0中考英语作文写作技巧ppt【20篇】
成语有很大一部分是从古代相承沿用下来的，它既代表了一个故事典故，又是一种现成的话，很多又有比喻引申意义而被广泛引用。下面是小编整理的成语典故作文，欢迎大家阅读!
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1000知识与智力英语中考优秀作文
全文共 557 字
+ 加入清单Knowledge and Intelligence
Knowledge is ones acquaintance with facts, truth, principles, through education, investigation, and experience, while wisdom is the quality or state of being knowledgeable and sensible; it is ones accumulated knowledge to form the right judgment and make the right decision.
知识是一个人通过教育、调查和经历，（表现出的）对现实、真理和原则的认识，而智慧是成为博学的和明智的一个特质或者状态；它是一个人（通过）累积的知识而做出正确的判断和决定。
It may follow that wisdom is the output end of the knowledge acquiring process.
知识可能遵循着，智慧是获取知识过程的最终输出端。
Simply put, knowledge makes one wise.
不仅如此，知识还会使人聪明。
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篇1：成长的烦恼中考英语作文
全文共 2552 字
+ 加入清单Long so big, lived a fairy carefree life, many people think we are very happy, in fact, we also have some trouble, such as I had a long is not high.
I this year 13 years old, is also and 10 years old children metre almost 4 a few, but not that I dont, just grow slowly, only a few centimeters a year, I mother worry dead, I am also very worry, hope I hurry up taller, because of the high long not too much trouble.
First, let me no face very much, the students often that I joke, such as once, Lin Qizhe and I went to the toilet, standing next to a four young children, he found a little bit taller than me. Yu Shilin kai zhe shame asked him: "kid, what grade are you?" "The fourth grade." And then he laughed at me said: "the fourth grade is higher than yours." I felt no face very much.
At another time, I went to the supermarket shopping and Lin Qizhe is originally very happy one thing, but when I came to the checkout counter, that aunt asked Lin Qizhe with smile: "the kid is your younger brother!" I nearly fainted on the spot, Lin smiled and explained the penguin, walk out the door he added opportunity to laugh at me, I think should make friends with him. This is a let me remember, I want to find a chance to even the score
Second, let me always sports than others, however, is not tall certainly sports is not good, especially what I run theres no way.
And one more thing is I in the morning exercises team is always the first, for six years, never change, once again, under the national flag, the front of the host is to find the nearest answer this question, I was just recently, he asked me, I didnt know, where is she reminded me that I didnt understand, let me very embarrassing, couldnt find a disappear. The back of the natural dont have to worry about finding yourself.
I couldnt get taller, but instead, I had to laugh at themselves: "concentration is the essence." "Im not a dwarf, but is not obvious." But I still want to grow taller.
长这么大，无忧无虑的过着神仙般的生活，好多人认为我们很快乐，其实我们也有一些烦恼，比如说我就有一个长不高的烦恼。
我今年13岁了，个子还和10岁孩子差不多高一米四几，但我不是不张，只是长得慢，一年只长几厘米，害得我妈着急死了，我也很着急，希望我快点长高，因为长不高太麻烦了。
第一：让我很没面子，同学们经常那我开玩笑，比如有一次，我和林启哲上厕所，旁边站了一个四年纪小朋友，他发现比我高一点点。于是林启哲不知耻的问他：“小朋友，你几年级啊?”“四年级啊。”，然后他嘲笑我说：“四年级的都比你高。”我当时觉得很没面子。
还有一次，我和林启哲去超市shopping，本来是很开心的一件事，可当我来到收银台时，那个阿姨笑着问林启哲：“那个小朋友是你的弟弟啊!”我当场差点晕了，林企鹅笑着解释完，走出门他又接着机会嘲笑我，我想是不是应该和他做朋友了。这是一只让我记忆犹新，我想找个机会报复一下
第二，让我体育总是比不过别人，个子不高肯定体育不好，尤其是什么跑步不行啊。
还有一点是我在早操队中是永远的第一个，已经六年了，从来没变过，又一次，国旗下表演，前排的主持人都是找最近的回答问题，刚好我是最近的，他问我，我没想到，她在哪里提醒我才明白，让我一下很难堪，恨不得找个地缝钻进去。后排的自然不用担心找到自己了。
我恨不得快点长高，但事与愿违，我只好自嘲：“浓缩就是精华。”“我不是矮，只是高的不明显。”但我依旧是想长高的。
篇2：2024年关于环保的中考写作素材
全文共 3954 字
+ 加入清单导语：环保，能让世界变的干净。春天来了，大地万物开始苏醒，一片片生机盎然的树木，让我们每个人在心中都产生一份爱，那就是绿色，就是对绿色的热爱。下面是小编为大家整理的关于绿色环保的句子摘抄，欢迎阅读，谢谢!
