往任何时候都努力学习。

33、 Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity. 世界上再也没有比实实在在的无知和认认真真的愚蠢更危险的了。

34、 Eat to live, but live to eat. 吃饭是为了生存而不是生存为了吃饭。

35、 To my knowledge, my daughter has never told a lie before. 据我所知, 我女儿以前从未说过谎。

36、 In the long run, basic knowledge and technological applications go hand in hand—one helps the other. 归根结蒂, 基础知识和技术应用是并进的, 相辅相成的。

37、 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 读书之于思想, 就如运动之于身体。

38、 English is now the international language for airline pilots, scientists, medical experts, businessmen and many others. Consequently, more and more people are learning it. 现在, 对于航空公司飞行员、科学家、医学家、商人及许多其他行业的工作者来说, 英语是一门国际性语言, 因此越来越多的人开始学习英语。

39、 Unlike many other widely used languages, English can be correctly used in very simple form with less than one thousand basic words and very few grammatical rules. 与许多其他被广泛应用的语言不同, 英语仅凭借将近一千个基础词汇和很少的语法规则，就能够用简单的形式正确地表达意思。

40、 English will doubtless continue to change and develop as a living language always does. 毫无疑问, 英语将像一种活的语言贯常的变化和发展一样继续变化和发展下去。

41、 Another reason for the popularity of English is that English-speaking countries are spread through out the world. 英语流行的另一个原因是说英语的国家遍布世界各地。

42、 Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. 天才是百分之一的灵感和百分之九十九的汗水

43、 An estimated 310 million people in Britain, U.S.A., Canada, Australia, South Africa, etc. use English as their mother tongue. 据统计，在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和南非等国有三亿一千万人以英语为母语。

44、 It is surprising that some students have little or no knowledge of English. 令人感到吃惊的是, 有些学生英语懂得很少, 或者根本不懂英语。

45、 The rush to learn English has reached even China. 这种学习英语的浪潮甚至波及到中国。

46、 Washington is known as “the father of his country” and is one of those “larger than life” historical figures who are known around the world. 华盛顿被称为“美国国父”，是一位誉满全球的具有传奇色彩的历史人物。

47、 Many immigrants have come to this land of opportunity for that reason-to seek a better future. 许多移民基于这个缘故来到了这块充满机会的土地上──为了追求一个更好的未来。

48、 Not all Americans are rich, but most are concerned about money. Success-oriented Americans often measure people’s worth by how much they have. 并非所有的美国人都很有钱, 但大多数美国人都在乎钱。以成功为取向的美国人常常用人们拥有财产的多少来衡量他们的价值。

49、 As a result, nearly half of foreign students in the U.S. are concentrated in just 100 out of 2,500 post-secondary institutions, mostly brand-name schools. 结果, 在美留学生几乎有一半集中在2500所高校的仅100所, 这些学校大多是名牌学校。

50、 Credit cards symbolize American shopping habits: “Buy now, pay later.” 信用卡反映美国人的购物习惯：“现在买, 以后付。”

51、 In general, the act is designed to keep the U.S. high-tech industry on top by filling the need for skilled technology workers. 总之，这个法案是为了填补美国对熟练技术工人的需求，以保持美国在高科技工业中的领先地位而制定的。

52、 Tom’s college education gave him an advantage over boys who had not been to a university. 汤姆的大学教育使他比没上过大学的男孩们占优势。

53、 Educators also claim that calculators are so inexpensive and commonplace that students must become competent in using them. 教育家们还声称, 计算器如此便宜而又普遍, 学生必须学会熟练使用。

54、 He already has five honorary doctorates-the latest bestowed upon him by Yale University late of May, 2002-but what he really wanted was this humble bachelor’s degree. 斯皮尔伯格已获得5个荣誉博士头衔，其中最近的一个是在2002年5月下旬由耶鲁大学授予的，然而他最想得到的却是这个不起眼的学士学位。

55、 Calculators do have their place in the world outside school and, to a limited extent, in higher-level math classes, but they are hardly education tools. 计算器在学校之外的社会中的确有其地位, 在高等数学课堂上也有一定的作用, 但它们很难算得上是教育工具。

