中考英语作文写作技巧ppt(优秀20篇)

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：好的态度，决定着一切，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

态度，体现一个人对事物的看法。三个人因为同一句话可以产生不同的态度。所以说，态度决定一切。

态度可以改变人生。一部美国励志电影《风雨哈佛路》，讲述女孩的不完整的家，接着是女孩埋葬妈妈后开始奋发向上的历程。而这部电影的成功之处，是因为有树立了一个和主人公相同年龄的女孩做对比，他选择了逃避，同样有着悲惨的家庭背景，却放弃努力，靠政府资助混日子。而主人公在经历奋力拼搏后，如愿的进入哈佛大学。虽然说，根据真正的传奇女孩的故事改编，但，人可以看到那种力量。以积极的态度面对种种不幸，他一路前途光明，而用消极态度对待人生的伙伴，却只能被世俗的黑暗所困扰。所以说，态度可以改变人生。

态度可以改变意念。曾经有这样一个故事，三个人看蜘蛛爬墙，第一个人认为蜘蛛笨，于是变得聪明，而第二个人感动于蜘蛛的坚强，于是开始变得坚强第三个人看着蜘蛛一次次爬上有一次次的掉下去，想着自己也一样像蜘蛛一样碌碌无为，于是变得消极。同一只蜘蛛，影响了三个人的意念，也从此影响到了他们的路途。不同的意念产生不同风的结果，而不同的意念又是因为态度的不一，所以，态度可以改变意念。

态度决定成败。经常听老师说，细节决定成败，过程决定结果。是的，而细节，又可是粗略的就能观察到?每个班，总有成绩好于成绩不好的学生，但无一例外，都是同一个老师教出来的。这么说来，学习成绩好于成绩差都完全取决于自己。没有坚决认真学习的态度，又怎会有出群的高成绩。虽然有社会事物的变迁，学习的好坏与未来的工作几乎已谈不上什么联系，但这是一种态度问题，同时，由学校扩大至社会，那个成功人士，没有用严谨认真的态度对待自己的工作?

好的态度，有着号的命运，而决定着一切的，在自己手中!

一篇文章的结尾，是文章的画龙点睛之处，如何用精简的语言，最精确地总结和概括文章的意思呢?今天，的名师为您总结了5种文章结尾的方式，一起来看看吧。

1、Taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……

2、Taking into account all these factors， we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …

考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论……

3、Hence/Therefore， we’d better come to the conclusion that …

因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。

5、All in all， we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之，我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

有了以上的五种万能的结尾句型，我们在托福写作结尾的时候，就不用啰嗦一大堆又得不到分了。

俗话说“千古文章意为高”高考作文最忌讳人云亦云，没有个性、没有特色。“删繁就简三秋树，领异标新二月花”写作怎么能想别人之所未想，发别人之所未发，让自己的作文在“繁花三千”中脱颖而出呢？怎么能独树一帜，赢得高分呢？

1、四好战略是前提

1）一个好的标题

题目是文章的眼睛。一个亮丽的题目，往往给人赏心悦目的感觉。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。一个醒目鲜活的文题，往往是内容的高度概括。它可以总领全文，不但会照亮整篇作文，还会照亮阅卷者的心灵。而拟题的技巧多种多样，有修辞法、公式法、字母符号法等。而修辞法则是最能使题目异彩飞扬的一种。如《在我指头跳跃的阳光》、《人生若只如初见》、《流泪的紫水晶》、《海棠依旧？绿肥红瘦？》等，看到这样的文题。阅卷老师的眼睛怎不会为之一亮？心灵怎不会为之一震？

2）一个好的开头

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题。使读者一目了然；美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，使读者心灵产生共振。哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。开头的方法有很多如：趣事，引人人胜；引用名句，起点高远；排比句，气势磅礴；设问句，发人深思。高考作文，由于受时间字数的限制，最好是“开门见山”，直奔主题。

3）一个好的结尾

古人云，结句当如撞钟，清音有余，结尾是文章结构的有机组成部分，是文章的收笔处和落脚点，是全文的归宿。任何虎头蛇尾的文章，都很难引起读者的审美情感，很难获取高分。结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨；展示未来，以鼓舞斗志；抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力，当然，最好要首尾呼应，整合一体。

4）一手好字

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了！

2、新鲜的素材，完善的知识储备是关键

同学们都想做到作文见解新颖，材料新鲜，给读者以耳目一新的冲击力和震憾力。这就要求同学们不断感知和体验。有意识地在生活实践和课外阅读中仔细观察自然、观察社会，尤其是多观察各种各样的人，深入细致地体验生活、体验“喜怒哀乐忧”等各种情感，并把自己拥有的新鲜材料激活。

从阅读和生活中尽可能开阔视野，拓展知识、增加积累、提高自身的素养和知识面的深度，深入体验，才可能做到临场发挥“左右逢源”、“为我所用”。作文，追求和表现自己的个性，有了新鲜的材料，还要下功夫联系自己思想实际和生活实际来立意，做到这一点，写出自己的真情实感和真知灼见就很容易了。

3、反复锤炼语言是重点

语言是为内容服务的，但是，运用的语言鲜活而富有个性风格，就会使文章大放异彩。写作训练中要学会反复锤炼，努力做到词语生动、句式灵活，修辞方法恰当。概念化的、抽象的、生涩的词语尽可能少用，多用富有色彩、动感和情绪体验，能诉诸人的感官，调动人的形象思维，撞击人的情感世界的词语，学会用近义词和反义词来体现事物细微的差异和鲜明的对比。学会灵活得体地交替使用长句和短句、主动句和被动句等。

锤炼语言，要学着恰当引用诗词佳句来增添文章的文字情趣，增添新意。可妙引经典句式，以此来优化文章语言，增强语言的表达效果。如“不必说……也不必说……单是……就……”、“没有……就没有……更没有……”等经典句式。还可以妙引流行词句，增添语言情趣。如广告词“没有最好的，只有更好的”、“快乐，你懂得”等。学着巧用修辞。多用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞方法，使句子生动形象，耐人咀嚼。如此一来，整篇文章也就有了生命力了！

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全;人称时态，逻辑清楚;

关键词汇，动词第一;组词成句，结构完整;

组句成文，连词增色;此路不通，绕道迂回;

字迹工整，留好印象;从句适量，高分有望。

二、写作步骤

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

三、作文案例

[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)

Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.

·What exactly your hobby is;

·When and how you became interested in this hobby;

·Why you enjoy your hobby;

·About your hopes and plans for the future.

写作要求：

1.根据所提供的内容，适当拓展想象空间，灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺，书写清晰、规范。

3.词数60-80.

[学生解答A]

My hobby is read books①.When I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like needing books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books. Books also② can teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself.

