中考英语作文写作技巧ppt(20篇)

当人们读到一则材料，一篇文章或一本书，往往会由此及彼地联想到生活中的许多人和事，而产生一些感触、联想和体会，把这些感受行之于文，便是读后感。以下是小编给大家整理的读后感的具体写作技巧的内容，欢迎大家查看。

读后感写作训练是把范文讲读和写作训练两个环节结合起来，对学生进行阅读和写作综合训练的一个重要途径。

首先，读是基础。读后感包括“读和感”两个部分。“读”是“感”的基础，“感”因“读”而触发，没有“读”也就无所谓“感”，所以读和感要求首先要精读原作，准确全面地把握原作写作意图和文章所蕴含的思想意义，然后在此基础上对原作恰当的引述。为下面的“感”酝酿情感，使“感”有坚定的基础，这样不但有助于立论的确立，而且本身就是为立论服务的一个有力的论据。离开了对原文思想核心的理解和掌握，读后感就成了空中楼阁，而缺乏高度的语言组织和概括能力，写作时往往陷入对原文冗长的复述而喧宾夺主，对原文照抄照搬，面面俱到，则是学生写读后感的通病

其次，感是核心。这里的感，既不是离开原文的空发议论，也不是对原作内容的简单重复，而是作者在原作思想观念的启迪下产生的新的观念，是心灵的闪光，是认识的飞跃。一般地说，读后感的“感”有两种情况。一种情况是通过对原文思想的进一步阐发，来表现作者认识的深化。例如第四册课本中的练习，对何其芳《我为少男少女们歌唱》这首诗写读后感，就只要引原作要旨并加以阐发。另一种情况是作者在原作思想内容的基础上生发出来的新的观点。例如《多好的草地也会有瘦马》一文反映的是实际生活中哲理性的现象。从本文体现的普遍原理出发，可以获得关于人才问题的新的认识。即优越的条件能为人们创造更多的成才机会，良好的环境也必将对一个人的成才产生不可忽视的影响。但是如果不努力，对良好的环境不加以利用，客观条件再好，又有什么用呢?因此，不论是对原作思想内容的进一步阐释，还是在原作思想内容的基础上产生新的观念，都必须体现作者认识的进一步提高和深化，力求新颖别致，切忌蜻蜓点水，不深不透，这样才算真有所感，感到了实处。

再次，联系实际是关键。读后感既要从原文出发，但又不能局限于原文就事论事，而要联系自己、他人、社会的实际，有的放矢，展开联想，深入挖掘，写出“感受”的普遍意义来。因为读后感的生命在于“联系实际，有感而发”。所谓联系实际，一般包含两方面内容，一是联系现实生活中与材料有内在联系的人和事，以此来作比较、对照。二是要结合自身生活经历中一些有代表意义并所供材料联系紧密的生动事例。通过丰富的联想，引用古今中外能证明论点的事例或富有哲理的理论论据，既可充实文章内容，也可深化中心论点，加强文章的说服力。所以从本质上讲，读后感的写作过程，就是作者以原作的主题为指导，分析研究实际问题后，将获得的新的观念用文字表达出来的思维过程。

为了进一步说明读后感的特征，将读后感与一般议论文加以比较。读后感是议论文的一种。和一般议论文一样，它们都是表达作者对于客观事物的认识的。它们都是作者以已往的知识积累为前提，来分析和解决实际问题，从而得出对于客观事物的一般性结论的。对于一般议论文来说，作者认识某一客观对象时的知识前提，在作者大脑中是浑然一体的，缺乏专一性和单指性，而读后感的作者在认识某一客观对象时，离不开知识和生活经验的积累，但知识和生活材料之间似乎还缺少一个契机，还没有形成一个凝聚点，原作则对于作者起了一种启迪作用，是作者认识深化的动因，由于这种启迪，才使作者以往的知识聚集在一个焦点上，使某一客观对象的本质为作者所把握，从而产生新的飞跃。

那么，读后感的结构应是怎样的呢?它可用“引——议——联——结”四个字加以概括。

“引”就是用叙述的方法转引材料：或引观点。或引有关内容。但“引”不是照抄。而应该用概括的语言把所需材料简明扼要地引述出来。

“议”就是以所引原作的思想观念为基点生发开去发表议论。在叙述结束时，用一两句话点明原作所包含的中心，使文章中心明确，观点鲜明，为统率下文所展开的丰富联想。

“联”就是在原文基础上，结合社会生活的实际来谈，或者把有内在联系的人和事作比较，使发表的感想有较强的针对性和现实感。

“结”就是对全文的题旨有所归纳或总结，或强调中心，或提出希望，或表明态度等。

除“结”之外，其余部分的次序可根据具体情况灵活变动。

读后感写作其实并不难，只要坚持经常练笔，积极思考，认真积累写作材料;关心生活，观察生活;同时学一些写作理论，掌的一些程式，肯定会使自己的文章异彩纷呈。

导语：善长于沟通的管理者，也可能善长于掩饰真正的问题。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的有关沟通的中考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、道理论据：

1、做一个好听众，鼓励别人说说他们自己。——戴尔·卡耐基

2、最理想的朋友，是气质上互相倾慕，心灵上互相沟通，世界观上互相合拍，事业上目标一致的人。——周汉晖

3、只要有可能，资料应该从发送者直接传递给接收者。——当劳L.柯克派崔克

4、在太空时代，最重要的空间是存在于耳朵与耳朵之间。——汤玛斯J·巴楼

5、在交谈中，判断比雄辩更重要。——格拉西安

6、愈坏的消息，应该用愈多的气力沟通它。——安德鲁S.葛洛夫

7、与人交谈一次，往往比多年闭门劳作更能启发心智。思想必定是在与人交往中产生，而在孤独中进行加工和表达。 ——列夫·托尔斯泰

8、有许多隐藏在心中的秘密都是通过眼睛被泄露出来的，而不是通过嘴巴。——爱默生

9、有效的沟通取决於沟通者对话题的充分掌握，而非措词的甜美---葛洛夫

10、有时你必须保持沉默，以便令人听到你的话语。——史丹尼斯罗J.列克

11、一个人必须知道该说什么， 一个人必须知道什么时候说， 一个人必须知道对谁说， 一个人必须知道怎么说。——现代管理之父德鲁克

12、一场争论可能是两个心灵之间的捷径。——哈·纪伯伦

二、事实论据：

1、日本的礼貌训练学校。日本兴办了一种新的学校——礼貌训练学校。许多公司把他们的新雇员，尤其是年轻的女职员派到这里来受训，学习如何对不同的采用不同的的敬语，如何接受名片，如何保持优雅物坐姿，如何礼貌以欢送客人等。他们聘请担任这些课程的教师是日本航空公司退役的空中小姐。

2、吴起言必信。战国时著名的军事家吴起，为人极守信用。有一天，他遇见老朋友，约请他到家里吃饭，并说：“我等你一起吃。”结果，一直到晚上朋友也没有来，吴起就一直饿着肚子等着。第二天，他派人把朋友请了来，才和他一起吃了饭。吴起守信到这种程度，这大概就是他能统率好千军万马的原因。

3、微笑和妙语化解发矛盾。公共汽车上曾发生过这样一件事：司机骤然刹车，一位男青年立足不稳，身体前倾拥靠到一位妙龄少女身上。尽管男青年微笑着表示歉意，姑娘还是杏眼圆睁，怒气气冲冲地斥责他：“德性能”眼看一场争吵就要发生，全车人都盯着他俩。谁知男青年并不动气，仍微笑着答道：“不是德性，是惯性。”乘客们爆发出一阵笑声，连姑娘也情不自禁地笑了。

​

很多的考试在中考写作文的时候都会跑题的，下面是小编整理的2017年中考作文技巧：作文如何扣题，欢迎阅读。

很多学生写作失误的原因即是跑题，而跑题非常重要的表现之一又是文章中没有任何一处文字起到了点题的作文。从这个意义上来说，实际上，文章当中是否有一些好的点题文字能够看出学生自己对作文材料及主旨的理解程度。因为只有真正能够把握住自己的立意，才能把题点好。

所以在写作打腹稿的时候不妨先想想能不能用本文所提到的“造句法”在文章首尾段点点题，如果可以的话，通常情况下，这个材料是可以使用的。而如果打腹稿的时候发现材料无法如此点题，基本情况下，这个材料的闪光点连你自己都还没挖掘出来，那么选择这个材料作文的时候就需要对其主题再进行深挖，或者换一个材料了。

所谓的“造句法”，即写一个句子充当开头和结尾，这句子的内容应该包含三个部分：作文题的关键词，主要内容的关键词(即作文中写的那件事)，主旨的关键词。

比如2011年北京中考满分作文之一《日积月累》的开头：友谊如清风，驱散我心中的忧愁;友谊如高山，保护我那弱小的心灵;友谊如帆船，载着我乘风破浪!而这真挚的友谊只有在日积月累的坦诚相见，真诚相助中练就。

这篇文章的主题是“友谊在日积月累中加深，练就”，材料是“同学期中考试帮助我”，即“互助”，而标题则是《日积月累》，而这个开头就非常准确的扣住了三个关键词“友谊”“日积月累”“真诚互助”，这样的点题就非常好，其材料也肯定就是围绕着主题来写的了。

这篇文章的倒数两段也是如此：“在这段小李帮助我奋战的日子，我对学习由沮丧自卑，逐渐有了收获，直到信心满满;我与小李的交情也在点点滴滴的日积月累中逐渐加深，越来越浓。”

“友谊是永不落山的太阳。请伸出真诚互助的手，让友情温暖你我的心田，滋润你我的灵魂吧!”这个结尾也是紧紧扣住了三个关键词“日积月累”“我与小李的友谊”“朋友之间的帮助”。算是一个“豹尾”。

再如另一篇2010年济南中考满分作文《几分温暖在心头》的结尾：“头发梳梳，在成长的轨迹上，我始终滑不出母亲浓浓的爱。这份爱，无论何时想起，都会有几分温暖在心头!”