关于绿色环保的句子摘抄【1】
1.我不能阻止破坏环境的事情太多，但我能做到保护环境的事也不少。我可以从小事做起，从日常生活做起，从自己力所能及的事做起。我想，如果人人都这样做，那么我们的生活环境就会减少一些污染。
2.当一片片绿波汹涌的森林被无垠的荒漠黄尘所取代，当无忧地在蔚蓝的天空飘荡的白云被漫天滚滚黑烟所替代，当为地球遮风挡雨的臭氧层被无情的氟里昂所破坏，我分明听见了森林的哭泣，白云的悲伤，臭氧层的叹息。
3.环保，无处不在，这要我们用心做，每时每刻，我们都可以为环保尽上一份力。淘完米的水可以浇花，用过的电池要回收……，如果地球上的人们都这样关爱地球，地球就会更加健康，人们的生活也就会更加美好。
4.保护我们的环境，就是保护我们的地球。珍惜我们唯一的地球，就是珍惜我们的生命。当天空出现彩虹时，就说明垃圾回家了，小草笑了，大叔爷爷乐了，我们的地球妈妈没有在哭泣了。
5.我们想看到到青山绵亘林壑尤美;我们还想看到高山之上，皆生寒树，负势竟上，互相轩邈;我们还想听到泉水激石，泠泠作响，流水淙淙，清脆悦耳。
6.地球，我们这些祖国的花朵都爱护着您，唯一的希望就是让您斑驳的面庞重新光彩照人，不再有吞噬人类的海啸地震，空气能够清新起来，天空能够湛蓝起来，大地能够绿化起来，形成人与自然的和谐统一。
7.环保，能让世界变的干净。春天来了，大地万物开始苏醒，一片片生机盎然的树木，让我们每个人在心中都产生一份爱，那就是绿色，就是对绿色的热爱。
8.我们离不开赖以生存的地球，共同的命运把我们联系在一起，大自然多么盼望它能回到家园，地球母亲把重任托付在人类的身上，因为只有我们才能挽回地球和人类的幸福：让绿色不再叹息，大自然不再哭泣，让地球母亲的伤痕消失，让明天的地球更加美丽坚强可爱!
9.有人说过“所有统治者所做的决定都是为了巩固他的地位，权力”，而我也说“人类之所以要环保，是为了能生存下去”因为环境如果一直恶化下去，会侵害到人类未来的所有利益，因此要暂时牺牲现在的一些眼前的利益，以换取未来的整体利益。人类最初想到要环保应该是源于人类对于未来美好生活的渴求，只不过后来被人为的负载上了道义和人文关怀。有这么一句话，生物的一生无非两首主题曲“生存”和“繁衍”，人类也不能例外。
10.觉醒吧!我们的地球母亲被你们弄得面目全非了，不要再做那些伤害地球母亲的事了，我们都要争做环保小公民!我们居住在地球，就应该保护好我们的地球母亲!多少年来，地球母亲哺育了我们。现在的地球人是多么地不环保啊!我们身为地球人都不懂得保护自己的地球母亲，这又是何道理呢?就算你只做到了一点点的环保，也是很不错的，这总比你不环保要好得多。
11.我不能阻止人们滥砍伐树木，但我能做到节约每一张纸，不用一次性筷子;我不能阻止人们捕稀有动物，采稀有植物，但我能做到不捕稀有动物，不吃稀有植物;我不能阻止人们不用白色垃圾来污染环境，但我能做到不用塑料袋，用环保袋;我不能阻止人们乱扔电磁污染土地，污染水源，但我能做到把家中的电磁放到指定的垃圾桶里;我不能阻止人们浪费水源，但我能做到每次上完厕所都拧紧水龙头……
12.赶快醒来吧，为了我们共同的家园和他长久的美好未来，从现在做起，从我做起，勇敢地站起来对大自然做出承诺，承诺用我们的双手使地球母亲恢复青春容颜，承诺用我们的行动来感动大自然，改造大自然。立志把我们的社会，我们的家园和校园建设的更加美丽。