56、 Very heavy objects or bulky materials like coal, cement, mineral ore, and the like, are weighed in tons. 非常重的物体或者像煤、水泥、矿石等堆积如山的原材料用吨计重。

57、 By the end of this century, about 5,000 modern windmills will be in operation, generating about 20% of the electricity of the country. 到本世纪末, 将有5000架现代化的风车投入运行, 生产约全国20%的电力。

58、 Deep down, they realize that happiness can’t be bought, but it can be given away. 在内心深处,他们认识到幸福是买不来的, 但却可以与人分享。

59、 It is wrong to define happiness as owning a lot of money, but some people take it as their life philosophy. 把幸福定义为有很多钱是错误的，但是有些人却把它奉为人生哲学。

60、 He is rich in terms of money, but not in terms of happiness. 从钱的角度说他是富有的，但从幸福的角度说他不是。

61、 All happy families resemble one another, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. —Leo Tolstoy 所有幸福的家庭彼此都很相似，而每个不幸的家庭却各有各的不幸。 ── 托尔斯泰

62、 Unfortunately, there are still some people who do not look after their pets properly or are even cruel to them. 遗憾的是，仍然有一些人对他们的宠物不好好照管甚至虐待它们。

63、 She sat up straight and pretended to believe in herself, so much so that she actually started believing in herself. 她坐直了身子, 假装对自己充满信心, 装得连她自己都开始以为自己确实很有信心。

64、 It’s not easy to keep in touch with friends when they are far away, however, they are always on her mind. 和远方的朋友保持联系不是一件容易的事，但是她一直记挂着他们。

65、 Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation. Otherwise, the country will starve. 农业必须进行深入的改革, 以满足新形势的需要。否则, 国家将遭受饥荒。

66、 In the northern area, it is necessary to plant varieties which are outstandingly resistant to low winter temperature. 北部地区只能种植确实能抗冬季低温的品种。

67、 Synthetic, or man-made, diamonds have been manufactured from carbon since the mid-1950s, when General Electric Co. developed the process for making small diamonds for industrial uses. 人们从20世纪50年代中期就开始用碳来制造或人工合成钻石，当时通用汽车公司开发出了生产工业用小钻石的工艺。

68、 The WTO’s creation on January 1 1995 marked the biggest reform of international trade since the Second World War. 1995年1月1日世贸组织的诞生，标志着第二次世界大战之后国际贸易的最大改革。

69、 A student who has grown up with a calculator will struggle with both strategies and computations. 一个伴着计算器长大的学生既要对付解题策略, 又要对付实际运算。

70、 Students learn far more when they do the math themselves. 学生自己进行数学运算所获得的收益远比依赖计算器多。

71、 A student who learns to handle numbers mentally can focus on how to attack a problem and then complete the actual calculations easily. 学会心算的学生能把注意力集中到如何解题上, 然后轻而易举地完成实际运算。

72、 It’s my mother who has been encouraging me never to lose heart when I had difficulties in study. 这些年来，当我在学习中遇到困难时，是我的母亲一直在鼓励我从不要泄气。

73、 With more students applying to college than ever before, admissions directors are paying especially close attention to essays, interviews, and teacher recommendations. 由于有比以往更多的学生申请上大学, 招生部主任将格外注重作文、面试和教师的推荐信。

74、 Calculators prevent students from seeing this kind of natural structure and beauty in math. 计算器妨碍学生认识数学中这类自然结构和美。

75、 If we don’t require students to do the simple problems that calculators can do, how can we expect them to solve the more complex problems that calculators cannot do? 如果我们不让学生做那些计算器能代劳的简单的运算, 又怎么能期待他们去解决计算器解决不了的更为复杂的问题呢?