这篇作文的主题是“母爱让人感觉温暖”，材料是“母亲和我互相梳头”，标题是“几分温暖在心头”。这个结尾也非常巧妙的将这三部分内容放在了结尾当中。

很多学生，尤其是初一学生，都不知道考场作文该如何点题，那么，希望这篇文章能够对大家有所帮助。

导语：站在家乡的大山顶上，远远的把家乡丢在脚下。俯看自己的家，似大山里的一颗痣。高远而湛蓝的天空，在群山的狭隘里左冲直撞，才在家乡的平地里挤出一片空地来，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.在家乡的村子里，那是一段凉爽宜人的日子描写家乡的优美段落描写家乡的优美段落。我乘着亚热带的季风，避开县城闷热的天气，从五岁的稚童成长为十岁的女孩，而家乡是我一切依恋寄托的地方。冬天田野上略显肃杀的风，春天涓涓的溪水和粉红雪白的桃花，夏天荷塘里面或红或白的莲，秋天成片成片的金黄稻谷……笑声回荡在那个小小的坝子里，没有都市的繁华，没有山野的荒凉。

2.我之所以喜欢回到故乡，就是因为在这里，我的眼睛、心灵与双足都有理想的漫步之处。从我的居室到达我所描述的风景点，只需三五分钟。我通常选择黄昏的时候去散步。去的时候是由北向南，或走堤坝，或沿着河岸行走。如果在堤坝上行走，就会遇见赶着羊群归家的老汉，那些羊在堤坝的慢坡上边走边啃噬青草，仍是不忍归栏的样子。我还常看见一个放鸭归来的老婆婆，她那一群黑鸭子，是由两只大白鹅领路的。大白鹅高昂着脖子，很骄傲地走在最前面，而那众多的黑鸭子，则低眉顺眼地跟在后面。比之堤坝，我更喜欢沿着河岸漫步，我喜欢河水中那漫卷的夕照。夕阳最美的落脚点，就是河面了。进了水中的夕阳比夕阳本身还要辉煌。

3.我的家乡可美丽、漂亮了。春天，一棵棵挂花树开花了，一阵阵清香飘荡在家旁，只要一走出家门就能闻到桂花的清香。桂花还可以做茶叶，在树上，把它一朵又一朵的摘下来，在炎热的天气里晒上几天再把它放在瓶子里放上五六个月，就可以泡茶了。夏天，荷叶在小河中长着，花开了红红的花瓣展开，里面有像碗一样的东西，碗里放着一颗颗可以吃的小圆圆。秋天，一棵一棵的果树结果子了，有橘子、橙子……那橙子又大又黄，而且还很甜，橘子也一样好吃美丽。最美的就是冬天了，雪花空中飘荡，到了中午，伙伴们在地上堆雪人、打雪仗等。你们看，这就是我美丽的家乡。

4.凰山，春来新绿遍野，如雾如烟，那可人的绿色呼之欲出，象要流淌一般，百卉千芳，竞相争妍，蜂来蝶舞，往来翩跹。盛开的杜鹃花如跳动的火焰，掩映在苍松翠柏之间，鸟语花香。曲径通幽处百泉涌生，泉挂石岩之上，成瀑布清流，虽不声势浩大轰然壮观，却灵动富有诗意，别有韵致。骄阳烈日下挣脱山岩的怀抱，带着清凉带着清新，不急不缓地，似流淌似飘落，如草原上热情的洁白的哈达欢迎八方来客，向你舞动着好似是欢迎您的到来，让人感觉格外的亲切!

5.第一声蛙鸣开始的的时候，夏天就急匆匆的来了，天渐渐热起来。夏收时，满树的桃子，杏子，李子，桑葚…。都熟了，这是夏大哥给我们的礼物。夏收过后，我们这里的田野尽是水，插满了秧苗，到处都是水的世界。天热的说话，大人们提着网兜到河里捞鱼，小孩们则三三两两的在清澈的浅水河里游泳、摸虾，总能给自个的餐桌添上美味的佳肴。暑假里我们小朋友们经常躺在大树荫里纳凉，听着树枝谁知了的歌唱;大人们下棋、聊天。最享受的是到瓜田里摘几个大大的西瓜来，切开来大家分享，那沙红沙红的瓤里夹着几粒瓜子，流着鲜红的汁水。你咬上一口顿时那清凉、甜润的汁水使你常常一口没啃完就啃第二口，或到瓜田里捡发黄或发白甜瓜，弹弹响声清脆的，闻着散发出香气的，搞几个洗净去皮后享用，那种爽意别提多美了。

6.家乡的晨曦躲在一片远山中，从密密的山路一直飘到了沉睡的荒地上。它唤起了石桥上的尘埃，它驱散了一夜的静谧，它的云雾弥漫在隐约的纱衣下，绽放出了羞涩的微笑。在这片微笑下，我看不到闪烁的霓虹灯，听不到车水马龙的喧哗。这里是那么清宁、清静与恬静。井台咯吱咯吱地呻吟，牛羊脖子上的铃铛叮当作响，田野沟壑梯梯坎坎纵横交错，如家乡老人饱经风霜的脸。

7.景随路转，我们走到了一条小溪旁，溪水打在石头上，奏出了一首动听的乐曲。最让人吃惊的是溪边路旁的那一望无际的野菊花，一丛丛，一簇簇，挨挨挤挤，仰着黄色的小脸，向着春风点头，向着天空微笑。一群群蝴蝶在花间翩翩起舞，分享着这场花的盛宴。我和表弟表妹情不自禁地停下来扑蝴蝶，蝴蝶没捉到，却随着蝴蝶的舞姿追了很远。

8.已有三年没能踏上那片土地，但我离家乡并不远，起码比起王荆公那“钟山只隔数重山”的境遇要好得多。但我想起家乡的春天却又不觉叹息了。犹记得家乡的早春，拥有温暖的春风，几处早花刚刚绽放，无故显得娇嫩，正像那家乡的少女，娇柔、美丽却不失优雅，而一丝快乐也随春风萦绕在每个人身边。在我心中家乡的早春是惬意的。只可惜转眼间，我已站在这城市喧闹的街头，没有家乡的花与风，闭上眼睛，能觉察到的只是那寂寞的早春所带来的阵阵清寒。这个城市的早春是寂寞的。

9.家乡的云软绵绵的，尽管我没有真正的触摸过他，可我的心早已与家乡取得了永远的沟通，我可以感觉到，在我忧伤时，它可以温柔的抚摸我的心，让我把烦恼抛开，在我快乐时，她又悄悄降临到我的心上，与我分享无尽的喜悦。我永远也不能忘记她，因为是她给予了我无限的关怀，为我带来了新鲜的期待。

10.“迷人的粉墙黛瓦、小桥流水”这便是对家乡晚春最恰当形容。家乡的晚春，最迷人的不再只是花。展望苍穹那无尽的宽广，湛蓝的色泽，白皙的光亮，看那调皮的燕子，轻盈地掠过平静的湖面，引起层层涟漪。树上的嫩叶，宛然一个个忍俊不禁的笑脸。在金色的琴弦下，演奏着她们的生日宴会。一座古韵依旧的老城翼然眼帘，拾级而上，青山绿水，家乡之景，美不胜收。

11.每年回到家乡，我都喜欢到野外也看看。走在熟悉的田间小路上，看到那绿绿的红花草，黄黄的油菜花，闻到那久违的泥土的芬芳，感到又回到了儿时的我。地还是那块地，人还是那个人，也许多年的不在一起，各自的的生活方式的不同，感到说的话好像不在一个层次里。虽然如此，但每次回到家乡，总有一种熟悉的感觉，总能看到一些不同的变化，或许就是喊了好久的社会主义新农村带来的点缀吧。

12.“迷人的粉墙黛瓦、小桥流水”这便是对家乡晚春最恰当形容。家乡的晚春，最迷人的不再只是花。展望苍穹那无尽的宽广，湛蓝的色泽，白皙的光亮，看那调皮的燕子，轻盈地掠过平静的湖面，引起层层涟漪。树上的嫩叶，宛然一个个忍俊不禁的笑脸。在金色的琴弦下，演奏着她们的生日宴会。一座古韵依旧的老城翼然眼帘，拾级而上，青山绿水，家乡之景，美不胜收。

13.家乡的秋雨像姑娘手中的绣花线，上上下下不得空闲的翻飞，一会儿绣出了柿子树上的红灯笼，一会儿绣出了地里的金地毯，一会儿不知怎么的又绕到了橘树上，于是绿枝上便挂上了明黄的绣球。家乡的秋雨虽说是姑娘的眼泪，可也并不撒娇任性。一阵雨过后，仿佛友人向她道了歉似的，这不她一抹脸，天还是湛蓝的天，太阳还是欢喜的太阳。

14.家乡的土地是肥沃的，听前辈们说，北大荒以前是一个富饶、很有知名度的地带，所有的人都愿奔往这里来，而我就是那幸福的一个。每当我遥望家乡的土地时，我想起那万古长青的松柏，烟雨似的柳条在路旁英姿飒爽;我想起红布似的高粱，金黄的豆粒，黑玉的眼睛，带着松香气味的煤块，带着万里沙尘的狂风迎面袭来??

15.家乡是多山多林的地方。站在远处看家乡，涌进眼中的尽是郁郁葱葱的树林，树叶间不时探出几个屋檐或浮出一些瓦片，让人晓得那里头还有户人家。林间的青石板路上不时响起牛的得得蹄声，偶尔清风传递过来一两声潮湿的鼻音：“嗯――啊!”家乡蕴有古老的风韵。

16.美丽的大自然，是一道波澜壮阔的风景。从阿尔卑斯山上无暇的白雪，到爱琴海上明媚的阳光，从西伯利亚的广袤无垠的森林，到得克萨斯州一望无际的平原。构成一幅幅美丽的画卷，在美丽大自然上展开。

17.我的家乡风景如画。树木苍翠，鲜花盛开，人们自由自在地休憩、游戏;开车行驶在滨河大道上，一幅美丽的图画就在你的眼前铺开，真的是车在路上走人在画中游。我爱你我的家乡!!