13.“叮呤呤……”，随着一阵清脆悦耳的铃声，睁开朦胧的睡眼，希望的晨曦射进窗户——新的一天又开始了!早上的洗漱穿戴一如既往，但洗脸刷牙的水用得少了，只为节约水资源;背上书包，和走下楼，钻进小汽车里送上学，们家的小汽车不再是加油的汽车，而是环保的加气汽车，可以减少碳排量。
14.我给你送来粒粒种子，你让它们花繁叶茂，我赠予你颗颗树苗，你让它们绿树成荫。只有热爱祖国和人类的真正懂得爱护绿色，只有从爱护眼前一草一木做起的人，才会热爱祖国的山河。我们青少年要爱每一片绿叶，爱每一棵小草，受每一朵鲜花。保护环境，绿化校园，让绿色生命激活我们热爱的生活，做祖国美好的建设者。
15.保护环境并没有想象中的那么难，只要我们从小事做起，就一定会让地球焕然一新的，比如：多使用环保袋，尽量避免用塑料袋;尽量坐公交车，尽可能的减少汽车排放的废气;平时多步行，骑自行车，锻炼身体又保护环境……除此之外，还有很多很多，只要我们从小事做起，积少成多，积沙成塔，就一定会让地球重还以前的面貌。
16.什么时候环保才能真正地融入到人们的生活中呢?世界在我们面前呈现出它的无限生机时，我们才会时时刻刻感受到生命的高贵与美丽，感悟到生命的可爱与神圣。我忽然想到了一句话：“怀有一颗怜悯的心，便会觉悟到它们的生命就是人类的生命。当他们被杀害天尽时，人类就像是最后一块多米诺骨牌，接着倒下的也便是人类自己了。”
17.即使我们拥有的水资源如此之少和珍贵，但我们还没有认真地对待它。全球性的水污染，水资源的过度消耗和管理不当已经造成可利用水资源水量和水质的大幅下降。现在，世界上每天有6000人因为得不到水或足够清洁的水而死亡。如果这种趋势不能得到有效控制，20年后，世界人口的2/3将面临无水可用的危境!
18.环境保护是一件功在当代利在千秋的大事，和我们每个人也是分不开的。当你在植树节种上一棵树苗，当你让多一袋我们的生活垃圾进入垃圾筒，当你少随便乱吐一口痰，当你少让我们的小宠物在公共场所少拉一堆粪便，当你为改善我们的生活环境都做出一份贡献，出一份力，尽管这些都是一些微不足道的小事，何愁我们的家园不会变的花红柳绿，天蓝绿水，鸟语花香呢?
19.环保，现在是目前世界上最热门的话题之一，或许这也是永远的话题吧。环保即环境保护，环境就是我们人类赖以生存的地方，而保护呢，在我看来，保护分两类，一类是保护重要的还没被破坏的东西，另一类是保护已破坏的但又十分重要的东西，环保显然属于后者。
20.环境，则是我们人类赖以生存的重要条件。环境优美，人们生活起来就会心旷神怡;环境和谐，人们生活起来就会精神舒畅;环境高雅，人们生活起来就会心胸开阔。因此，奥林匹克运动会环境，无疑是作文的热点;关注环境，关注奥林匹克运动会，对于提高我们写作素养，无疑是十分重要的。
21.全球变暖，臭养层被破坏，酸雨，淡水资源危机，能源短缺，森林锐减，土地沙漠化，物种加速灭绝垃圾成灾，有毒化学品污染……哪个不是我们人类自己造成的!就算自然界拥有自净能力，可是它也会不堪重负。我们的地球母亲已经把一切都给了我们，可我们还要夺去她的生命!
22.环保，是否困扰着你，我，他?不是的，因为环保是每个人的责任，应尽的责任，而不是捐给希望工程的爱心，施舍给路边乞丐的一顿饭。“环保”一种举手之劳，也是必须的人类生存举动，所以，请人类拉起手来吧!用环保去创造明天那美好的环境!