76、 Your parents are the people responsible for helping you make decisions until you’re 18. 父母是有责任帮助你在18岁之前做决定的人。

77、 But he is too young to understand cheating won’t do him any good in the long run. 就长远而言, 他太小, 还不懂得欺骗会给他带来害处。

78、 What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵, 就如雕刻术之于大理石。

79、 He began to study accounting at night sessions of the City University of New York, earning his tuition during the daytime. 他开始晚间在纽约城市大学学习会计，白天做工赚学费。

80、 Those who educate children well are to be more honored than the parents, for the latter only give them life while the former teach them the art of living well. —Aristotle 把儿童教育好的人们甚至应该比他们的父母更受尊敬，因为后者仅仅给予他们生命，前者却教给他们生活好的艺术。 ──(古希腊)亚里士多得

81、 The cloning of Dolly the sheep nearly 5 years ago raised the hopes of transplant scientists looking for an endless supply of lifesaving organs. 将近5年前,克隆羊多莉给寻求无穷无尽的救命器官供货的移植学家带来了希望。

82、 I would rather join you in research work than go on a holiday to the seaside. 我与其到海滨去度假，倒不如和你们一起参加科研工作。

83、 The further that Joy dug into the cutting edge of research in the new technologies-robotics, genetic engineering and nanotechnology-the more horrified he became. 乔伊在机器人学、基因工程和纳米技术等新技术研究领域的前沿钻得越深, 就越感到恐惧。

84、 What Henry Ford is to the automobile, George Eastman to photography, and Charles Goodyear to rubber, Edison is to not one but several of today’s essential technologies. 对当今不止一项而是多项重要技术的贡献, 就如同Henry Ford 对汽车、George Eastman 对摄影、Charles Goodyear 对橡胶的贡献一样大。

85、 I am not afraid of tomorrow for I have seen yesterday and I love today. -W.A.White我并不害怕明天, 因为我已见过昨天而又热爱今天。 ── 怀特

86、 He invested his money in several different companies, by which means he hoped to reduce the natural hazards of investment. 他把自己的钱向几个不同的公司投资, 希望借此减少投资的自然风险。

87、 With the rise of the Internet, personal finance magazines and TV shows find information on investing. 随着因特网、个人理财杂志和专事选股的电视节目的兴起，人们很容易找到有关投资的信息。

88、 Nothing is more precious than time yet nothing is less valued. 时间最宝贵，却最不被爱惜。

89、 If indeed silence is golden, it is also becoming as rare as gold. 如果宁静真是贵重如金的话，那它也在变得像金子一样稀罕了。

90、 Man is not creature of circumstances, circumstances are the creatures of man. 人不是环境所造就的，乃是环境由人所创造。

91、 Pollution is a global problem which needs a global response. 污染是一个全球性的问题，需要全球关注。

92、 Greenhouse effect means the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth. 温室效应意味着地球周围的空气逐渐变暖。

93、 Air is to us what water is to fish. 我们离不开空气, 就像鱼离不开水。

94、 As our country is populous, it is confronted with a more and more serious crisis of resources. 我国由于人口众多，面临着越来越严重的资源危机。

95、 The government has to provide against a possible oil shortage in the coming months. 政府不得不预防未来几个月里可能出现的石油短缺。

96、 Why do Americans emphasize money so much? Well, this “land of plenty” has long enjoyed abundant natural resources, and people have gotten used to material wealth. 为什么美国人这么看重金钱呢? 这么说吧, 这块“丰饶之地”久已享有充裕的自然资源, 而人们已习惯于丰富的物质财富。

97、 A slip of the foot you may soon recover, but a slip of the tongue you may never get over. -Benjamin Franklin 失足可以很快弥补, 失言却可能永远无法补救。 ── 富兰克林

98、 The earliest Mother’s Day celebrations can be traced back to the spring celebrations of ancient Greece in honor of Rhea’, the Mother of the Gods. 庆祝母亲节的习俗最早 可以追溯到古希腊, 当时人们在春天举行庆祝活动, 来向众神之母──莉雅女神表示敬意。

99、 I am grateful to you for the opportunity to express my conviction in this most important political question. 感谢你们使我有机会就这个最重要的政治问题发表意见。

100、 I am thankful for America and thankful that we are able to resolve our electoral differences in a peaceful way. 我感谢美国, 我们终于用和平的方式解决了选举中的分歧。

我校九年级学生，有80%完全不会写作文，即除了“My name is XXX.”“I will. do，” 一个正确的句子都写不出来，剩下的5%也在以下方面存在一些常见的错误：

1、没有理解英语的基本句子成分是“主语”+“谓语”