①改为reading books，动词作表语时应该用动名词。

②also的位置应放在can之后。

[点评]：档次9-11分。

①要点不全，漏掉最后一个要点。

②句子基本无误，能正确传递信息给读者但文章不流畅，句子与句子之间过渡不自然，给读者感觉在回答上述问题。

③有少量错误。

[学生解答B]

My hobby is reading.Reading books is very enjoyable.When I was young ,my mother used to tell me a story before.I went to bed every night.The stories were so interesting that I always felt they weren’t enough.So I began to read books by myself.Little by little I became interested in reading.I can learn much knowledge and many interesting things all over the world.When I read books,I can enjoy the beautiful sentences.At the same time I can improvemy writing.I want to be a writer in the future,so I must study hard and read more books so that my dream can come true.

①开门见山、点题。

②真情流露，理由充分。

③文中带圈的连词使用得恰当，使文章过渡自然、

④巧妙使用句型以表决心。

[点评]：档次13-14分。

①清楚表达写作目的，要点齐全。

②语言表达灵活多样，字里行间流露出真情实感，文章有感染力。

③恰当使用连词和从句，语言流畅，且无错误，是一篇高质量的作文。

[高分突破]

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that,so,little by little,when,so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to,became interested in,come true……等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

A

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …

B

阅读电视广告词：“If we don’t save water,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示，写一篇60-80词的短文。

提示：

1.生活离不开水。

2.可饮用水在减少。

3.水污染严重。

4.应保护水源，再利用水。

思路点拨与参考答案

A. [思路点拨]：

①文体：记叙文。

②时态：一般过去时态，一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法，增加感染力。

③写作目的：告诉读者保护环境的重要性。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago,some of them paid no attention to protecting theenvironment.They threw their rubbish,such as plastic bags,fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees,picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily,great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins,and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to preventstarting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.

B. [思路点拨]：

①夹叙夹议(说明现状，谈谈感想)。

②时态：一般现在时态。

③广告词的含义——水很重要，应保护和再利用(写作意图)。

Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirtywater into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点。小编收集了读后感的基本写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路如下：

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个“简”字，决不能大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为“观点句”。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。“观点句”在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这“实际”可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

导语：在执行任务的过程人都不可能一帆风顺，总会遇到这样或那样的困难。这些困难好比一座座山峰，如果我们不全力以赴地攀登，就只能在上脚下哭泣。只要我们保持满腔热情，全身心的投入到工作中，那么就不会有夸不过的高山。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的有关拼搏的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

做事要全力以赴

一天，猎人带着猎狗去丛林中打猎。猎人瞄准一只兔子后扣动了扳机，可惜只打中了兔子的后腿。受伤的兔子拼命逃跑，猎狗在后面穷追不舍。可是没一会儿，兔子不见了，猎狗只好回到猎人身边。猎人责骂猎狗："你真笨啊，连一只受伤的兔子都追不到!"猎狗听后很不服气，说："我已经尽力而为了!"兔子回到洞里，它的家人都围过来，问它："那只猎狗非常凶猛，你又负伤了，怎么能逃过来呢?"兔子说："它是尽力而为，而我为了活命不得不全力以赴啊!"生活中，也有一些人在执行过程中遭遇到挫折后，总是找理由为自己开脱。他们说得最多的一句话就是："我尽力了"，因此而原谅自己。结果呢?失败也就成为了他们的常客!对想要完成任务的人来说，尽力而为是远远不够的，我们需要的是全力以赴。

在职场中，总有人抱怨自己的业绩不突出。与其抱怨，不如静下心来想一想，"自己在解决问题时想尽所有的办法了吗?""自己是否真的做到了全力以赴呢?"实际上，很多人失败就是失败在做事不全力以赴。不管你如何想提高工作业绩，如果你不改变敷衍、应付的工作作风，失败就会接踵而来。只有全力以赴的执行任务，才有可能出色的完成任务。在职场上，把执行做到位的员工没有一个不是全力以赴的。

在执行任务的过程中，任何人都不可能一帆风顺，总会遇到这样或那样的困难。这些困难好比一座座山峰，如果我们不全力以赴地攀登，就只能在上脚下哭泣。只要我们保持满腔热情，全身心的投入到工作中，那么就不会有夸不过的高山。

戴尔泰勒是美国西雅图一所著名教堂里的牧师。一天，泰勒向教会学校的学生们发出了"悬赏"公告：凡是能背出《圣经马太福音》中第五章至第七章的全部内容的人，都会受邀去西雅图"太空针"高塔餐厅，免费品尝那里提供的大餐。可是，需要背诵的内容多达数万字，而且不押韵，这对孩子而言难度非常大。许多学生要么就直接放弃了，要么浅尝辄止。

几天后，一个11岁的小男孩主动找到戴尔泰勒，并在他面前一直不落地背诵了全部内容。而且，整个背诵过程十分流畅，就好像他在照着《圣经》读一样。泰勒十分震惊，因为在成年的信徒中，能背诵此篇幅的人也非常罕见。他对男孩的记忆力表示了由衷地赞叹，然后问他："你为什么能背下这么长的文字呢?"小男孩立刻回答到："因为我全力以赴。"

十几年后，那个小男孩，成了世界著名软件的老板，他就是比尔盖茨。可见，只要你全力以赴，没有什么事情是不可能的。

在积极地心态驱使下，全力以赴就会创造奇迹。

拯救地球

地球是我们人类共同的家园，人类只有一个地球。“低碳、环保”已成为当今时代主题。目前，我市英语学会准备在全市中学生中开展以“Save(拯救)our earth”为主题的英文征文活动。现请你根据以下三个方面的提示，写一篇80词左右的短文参评。

1。重要性：只有一个地球

2。主要问题：污染、疾病、灾难

3。措施：停止污染、保护大自然

参考词汇：disaster n。灾难 protect V。 保护

注意：(1)文中不能出现真实姓名、校名;

(2)文章标题已给出，但不计入总词数;

(3)可适当发挥，以使行文连贯。

★ 范文

Let’s Do Something to Save Our Environment

It is recently reported that some rivers and lakes have dried up in South China。 A lot of fishes died。 The bottoms of the rivers and lakes have become grass land。 The water is becoming less and less because of the bad weather。

So everyone should do something to save our environment。 First， we should save every drop of water， such as turning off the taps after using it and recycling the water。 For example， we can water the plants and clean the rest room with our used water。 Second， we should save energy， such as less turning on the lights and turning off the lights when we leave;Do more walking， more bicycling and less driving and so on。 Third， we should ask our government to control the pollution from the factories。

Let’s act now from everything to save our environment。 Don’t let our tears be the last drop of water in the world!