18.我的家乡风景优美.空气格外清新。春天，小草从大地妈妈的怀抱中探出嫩绿的小脑袋。被风一吹，它们就像喝醉的小伙子一样。在小草的旁边种着许许多多的花：茉莉花、菊花、夜来香等等。其中最美丽的就是夜来香。夜来香的叶子翠绿欲滴，形状还想爱心桃似的，不仔细看，还以为叶子破了洞呢!夜来香刚长出来的花骨朵儿，样子像小花生似的，十分可爱!黄色的小花渐渐展开了笑脸。风姑娘用她那轻飘的衣袖拂过，夜来香们摆动着柔软的身躯，随风舞动，是那么美丽，是那么自然啊!

19.第一声蛙鸣开始的的时候，夏天就急匆匆的来了，天渐渐热起来。夏收时，满树的桃子，杏子，李子，桑葚?。都熟了，这是夏大哥给我们的礼物。夏收过后，我们这里的田野尽是水，插满了秧苗，到处都是水的世界。天热的说话，大人们提着网兜到河里捞鱼，小孩们则三三两两的在清澈的浅水河里游泳、摸虾，总能给自个的餐桌添上美味的佳肴。暑假里我们小朋友们经常躺在大树荫里纳凉，听着树枝谁知了的歌唱;大人们下棋、聊天。最享受的是到瓜田里摘几个大大的西瓜来，切开来大家分享，那沙红沙红的瓤里夹着几粒瓜子，流着鲜红的汁水。你咬上一口顿时那清凉、甜润的汁水使你常常一口没啃完就啃第二口，或到瓜田里捡发黄或发白甜瓜，弹弹响声清脆的，闻着散发出香气的，搞几个洗净去皮后享用，那种爽意别提多美了。

20.家乡的云软绵绵的，尽管我没有真正的触摸过他，可我的心早已与家乡取得了永远的沟通，我可以感觉到，在我忧伤时，它可以温柔的抚摸我的心，让我把烦恼抛开，在我快乐时，她又悄悄降临到我的心上，与我分享无尽的喜悦。我永远也不能忘记她，因为是她给予了我无限的关怀，为我带来了新鲜的期待。

21.家乡的秋雨像姑娘手中的绣花线，上上下下不得空闲的翻飞。一会儿绣出了柿子树上的红灯笼，一会儿绣出了地里的金地毯，一会儿不知怎么的又绕到了橘树上，于是绿枝上便挂上了明黄的绣球。家乡的秋雨虽说是姑娘的眼泪，可也并不撒娇任性。一阵雨过后，仿佛友人向她道了歉似的，这不她一抹脸，天还是湛蓝的天，太阳还是欢喜的太阳。

22.小的时候，每次回到家乡，总是老远就看到那条密密的林荫小道，雾气朦胧的清晨，父亲骑着车，载着我在小道上穿梭，我伸出小手，轻轻掠过树梢，冰冰的雾气沾湿我的指尖，深吸一口气，家乡那淡淡的土香混着湿湿的水气钻进我的喉咙，凉透我的心田。屋后的那棵桂花树总是在淡淡的放着清香，等到八月一过，它便绽放出一张张金灿灿的笑脸，静静的把醉人的香气送到千家万户，于是整个家乡都如痴如醉，如梦如幻……

23.大雁南飞，秋天已到，在这收获的季节里，我们也跑到了山上，不为别的，就为了吃到山上的野果子，采到野蘑菇，虽然大地会慢慢失去往日的风采，但我们都很开心，因为我们得到了大地的恩赐与奖赏。

24.瞧!西湖旁，似金的落叶铺成的小道上，行人纷纷停下脚步，倾听着，秋姑娘那优美的歌声;凝视着秋天的图画。迎面扑来的阵阵秋风，不时掺杂着丝丝桂花的清香、菊花的清香和秋天的清香。

25.春天的时候，荷叶从淤泥中探出头来，尖尖的小头刚伸出水面，就惹来蜻蜓驻足于上。那丛小小的竹笋突破泥土的障碍，向着父辈的头顶拼命生长，沐浴着温暖的阳光。

26.我站在桥上向南边极目远望，河水像镜子一样清澈，近的地方还能看到小鱼儿。河的两侧有一排排整齐的花草树木，一直通向碧水蓝天相接的地方。北面的河面真是风平浪静、美不胜收：左面是当湖公园,偶尔还能听见孔雀叫;右面是绿树成阴的丛林和一座座气派的小别墅。东边是一排排即将拆迁的农民房和刚造好的自然水厂。向西望去，马路很宽阔，一直向前延伸，右边的绿化带更是散步的好去处。

27.凰山，春来新绿遍野，如雾如烟，那可人的绿色呼之欲出，象要流淌一般，百卉千芳，竞相争妍，蜂来蝶舞，往来翩跹。盛开的杜鹃花如跳动的火焰，掩映在苍松翠柏之间，鸟语花香。曲径通幽处百泉涌生，泉挂石岩之上，成瀑布清流，虽不声势浩大轰然壮观，却灵动富有诗意，别有韵致。骄阳烈日下挣脱山岩的怀抱，带着清凉带着清新，不急不缓地，似流淌似飘落，如草原上热情的洁白的哈达欢迎八方来客，向你舞动着好似是欢迎您的到来，让人感觉格外的亲切!

28.家乡的晨曦躲在一片远山中，从密密的山路一直飘到了沉睡的荒地上。它唤起了石桥上的尘埃，它驱散了一夜的静谧，它的云雾弥漫在隐约的纱衣下，绽放出了羞涩的微笑。在这片微笑下，我看不到闪烁的霓虹灯，听不到车水马龙的喧哗。这里是那么清宁、清静与恬静。井台咯吱咯吱地呻吟，牛羊脖子上的铃铛叮当作响，田野沟壑梯梯坎坎纵横交错，如家乡老人饱经风霜的脸。

29.那村后的一座山，门前的一条溪，那山上的竹林，溪中的游鱼，莫不是这山清水秀的家乡灵气。还有什么能比一辈子都能做一个家乡人更令人奢望的呢?若是一个归家的游子，踏上那松软的泥土，好似躲入家乡的怀抱，温文尔雅。耳边那熟悉的狗吠鸟鸣，也能让心再坚的汉子泪落三尺。那些憋了太久的苦闷，家乡终能为我们分忧。

30.啊!家乡呀，你是多么美丽呀!你这汩汩的河流，丁冬丁冬的多好听呀!你这飞流的瀑布，打在岩石上，飞出的浪花多美丽呀!你这清凉的山泉，像捧出一面镜子似的，好像在给我梳妆呢!你这圆圆的白云，把原来蓝蓝的天空，变得更加的湛蓝了!

31.花园的前面是一片湖，湖水清澈明净。里面有鱼儿畅游，偶尔还会跳出水面，像在跟游人嬉戏。要是有游人乘坐汽艇观光，就打破了湖面的平静，后面溅起一朵朵白色的浪花。 湖岸有长长的大桥，可以在上面闲庭信步，与游伴漫步谈心，惬意极了! 走过桥，拾级而上，就到了半山腰的凉亭，凉亭里面有个圆形的石桌和四个小石凳，游人可以在上面休息，下棋打牌……山上树木郁郁葱葱，不时传来鸟儿婉转的歌唱，动听极了!

32.家乡是多山多林的地方。站在远处看家乡，涌进眼中的尽是郁郁葱葱的树林，树叶间不时探出几个屋檐或浮出一些瓦片，让人晓得那里头还有户人家。林间的青石板路上不时响起牛的得得蹄声，偶尔清风传递过来一两声潮湿的鼻音：“嗯――啊!”家乡蕴有古老的风韵。

33.林中的那棵黄桷树从我的记忆中浮现出来，还是一样的挺拔，不一样的是多了道道历史的沟纹，多了少许时间的沧桑。儿时的我总想爬上它的树顶，但惧怕大众的责骂。现在我已经放弃了这种想法。我想，让它成为我心中对家乡敬仰的化身吧!

34.这里的清晨没有雾气的“笼罩”，也就不像江南如“水墨画”般温润，但在这干燥的晨曦中，仍“隐约”感觉的到她妩媚。透过柳枝，明媚的阳光“摇曳生辉”，阳光照的一切都那么清晰，“令人目眩”，连花叶捧着的露珠都那么“晶莹”，“璀璨”的如水晶一般。未消散的睡意“朦胧”，恍惚间，仿佛来到了“童话”中的“梦幻”之境，想象真是美妙的东西，让世界“瞬息万变”。看着“华光四射”的太阳，又一个充满“诗意”的早晨即将开始。

35.家乡的云软绵绵的，尽管我没有真正的触摸过他，可我的心早已与家乡取得了永远的沟通，我可以感觉到，在我忧伤时，它可以温柔的抚摸我的心，让我把烦恼抛开，在我快乐时，她又悄悄降临到我的心上，与我分享无尽的喜悦。我永远也不能忘记她，因为是她给予了我无限的关怀，为我带来了新鲜的期待。

36.琼花为扬州市花，自古以来有“维扬一株花，四海无同类”的美誉。琼花看起来典雅清纯。其花大如玉盆，由八朵五瓣大花围成一周，环绕着中间那颗白色的珍珠似的小花，簇拥着一团蝴蝶似的花蕊，微风吹拂之下，轻轻摇曳，宛若蝴蝶戏珠。如雪球般的花朵缀满枝丫，香味扑鼻，令人为之神往。

37.家乡的晨曦躲在一片远山中，从密密的山路一直飘到了沉睡的荒地上。它唤起了石桥上的尘埃，它驱散了一夜的静谧，它的云雾弥漫在隐约的纱衣下，绽放出了羞涩的微笑。在这片微笑下，我看不到闪烁的霓虹灯，听不到车水马龙的喧哗。这里是那么清宁、清静与恬静。井台咯吱咯吱地呻吟，牛羊脖子上的铃铛叮当作响，田野沟壑梯梯坎坎纵横交错，如家乡老人饱经风霜的脸。

38.每次回家乡，都有一张张笑脸对着你绽放，邻居门前的大黄狗总是把尾巴翘的老高老高，走在离老家门口不远的小路上，抬起头，家门口爷爷奶奶早已笑盈盈地站在了石阶上，每每这时，心里便忍不住涌上一股想回家的冲动，暖暖地在全身散开起来……和大哥哥们一起打弹子，他们总是让我，于是每次回家，我的口袋都是鼓鼓的，发出叮叮当当的好听的音乐声。

39.那涤荡着心灵的一丝寒风，扫拂了城市的喧嚣，伴予着的不再是无休止的动律，而是一种只能在回忆中找寻的静谧。我带着心中的那种期盼，在这丝丝静谧融洽着的“梦境”中奔跑着，心中的“火热”并没有打破这独有的幽静。深深允吸这饱含新鲜的空气，一种静便在心中涤荡着描写家乡的优美段落描写家乡的优美段落。在奔跑中眺望着，想看看有没有到达心中的那片原野。可什么也望不着，仿佛被什么笼罩着……这才恍然大悟，原来“当局者迷”。置身于这家乡之美中，却恍然不知，必是这美，这景就已扣人心弦，使人痴醉了吧!