学生经常出现主语跟谓语不一致，包括句子的谓语用得不恰当，谓语用词跟主语不搭配，一个句子没有主语，或多个句子杂在一起。

比如：学生想说“我母亲总是不让我看电视”，写出来的是“my mother always not be allowed I watch TV.”根本就是直接从汉语逐字翻译成英文的。

出现这样的问题，显然是由于句子的基本结构没有弄清楚。看来在今后教学中还要继续强调，并配合造例句练习。

2、动词短语搭配不准确

比如：“I’m not allowed watch TV.”正确的短语“被允许做某事”应该是“be allowed to do…”。

3、丛句语序和连接词问题

很不理解，为什么强调了那么多次，学生在写作文时，丛句语序还会写错？后者连接词和引导词也老师出错。对于连接词，我在讲的时候也感觉到学生没有理解。我讲解的方法就是把课文里面的丛句拿出来分析其语序和联系词，然后再讲相关语法点，最后举例子让学生造句。语序问题，我还会在将来碰到一次强调一次，相信会有效果。但是联系词我就不知道该怎么让孩子听懂了。

比如：“I don’t know that what should I do”“Could you please tell me should I do?”正确的句子应该是“I don’t know what I should do.”“ Could you please tell me what I should do?”.

以上这些问题让我对如何增强学生作文表达能力有了一个不全面的思考。我觉得，提高学生作文能力必须从七年级入手（小学重点在听说，只需知道what 和 how,不需求甚解；到中学阶段就必须知道why了）。

4、句子使用的句型单一

例如；在一次模拟考试当中英语的考试题目就是如果我当选了班长我会怎么做，做哪些事情，九年级五班的英语课代表张雅就一直用一个句型来写“I will do”，虽然全文当中没有一个错误，但因为句型单一所以值得8分，因此在老师教课的过程中还要不断的给学生讲 作文序加以变换句型且需对语句加以润色。

针对以上问题我以后在讲课文和精读篇阅读理解试题时，要注意以下两点：

1、利用课文逐句帮助学生分析理解英文句子的基本结构，即“主语+谓语”；

2、要求学生把有用的动词短语、名词短语以及插入语记牢记清楚。

3、每单元的语言目标，一定要理解并记忆。

4、是学生学会句子的变换使用，有必要时做些句型转换练习。

下面是小编为大家收集整理的记叙文的写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读参考!

怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

1、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

2、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

3、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。

那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

1、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

2、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

3、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文以写实为主，但也可以虚拟。如人物传记、历史故事或新闻报导这类非虚拟的故事是记叙文，神话故事、寓言、幽默故事等也属记叙文。记叙文通常分为三类：

1. 以记人为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一、两件事。

2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，可以写一个人或几个人。

3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文。但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。

【写作注意】

写作中应遵循以下几点：

1. 交待要素，即人、时、地、事。

2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述, 完整、具体。

3. 要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。

【写作实例】

假如你是武汉大学附中高三(1)的李华，今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对高三生活的看法。

(1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;

(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;

(3)努力学习，实现人生梦想;

(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。

注意：

(1)可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯;

(2)词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior 3 student, it wont take lon g before I graduate._____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际，话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观，具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上，能够让学生充分运用所学知识，毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外，在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性，能有效地激发学生个 性观点的创建。

【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见 的提纲类型的写作，要点明确清楚，便于学生组织文章，理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。

【参考范文】

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, pare nts and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effo rt to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."

Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.

议论文写作是几种常见文体中要求较高的一种。下面语文迷网整理了一些写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

一、议论文的文体特点和写作要求

英语议论文同中文议论文一样也是以议论的方式，通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述自己观点的一种文体。高中英语议论文是一种限制性的写作, 其论点、论据、论证都必须十分明确，学生必须结合题目要求来阐述相关观点。

议论文的结构可分为三个部分：1、引言段引出一个令人关注的问题或明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么。 2、主体段对提出的问题进行分析、推论、并运用归纳法、演绎法和类比法等进行论证，取得以理服人的效果。3、结论段可以用两三句话来结束文章，同时要注意重申论点，与引言段呼应，但不能照搬原话。务必做到论点明确、要点齐全、论证严密、结构严谨、层次分明、首尾呼应。