178

高考英语任务型写作训练练习（一）

读写任务（满分25分）

请阅读以下的短文，然后根据提供的任务说明和写作要求， 写一篇150字左右的英语短文。

（任务说明）

1.概括短文的内容要点（该部分的字数大约60-80）；

2.清楚地陈述你自己的看法；

3.提供具有一定说服力的论据或实例来支持你的观点，可以参照文中的内容，但不能抄袭文中的句子；

4.文章体裁不限，但必须结构合理，内容连贯，有条理性。

（阅读材料）

Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文

With the worldwide increase of population， more and more water is needed. Meanwhile，the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.

随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。

On a personal level， to solve the problem with fresh water， both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example， for the government， it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides， education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals， we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.

在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。

导语：高尚的道德就是最大的财富，我们这个社会需要高尚的道德去支撑，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

什么是财富，仁者见仁智者见智，但无外乎有如下观点，财富就是金钱，财富就是知识，财富就是阅历………严格来说这些观点没有问题，但笔者认为高尚的职业道德也是宝贵的财富。

比如这个船主和漆工的故事，船主交代给漆工的任务是刷漆，所以漆工只要能认真完成刷漆任务即可，但职业道德告诉这个漆工，这个洞可能会让这艘船沉没，所以道德的力量让他但这个漆工却在刷完漆之后补上这个漏洞。而正是这个不经意举动使漆工不仅赢得了船主大量的额外奖励，而且还赢得了大家的尊重。

德国哲学家康德这样一句话：“世界上惟有两样东西让我们深深感动，一是我们头顶灿烂的星空，一是我们内心崇高的道德。”灿烂的星空就是我们的理想，而实现理想的途径就是要具备崇高的道德。

西汉名相张良在椎击亲王未遂几近穷途末路之时，不厌其烦为一老人穿鞋，而正是陷入绝境的张良依然保持的这份恭敬，让他最终获得绝世才学，成为一个运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外的一代名相。而在张良的成功其实就是道德力量的再现。而当今社会，因何18路人会面对受伤的2岁小依依而见死不救生，因何号称世界一流的动车故障频出，因何会有那么多曾经风光无限的贪官落马，根本原因在于道德缺失。因为道德缺失，所以缺少了同情心，因为道德缺失，所以忘却了自己的职责和使命，因为道德缺失，所以忘却了为人民服务的宗旨。

正所谓道之不存，德将焉附?

吴斌，一个最普通的客车司机，驾驶客车行驶在高速公路途中，意外遭受金属片袭击，在生命垂危的情况下，吴斌用尽最后力气，换挡、停车、拉手刹、打开双闪灯，拯救全车乘客，而这一系列动作完成之后，吴斌倒下了。吴玉兰，一个普通的老师，面对无耻的劫匪，虽头破血流依然，保护659张考生准考证。从这些人身，我似乎看到道德的力量在中华这块大地上茁壮生长。

吴斌走了，但省委书记为他留下了眼泪，数万群众自愿去为护送他的灵车，整个中国为吴斌而感动，中国最美的司机的称号将是我们这个民族最大的财富。吴玉兰老师受伤了，但她面对凶残劫匪依然想着自己的职责和使命，她的行为让我们明白什么是真正的职业道德。

高尚的道德就是最大的财富，我们这个社会需要高尚的道德去支撑，建设民主、文明、和谐的未来中国需要高尚的道德，让我们一起呼唤，期待高尚的道德能占据每一个的心灵，高尚的道德能够在中华大地上茁壮成长。

​

导语：英语写作能力作为体现语言交际能力至关重要的一个方面,写作测试是对学生书面交际水平及能力进行检验最有效的途径。以下是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的写作技巧，希望对您有所帮助。

要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色，写出自己的“亮”点。

一、词汇选择——标新立异

在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。

1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。

A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.

B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.

分析:is in是常见词语，而situates in则是《大纲》上没有的，属于高级词汇。

2)在周末我们做很多作业。

A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do.

B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.

分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of，而是使用了endless。endless就是由《大纲》词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。

3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。

A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good.

B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.

在表达要点时，B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强，也显得生动。

在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一个，也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。

二、结构造句——与众不同

在造句时,既要使句子生动，又要使其简明扼要。

1、使用与人不同的表达方式，特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。

1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。

A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.

B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.

大多数同学使用了there be结构，这是对的，但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓语+宾语”结构，且使用了terrible,hit/strike这样的词汇，更是难能可贵的。

2)你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。

A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)

B: Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)

2.使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。如：

3)阿福救了我妹妹。

A: Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)

B: It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调句式)

4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴。

A: We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句)

B: How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.(感叹句)

3、句式多样,复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、并列句与复合句共用，还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构如独立主格，分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多，而且多处使用there be结构，显得单调、乏味，而B句就有自己的特色(请同学们自己分析)。

5)这是一套25平方米的住房，住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房;卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。

A: Its a flat of 25 square metres. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well.

B: Its a flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.

三、布局谋篇——独具匠心

在写作中，我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点，同时为使主题突出,结构严谨，我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上，NMET2002范文堪称典范。请看：

Opinions are divided on the question.

60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.

On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.

1)该文使用Opinions are divided...作交代句，开门见山，随后两个段落均使用了主题句(见黑体字部分)，使全文结构紧凑，表达严谨。

2)在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整，如“40%的同学认为应收门票，但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首，而后部分另起一句放在句末：They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急，主题突出，条理清楚。

3)范文使用了and, what is more, however等连词，在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的)，这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系，使文章表达连贯，浑然一体。

4)范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节，这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的常见方法。

写作技巧：

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

迎战中考，我们需要自信，我们要一如既往地坚持，让学习始终充满动力，富有效率，直到最后征服中考。下面是小编整理的2017年中考高分作文必备技巧，欢迎阅读。

可以写成多种文体的考题是比较少的，一般情况下，一个文题只有一种适合它的文体。审题的第一步是判断文体。判断文体应注意以下规律：

(1)记叙文文题的字面一般对记叙文的六要素有所涉及。如《国庆之夜》涉及了时间，《放学路上》涉及了地点，《我家来了客人》涉及到了地点、人物、事件，《家乡变了》涉及到事物的发展和结局。题目当中直接带有“人”、“事”、“记”等字样，就更是记叙文的标志了。

(2)议论文文题中经常会有“议”、“论”、“谈”、“辩”等字眼，也有的由“.....。的启示”、“从.....。想到的”、“由.....。说起”等短语构成。有的议论文题目本身就是一个表明观点的句子，如《小事不可小视》、《不要惧怕困难》，判断起来就更加容易了。