40.屋前屋后的小河总是静静的流着，两岸的水草随着微风轻轻地摆动，一到夜前午后便热闹起来，笑声，吆喝声在河边也荡漾开来，门前那小土路总是混漉漉的，好久都干不了。清晨打开屋门，雾气一下子涌进屋，整个家乡就成了一幅淡淡的水墨画，朦胧得甚至可以把你的心也一起融化了，等到阳光慢慢拨开雾气，树叶上便落了一层水珠，又是一个水灵灵的家乡。

41.家乡的秋雨像姑娘手中的绣花线，上上下下不得空闲的翻飞。一会儿绣出了柿子树上的红灯笼，一会儿绣出了地里的金地毯，一会儿不知怎么的又绕到了橘树上，于是绿枝上便挂上了明黄的绣球。家乡的秋雨虽说是姑娘的眼泪，可也并不撒娇任性。一阵雨过后，仿佛友人向她道了歉似的，这不她一抹脸，天还是湛蓝的天，太阳还是欢喜的太阳。

42.龙凤山，山环水抱，山水相依，青山映于绿水，绿水环着青山，相映成趣。水面如湖宽广又如江之浩荡，波光鳞鳞，闪闪烁烁，使人相见顿时清清爽爽，心旷神怡。这潺潺流淌的清凉哺育着万亩良田，浇灌出稻花飘香，收获着滚滚金色的稻浪。水下又是各类鱼虾的水府洞天，鱼肥水美，一年四季取之不尽，这不是正是富有所在吗!

43.家乡的土地是肥沃的，听前辈们说，北大荒以前是一个富饶、很有知名度的地带，所有的人都愿奔往这里来，而我就是那幸福的一个。每当我遥望家乡的土地时，我想起那万古长青的松柏，烟雨似的柳条在路旁英姿飒爽;我想起红布似的高粱，金黄的豆粒，黑玉的眼睛，带着松香气味的煤块，带着万里沙尘的狂风迎面袭来……

44.秋天的美是成熟的——它不像春那么羞涩，夏那么袒露，冬那么内向。秋霜是它重要代表物，许多诗人都将笔墨花在描写秋霜或秋景上，以表达内心深处的深深思念和孤独的情怀。

45.秋天很美，美在于清澈。一条条纵横交错的小溪唱着歌、跳着舞，缓缓流过。秋天很麦，美在于景色。一片片颜色不一、形状多样的树叶从树枝上飘落下来，轻轻地拍打着大地妈妈那细嫩的皮肤。

46.家乡是多山多林的地方。站在远处看家乡，涌进眼中的尽是郁郁葱葱的树林，树叶间不时探出几个屋檐或浮出一些瓦片，让人晓得那里头还有户人家。林间的青石板路上不时响起牛的得得蹄声，偶尔清风传递过来一两声潮湿的鼻音：“嗯――啊!”家乡蕴有古老的风韵。

47.家乡的山山水水美不胜举，我不是画家，无法用画笔勾勒，描绘、渲染出这山水的真实和美好。我不是诗人，无法用准确、生动、美妙的语言去描写去赞誉它!我纵然是摄影师，也无法用快门儿来记录下处处充满的美好，时时变换的景致。但我是五常人，这些美好让我感受至深，那山水间的朴实，厚重、纯朴和美好就象我家乡的人们，我怎能不爱我的家乡!我怎能不为我的家乡建设，发热发光，再创辉煌!

48.璀璨的万家灯火，映照着天边的星光，如霜般的月色。构成了一幅世间难以媲美的光的美景。公园里偶尔传出一声声的鸟儿嬉戏打闹的欢笑声，但是他们就像独行的游侠，害羞的姑娘，以至于我总是无缘见到他们。公路两旁散发出来的鲜花绿草的芳香，在夜晚的柔风里，倍使人心旷神怡。古人常说，“芳草萋萋侵故道”是一种美;那么，家乡的“绿树成荫绕新径”有难道不是一种美吗?七彩的霓虹灯，把一排排的绿树，装点成一片色彩的海洋!灯光，星光，月光;鲜花，芳草，绿树……这经人工的雕琢的自然之物，相映成趣，相得益彰，把家乡的夜晚装扮得更加美丽，更加漂亮!

49.林中的那棵黄桷树从我的记忆中浮现出来，还是一样的挺拔，不一样的是多了道道历史的沟纹，多了少许时间的沧桑。儿时的我总想爬上它的树顶，但惧怕大众的责骂。现在我已经放弃了这种想法。我想，让它成为我心中对家乡敬仰的化身吧!

50.站在家乡的大山顶上，远远的把家乡丢在脚下。俯看自己的家，似大山里的一颗痣。高远而湛蓝的天空，在群山的狭隘里左冲直撞，才在家乡的平地里挤出一片空地来，那时的家乡，是多么的微小，山与水和谐地同处在蔚蓝色的天空下，那才是一种至少的美。家乡因为有了它们才显得更加美。但如果他们缺了家乡，那才叫美中不足呢!

51.家乡的土地是肥沃的，听前辈们说，北大荒以前是一个富饶、很有知名度的地带，所有的人都愿奔往这里来，而我就是那幸福的一个。每当我遥望家乡的土地时，我想起那万古长青的松柏，烟雨似的柳条在路旁英姿飒爽;我想起红布似的高粱，金黄的豆粒，黑玉的眼睛，带着松香气味的煤块，带着万里沙尘的狂风迎面袭来……

52.凰山，春来新绿遍野，如雾如烟，那可人的绿色呼之欲出，象要流淌一般，百卉千芳，竞相争妍，蜂来蝶舞，往来翩跹。盛开的杜鹃花如跳动的火焰，掩映在苍松翠柏之间，鸟语花香。曲径通幽处百泉涌生，泉挂石岩之上，成瀑布清流，虽不声势浩大轰然壮观，却灵动富有诗意，别有韵致。骄阳烈日下挣脱山岩的怀抱，带着清凉带着清新，不急不缓地，似流淌似飘落，如草原上热情的洁白的哈达欢迎八方来客，向你舞动着好似是欢迎您的到来，让人感觉格外的亲切!

53.第一声蛙鸣开始的的时候，夏天就急匆匆的来了，天渐渐热起来。夏收时，满树的桃子，杏子，李子，桑葚…。都熟了，这是夏大哥给我们的礼物。夏收过后，我们这里的田野尽是水，插满了秧苗，到处都是水的世界。天热的说话，大人们提着网兜到河里捞鱼，小孩们则三三两两的在清澈的浅水河里游泳、摸虾，总能给自个的餐桌添上美味的佳肴。暑假里我们小朋友们经常躺在大树荫里纳凉，听着树枝谁知了的歌唱;大人们下棋、聊天。最享受的是到瓜田里摘几个大大的西瓜来，切开来大家分享，那沙红沙红的瓤里夹着几粒瓜子，流着鲜红的汁水。你咬上一口顿时那清凉、甜润的汁水使你常常一口没啃完就啃第二口，或到瓜田里捡发黄或发白甜瓜，弹弹响声清脆的，闻着散发出香气的，搞几个洗净去皮后享用，那种爽意别提多美了。

54.璀璨的万家灯火，映照着天边的星光，如霜般的月色。构成了一幅世间难以媲美的光的美景。公园里偶尔传出一声声的鸟儿嬉戏打闹的欢笑声，但是他们就像独行的游侠，害羞的姑娘，以至于我总是无缘见到他们。公路两旁散发出来的鲜花绿草的芳香，在夜晚的柔风里，倍使人心旷神怡。古人常说，“芳草萋萋侵故道”是一种美;那么，家乡的“绿树成荫绕新径”有难道不是一种美吗?七彩的霓虹灯，把一排排的绿树，装点成一片色彩的海洋!灯光，星光，月光;鲜花，芳草，绿树??这经人工的雕琢的自然之物，相映成趣，相得益彰，把家乡的夜晚装扮得更加美丽，更加漂亮!