二、议论文的写作方法与技巧

一)、审好题

人们常说：“磨刀不误砍柴功”。审题是写作的开始，是写好作文的前提条件，“好的开始是成功的一半”，议论文写作也不例外。只有明确题目要求，确立观点，确定论证方法及全文段落安排，才可能成功写出一篇好的议论文。如果写偏了题，再精心的构思、再好的语言表达也是枉然。审题主要包括六个方面：一是判断议论文所属类型。英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型: ①“一分为二”的观点。如：“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”。②“两者选一”的观点。如：“乘火车还是乘飞机”。③“我认为……”型，如：“你对课外阅读的看法”。④“怎样……(how to)”型，如：“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。⑤ 图表作文，通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法(杨家贵，2005)。二是确立该文的论点或作者须持的观点，以及支撑论点的道理和事实。三是确定全文所包括的要点。四是确定段落数及每段适用的连接词、过渡句，使文章连接紧凑、过渡自然、层次分明。五是选择全文主要时态及各段适用的其它时态。六是判断该文的格式，是书信还是短文。审题完毕，随即列出提纲。

二)、注重主题句的设置

主题句又叫中心句(topic sentence)，是段落的论点，限制段落中议论的范围，是整个段落的纲领。主题句必须要正确，要明确表明作者赞成什么，反对什么。主题句在一篇百来字的议论文中好比“画龙点睛”，帮助作者分层次阐述自己的观点，让读者快速了解作者的观点。

1、确定主题句的位置

英语议论文的主题句宜设在段首第一句，这是由以下两个因素决定的。1)、主题句出现的位置有三种情况：①在段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要，这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落;②在段末;③段中(高长梅，2000)。2)、英语民族的思维特点是常采用路标式(直线式)篇章结构，即主题句在段首。

2、写出好的主题句

好的主题句具有以下特点：①有一定的概括性，普遍性而不是罗列具体事实。②句意明确而不是模糊不着边际。③让人有话可写而不是给出无可辩驳的事实。④不以问题的方式出现，也不要同时表达两个以上的观点。笔者要求学生写了以下的主题句：

1)Staying up late is bad for our health.

2)The more cars, the better?

3)There are two reasons why some people are fascinated by Super Girls and two reasons why some dislike them.

4)Beijing is famous for the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Imperial Palace and other places of interest.

5)a. Tom is a middle school student.

b. Tom is a hard-working middle school student.

6)Living in small cities is better than living in big cities.

然后让学生对照主题句的特点，他们一致认为1)、5)b、6)为好的主题句。在实践和对比中，学生学会了如何写好的主题句，并且运用到议论文写作中，收到较好效果，见以下实例(下段黑体部分是主题句)。

Everyone lives by selling something. For example, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.

由此可见，好的主题句能帮助作者阐明观点，起到提纲挈领的作用。作者围绕段落的中心论点，运用多种方法展开论证，达到以理服人的效果。

三)、用好连接词和过渡句

从行文需要出发选用恰当的连接词、过渡句可使整篇文章文句流畅，句意转换自然，同时使表达合乎逻辑，文章结构严谨。倘若一篇议论文的段落里不乏高级词汇和复杂语法结构，但缺少了连接词、过渡句的润色而不能从一个观点自然地过渡到另一个观点，或段落里的各论据(supporting sentence)连接松散，势必削弱论证的效果，就算不上一篇好的议论文。下面分别说明如何有效运用连接词与过渡句。

1、句与句的连接词

连接词通常由连词、副词、介词短语和插入语等充当。如何有效使用连接词，使句意连贯、紧凑，以体现文章良好的严密的论证逻辑?

2.段与段的过渡句

过渡句帮助作者展示文章的条理和层次。恰当运用过渡句能使表达锦上添花。当文章从一个层次转换到另一个层次，或由一段内容转入另一段内容时需要用过渡句。恰当有效的运用过渡句，效果明显(见下文，题目及要求略，黑体部分为过渡句)。

Wearing school uniform every day spreads an order over many schools. Is it good or bad for students? Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter.

Some people say that it has a bad effect on developing students’ personal character. According to them, students are tired of wearing the same clothes every day, which is hard to tell who’s who. Furthermore, the cost of the school uniform is not low as many people think. With the bad quality, it’s not well worth the money.