(3)考查说明文的情况很少，即使有，一般也对文体有所提示。应用文试题则明确要求写通知、启事、书信等等。

2。要看清题目要求。一般作文题都在"要求"一项里对文体、字数、表达方式等作出了明确的规定，必须把"要求"这项内容搞清楚，并且严格执行不能遗忘。

3。注意题目中的隐含内容

考题中明确提出的要求是一望而知的，必须照办无误，但有些要求是隐含在表面文字背后的，需要考生自己悟出来。比如《在阳光下成长》中的阳光，当然不是指自然界的阳光，应理解为党的关怀、集体的温暖、家人朋友间的亲情等等。《我的脚印》一题也决不是要描写真实的脚印，而应当写成长道路上、进步过程中的有意义的事件。对一些给材料作文题目中提供的材料，更应当注意运用概括、引申、类比等方法，加以认真分析，理解题目的比喻或象征意义。

作文技巧2:妥善立意

审题完毕，就要根据题目要求妥善立意了。所谓立意，就是文章的中心、主旨。在记叙文中，“立意”是文章通过写人记事所要表述的中心思想;在议论文中，“立意”指的就是确立文章的中心论点。

对立意的要求主要有三点：

一是要鲜明。文章歌颂什么，批评什么，主张什么，反对什么，应旗帜鲜明，不能含含糊糊、模棱两可。

二是要正确。中考作文评级标准中对立意的要求是：记叙文要"思想感情健康"，议论文要"观点正确",这是最基本的要求，要切实做到。

三是要力求新颖、深刻、有创意。这是在前二者基础上更高一些的要求。文章要力争写出新意，写出深度，不要过多重复别人已说过多次的话题，不要就事论事、浅尝辄止。还要注意立意的时代性和针对性。

作文技巧3:编写提纲

在文章的中心确定下来之后，就要考虑选用哪些材料，怎样组织材料，怎样结构全文了。在这个思考过程中要做的一件重要的事情是编写提纲。就像盖房子之前要画好图纸一样，写作之前要先给文章搭个架子，把审题、立意、构思中落实下来的东西用文字条列出来。所以说，编写提纲的过程实际就是清理思路、安排材料，组织结构的过程。

提纲要确实反映自己的思路，要做到条理清楚，层次分明，简明扼要，突出文章每一部分的要点。至于文章细部的安排，可在写作过程中进一步落实。在写作过程中，发现提纲有不当之处，还可进一步修改。

编写提纲没有固定的格式。由于文体的不同，提纲的写法也应有所区别。如：记叙文可以按时间、空间的顺序或事件发展的过程来编写;议论文一般可以按照引论、本论、结论三大部分搭起架子，并体现论点、论据之间的关系;说明文则要抓住说明对象的特征按空间、或时间、或逻辑顺序编写。

作文技巧4:沉着行文

列好写作提纲后，就要落笔行文了。行文中要注意以下几点：

1。注意语言表达

一篇文章有了明确的中心和合理的思路之后，最终的成败要取决于运用语言文字的能力。中考作文评分标准中对于语言的基本要求是，“通顺，没有病句”。作文评分标准中语言一项明确规定，文中有1至3个病句尚可评为二类，有4至6个病句就属于三类了。因此，语言的通顺与否是极为重要的。各类不同文体对语言的要求我们在前面分体指导中都有具体说明，这里不再重复。不论哪一种文体，语言的准确和简洁都是必须要做到的。

2。准确使用标点符号。

标点符号是文章必不可少的组成部分。标点使用不准确，可能会导致文字的歧义;标点使用不规范，会影响全篇文章的表达效果。因此，行文中应给予足够重视。使用标点要注意规则，如：句号、问号、感叹号、顿号、逗号、分号、冒号都不能放在一行的开头;引号、括号、书名号的前半部分不能放在一行的末尾，后半部分不能放在一行的开头;破折号和省略号都应占两格，一个破折号或省略号不能分处两行。省略号要点足6个点等等。

3。书写清楚工整，不写错别字。

作文的书写情况，直接影响阅卷老师的总体印象，也就影响着作文成绩。对这一点，考生必须有足够的认识。作文评分标准规定，错别字每2个字扣0.5分，最多扣3分;全文书写极其潦草使人难以辩认的，扣2分，文中书写潦草或格式不正确的扣1分。不要小看这1分、2分，有时候，这小小的分数之差可能直接影响你升学的最终结果。书写的工整规范不是一日之功，应当在平时严格要求、自觉训练。

4。注意掌握时间，限制字数。

一般地说，在整个作文过程中要注意三次时间。一次在开始作文前，看一看可利用的作文时间共有多少，根据总时间决定行文的速度;一次在初步构思完成时，看用于正式行文的时间有多少;第三次在正文写下一半时，看还有多少时间，从而决定是否按计划展开全文，是否需要压缩调整、简化内容。

对作文的字数，题目一般都有明确规定，大致有三种情况：一是规定上限，如“不得超过多少字”、“在多少字以内”;二是规定下限，如"不少于多少字"。这两种情况必须严格执行限制字数。三是上下限都有规定，如“左右”，“之间”等，其左右的幅度要看中间数字本身：一般地说100至200字的，各不宜大于10字;300至500字的，各不宜大于20字;600至800字的，各不宜大于30字(标点符号应计算在内)。

作文的字数，在总体布局时应心中有数。一般来说，命题作文主体部分应占全文的70%，开头和结尾各占15%;给材料作文，开头要引述材料的，开头部分可增加到25%～30%，主体部分至少要保证65%，结尾可适当缩减。

作文技巧5:检查与修改

文章写完以后，一定要检查修改。修改文章，原则上应从思想内容、结构、语言三方面进行，但考试作文在写完后不可能有时间做大的调整、改动，所以，修改的重点应是文面上的问题。对漏字、错字、别字、病句等毛病，要及时纠正，使其减少到最低限度，以期避免不应有的损失。修改的一个简单可行的办法就是“默读”。逐字逐句读下去，发现问题随时修改。

作文临场答卷是在有限时间内进行的，但答卷质量的高低取决于考前的长时间的努力，反映着考生平时语文学习的功底。因此，要想临场答卷取得满意的效果，功在平时。如果说作文有“秘诀”的话，那就是鲁迅先生所讲过的：“要多看、多想、多读、多写。”

高考中作文是很重要的一点，许多人面对高考作文都在发愁，下面是小编整理的高考作文的写作技巧：六要六不要，欢迎阅读。

一要先审题不要大喜过望。看清楚题目的要求、指向，思考一下这题目可能有几种写法，哪种写法容易落于俗套，哪种写法更有创意、自己又能发挥得更好;不要似曾相识，就不再审题，这样往往容易跑题。而反复推敲自己的设计有无“跑题”，是开写的前提。

如碰到熟悉的有所准备的作文题，也要认真构思，发挥创意;不要大喜过望，马上把原来准备的往上写。每年高考阅卷占相当比重的就是所谓“宿构作文”，题材构思彼此相似，有固定的套路。判卷的老师见得多了，会很厌烦“宿构”，难免就扣分。所以即使很熟悉的题目也要重新去构思。