一. 心理

古人云，不战而屈人之兵，很大程度上取决于心理因素。随着四六级考试改革的深入，会有，更新，更难的题目，包括作文题目出现，这样就要求我们有处惊不变的能力。即使是出现某种没有预料到的题型，考生也应该及时调整心态、从容不迫地应答。事实上，历史经验证明：题目要求越是高，难度越是大，考生的发挥余地也就越大。挑战和机遇是成正相关的。

二. 评分

知己知彼，百战不怠。熟悉老师的评分习惯，对于考生正常、甚至是超常发挥自身水平也十分有益。正常情况下，阅卷老师要领会贯彻考试规定的评分原则，依照文章的结构和语言水平进行评分。然而，除此以外，有“两个基本点”我们也需要给予足够的重视——闪光点和语法点。在一篇出类拔萃的范文中，我们往往可以看到像提问法、谚语总结法、从句、并列句、理由段公式、理由词汇、路线句型、插入语、名词化、和被动语态等等闪光点;而在一篇低分例文中，基本的语言错误则多得数不胜数。

三. 休息

考试迫在眉睫时，同学们往往容易进入一种临考状态。这种状态比较突出的表现是夜不能寐。尤其是在专业课和全国四六级考试纷至沓来的时候，很多同学更是发扬连续作战的精神，通宵达旦，头悬梁、锥刺骨。其实这对于像四六级考试这样的高强度考试而言是有百害而无一益的。道理很简单，四六级考试对于一个学生来说，不仅是一次英语水平的综合测试，也是一种意志力、甚至是体力的考验。没有良好的休息作为后盾，考生很难笑到最后。所以，保证充足的睡眠是最基本也是首要的应试技巧。

四. 营养

无庸置疑，营养的摄入在最后关头也是异常重要的一环。在保证充分睡眠的同时，食物是另一个“工夫在诗外”的客观因素。尤其是参加四级考试的同学，早餐一定要定时定量，不可或缺。一般来说，类似奶酪苏这样的奶制品外加一杯热牛奶或者热巧克力已经足以提供整个半天考试所需的热量，当然，这也因人而异。有些体质虚弱的同学也可以考虑服用一些如西洋参、鸡精这样的营养品。不过，安眠药等有副作用的药物一定要慎用，否则过犹不及。

五. 审题

磨刀不误砍柴工。在落笔前花两三分钟时间进行构思，既有利于理清行文思路、也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。尤其是在应对图表类作文时，我们更是要看清图表，牢牢把握各个数据的变化和相互关系，才能够下笔。否则张冠李戴，即使文章本身再不同凡响、语惊四座，也只会竹篮打水、甚至起到适得其反的效果。

六. 卷面

对于像作文这样的主观题而言，考生与阅卷老师从来就犹如搏弈，无形中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的，首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师下意识地传达个人信息。用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快)、粗细(粗线条给人以安全感)，整齐划一的格式(段首或一律顶格或一律空两格)，明了的段落感(每段空一行)，清晰的字数感(一行以十字为宜)，工整的字迹都会给任何阅读者留下深刻的正面印象，从而使考生先发制人、取得先机。

七. 结构

有始有终、首尾照应，是任何一篇好文章的基本标准之一，也是两大评分原则之一。如果说广大考生已经给第一段以足够重视的话，那么是不是大多数考生都意识到了理由段的条理和最后一段的呼应在全文中所具有的不可忽视的地位了呢?其实，要写好理由段，我们只需要注意表示启承转合的衔接词即可。而要写好结尾，最好的方法莫过于温故而知新，回顾第一段的大致内容了。

八. 表达

言之无文，行而不远。语言作为评分原则中的基本要素之一，在四六级作文评分的整个过程中具有决定性作用。有评分老师甚至断言：“It is not what you say, it is the way that you say it.”(重要的并不在于考生写了些什么，而在于考生是怎么表达的。)虽然这种说法本身似乎有失偏颇，可是参加过国际标准化英语考试的同学应该也听说过那么一句话，叫做：“Give the monkey exactly what he wants.”(给阅卷老师最想要的。)，不是吗?譬如同样是描述数据，一些同学拘泥于图表本身，动辄按部就班地引用图表上现成的数字和年代，其实这都是图表作文的忌讳。聪明的同学引而不用，他们常喜欢用倍数、分数、小数、百分比、或者一些动词(double / triple / quadruple)来表现极端数据，动态数据以及他们的相异之处。

九. 检查

行百里者半九十。一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲、一再修改。然而，由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制，考生绝对需要慎重对待作文的检查和修改。这里，我不得不提考生检查作文时的三大“通病”，即，数字数、孤芳自赏、和做结构与内容上的修改。我们必须明确：考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到三个目的即可：1. 拼写正确，看文章中是否有汉字、多余符号、糊乱涂改、划线、和错别字;2. 搭配正确;和3. 语法正确，特别是人称、时态、和单复数的三一致。

鲁迅先生说过，世界上本没有路，走的人多了也就成了路。我们要善于在学习实践中发现、总结和运用规律，这样才能够在复习迎考的过程中事半功倍，百尺竿头、更进一步。路漫漫其修远兮，愿以此文抛砖引玉。

写作技巧在写作活动中的具有极其重要的作用。小编收集了2018年高考作文指导：如何训练写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或“手法”;对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及“艺术”美感的重要因素和“手段”;“人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺”作文人网 你也可以投稿，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;“蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则……因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以“拿来”，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧“操作训练”。清人唐彪写道：“谚云，‘读十篇不如做一篇’。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：‘文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。’信哉言乎!”多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的“概括化系统”，一个“自动化的”写作“行动方式”。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫“我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多”了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是“技能”阶段，一是“熟练”阶段。“技能”阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。“熟练”阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：“学诗当识活法。”“所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。”识得“活法”，并能运用“活法”是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

看图作文是据图画的内容进行联想，然后用语言归纳表达个完整的事件来。进行看图作文练习，既能培养观察与分析能力，又锻炼了想象乃至发明创造的能力。下面是小编为你带来的小学看图作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、观察仔细全面是看图作文的要点

无论一幅画或几幅图，要从头至尾反复看几遁，了解图中表达的主题中心思想是什么。比如《四季》， 给了春、夏、秋、冬4幅国，图中自然景物及人物着装的变换，表达了它的主题——大自然四季的变人们的着装及活动內容也在变化。

2、注意象征意义

大凡是看图作文，每一个画面(哪怕是极微小的图形)都不白给，其中往往都隐喻着情节、心理动态、人物关系等，因此，不能忽略画面一条围巾、一辆车、一扇窗戶， 哪怕是一滴汗、一张纸的作用。高难的看图作文，有时考的就是小物件的作用与象征意义。这就要求看图时认真分析此物此时此刻的作用，然后用文字直接或间接叙迹其表达的意思。

3、理出顺序是情节通畅的关键

看图不但要按事件、人物的先后、主次观察，还要按时空顺序去排列，然后组织情节。一轮朝阳， 一抹晚霞， 一条小溪，一阵细雨， 皆能暗示出早、晚、东、西、南、北、春、夏、秋、冬来。这样， 按事情发展顺序叙写，就顺理成章了。

4、展开想象的翅膀，使情节丰满

画面上给的东西毕竟是有限的，若只按给的条件叙写，可能三言两语就完事，文章既千瘪， 又平庸。因此，必须通过想象来填补画面上缺失的、但在推理中必然所致的情节。唯有这样，才能使画面“活”起来，才能使其中的人物、场面栩栩如生、呼之欲出，使文章丰满。

不过，想象须合情合理，不可牵强附会。这就要求动脑考虑考虑：一幅图的起因是这样，它的发展与结局在实际情况中会是怎样?画面中的人物在所给的条件下该怎么想、怎么做、怎么说?人与人、人与景、人与物的关系可能是怎样?整个画面所表达的主题是什么?……诸多可能的“怎样’、 “为什么”想到了， 并付诸笔墨， 一篇生动的看图作文就写成了。

5、把握主脉络，重点刻画主要人物

无论单幅国还是多幅图， 在回面上占主要位置的(在多幅图中反复出现的)人或物(或活动)， 即是要描写的重点。写作时要把2/3的笔墨用到这上面， 情节也要以此来设计。作文技巧 切不可在不起眼地方的一片云、一颗小星星上大作特作文章，否则， 就是人们常说的“跑题”。

看图作文如果把握住这5个基本要点，写作起来就会如鱼得水，得心应手。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，小编收集了英语新闻标题写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。写作标题的原则，是要尽量用有限的语句将新闻的主要内容和意旨表达清楚。在英语(优习英语网)新闻标题的写作中，选取准确的动词及正确的时态、语态，是一项重要技巧。例如下面这几行标题，不管是硬新闻还是软新闻标题，都含有一个动词：

High tax levels “driving away foreign investors”

Bush acknowledges Viet Nam parallel

Nigerian plane crashes with over 100 aboard

Myles Quin likes to collect stuff-most of all good yarns

The City cultivates a thriving poetry corner out of The Waste Land

如果缺乏动词，新闻标题会显得单调、千篇一律，例如：

Bill Gates and the Microsoft

American views on China

这两则标题显得大而空泛，华而不实，没有提供关于新闻具体内容的实际信息，应该尽量避免这种写法。

动词的选择

动词使新闻标题变得活跃，但它本身必须是一个活跃的词，能最准确、生动地描述新闻事实，因为标题里没有多余的空间来容纳形容词，所有修饰性的内容，包括程度、颜色、感觉等，都必须依靠这个动词来体现。因此，要尽量避免使用“ask”这类平淡的动词和表达含糊的混合动词，例如“American government gives views on Mexican’s racism”，如果报道对象“American government”在谴责“Mexican’s racism”时用了很有力很明确的语句，那么就应该避免“gives views”这种含糊的写法。

此外，还应该尽量使用表达力强、有力的动词，尽量不使用较弱的助动词“be”、“have”作为新闻标题的主要动词。

时态的使用

一种观点认为新闻标题应使用现在时态，因为所报道的事件虽然已经过去，但它是新近发生的，对读者来说仍然是第一次了解该事件，现在时态能给他们一种事件正在发生的感觉，这对新闻报道来说很重要;另一种观点认为新闻标题不能用现在时，例如法庭报道，对于过去发生的事件，绝对不能用现在时态，避免产生歧义，例如应该写成：“Old retiree stole grocery loaves”，不能写成“Old retiree steals grocery loaves”，否则会使人误会此人一直在继续这种偷窃行为，引起争端。甚至认为任何含有过去的时间因素的标题都应使用过去时态。这一观点可能深受上世纪70年代以来美国新闻学者梅耶(Philip Meyer)的精确新闻报道理论的影响。

那么，究竟应该使用什么时态?考虑的重要依据是看使用现在时态会不会带来歧义，如果不会，则适宜使用现在时。英语新闻标题中不宜使用“yesterday”这个词，尤其是在早报的标题中，因为早报所报道的几乎所有事情都可以被认为是发生在“昨天”的。但如果报道的是将来要发生的事，则应尽量使用确切的时间，如：“Paper industry will strike tomorrow /next week/next month”。再如：“Beijing to fulfill promises for 2008 Olympics”，即使省略了“will”，意思仍很清楚。

有一种新闻标题采用“be+动词不定式”结构，助动词“be”通常省略：

Princess (is) to Visit Baffinaland in August.