23.地球母亲期待着我们的努力，我们不能让她失望。相信在所有人的努力下，在不久的将来，母亲的血液恢复清澈，退去灰色的的皮肤，补上外衣的洞。只要我们从生活中的一点一滴做起，创建绿色家园不会只是梦想。少开一次车少开一次空调少用一双一次性筷子……这些都是我们力所能及的事，我们每个人都是环保先锋，绿色家园一定可以实现!
24.环保写起来是非常简单的，但做起来却非常困难。在我们的生活中，有多少人是真正做到环保的?现在许许多多的地方都发生了地震，水灾，干旱，沙尘暴，可以说是灾难连连。这些自然灾害其实都是我们人类一手造成的。比如：我们人类每天乱砍伐树木，但却不知道种树，森林一天天减少，所以沙尘暴也不知不觉地来了。
25.也许有人会说我只在这高谈阔论，也许有人会说环保离我们很远，那我们先来一个式子：“大自然——绿色——环保——人——你自己”看完后，你还会觉得它远吗?大自然就在我们周围，绿色就在我们身边，环保就在我们的心中，脑中，手中，行动中。我们不能说我们能为环保做什么，但最起码你开始在认识它，开始在感受我们的大自然，只为着我们共同的理念。
关于绿色环保的句子摘抄【2】
1、环境保护，人人有责。
2、保护环境是一项必须长期坚持的基本国策。
3、实施科教兴国与可持续发展战略。
4、1998年6月5日世界环境日主题是："为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋"。
5、保护蓝天碧水。
6、建设美丽的边疆，爱护我们的家园。
7、加强环境宣传教育，提高全民环境意识。
8、保护环境是每一位公民应尽的责任。
9、环境保护从我身边做起。
10、保护环境，造福人民。
11、保护环境就是保护我们自己。
12、破坏环境，就是破坏我们赖以生存的家园。
13、土壤不能再生，防止土壤污染和沙化，减少水土流失。
14、环境与人类共存，资源开发与环境保护协调。
15、保护水环境，节约水资源。
16、保护戈壁植被，防止沙尘污染，保护大气环境。
17、环保不分民族，生态没有国界 不要旁观，请加入行动者的行列 今天节约一滴水，留给后人一滴血。
18、没有地球的健康就没有人类的健康 与自然重建和谐，与地球重修旧好 垃圾混置是垃圾，垃圾分类是资源。
19、用行动护卫家园，用热血浇灌地球。
20、把消费限制在生态圈可以承受的范围内 破坏环境，祸及千古,保护环境，功盖千秋。
21、垃圾回收，保护地球,举手之劳，参与环保。
22、拣回垃圾分类老传统，倡导绿色文明新时尚。
23、人类若不能与其他物种共存，便不能与这个星球共存。
24、人类只有一个可生息的村庄——地球,保护环境是每个地球村民的责任。
篇3：尊重民意的中考写作素材
全文共 847 字
+ 加入清单导语：去年的时候，网友呼吁“大圣应该在春晚舞台归来。”，然而春晚导演却没有采纳，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!
“大圣应该在春晚舞台归来。”网友真挚的呼吁却被春晚剧组判为不负责任的起哄。我认为，春晚剧组这一回应是不妥的，倾听民声，尊重民意——才是春晚舞台应有的情怀。
1968年，一部电视剧《西游记》红遍大江南北，而其中孙悟空的扮演者六小龄童，也深深地印刻在了人们的脑海里。齐天大圣这一形象，已不再是一个纯粹的小说人物，它的背后，承载着一代有一代中国人民的文化情怀。时隔三十年，人们的这种情怀从未改变，那么在猴年，六小龄童上春晚也就自然成为了广大民众的热切期盼。
面对民众诚挚的呼声，春晚剧组却无动于衷，也因此让不少网友失去理智，酿成了一场刷屏起哄的闹剧。齐天大圣，经典的文化形象，民众又热切期盼春晚再现六小龄童，春晚为什么不能放低姿态，倾听民声，尊重民众的意愿呢?