二要沉着应对，不要碰到难题就懵了。如碰到出乎意料毫无准备的题目，则要沉着应对，想到肯定不只是自己感到难，很可能大多数考生都难，这就“扯平”了，能让自己静下心来;不要碰到难题就懵了，乱了阵脚。每年高考作文题都可能“别出心裁”，有时甚至有点“怪”，那也别被吓住了。考场上心理因素很重要，有信心，不着急，能自我调节，才能发挥得好。

三要把时间安排好，不要虎头蛇尾。一般都是先做完其他部分的题再写作文，那么留给作文的时间就要有具体的安排。审题构思的时间要给够。提纲出来后要想想，写每一部分所需要的时间大致有多少。修改润色也要留出时间;不要没有时间观念，写到哪里算哪里。容易出现的毛病往往是开头用了很多时间，越到后来时间越不够用，只好匆忙收笔，结果虎头蛇尾。

四要列出提纲，不要只想到开头。构思时最好列出简要的提纲，把论点、论据、如何分段、前后逻辑先想清楚，然后基本上就按照提纲的思路来写;不要只想到开头，还没有通盘的构想，就着急往下写，边写边构思容易乱。

五要超越“程式化”思维不要照搬。不要轻车熟路，用做练习的习惯去写作文，不要照搬平时准备的框架、论点或素材。现今的高考作文训练往往都是“程式化”的，大家都这样去构思，甚至一种素材有几种用法都预先设计好了，只有超越，才能显示你的水平和创意，也才有好的成绩。

六要文通字顺不要堆砌辞藻。不要一味堆砌辞藻，动不动就是名人名言、格言警句。这些年高考作文常见那种华丽空洞的“文艺腔”，已经引起普遍的反感，再这样去写，容易失分。写完后读一遍，把可有可无的字句段删去，再适当加上某些润色。

中考作文最常的考的就是记叙文、议论文，不同的文体有着不一样的写作技巧，下面是小编为你带来的中考记叙文写作技巧指点，欢迎阅读。

1.要重视立意，注意多点题。

立意就是确立文章的主题，主题是作者在一篇文章中表现出来的思想认识，它体现了一个作者对写作对象(写进文章中的材料)认识的高度。一个考生的积极进取的思想意识，健康高尚的道德情操，科学辩证的思想方法，往往在他的文章中表现出来。相反，作文中表现出来的对社会生活、人物事件等方面的低俗、幼稚的认识，也反映出文章作者思想上的不成熟。同时，写作记叙文要注意多点题，可在首尾通过议论点题，可在文中通过议论或文中人物的对话、心理描写点题，而结尾的议论点题一般是必不可少的。

2.要选好题材，准确且新颖。

可以是题材本身新，也可以是手法新，旧题材写出新意。题材还可以也应该进行合理虚构。选材时，要尽量写校园外的，要尽量写自己熟悉的，要尽量写有一定的典型性的(能够以小见大)，要尽量写一个片断，要尽量写能展开的(展开后能"出彩"的)。

3.要设计线索，能纲举目张。

线索是记叙性作品中把全部材料贯串成一个有机整体的脉络。繁杂、零碎的材料(人、事、景、物)如果没有一条清晰的线索来连缀、贯穿，就会互不关联，杂乱无章;有了线索，文章就能纲举目张，浑然一体，更好地表现中心。清楚的线索应该是有利于读者识别、发现的，如标题、穿插的抒情议论、反复出现的某个物体或词句等。其设计方式则灵活多样：可以是某个人物、某个事件、某种物体，可以是时间的推移、空间的转换，也可以是感情的变化，等等。应试时，我们可以根据中心表达的需要，灵活选择。

4.要感情真挚，能打动读者。

考场作文要写真实的"我"，让"我"的激情在文中闪光。当然感人的事并非就一定要是痛彻心扉、悲惨至极，矫揉造作、夸张失实的作品反而令人见之生厌、读之无味;真挚的感情首先来源生活的真实，一个普通的但常常会被人忽视的瞬间却让人感受到沉重的滋味。

相对来说，高中学生的记叙能力强过说理能力，所以"文体自选"时最好选择记叙文。

例文[话题：感情亲属和对事物的认知]

隔着代沟，我望见了您

湖北考生

已经不记得上一次好好地看您是什么时候了，父亲。

我只记得那时的您，头发乌黑，皮肤泛着古铜色的光。青年时期的下乡生活，让您有了健康的体魄，也让您在纷繁的社会中变得寡言少语。

自我上高中以来，您就很少管过我。有人说"儿随母，女随父"。在我的生活中，更多的是妈妈的教育和关怀。我几乎每天都要和她谈笑，却很少能跟您讲上一句话。妈妈总是关心我这，关心我那，而在我眼中，您总是坐在您自己的角落里，研究着自己的股票。我总觉得您根本不关心我，我总觉得您是家中的一个外人。

随着感情的疏远，我发现我渐渐地不认得您了。"代沟"，这可真是个神奇的东西。

中考离我越来越近，可您却离我越来越远。虽然您也开始不时地说些什么，您也开始每天按时往我嘴里塞各种各样的补品，可对我来讲，那些话远不如妈妈讲得动听。而塞药时我甚至感觉，您是一个"医生"，而不是一个父亲。感情的疏远，似乎真的隔断了认知。

考前的那几天学校放假，您让我到您的学校复习。您带着我去了您的学校，让我在办公室等着，自己去清理一间教室出来。我一人待在办公室里无聊，就走下楼去，走到那间教室门口。教室里您忙碌的身影晃动着。我突然意识到我很久没有好好看看您了。

我一声不响地走进去。您还在忙着。光线并不明亮，我却看到了您头上几点晃眼的光。我头一次注意到您有白头发了。您费力地搬着桌子，额头上已经闪着莹莹的光。这就是我的父亲啊，曾几何时家里重活一人包的父亲，竟也变得这样虚弱!您还是老了啊!

那一刻，我突然感觉一股冲击从心底喷薄而出，震动着我的全身。我觉得那是源自割不断的亲情，那是心底的回音。突然找回了被父爱包围的感觉，这父爱不像从前那样广博而无微不至，但它却更深沉，更能激起我内心的共鸣。我觉得我重新认识了您。

也许您还没有感觉到我的觉醒，也许在您眼中我还是那个对您冷若冰霜不屑一顾的小男孩。可您一定知道，只要亲情不断，血脉相连，我一定会认识到父爱的伟大。感情也许会疏远，可无论这代沟有多宽，我终究会望见您的!