Financier (is) killed by burglars.

Countries (are) to Spend More on Cancer Research.

使用将来时态报道即将和日后将会发生的事情是很常见的。

主动语态与被动语态

在英语新闻标题中，主动语态比被动语态的表达效果更好。试比较下面两则新闻标题：

France rejects EU Constitution

EU Constitution rejected by France

对比后，我们发现，使用被动语态的新闻标题，比主动语态标题长，单词数量多，这对有长度限制的标题来说是很不利的。同样长度的标题，主动语态所提供的信息内容更多，结构更生动，而且可以有更多的空间去阐述其他内容，例如“Boy found dead by teacher”如果改写成主动语态“Teacher found boy dead in lab”，不但阐述更加自然，包含的信息也更多。

例外的情况是当事件或动作的承受人比执行者更重要时，可以使用被动语态。

关于动词，还有一个问题需要注意。英语中有不少单词既能作名词，又能作动词，其词性是根据具体语法位置来决定的。写作标题时如果省略了一些前后辅助辨别的词汇，单词的词性就可能变得不确定和含糊，下面这些单词都属于此类：

tax, ban, plan, drive, move, probe, protest, bat, share, watch, cut, axe, ring, bank, rises, state, pay, pledge, talks, riot, attack, appeal, back, face, sign, jump, drug

英语新闻标题的动词应尽量使用一般现在时，但在遇到该动词兼有名词和动词两种词性的情况下，有时可以使用过去时态，以使这个动词的词性更加清楚，避免产生歧义。

书写求职信的技巧：

1.表现自我的个性及特质——建议使用积极正面的陈述方式。

2.文章不可冗长——控制在总共四段、每段五行以内。

3.前瞻性的气魄——具有勇于突破与开创气质的人是外商公司的最爱。因此并不需要对之前辞职的原委做太多的解释。

4.少用第一人称——为了避免流于自大与主观的缺点，尽量少用第一人称。

求职信中的主要内容：

第一、说明你从何处得知这个工作机会

这是最基本的部份。一般来说会将媒体广告的名称改用别的字体书写或用底线加以标记。

第二、自己的学历、工作经历。

这是为了补充简历介绍的缺点，更具体的介绍自己的特点、能力。

第三、自己的工作能力能够胜任这份工作

这里要重点写，自己可以根据求才广告的内容，将自己的能力及特点体现出来。但不要太过吹嘘，这样到面试时一样会被否认掉。

第四、最后的感谢语

在最后的一段要写对公司或面试官的感谢语，体现你的真诚与修养。让面试官和招聘公司对你留下好的印象。，自荐信写作方法

导语：不要远离信任，因为信任的本质是一把双刃剑，信任会使我们活的轻松。信任是需要付出感情的一种心理的活动，是一种属于在众多理由中如何抉择的艰难孕育的产物，更是一种智慧。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一艘货轮在烟波浩淼的大西洋上行使。一个在船尾搞勤杂的黑人小孩不慎掉进了波涛滚滚的大西洋。孩子大喊救命，无奈风大浪急，船上的人谁也没有听见，他眼睁睁的看着货轮拖着浪花越走越远......

求生的本能使孩子在冰冷的海水里拼命地游，他用尽全身的力气挥动着瘦小的双臂，努力使头伸出水面，睁大眼睛盯着轮船远去的方向。

船越走越远，船身越来越小，到后来，什么都看不见了，只剩下一望无际的汪洋。孩子的力气也快用完了，实在游不动了，他觉得自己要沉下去了。放弃吧，他对自己说。这时候，他想起老船长那张慈祥的脸和友善的眼神。不，船长知道我掉进海里后，一定会来救我的!想到这里，孩子鼓足勇气用生命的最后力量又朝前游去......

船长终于发现那黑人孩子失踪了，当他断定孩子是掉进海里后，下令返航，回去找。这时，有人规劝："这么长时间了，就是没有被淹死，也让鲨鱼吃了......"船长犹豫了一下，还是决定回去找。又有人说："为一个黑奴孩子，值得吗?"船长大喝一声："住嘴!"

终于，在那孩子就要沉下去的最后一刻，船长赶到了，救起了孩子。

当孩子苏醒起来之后，跪在地上感谢船长的救命之恩时，船长扶起孩子问：

"孩子，你怎么能坚持这么长时间?"

孩子回答："我知道您会来救我的，一定会的!"

"你怎么知道我一定会来救你的?"

"因为我知道你是那样的人!"

听到这里，白发苍苍的船长"扑通"一声跪在黑人孩子面前，泪流满面："孩子。不是我救了你，而是你救了我啊!虽然我现在很幸福--因为你在绝望时还那么地相信我，但我却为我在那一刻的犹豫而感到羞耻......"

【故事感悟】：

一个人能被他人相信也是一种幸福。尤其是当他人在绝望时想起你，相信你会给予拯救更是一种幸福。

在我们现在的社会，充满了好多的猜测与不信任，即使有的人是真心的帮助别人也会被看做是假意的伪装，但是我们需要信任!

不要远离信任，因为信任的本质是一把双刃剑，信任会使我们活的轻松。信任是需要付出感情的一种心理的活动，是一种属于在众多理由中如何抉择的艰难孕育的产物，更是一种智慧。有人说过：世界上最难的事莫过于和人打交道。对于这种观点和感叹，我是持同意的态度的。一个在没有完全准备好角色内容而匆匆跨入社会的人，首先面对的是一个个有着思维的“高级动物”，面对着自己从客观上对自己智商的挑战和自己全方位的斗争。这种任何人不愿意去做但又不可避免地必须去做的现实，是一种不能用车载斗量所能承接起来的任务。也就是这种可以伴随终生的善变的现实，就要求你学会自己给自己适度的减压，而减压的方式之一则是学会信任别人，学会判识什么样的人是可以信任的。因为只有这样，你就会少一个竞争的对象，你就会多一个同舟共济的朋友，你就会获取一根可以助力的拐杖，你就会在心中已经“过饱和库存”里少设一道带刺的篱笆和屏障。

信任的产品是友谊。多一份友谊总是快乐的，没有人会傻得连友谊这样的产品拒之门外。因此，定义信任为一把双刃剑是合理的。而如何挥舞着把双刃剑，那就不是仅仅需要和年龄一起长大的所谓的经验，则更需要智慧。要知道，有的人一辈子是拿不起这把双刃剑的，就如他一辈子不知道成熟一样。

在这个大千世界里我们要要学会自信，学会相信自己，学会相信别人。适当的警惕是必须的，但那不是用来对待自己的爱人或朋友，你要学会信任自己与信任别人。

你学会相信别人的同时，你也会丰富自己，相信他人会让我们每一个人心里之间的距离会越来越近，让我们的世界充满信任吧!

导语：英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语写作50条常用短语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

dear mum and dad,

time flies! ive been here for nearly a year. im very pleased to find that our school is really a good one. the students in our school__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

yours,

tom

中考英语满分作文：

dear mum and dad,

time flies! ive been here for nearly a year. im very pleased to find that our school is really a good one. the students in our school work hard at their lessons. they take an active part in activities that help to improve their qualities and health. they are friendly to each other and always ready to help each other.

the teachers here all enjoy their work and they love their students. they work hard and do what they can do to help their students. and the students respect their teachers. they get on well with each other. the students in our school try their best to kkp the school yard clean

1、maintain a good attitude of tolerance towards people , the students are friendly to each other, to create a harmonious interpersonal relationships.

2、 we should promote a vibrant style of the team, a real study , the unity displayed a style of class and diligence to make personal style in a good environment. the students forge ahead and to the ideal of hard work. learning positive, thereby creating a harmonious atmosphere for education.

with the development of society, harmony becomes the theme of this time. everyone is doing his best to make the surroundings harmonious. as a member of our campus, we should take action in building the harmonious campus.

here are some suggestions. first, treat people sincerely. we should be ready to help each other when someone is in trouble. second, behave yourself. keep our environment clean and take good care of every tree and every flower. third, try to be polite. when we meet someone we know, a “hello” is good enough. then, we can gain their respects for us.

of course, there are still a lot of things we can do to build the harmonious campus. anyway, doing something good to our campus is our duty. let’s do it from now on.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。清明激发了文人墨客的诗兴，成为历代文人创作的高发期。下面是小编整理的关于清明节的诗词，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

1.借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。 —— 杜牧《清明》

2.春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。 —— 韩翃《寒食 》

3.燕子来时新社，梨花落后清明。 —— 晏殊《破阵子·春景》

4.日暮汉宫传蜡烛，轻烟散入五侯家。 —— 韩翃《寒食 》

5.二月江南花满枝，他乡寒食远堪悲。 —— 孟云卿《寒食》

6.帝里重清明，人心自愁思。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

7.况是清明好天气，不妨游衍莫忘归。 —— 程颢《郊行即事》

8.拆桐花烂漫，乍疏雨、洗清明。 —— 柳永《木兰花慢·拆桐花烂漫》

9.清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。 —— 杜牧《清明》

10.明朝寒食了，又是一年春。 —— 顾太清《临江仙·清明前一日种海棠》

11.春水船如天上坐，老年花似雾中看。 —— 杜甫《小寒食舟中作》

12.淡荡春光寒食天。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

13.梨花风起正清明，游子寻春半出城。 —— 吴惟信《苏堤清明即事》

14.中庭月色正清明，无数杨花过无影。 —— 张先《木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》

15.满眼游丝兼落絮，红杏开时，一霎清明雨。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

16.无花无酒过清明，兴味萧然似野僧。 —— 王禹偁《清明》

17.听风听雨过清明。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

18.素衣莫起风尘叹，犹及清明可到家。 —— 陆游《临安春雨初霁》

19.马上逢寒食，愁中属暮春。 —— 宋之问《途中寒食题黄梅临江驿寄崔融》

20.佳节清明桃李笑，野田荒冢只生愁。 —— 黄庭坚《清明》

21.南北山头多墓田，清明祭扫各纷然。 —— 高翥《清明日对酒》

22.六曲阑干偎碧树，杨柳风轻，展尽黄金缕。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

23.风雨梨花寒食过，几家坟上子孙来? —— 高启《送陈秀才还沙上省墓》

24.可惜一片清歌，都付与黄昏。 —— 黄孝迈《湘春夜月·近清明》

25.百草千花寒食路，香车系在谁家树。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·几日行云何处去》