在这一事件背后，反映出的正是经典文化情怀的淡薄，对民意的轻视。反观国外，美国好莱坞非常重视对经典文化的发掘和传承。曾经轰动一时的《泰坦尼克号》在今天又得以重新改造，全新的3d效果更加精致标准的画面使其再次受到世界的追捧，为好莱坞带来巨大的利润。再有，功夫熊猫，花木兰等经典文化形象，本是中国所属，为何却让外国人创新成功?正是对经典文化的重视，对民众意愿的把握，才让这些影片唤起人们内心的文化情结，得到人民的支持，从而取得成功。
走中国特色社会主义文化道路，需要发展为人民大众喜闻乐见的大众文化，需要深入人民群众的生活，倾听人民心声，了解人民意愿，并将其反应道文化作品中来。网友刷屏起哄固然不合适，但春晚剧组更应该深刻反思。试想，如果春晚剧组拥有经典文化意识，尊重民意，让大圣归来，怎么还会有这些刷屏起哄的现象呢?在今后，春晚的发展，乃至广大文艺工作者，都需要重视民声。人民群众是社会之基础，深入群众，尊重民意，才是应有的作为。
惟愿文化工作者倾听民声，尊重民意。惟愿中国文化欣欣向荣，更好的向前发展。
篇4：2024英语六级考试作文写作技巧
全文共 2053 字
+ 加入清单一. 心理
古人云，不战而屈人之兵，很大程度上取决于心理因素。随着四六级考试改革的深入，会有，更新，更难的题目，包括作文题目出现，这样就要求我们有处惊不变的能力。即使是出现某种没有预料到的题型，考生也应该及时调整心态、从容不迫地应答。事实上，历史经验证明：题目要求越是高，难度越是大，考生的发挥余地也就越大。挑战和机遇是成正相关的。
二. 评分
知己知彼，百战不怠。熟悉老师的评分习惯，对于考生正常、甚至是超常发挥自身水平也十分有益。正常情况下，阅卷老师要领会贯彻考试规定的评分原则，依照文章的结构和语言水平进行评分。然而，除此以外，有“两个基本点”我们也需要给予足够的重视——闪光点和语法点。在一篇出类拔萃的范文中，我们往往可以看到像提问法、谚语总结法、从句、并列句、理由段公式、理由词汇、路线句型、插入语、名词化、和被动语态等等闪光点;而在一篇低分例文中，基本的语言错误则多得数不胜数。
三. 休息
考试迫在眉睫时，同学们往往容易进入一种临考状态。这种状态比较突出的表现是夜不能寐。尤其是在专业课和全国四六级考试纷至沓来的时候，很多同学更是发扬连续作战的精神，通宵达旦，头悬梁、锥刺骨。其实这对于像四六级考试这样的高强度考试而言是有百害而无一益的。道理很简单，四六级考试对于一个学生来说，不仅是一次英语水平的综合测试，也是一种意志力、甚至是体力的考验。没有良好的休息作为后盾，考生很难笑到最后。所以，保证充足的睡眠是最基本也是首要的应试技巧。
四. 营养
无庸置疑，营养的摄入在最后关头也是异常重要的一环。在保证充分睡眠的同时，食物是另一个“工夫在诗外”的客观因素。尤其是参加四级考试的同学，早餐一定要定时定量，不可或缺。一般来说，类似奶酪苏这样的奶制品外加一杯热牛奶或者热巧克力已经足以提供整个半天考试所需的热量，当然，这也因人而异。有些体质虚弱的同学也可以考虑服用一些如西洋参、鸡精这样的营养品。不过，安眠药等有副作用的药物一定要慎用，否则过犹不及。
五. 审题
磨刀不误砍柴工。在落笔前花两三分钟时间进行构思，既有利于理清行文思路、也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。尤其是在应对图表类作文时，我们更是要看清图表，牢牢把握各个数据的变化和相互关系，才能够下笔。否则张冠李戴，即使文章本身再不同凡响、语惊四座，也只会竹篮打水、甚至起到适得其反的效果。
六. 卷面
对于像作文这样的主观题而言，考生与阅卷老师从来就犹如搏弈，无形中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的，首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师下意识地传达个人信息。用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快)、粗细(粗线条给人以安全感)，整齐划一的格式(段首或一律顶格或一律空两格)，明了的段落感(每段空一行)，清晰的字数感(一行以十字为宜)，工整的字迹都会给任何阅读者留下深刻的正面印象，从而使考生先发制人、取得先机。
七. 结构
有始有终、首尾照应，是任何一篇好文章的基本标准之一，也是两大评分原则之一。如果说广大考生已经给第一段以足够重视的话，那么是不是大多数考生都意识到了理由段的条理和最后一段的呼应在全文中所具有的不可忽视的地位了呢?其实，要写好理由段，我们只需要注意表示启承转合的衔接词即可。而要写好结尾，最好的方法莫过于温故而知新，回顾第一段的大致内容了。
八. 表达
言之无文，行而不远。语言作为评分原则中的基本要素之一，在四六级作文评分的整个过程中具有决定性作用。有评分老师甚至断言：“It is not what you say, it is the way that you say it.”(重要的并不在于考生写了些什么，而在于考生是怎么表达的。)虽然这种说法本身似乎有失偏颇，可是参加过国际标准化英语考试的同学应该也听说过那么一句话，叫做：“Give the monkey exactly what he wants.”(给阅卷老师最想要的。)，不是吗?譬如同样是描述数据，一些同学拘泥于图表本身，动辄按部就班地引用图表上现成的数字和年代，其实这都是图表作文的忌讳。聪明的同学引而不用，他们常喜欢用倍数、分数、小数、百分比、或者一些动词(double / triple / quadruple)来表现极端数据，动态数据以及他们的相异之处。
九. 检查
行百里者半九十。一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲、一再修改。然而，由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制，考生绝对需要慎重对待作文的检查和修改。这里，我不得不提考生检查作文时的三大“通病”，即，数字数、孤芳自赏、和做结构与内容上的修改。我们必须明确：考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到三个目的即可：1. 拼写正确，看文章中是否有汉字、多余符号、糊乱涂改、划线、和错别字;2. 搭配正确;和3. 语法正确，特别是人称、时态、和单复数的三一致。
鲁迅先生说过，世界上本没有路，走的人多了也就成了路。我们要善于在学习实践中发现、总结和运用规律，这样才能够在复习迎考的过程中事半功倍，百尺竿头、更进一步。路漫漫其修远兮，愿以此文抛砖引玉。
篇5：小升初英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例
全文共 248 字
+ 加入清单原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.
修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.
原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.
修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.
篇6：中考英语作文万能开头汇总
全文共 519 字
+ 加入清单1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言
2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…
3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……
4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，
5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…
6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…
7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…
8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……
9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…
10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是
11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认
12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…
13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…
篇7：2024年小升初作文指导：记叙文写作技巧
全文共 5224 字
+ 加入清单写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。下面是小编整理的2017年小学生记叙文写作指导，欢迎阅读。
在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?
一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。
然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。
如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。
二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。
三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。
确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。
写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?
一、运用顺叙。
顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。
顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。
按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。
当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。
二、运用倒叙。
倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。