解析：从当代中学生与父辈存在代沟这一社会现象切入，写了代沟使"我"缺乏对父爱的准确解读，也表明了事实教育"我"要认识父爱、热爱父亲的主题。文章叙写"我"对父爱的误解，是铺垫，是深化认识的前奏。详写"父亲费力搬桌子"的细节--这是一位走向衰老的男人心中爱子之情的自然流露，作者饱蘸浓情，写得令人感动。在表达上，文章采用内心独白式的方式，显得真实、自然，又强化了感情的宣泄;在选材立意上，直指现实生活，具有鲜明的时代特征。

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语，欢迎阅读。

1. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

2. Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

3. East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

4. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

5. It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

6. Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

8. Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

9. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

12. A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

15. No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

17. Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

18. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

20. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

22. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

23. Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

24. No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

26. Kill two birds with one stone.

一石双鸟。

27. Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

天才一分来自灵感，九十九分来自勤奋。

29. He who laughs last laughs best.

谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。

30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.

身体健壮就有希望，有了希望就有了一切。

31. No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

32. Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

34. There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

35. Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

36. Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

38. Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

41. The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

43. Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

44. The on-looker sees most of the game.

旁观者清。

45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.

与众同乐，其乐更乐。

46. Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉日子长。

47. Time and tide waits for no man.

岁月不等人。

48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

若要求知，必须刻苦。

49. Learn to walk before you run.

循序渐进。

50. From words to deeds is a great space.

言行之间，大有距离。

51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.

技能和信心是无敌的军队。

52. Habit is a second nature.

习惯成自然。

53. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.

巧妇难为无米之炊。

56. Nothing for nothing.

不费力气，一无所得。

57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

不犯错误者一事无成。

58. Nothing seek, nothing find.

无所求则无所获。

59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.

每事浅尝辄止，事事都告无成。

60. A great ship asks deep waters.

大船要走深水。

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主......

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心......

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命......

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折......

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征......

一、教育类

● And gladly would learn , and gladly teach .( Chaucer , British pot

勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人, 乔叟)

●Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)

与其不受教育,不如不生,因为无知是不幸的根源.(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)

●Genius without education is like silver in the mine. (Benjamin Franklin , American president )

未受教育的天才，犹如矿中之银。 (美国总统 富兰克. B.)

●The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet .(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher )

教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。( 古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)

二、知识类

●Activity is the only road to knowledge .(George Bernard Shaw , British

dramatist)

行动是通往知识的唯一道路。 (英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.)

●A free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books .(Thomas Jefferson ,

American president)

一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识。(美国总统

杰斐逊 . T.)

●A great part to the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way .(Adams Franklin , American humorist )

我的大部分知识都是这样获得的：在寻找某个资料时意外的发现了另上的资料。(美国幽默作家

富兰克林. A.)

●If a man empties his purse into his head , no man can take it away from him , an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest .(Benjamin Franklin ,

American president )

倾已所有追求知识，没有人能夺走它;向知识投资，收益最佳。(美国总统

富兰克林. B.)

●Imagination is more important than knowledge .(Albert Einstein , American scientist )

想象力比知识更为重要。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. A. )

●Knowledge is power . (Francis Bacon , British philosopher )

知识就是力量。 (英国哲学家 培根. F.)

●The empty vessels make the greatest sound . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist )

满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚. W.)

一、 关于记叙文：

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物等类的文章，在表达方式上以记述为主，但往往也间有描写、抒情和议论，并没有截然的划分。它是一种形式灵活、写法多样的文体。古代的记、传、序、表、志等，现代的消息、通讯、简报、特写、传记、回忆录等，都属于记叙文的范畴。

二、知识点归纳：

(一)记叙文知识点归纳：

1、记叙的四种顺序：顺叙、 倒叙、 插叙、 补叙。

(1)顺叙：

按照事情发展的本来顺序进行叙述，依次从开端、发展写到高潮、结局，文章的层次、段落和事情发展的过程基本一致，这就是顺叙。顺叙是最常见的叙述方式。

(2)倒叙：

把人物、事件的结局，或人物经历、事件过程中最突出的片段，提到前面来写，就是倒叙。倒叙有造成悬念、引起读者兴趣、启发人们思考的艺术效果。

(3)插叙：

在叙述进行中暂停一下，插入另外一段事，然后再把原叙述继续下去，这就是插叙。插叙有追忆往事、补足有关情况的作用。

(4)补叙：

在叙述结束后，又对前面的有关情节进行内容上的补充，这就是补叙。

2、表达方式：叙述、 描写、 抒情、 议论。

(1)叙述：

把人物的经历、行为或事情的发生、发展、变化表述出来，就是叙述。

(2)描写：

用生动形象的语言，把人物的形态、动作、或景物的状态、特征等，具体细致地描绘出来，就是描写。小说中运用描写比较多，一般记叙文则只是在叙述中穿插一些描写。这些描写，按对象来划分、大体可归为人物描写和环境描写两类。

(3)抒情：

直接抒情：

作者或作品中的人物在文章中直接公开地表白自己的喜怒爱憎感情，就是直接抒情。这种抒情方式在诗歌和抒情散文中运用较多，一般记叙文不宜多用。否则令人产生做作、乏味之感。

间接抒情：

将感情渗透在写景、叙事、说理之中，边叙述边抒情，边描写边抒情，边议论边抒情，就是间接抒情。这是记叙文的主要抒情方式。采用这种方式抒情，可熔情、景、事、理于一炉，使文章更显得丰富多彩、富有情味。

(4)议论：

议论是论说文的主要表达方式，在记叙文中，它只是一种穿插在叙述和描写中的辅助手段，一般表现为对文中叙述的事物画龙点睛式地发表议论，即夹叙夹议。

3、记叙文六要素：时间、 地点、 人物、 事件的起因、经过和结果。

4、人物的描写方法：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、神态描写。从描写的疏密来看又可分为概括介绍和细节描写。从描写的角度看还可分为正面描写(直接描写)、侧面描写(间接描写)等。

5、常用写作手法：象征、对比、(铺垫)、照应(呼应)、直接(间接)描写、 扬抑。

关于象征手法：

以茅盾的《白杨礼赞》、周敦颐的《爱莲说》为例，作者不是单纯地赞美白杨、莲花，而是借这些物来赞颂某些美德或具备这些美德的人。这种写作手法，通常称为“象征手法”。“象征手法”在诗歌、散文中是常见的手法之一。它一般用来赞颂美好的事物，体现作者对理想的追求，有时也可用来讽刺丑恶的事物，抨击不合理的现象，它既可以通篇运用，作者并不点明，由读者自己去体会象征的含义，也可以只用于某些章节片段，由作者直接点明象征的含义。恰当地运用象征手法，可以把抽象的精神品质，化为具体的可以感知的形象，从而给读者留下深刻印象;可以把不便于明说的意思含蓄地表示出来，赋予文章以深意，从而给读者留下咀嚼回味的余地。