However, as a popular saying goes: “Every coin has two sides.” Others argue that it is good for students. In their opinion, wearing school uniform will prevent students from wasting so much money on clothes and the time on catching up with the fashion. In addition, it’s easy for the teachers to recognize the students. There is no doubt that wearing school uniform every day is good for students.

In short, I firmly support the view that we should wear school uniform.(康珍，2005)

上文黑体部分综合体现了恰当、有效运用连接词和过渡句的最佳效果。全文行文流畅、衔接自然、条理清楚，浑然不觉作者是在套用各种连接词和过渡句。因此，非常有必要熟记一些常用典型的议论文过渡句，使议论文结构严谨，论点清楚，行文流畅。

1)引言段的常用过渡句

Recently we had a heated discussion on…, Opinions are various among different people.

Different people have different opinions on the question of …

They differ greatly in their attitudes towards …

Different people hold different views/opinions on this matter.

Although most people think… I believe…

此类过渡句能迅速引起读者注意，自然而然地引出全文要讨论的话题，或者开门见山地阐明文章的论点。

2)主体段的常用过渡句

Some may hold the view that… because… But others have a negative attitude. From their point of view…

Some people think that… While others believe…

Some people are for the idea of… because… But some people are against the idea of… because …

本文所指议论文的主体段可以是一段也可以是两段。通过正确使用过渡句，文章思路清晰，结构清楚，显示作者严谨思维，增强表达效果。

3)结论段的常用过渡句

As far as I am concerned, I totally agree with the statement that…

Therefore, it’s easy to draw the conclusion that…

As a consequence/result, I firmly support the view that…

Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reach the conclusion that…

To sum up/in a word/in conclusion/in short/above all/in general/ generally speaking, I still hold the view that…

运用过渡句的提示作用进入结论段，作者或是重申论点，或是强调论点，以便加深读者对全文的了解和深刻认识。

英语议论文范文：

Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?

The examination system has come to be the main theme (主题)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted， promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的领域) it is under much criticism (评论) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge， but， in fact， that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.

Id like to say that， because of the existence of the examination system， students pay so much attention to gaining high marks， that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (贡献) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They， of course， know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education， however， is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this， students must get themselves to do all kinds of training， physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Moreover， since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible， psychologically (心理上来看)， they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.

Lastly， in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation (诱惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed， such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers， their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (损害) our moral standards (道德标准) .

Therefore， I am of the opinion， in conclusion， that the examination system should be abolished.

文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。

作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：

1.开门见山，揭示主题

文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。

例如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头可以写成：I Spent my last vacation happily.

"Honesty"(谈诚实)的开头可以写成：

Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.

2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头

在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。

例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头可以写成：

The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

3. 回忆性的开头

用回忆的方法来开头。

例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是：

I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.

4.概括性的开头

即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。

如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：

People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

5.介绍环境式的开头

即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。

如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头可以写成:

It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.

6.交待写作目的的开头

在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。

如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头： In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

内容

1、你想说的最重要的事是什么?如果已经说出来了，在草稿中找出这段话，并在句子下面划线。如果还没有说出来，现在就写。

2、文章里所写的每件事都同主旨相关吗?哪个部分你不需要?如果你写的是当你在银行实习时，意识到自己宁愿成为一名核物理学家，那么坐公交上班这段话就显得十分没有必要了。

3、你做到具体化了吗?如果发现自己只是泛泛而谈，那么就把一般变为具体。

4、你有没有思考并回答读者最想问的问题?

5、你的文章是否像你的人?有没有在陈述自己时过于正式?是不是过于随意?寻找一种适合主题的语调(乏味的语调会毁了一个好故事)。

6、文章中最令你满意的是什么?

7、文章中最令你不满的是什么?哪一部分还不对头?要使它和文章其他部分一样好，你能做什么?

趣味

1、你开头的第一个句子能否抓住读者的注意力?如果你是读者，它能吸引你吗?“我14岁时，我家搬到了吉隆坡”是否同“他们把大货车开过来，上面装着各种各样的箱子。我的东西被他们无情地扔进里面，直到空荡荡的房间里只剩下我一个人。我们又搬家了。”一样吸引人?