需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。
三、运用插叙。
插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。
需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。
有些小朋友看见同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来!”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨著。
那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢?
一、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知著的好眼力。
照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。
二、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。
在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。
三、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。
背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。
四、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。
从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上(意)想“深”，客观上(事)显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。
有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是
吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。
这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。
总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。
不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座;不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。
那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢?
一、从自己的生活中去找
不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢?
其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。
二、做生活的有心人。
常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢?不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧?可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。
三、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。
一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗?不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。
四、打开思路，扩大视野。
有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。
法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢?是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢?原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊!”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大
斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。
罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手(次要部分)突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。
雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。
那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢?
一、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。
二、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。
一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。
一般说，记叙文在下面几种情况需要过渡
一、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。
二、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。
三、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。
四、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。
一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况
一、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。二、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。
三、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。
总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作
文时千万不能忽视。
写文章应该怎样开头?怎么结尾?谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。全文摘抄
有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性;报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊;报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”
看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路;有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮;所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。
到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是
一、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。
二、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。
三、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么?难道你不想看下去吗?
四、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。
做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是
一、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的
下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”
这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。
二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。
三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。
四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。
篇8：中考英语作文：TeachingChildren
全文共 838 字
+ 加入清单We often hear that different methods to teach children will have different result. And different children adapt different methods. Luckily, I think my parents’ teaching method fits me very much and I am glad to have such parents. They are my friends. We often talk and play together. They often tell me to be a kind-hearted person by words and they also act in that way. If they find that I have any wrong thought, they will try to correct it in a gentle way. If they find me do the same wrong thing again and again, they will criticize me badly, which makes me do not dare to do it next time. And nobody will speak for me.