26.谁把钿筝移玉柱?穿帘海燕惊飞去。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

27.恻恻轻寒翦翦风，小梅飘雪杏花红。 —— 韩偓《夜深 》

28.清明上巳西湖好，满目繁华。 —— 欧阳修《采桑子·清明上巳西湖好》

29.童颜若可驻，何惜醉流霞。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

30.黄昏疏雨湿秋千。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

31.浓睡觉来慵不语，惊残好梦无寻处? —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

32.梨花榆火催寒食。 —— 周邦彦《兰陵王·柳》

33.日落狐狸眠冢上，夜归儿女笑灯前。 —— 高翥《清明日对酒》

34.把酒看花想诸弟，杜陵寒食草青青。 —— 韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

35.大堤欲上谁相伴，马踏春泥半是花。 —— 窦巩《襄阳寒食寄宇文籍》

36.好风胧月清明夜，碧砌红轩刺史家。 —— 白居易《清明夜》

37.忽逢青鸟使，邀入赤松家。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

38.故园肠断处，日夜柳条新。 —— 宋之问《途中寒食题黄梅临江驿寄崔融》

39.试上吴门窥郡郭，清明几处有新烟。 —— 张继《闾门即事》

40.林卧愁春尽，开轩览物华。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

41.贫居往往无烟火，不独明朝为子推。 —— 孟云卿《寒食》

42.江淮度寒食，京洛缝春衣。 —— 王维《送綦毋潜落第还乡 》

43.雨中禁火空斋冷，江上流莺独坐听。 —— 韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

44.宠柳娇花寒食近，种种恼人天气。 —— 李清照《念奴娇·春情》

45.清明时节雨声哗。 —— 张炎《朝中措·清明时节》

46.梨花自寒食，进节只愁余。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

47.宿草春风又，新阡去岁无。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

48.客思似杨柳，春风千万条。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

49.黄蜂频扑秋千索，有当时、纤手香凝。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

50.乌啼鹊噪昏乔木，清明寒食谁家哭。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

51.寒食不多时，牡丹初卖。 —— 晁冲之《感皇恩·寒食不多时》

52.梦回山枕隐花钿。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

53.庭轩寂寞近清明，残花中酒，又是去年病。 —— 张先《青门引·春思》

54.今日清明节，园林胜事偏。 —— 贾岛《清明日园林寄友人》

55.惆怅双鸳不到，幽阶一夜苔生。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

56.白下有山皆绕郭，清明无客不思家。 —— 高启《清明呈馆中诸公》

57.才过清明，渐觉伤春暮。 —— 李冠《蝶恋花·春暮》

58.芳洲拾翠暮忘归，秀野踏青来不定。 —— 张先《木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》

59.冥冥重泉哭不闻，萧萧暮雨人归去。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

60.海燕未来人斗草，江梅已过柳生绵。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

61.春事到清明，十分花柳。 —— 辛弃疾《感皇恩·滁州为范倅寿》

62.三千丈清愁鬓发，五十年春梦繁华。 —— 乔吉《折桂令·客窗清明》

63.风风雨雨梨花，窄索帘栊，巧小窗纱。 —— 乔吉《折桂令·客窗清明》

64.寒食后，酒醒却咨嗟。 —— 苏轼《望江南·超然台作》

65.怀家寒食夜，中酒落花天。 —— 赵长卿《临江仙·暮春》

66.野棠花落，又匆匆过了，清明时节。 —— 辛弃疾《念奴娇·书东流村壁》

67.迳直夫何细!桥危可免扶?远山枫外淡，破屋麦边孤。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

68.巾发雪争出，镜颜朱早凋。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

69.花落草齐生，莺飞蝶双戏。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

70.娟娟戏蝶过闲幔，片片轻鸥下急湍。 —— 杜甫《小寒食舟中作》

71.烟水初销见万家，东风吹柳万条斜。 —— 窦巩《襄阳寒食寄宇文籍》

72.桐花半亩，静锁一庭愁雨。 —— 周邦彦《琐窗寒·寒食》

73.棠梨花映白杨树，尽是死生别离处。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

74.独绕回廊行复歇，遥听弦管暗看花。 —— 白居易《清明夜》

75.洒空阶、夜阑未休，故人剪烛西窗语。 —— 周邦彦《琐窗寒·寒食》

76.清娥画扇中，春树郁金红。 —— 温庭筠《清明日》

77.花燃山色里，柳卧水声中。 —— 范成大《清明日狸渡道中》

78.楼前绿暗分携路，一丝柳、一寸柔情。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

79.未知轩冕乐，但欲老渔樵。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

80.舞烟眠雨过清明。 —— 晏几道《浣溪沙·二月和风到碧城》

81.夜深斜搭秋千索，楼阁朦胧烟雨中。 —— 韩偓《夜深 》

82.困人天气近清明。 —— 苏轼《浣溪沙·春情》

83.西园日日扫林亭。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

84.去年上巳洛桥边，今年寒食庐山曲。 —— 宋之问《寒食江州满塘驿》

85.车声上路合，柳色东城翠。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

86.啼红正恨清明雨。 —— 赵令畤《蝶恋花·欲减罗衣寒未去》

87.野老不知尧舜力，酣歌一曲太平人。 —— 宋之问《寒食还陆浑别业》

88.料峭春寒中酒，交加晓梦啼莺。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

一、含义

写作技巧就是表现的技巧、方法，是作者为表情达意而采取有效艺术手段。写作技巧受限于作者的世界观、艺术观，同时又作用于他的写作实践，为写作活动服务。

二、特点

有四个特点：

1、稳定性。是指技巧的成熟和稳固。

2、互渗性。文章写作中的技巧和方法，虽因文章门类和品种的不同有所差异，但在文章写作发展的过程中，各种技法又往往是相互参照、相互影响的，于是就形成了写作技巧的互渗性特点。

3、创新性。写作技巧如果仅有代代相承、墨守成规，而无创作发展，那么文章就会僵化、萎缩，乃至消亡。

4、审美性。丰富多彩、灵活多变的写作技巧，将不同时空、不同角度的材料组合成绚丽多姿的文章大厦，因而具有永恒的艺术价值。

三，方法

写作技巧在写作活动中的具有极其重要的作用。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或手法对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及艺术美感的重要因素和手段人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则......因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以拿来，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧操作训练。清人唐彪写道：谚云，读十篇不如做一篇。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。信哉言乎!多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的概括化系统，一个自动化的写作行动方式。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是技能阶段，一是熟练阶段。技能阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。熟练阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：学诗当识活法。所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。识得活法，并能运用活法是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

一、抓住景物的特征

对所写景物认真观察，抓住特点，是写好这类文章的前提。而能否抓住景物的特点，关键在于作者细心的观察，并将观察所得铭记于心。正所谓"静观默察，烂熟于心"。因此，要求在观察中，善于抓住不同季节、不同时间、不同地区中景物呈现出的颜色、形态、声响、气味等方面特有的变化，善手通过眼、耳、鼻、舌、身等感官去观察、体会。这样，才能抓住景物特征加以描写。为此，一要注意不同季节的特征。一年有春、夏、秋、冬四季，季节的变化会引起景物的变化。每个季节的景物都有各自的特征;二要注意时间变化的特征。有的景物在不同的时间往往各有特征。白昼、夜晚、早晨、黄昏都为景物涂上了不同的色彩;三要注意气候不同的特征。同一景物在雨中、风中、雾中、雪中所展现的景观是不同的，四要注意不同的地理特征。南方、北方、城市、乡村、高原、平地，不同的地域，有着各自不同的景物特征。

二、要选好观察的角度

选好观察的角度，就要先确立好观察点。要根据表达的需要运用固定立足点和变换立足点观察景物的方法，或远观、或近觑、或仰视、或俯瞰。同时，要注意观察的顺序，是由近及远，还是由远而近?是由上而下，还是由下而上?这是指空间的变换。还可以时间的变化或游览的先后为顺序。这样，所描写的景物才不会杂乱无章。总之，要做多角度、多侧面的描写。

三、安排好描写的顺序。景物描写的顺序一般分为空间顺序和时间顺序两种

空间顺序--一般是取一个固定的观察点，按照视线移动的顺序依次写出各个位置上的景物。还有一种空间顺序，不取固定的观察点，而随着观察者位置的转移来描写景物，这叫做游览顺序。

时间顺序--同一个地方在不同的时间里，其景物是有变化的，按一定的时段依次写来，可以表现出景物的丰富多姿，使人产生美的感受。时段有长短之分，长时段如春、夏、秋、冬，短时段如晨、午、暮、夜。选用哪一种时间顺序，应视描写对象的特点而定，

四、要融情于景，表达主观感受

国学大师王国维曾断言：“一切景语皆情语”。景物是客观的，而写景之人则是有情的，作者对任何景物，总会有自己的感情。没有感情色彩的景物只不过是苍白美丽的“躯壳”，难以达到感人的目的;同时，观察、描摹景物的过程本身也是写作主观感受的过程，因此，要在写景的字里行间，自然渗透感情，寓情于景。做到情景交融，物我一体。写景贵有情，在描绘客观景物的同时，要把自己的喜怒哀乐等思想感情融注到作品中去，使读者产生共鸣，进而给读者带来愉悦之情，陶醉之情，将读者带入特定的情景之中，受到美的熏陶，获得美的享受。

五、运用动静结合的手法

只写静景，很容易使文章呆滞，而只写动景，又可能失去稳定。只有将静态描写景物形态特征和动态描写利于传神的长处结合起来，所绘景物才会具体、生动，给读者留下深刻的印象。