(二)小说的要素：

小说是一种散文体的叙事文学样式。人物、情节、环境是小说的三个基本要素。

(1)人物：(主要人物的确定要看该人物能否表现小说的主题思想)

(2)情节：(开端 /发展 /高潮 /结局 )

(3)环境描写：自然环境、社会环境。

自然环境描写--(主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等。比如春夏秋冬，风雨云雪，以及山川，平原、草地、小河、公园等。)作用是为了表现人物的身份、地位、性格，烘托人物心情，渲染气氛等。

社会环境描写(主要是指人物所处的时代背景.以及小说中人物与人物之间的关系.如社会背景、历史背景、时代背景等。)作用是交代故事的时代背景，推动情节的发展。

小说中的环境描写与其它文体中的环境描写的区别在于，它是为塑造人物服务的，是人物个性形成乃至于人物存在的理由和依据;而其他文体中的环境描写一般没有这样的功效，至少这样的作用不是主要的。例如写景散文中有很多环境描写，并且以自然景物的描写为主，但它不一定以塑造人物为旨归，而往往是借助于景物描写直接抒发对这景物的感情，或者对这景物的象征物的感情。即所谓的“借景抒情”。

[中考语文作文知识之记叙文的写作指导

借物喻人，就是借某一事物的特点，来比喻人的一种品格。这也是作文中用来表现、突出中心思想的常用的一种写作方法。

如《落花生》，全文讲述“我们”全家欢度收获节，边品尝新花生，边谈论花生的好处；告诉人们，做人要做务实有用的人，不要做只讲体面而对别人没有好处的人。文章在谈论花生的好处时，有这样几段话：父亲说：“花生的好处很多，有一样最可贵：它的果实埋在地里，不像桃子、石榴、苹果那样，把鲜红嫩绿的果实高高地挂在枝头上，使人一见就生爱慕之心。你们看它矮矮地长在地上，等到成熟了，也不能立刻分辨出来它有没有果实，必须挖起来才知道。”我们都说是，母亲也点点头。父亲接下去说：“所以你们要像花生，它虽然不好看，可是很有用，不是外表好看而没有实用的东西。”我说：“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做只讲体面，而对别人没有好处的人了。”父亲说：“对。这是我对你们的希望。”

这几段话就运用了借物喻人（借用花生的特点来比喻怎样做人）的方法：父亲引导孩子谈花生，目的是为了论人生；他赞美花生的品格，也是为了说明做人应该做怎样的人。“我”从父亲的话中体会到“人要做有用的人，不要做只讲体面，而对别人没有好处的人。”这个认识得到了父亲的肯定。这就像画龙点晴一样，很自然地表达出了文章的中心思想。

由此可见，无论写人记事还是写景状物，正确运用借物喻人的方法：可以使文章立意更深远，表情达意更含蓄；可以大大增强文章的表现力和感染力。

大家再读读下面这篇文章，体会一下借物喻人的特点及作用：

山中的老杏树

杏子成熟时，正赶上农村收麦。麦收过后的一天，我才抽空儿扛着木棍儿，棍儿上挑着篮儿，上了南山。

半路碰上邻居二婶儿。二婶儿见我也去采杏，忙告诉我：“我都找遍了，只有山梁南面第二个山沟里那棵树上还有杏儿，只是杏子又青又小，还不好吃！”说完，二婶便走下山去。

我登上山梁，老远就看到了那棵树。它是那条山沟里仅有的一棵杏树。走近了才望见树上绿绿的叶子中颗颗半红不绿的杏子，成串成串地挤满枝头。随着一阵微风，杏树抖动起枝叶，像是在和我打招呼。

这是一棵老杏树，它长在沟底缺土少水的岩石旁，树干又高又曲又粗，疤痕累累，显然它已历尽沧桑。我把木棍儿插在腰间攀到树上。坐在粗大的树杈上，我看得更清楚了：枝条上，每个叶窝儿都挂着一个圆溜溜的杏子。大多杏子又都长着“阴阳脸”——一面绿中透黄，一面黄里带红；个头儿也不小，个个儿都像个小苹果儿。望着这绿叶间压串枝的杏子，我比喻不出它们像珍珠、像宝石，还是像翡翠、像玛瑙。捏开一个一看，哎呀，金色的果肉浸满果汁，放到嘴里，酸溜溜，甜滋滋，沁人心脾。

一抬头，无意中发现两个树杈之间卡着一块石头。哦！我全明白了：二婶儿说这杏子又青又小不好吃，是因为树太高，她看不见结在上面的杏子，只摘些下面小的。她不会上树，够不着，用石头又砸不下来。显然，她着实冤枉了这棵老杏树。

望着满树伸手可及的果实，再俯视一下这棵饱经风霜的老杏树，一种敬慕之情油然而生。老杏树啊老杏树，你不怕寂寞，不畏艰难困苦，独自扎根于这深山岩石之中，老而不衰。一年又一年，你为人们结下多少杏子？可你对人却无半点所求。当你受了委屈或遇到冷眼、非礼时，脚跟仍是那样坚定，胸怀仍是那样坦荡、无私。多么可敬的老杏树啊！我轻轻地取下石块，抽出腰间的木棍儿，可怎么也不肯打下去，唯恐因打杏儿而折损老树的枝叶，伤害它的身心。于是，我下了树，挎上篮儿，再爬上树，坐在老杏树的怀抱中，尽情地摘着杏子，尽情地享受着它奉献的果实。

这是一篇优美、生动、感人至深的文章。相信每一个同学读了此文之后，都一定会认识到：决不单纯是状“物”；作者运用了借物喻人的方法，借山中老杏树的特点，热情讴歌了具有老杏树品格（不怕寂寞，不畏艰难困苦，扎根深山，饱经风霜，老而不衰，只讲奉献，胸怀坦荡、无私）的人，同时从心底抒发了对具有老杏树品格的人的无比敬爱之情。

运用借物喻人的方法需要注意的是：作文时，描述的事物的特点，要与人的品格有相似之处；让人读了文章，就能清楚地认识到，借物要说明什么，要借物赞誉怎样的人。如果不是这样的话，“借物喻人”的方法，也就失去了使用的意义。

命题作文一般限制较紧，不像话题作文、半命题作文那样宽松，文题有大、小、宽、窄、显、隐之别，所以审题是关键，也是难点。下面是小编为你带来的中考命题作文写作策略，欢迎阅读。

一、独词型命题用扩充法审题

给独词型标题加上合适的限制性词语，能使宽泛的题目变得具体、实在、易写，便于把文章写真、写小、写活。如面对“晨”的命题作文，在不改变原来文题的情况下可以用扩—展的办法将其转化为“人生之晨”“泰山之晨”“校园之晨”“车站的早晨”等来构思。又如“凝聚”(北京)，可以用扩充法审题后，从 “凝聚友情”“凝聚亲情”“凝聚力量”“凝聚爱心”“凝聚精力”等角度任选一个行文。