2、你的文章是否需要更多的细节?举例来说，如果你已经写了在你志愿服务的野营地里，孩子们教会你“欣赏生活中简单的事情”，你还需要再多写一到两句话，详细描述一下这种教育意味着什么。

3、结尾能让读者们感觉文章已经写完了吗?结束语听上去像是结束语吗?在一篇写自己从错误中汲取教训的文章里，一个总结性的概括，不如某些发自内心的简单写法具有感染力。

4、大声地读你的文章，相信自己的耳朵。你认为这篇文章有趣吗?如果自己都觉得它令人厌倦，想想读者的感觉!

清楚

1、是否每个段落在文章中都有明确的位置?如果不是，就需要做些删除或改写一下。

2、你的读者能轻松地跟上你的思绪吗?有没有需要填充的裂缝或者需要删除的不必要的迂回?

3、有没有一些词或句子显得粗糙或模棱两可?如果有，删除模棱两可的词，加工粗糙的地方。

简洁

1、你的文章到底是从哪里正式开始的?能否把那些引导性的句子删除，直接进入主题?

2、有没有和主题无关的细节?如果有，删掉它们。

3、是否用了很多的词语，其实用一到两个词就可以完全代替?“我要告诉你们的非常重要的一点是，我申请的只有贵校一所学校，那是我从童年开始形成的一生的渴望。”这是一个无比冗长的句子，不如改为：“我只申请了艾莫利大学，因为我一直都想进这所学校。”记住，在一篇短文里，每一个字都要有意义。

用法和风格

1、你把所有的旧词、过时的词都删掉了吗?

2、你用没用主动语态和动作性很强的动词?

3、对句子的长度和结构进行过修改吗?

4、有没有用到描述性的词和比喻的手法?

5、是否避免了使用空洞的修饰语，如“very”，“rather”，“somewhat”等等?

6、如果使用了缩略语，它们是否和文章的风格统一?省略号的位置对不对?

语法

1、主语同动词单复数是否一致?

2、代词与先行词是否一致?

3、代词指代明确吗?(尤其要注意的是“this”和“that”)

4、修饰词的位置是否靠近被修饰词?

5、有没有悬垂结构或放错位置的修饰语?

6、动词的形式同时态及语态一致吗?

7、有没有逗号重叠的情况?

8、有没有发现不完整的句子?

标点符号

1、标点符号是否明确地划分开句子结构?

2、所用的标点符号，如省略号、冒号、波折号、分号、逗号、括号、连字号、引号等是否正确?

3、是否尽量不使用惊叹号?(合适的词语比惊叹号在表达上更为有效)

技巧

1、大写字母是否用得正确并前后呼应?

2、数字使用是否相互对应?(十以前的数字最好用拼写的方式，十以后的数字用符号代替。如果搞不清楚，就全用符号表示。)

3、每个词都拼写正确吗?

4、因篇幅所限需要分开的词分得是否正确?

5、你的文章是否打印得整洁?版式是否吸引人?

较对

1、有没有丢掉的词或行?

2、有没有单词错误?

用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

英语写作想要拿高分，经典的句型不可少。下面是语文迷整理的8种英语句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.

There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3.

In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

每个人物的动作，哪怕是一个细小的动作，都能体现出鲜明的人物个性特征。我们要学会观察生活，抓住人物扱富有特征的行动来描写，从而表现人物内在的思想感情和精神面貌。以下是小编搜索整理一篇写作技巧：描写动作刻画心理，欢迎大家阅读!

心理描写是通过剖析人物的心理活动，挖掘人物的思想感情，以刻划人物形象内在性格特征的一种描写方法。心理描写除了直接剖析人物的心理，让人物内心独白或产生幻觉外，还可以通过对人物其它方面的描写来揭示人物的内心世界，即间接心理描写。这种手法用得好，同样能揭示人物内心的奥秘，刻划人物的性格，还可以增强作品的可读性。一般说来，人物心理的间接描写有以下几种方法：

一、神态揭示法

“表情神态是显示人物内心世界的镜子”。恰当地描写人物在特定环境中的神情，能反映出人物内心的喜、怒、哀、乐，酸、甜、苦、辣。譬如在《故乡》中鲁迅先生是这样通过对中年闰土的神态描写来揭示其内心世界的：