描写景物需要绘形、绘色、绘声，仿佛使人看得见、摸得着、听得到，这就需要尽可能选用那些生动形象的语言。因而要善于找到最能表现景物特征的动词和一些恰当的形容词，尤其要善于运用比喻、拟人等修辞方法，但要注意不能堆砌词藻。

更多精彩资讯请关注，我们将持续为您更新最新资讯!同时欢迎您加入学校用户交流群 514336868，提供您宝贵的意见与建议，共同探讨哦~

一.作为一个准SAT考生，需要明确以下几点：

2.从读题、写作到最终润色和定稿，共有25分钟时间。

3.作文要求自己的观点辩论，所以使用第一人称和发生在自己身上的例子是完全可以的。

4.作文得写在线上，且最多只能写两面，超出不给纸。

5.作文由两位考官给分，每人给1-6分，总分在2-12之间，考官受专业评分训练。如果两考官评分相差1分以上，会请第三位考官裁定，因此评分相当客观。

6. 每个考官平均花不超过2min的时间批改作文，考生可以自己去尝试一下两分钟内阅读一篇字迹陌生潦草的文章是什么样的概念，然后就会意识到考官一定在有意识地在文章中寻找一些要素和章法。

7. 写作部分(writing)分值为800分，而作文(Essay)占整个写作(writing)分值的三分之一。

正如以上第2点指出，SAT Essay写作中，时间无比珍贵。俗话说，万事开头难。对于中国学生而言，要迅速通过brainstorming确定好立场并写出比较漂亮的开头尤其困难。

本文将重点指导考生五分钟内审题并创作出漂亮的首段。

第一步：审题立意

一般，SAT作文题目由两个部分组成(如上Figure 1): 提示(Prompt，Figure 1小方框内文字)和写作任务(Assignment，Figure 1划红线的文字)。Prompt往往是源自某些名言语录或者

某些文学作品，主要是用于启发考生的思考。当我们看assignment的时候，我们可以沿着prompt提示的方向去思考，也可以直接按照自己对于assignment来思考。我们以Figure 1中的考题

作为本文中讲解的范例。读完这个题目后，首先要做的是用2-3min时间完成以下几个任务：

i. Understanding the topic (理解话题),

ii. Brainstorming for examples(头脑风暴回顾案例),

iii. Taking a position(确定立场),

iv. Creating an outline(创建提纲).

第二步：创作首段

确定了立场，接下类的重头戏就是快速创作文章的首段。首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一，一个好的首段应该完成以下几项任务:

i. Grab the graders’ attention(引发读者兴趣)

ii. Narrow down the topic & Position(告诉读者本文的话题和主旨)

iii. Transit smoothly to the examples(自然过渡到主体段)

毋庸置疑每个考官一次性需要给上百篇作文评分，而大部分的文章都有类似的观点，甚至给出的例子也是相同的。为了让你的文章脱颖而出，你必须设法让你的文章变得有趣，

在一开头就引人入胜，而且这个创作过程必须在2-3min内完成。这里给各位考生重点推荐两种万能开头写作法：“循循善诱”法 和“先扬后抑”法。

“循循善诱”法

“循循善诱”法作为引起读者兴趣的首段，是最常见的。之所以称之为“循循善诱”，是因为写作会按照从大范围到小范围、从概括到具体的循序渐进的模式展开，从而将读者“引诱”到文章的主旨，即作者的立场。

以上是笔者为各位准考生创作SAT Essay首段提供的两套“快餐”。相信各位考生经过多次练习和一定的积累，可以迅速掌握这些方法。当然，有了一个很好的开头你的文章已经成功一半了，另一半就应该交给主体段了。下面我们来看看主体段的写作技巧。

(二)留学路书SAT写作的核心内容通常也叫做SAT写作主体段落，在全文起着主心骨的作用。为了能简单明了的写明主旨意思，大家在备考时还需要多练习。下面就为大家介绍一下如何写好SAT写作主体段，期间又要注意些什么。

对于采用一般的四段式和五段式的SAT写作结构而言，中间的主体段在第二段和第三段。作文能取得一个什么样的分数，也就成败在此了。

1.详细叙述自己的观点。

SAT写作是表达对题目的一种看法，在主体段部分，要详细的叙述一下，自己的这种观点的原因。

SAT写作无非就像我们语文的作文。我们是在学习人家的英语，把它变成自己的表达和思考方式。

2.准备充分的例证。

在这部分中，需要大家调用自己所有的例子储备，展现对英美历史事件，人物事迹的掌握和认知程度，这里你可以灵活一点。挖掘该事件和你的论点的关系。为己所用。可以多看一些名人传记，

关心时事，善于思考，做一个兼收并蓄的人。

这三段的结构可以采用论点+例子+感想的方式，用到1-3个事例，尽量用到专有名词，具体时间，数字等等，如Norman Conquest，Peter the Great, Fitzgerald等，加强自己的文采。

他们的事迹比较具有普遍代表性，换句话说就是什么题目都能挖掘挖掘内涵，套的上去。。。。

举例子时注意例子的真实性、典型性、及权威性。

文章例证过程中结构要清晰明了，对于句子和句子之间的逻辑关系一定要交代清楚，前因和后果更要分清。事例的叙述中，时间是非常好的顺序，需要把握。

3.前提是掌握词汇、句式和段落。

当然在解决这些问题的同时，大家要掌握一个基本问题，就是对词汇，句式和段落的掌握，也就是最基本的英语写作知识的掌握。

以上就是SAT培训频道小编为大家准备的SAT写作主体段怎么写的详细内容。包含了论述观点、充分地例证和写好主体段的前提。大家在冲刺阶段一定要对这些问题加以锻炼。

写作文，无论是平时，还是在考场上，立意十分关键。那么我们如何立意呢?小编收集了中考作文立意技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一步：凡考试作文必须审题，原因是考生要在同一环境下，作公平的竞争。审题，就是要对试题展现的所有内容作全面、准确的审读和理解，把命题者的意图读出来，把题目的各种限制审清楚，明确要我写什么，怎么写，写到什么程度，真正做到全面领会，深刻把握，不偏不漏、不折不扣地按要求写作文。

高考作文评判明确规定，凡审题有问题的试卷最后得分一般都不超过二类卷最低分。由此可见，审题的准确与否是作文成败的关键因素。

第二步：立意，就是要作者站在时代的高度，去观察、认识生活，提炼主题，使主题体现时代的精神，既反映时代，也作用于时代，跳动时代的脉搏，推动着时代的前进。

文章的“意”， 其实就是作者在体验生活中逐步孕育而成的一种思想，是作者的主观认识与客观实际相“撞击”的产物，它反映作者的思想水平、认识水平以及在社会生活中形成的世界观、人生观、价值观等。

总之：近两年的作文教改提倡学生写真实生活、真实自我，有些同学忽视了对文章思想倾向的把握，看问题不全面，观点偏激，这个在方向要正确，必须保持内容积极、健康、向上。

英语写作是中考学生的一个盲点，缺乏对英语写作的专门训练和反思，老师的工作量大，造成作文讲评大多数时候只谈现象，因此学生学得也不具体、不深入，忽略写作技能的提高，甚至误认为只要句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误就应该得满分。同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文，而在中考中获取高分呢?下面是YJBYS网作文频道为大家整理的英语写作指导。

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全;人称时态，逻辑清楚;

关键词汇，动词第一;组词成句，结构完整;

组句成文，连词增色;此路不通，绕道迂回;

字迹工整，留好印象;从句适量，高分有望。

二、写作步骤

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

三、习作点评

[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)

Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.

·What exactly your hobby is;

·When and how you became interested in this hobby;

·Why you enjoy your hobby;

·About your hopes and plans for the future.

写作要求：

1.根据所提供的内容，适当拓展想象空间，灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺，书写清晰、规范。

3.词数60-80.

[高分突破]

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that，so，little by little，when，so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to，became interested in，come true……等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

A

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …

B

阅读电视广告词：“If we don’t save water，the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示，写一篇60-80词的短文。

提示：

1.生活离不开水。

2.可饮用水在减少。

3.水污染严重。

4.应保护水源，再利用水。

思路点拨与参考答案

A. [思路点拨]：

①文体：记叙文。

②时态：一般过去时态，一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法，增加感染力。

③写作目的：告诉读者保护环境的重要性。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago，some of them paid no attention to protecting the environment.They threw their rubbish，such as plastic bags，fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees，picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily，great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins，and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to prevent starting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.

B. [思路点拨]：

①夹叙夹议(说明现状，谈谈感想)。

②时态：一般现在时态。

③广告词的含义——水很重要，应保护和再利用(写作意图)。

Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirty water into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this，the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.

这次英语期中考试我没有考好，没有达到期中考试前制定的目标。我知道父母和老师对于我有着很大的期望，可是我还是没有考好。对于这点我感到十分抱歉。但是既然犯了错误就要改正，所以，通过考试我也想了很多。我知道期中考是一面清澈的镜子，在它面前，我羞愧地低下了头。仔细看看试卷发现竟然错了很多不该错的地方。我的基础知识部分扣了很多分，主要是单词掌握不好。阅读题扣了8分，说明我的阅读量不够，我的阅读速度慢影响了做后面的题，思考的时间少了。老师狠狠地批评了我。我的这次英语作文只得了8分，这与我的词汇量不够，阅读积累不够有很大的关系，分析原因，主要是课前没有做好预习，课堂上没有积极的举手发言，课后不认真复习，把写作业当成一种完成任务。

于是，在期中考的时候，我得到了我应有的“报应”。 经过我的仔细反思，有这样的结果是我 在做作业时，囫囵吞枣，没有仔细审题，认真做题，这让我失去了一次特别好的自我提高的机会。我应该把写作业当成一个新的开始，而不是上一段学习的结束，每一次的作业都要当做一次小的考试。我要增加一些仿写和阅读的练习。在今后的学习中，我在课堂上要积极回答问题做好笔记，多记一些老师拓展的知识点，每天回家要复习一遍老师讲的内容，认真完成一篇阅读与完形填空，我有上进心想去学更多的英语知识，自己努力，超越自己，比别的同学更好。