二、短语型命题用分析法审题

在审短语型的作文题时，将字数较多的作文题目压缩、拆解，抽出主干词或中心词，便于把握文章的中心，不易写跑题。

1.分析题眼法。题眼是标题的核心和灵魂，直接决定了选材和立意。如果标题是主谓句，题眼就在谓语或谓语中心词上，如“我做主”，“做主”就是题眼，立意上就应从其重点着墨，如“做国家的主人”“做命运的主人”“做自己的主人”“做某件事的主人”等。如果标题是动宾短语，题眼常在动词上，如“品味生活”，题眼就在“品味”上。如果标题是偏正短语，那么题眼一般是定语或状语。

2.分析关系法。即分析短语内各成分间的关系。如湖南邵阳中考命题作文“有你真好”，“有你”和“真好”之间暗含了“因为……所以”的关联词，所以要展现“有你真好”的原因和过程。

3.辨别标志法。就是通过辨识题目中标示文体的词语来明确作文的体裁，如题目中标有“记”“回忆”等字样或标明时间、地点、人物、事件、景物的，应写成记叙文;文题中出现“谈”“说”“议”“辨”“评”“析”“读”“感”“启迪”“启示”“体会”“感想”等字眼的，一般要写成议论文;文题中有 “介绍”“使用”“构造”“形成”等字眼的，一般要写成说明文;若文题中有象征性、形象性、抒情性意味的词语，多写以记叙为主、兼有抒情议论的散文。如 “记住这一 天”，“记住”表明这应该是一篇记叙兼议论、抒情的叙事散文或者以记叙、描写为基础的议论文。“这一天”对写作内容做了定位，要么，对“这一天”发生的、应该“记住”的事加以详细描写，要么对“记住这‘天”的理由用发散思维的方法加以阐释。

三、诗意型命题用揭示内涵法审题

受高考作文命题的影响，诗意化的命题逐渐走进中考作文，成为一道亮丽的风景，但也因此增加了审题和构思的难度。将诗意化命题的象征义、比喻义、引申义挖掘出来，才能使作文立意深刻起来。例如“打开一扇窗”，传统意义上，只有打开窗，才能看到外面的风景，才能有风和阳光进来，才能让阴暗、寒冷、污浊的斗室变成明亮、温暖和清新的天地。由此引申开来，这里的“窗”具有多种比喻意义和象征意义，例如心灵之窗、宽容之窗、智慧之窗、善良之窗、交流之窗、文学之窗等。

虽然一些命题作文没有引语，但有引语的作文命题就要谨慎审之了。引语的作用可能有三种：一是开拓写作思路，降低文题难度;二是明确写作方向，相当于暗示性的写作要求：三是引起考生的情感共鸣，便于调动写作素材。审引语的方法主要是提取关键词和切题联想。如浙江温州市中考作文题：

古人云“知行合一”“知易行难”，“知者”可贵，“行者”更可贵。“行者”，用行动诠释生活的意义，用行动抒写生命的美丽：鲁迅以直面人生的呐喊唤起民众的觉醒，“我”以满腔的热情帮助迪龙实现生命的蜕变，而面临危机的美丽汉语需要我们用行动去拯救。

当我们抱怨环境脏乱时，我们为什么不俯下身去?当我们接受善意的微笑时，为什么不报以同样的微笑?当我自怨自艾时，为什么不走向 更广阔的世界……行动，就在举手之间。

做一个“行者”，行动着，感悟着，收获着……

请以‘做—个‘行者’”为题写—篇文章。

要求：①文体不限;②不少于600字 (写咸诗歌不少于20行);③文中不得出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

前三段文字属于引语，从多个方面提示了写作的方向。第一段首句从三个方面，次句从两个方面，分别提供了写作立意的方向，第三句引导我们注意选用素材的角度。第二段从反面提醒我们不要抱怨 ，从小事做起，举手之间就可以做一个“行者”。第三段则提示考生可以分别叙写“行”的经历，抒写感悟和谈论收获。

语文网小编今天推荐的是：说明文的写作技巧。语文写作在平时测试、期末考试中都占有很大的比重，所以，多写一些说明文能熟能生巧，轻松应对考试，最重要的，对于语文学习能力的提高非常有帮助。这篇明文的写作技巧，以供同学们练习、反思和感悟!

一、 说明文的定义。

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。

二、 说明文的特点。

说明文的特点是说，而且具有一定的知识性。这种知识，或者来自有关科学研究资料，或者是亲身实践、调查、考察的所得，都具有严格的科学性。为了要把事物说明白，就必须把握事物的特征，进而揭示出事物的本质属性，即不仅要说明是什么，还要说明为什么是这样。应用性说明文一般只要求说明事物的特征，阐述性说明文则必须揭示出问题的本源和实质。 说明文是客观地说明事物的一种文体，目的在于给人以知识：或说明事物的状态、性质、功能，或阐明事理。《中国石拱桥》属于前者，它以赵州桥和卢沟桥为例说明中国石拱桥不但形式优美，而且结构坚固的特征。《大自然的语言》属于后者，文章科学地说明了物候学知识。说明事物特点和阐明事理是说明文的两种类型。

三、 说明文的常用说明方法及作用。

1、说明的方法有：下定义,作诠释,举例子,列数字,打比方,作比较,分类别,引资料,摹状貌,做图表 2、明白各种方法的作用。

举例子：这里使用了举例子的说明方法，具体说明了 这种说明方法的作用是使说明的对象具体形象，便于读者理解。

作比较：这里拿和作比较，突出(具体)说明了 作比较用于突出强调被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。

列数字：这里使用了列数字的说明方法，准确说明了 (列举了的数字，准确说明了)其作用是使说明准确无误，令读者信服。

分类别：分类别的作用是使说明条理清楚。

打比方：它的主要作用是使说明对象生动形象，增强文章的趣味性。

作诠解：用于解释被说明内容的成因及内在联系。

下定义：其作用是科学准确地解释说明对象的内涵，使说明更严密。

画图表：可使说明内容直观形象。

摹状貌：使说明生动形象，使文章更具可读性。

3、有时说明文借用其他修辞手法来帮助说明，这些手法的作用分析应当紧紧围绕说明对象，依照说明文的要求。

四、 如何写好说明文。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小学生，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以水为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。结构层次能力需发同学们在长期的写作过程中培养。

这篇说明文的阅读技巧是由语文网小编为您收集整理，希望这些技巧的学习，能帮助同学们把握说明文写作的技巧，进而提高阅读、鉴赏、写作能力以及语文综合素养。祝同学们学习进步!