他站住了，脸上现出欢喜和凄凉的神情；动着嘴唇，却没有作声。他的态度终于恭敬起来了，分明的叫道：“老爷……”

分别十几年的儿时伙伴相见，理应有说不完的相思之言，道不尽的欢快之情。但是，中年闰土与“我”相见之后，只是脸上“现出欢喜”之情——内心是高兴的，然而随“欢喜”同时现出的还有“凄凉”。这说明经过半个世纪的磨炼，闰土的头脑中烙上了封建等级观念的印记——儿时的朋友决不能与今天的“老爷”划等号，于是他的态度终于恭敬起来。闰土乍见儿时伙伴的喜与哀、酸与苦以及精神麻木等复杂的心理状态，在这种准确的神态描写中表现得淋漓尽致。

二、行动反映法

世界著名短篇小说之王契诃夫曾经说过：“最好还是避免描写人物的精神状态，应当尽力使得人物的精神状态能够从他的行动中表现明白。”可见，具有人物鲜明个性的动作对反映人物的精神状态往往具有特别传神的效果。譬如在《孔乙己》中鲁迅先生这样通过对孔乙己的动作描写来反映其心理的：

孔乙己一到店，所有喝酒的人便都看着他笑，有的叫道：“孔乙己你脸上又添新伤疤了！”他不答，对柜里说，“温两碗酒，要一碟茴香豆。”便排出九文大钱。

因为孔乙己从心眼里就瞧不起那些短衣帮，所以对来自他们的嘲笑丝毫不在意。相反，为了显示自己与短衣帮的不同，他便将九文大钱——“排”在柜台上。“排”这一典型化的动作充分反映了孔乙己得意、炫耀的心理——你们是些什么东西！只能花四文大钱，有我阔气吗？

三、语言透露法

古语云：“言为心声。”“语言是人类所特有的用来表达意思、交流思想的工具。”在不同的场合，人物会因心境的不同而说出不同的话，这些不同的话语恰恰透露出人物特定的内心世界。譬如在《我的叔叔于勒》中，莫泊桑是这样通过语言来刻划“母亲”的心理的：

可是父亲的希望却与日俱增。母亲常常说：“只要这个好心的于勒一回来，我们的境况就不同了。他真算是一个有办法的人。”

母亲回来了。……她很快地说：“我想就是他。去跟船长打听一下吧。可要多加小心，别叫这个小子又回来吃咱们！”

这两次截然不同的语言，形象地透露出在“母亲”心目中，于勒是好是坏，该亲该疏完全取决于有钱没钱，准确地刻划了“母亲”自私、冷酷、唯利是图的心理特征。

四、环境衬托法

清代学者王国维说过：“一切景话皆情语。”文学作品中的环境和景物的描写总是为刻划人物，反映主题服务的。因此，特定的环境和景物描写往往能折射出人物特定的心态。譬如在《社戏》中，鲁迅先生是这样通过景物描写来衬托“我”去看戏途中的心理的：

两岸的豆麦和河底的水草所发散出来的清香，夹杂在水气中扑面吹来；月色便朦胧在这水气里。淡黑的起伏的连山，仿佛是踊跃的铁的兽脊似的。都远远地向船尾跑去了……渐望见依稀的赵庄，而且似乎听到了歌吹了，还有几点火，……也许是渔火。

这段文字，作者从视觉、嗅觉、触觉、听觉等方面着笔，对田地里碧绿的豆麦、水中朦胧的月色、淡黑的起伏的连山、星星点点的渔火、豆麦和水草的清香、宛转悠扬的歌吹作了尽情的描写，充满了诗情画意，形象地衬托出了“我”与小伙伴们去看戏途中那种欢快而迫切的心情。

值得注意的是神态、行动、语言等描写，有时并不是截然分开的，常常融为一体，以揭示人物复杂的内心世界。其次，要力求使所描写的神态、行动、语言等符合特定情景中的人物的心态，不能为描写而描写。第三，要强调描写的真实性。唯有真实才能透露出人物内心的秘密，才能打动读者。