我们常常听说教育孩子不同的方法会有不一样的结果。不同的孩子适合不一样的方法。幸运的是，我觉得我父母的教学方法非常适合我，我很高兴有这样的父母。他们是我的朋友。我们经常一起聊天一起玩。他们经常告诉我要做一个善良的人，他们也用行动证明了。如果他们发现我有任何不良的思想，他们会温和地纠正。如果他们发现我多次还犯同样的错误，他们就会重重地批评我，让我不敢再做第二次。也没有人会为我说话。
篇9：关于六年级作文的写作技巧
全文共 6083 字
+ 加入清单导读：很多学生都不知道如何去写好一篇文章，下面是小编为大家整理的一篇六年级作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读！
一、怎样写人
写人，是小学作文训练的基本功之一。在记叙文中，人和事是不可分的，关键是看题目如何要求。要求写事的题目，文中的人要为事服务；要求写人的题目，文中的事必须为人服务。写人为主的记叙文，就是要通过一件或几件事，来表现人物一种或多种品质。写人的继续文，叙事不要求完整；记事的记叙文，虚实要求完整，而且要贯穿文章始终。
（一）通过一件事来写人
通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，对所写人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。但是，从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映此人某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。 在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的“小中见大”。
（二）通过几件事写人
可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质；二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。 要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件（起因、经过、结果），一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。更多的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写；有的事略写；有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。 通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。
（三）学会刻画人物
写人的文章要会在叙事的过程中，对最能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。
1. 也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象；通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份；通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界；通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。
总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。
2. 语言描写有对话和独白两种。
对话是两个人或几个人的谈话；独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到“闻其言，见其人”的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中；二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。 对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号；说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号；前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号；只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。
3. 动作描写
是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓“听其言，观其行”，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写“活”的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢？
首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。
其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写“活”。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。
4.心理描写
心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据；人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理；心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务；在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。
小学生作文时，大多采用第一人称（“我”活“我们”），采用这种人称作文，就不能用“他想” 的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为“我”不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式--在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。
心理描写除了用“我想”之外，还可以采用以下几种方法。
（1）提出问题，引入所想的内容。
（2）使用假设，流露心理活动。
（3）字里行间，流露着“想”。
（4）直接抒发心中所想。
二、怎样写事
写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。
（一）怎样写事
一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。
二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。
三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。
（二）怎样写活动 活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。 在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。
写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。
三、怎样写景
描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。写景的记叙文有什么特点呢？
首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。
其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。
怎样写好写景的记叙文？
（一）要写出有特色的景物
一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。
（二）要学会观察
写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了.
（三）要借助想象和联想
（四）写景要抒情
写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。
四、怎样状物
状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。
（一）怎样写物品
1.抓住特征
从大小、形状、颜色、质地（制造材料）等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。
2.按照一定的顺序写
（1）按总一分一总的顺序写。
（2）按物品各部分的空间顺序写。
（3）有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。
3.状物需要想象和联想
展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。
（二）怎样写动物
大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢？
1.写外形
首先，观察小动物（包括昆虫）的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生“像--”、“犹如--”、“仿佛--”等喻词的使用。
2.写习性
写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。
小动物也 感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。
（三）怎样写植物
提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢？首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状（外形）特征；再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。
1.可以从整体到局部
先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等；描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。
2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察
很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。
3.写观察日记
可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。
4.以四时变化为序
很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。
5.托物抒怀，借物咏志
写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。
五、怎样写游记
在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。
（一）写游记必须写清游踪
要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。
（二）要留心观察
观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近；或从上到下，从下到上；或从里到外，从外到里；或从中间到两边，从两边到中间；或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。
（三）要做记录
学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。 在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。
状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。
[关于六年级作文的写作技巧
篇10：小学生写景作文写作技巧归纳
全文共 953 字
+ 加入清单在作文中，不管是写人，记事，常常会有景物描写。那么写景应注意什么呢?下面是小编为你带来的小学生写景作文写作技巧归纳，欢迎阅读。
⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。
⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。
⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。
⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。
⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?
⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。
【范文】
春 雨
四季的雨，各有千秋：春天的雨温婉动人，夏天的雨大气磅礴，秋天的雨夹杂着淡淡惆怅，冬天的雨带着一丝凄凉。相比之下，我更爱春雨，因为春雨“润物细无声”。
严冬一过，春雨便唤醒了世间的万物。它的亲吻让大地苏醒，土里的种子翻个身，打个滚，揉揉蒙眬的眼睛，伸个懒腰醒来了。瞧，小草探出脑袋，抖抖身子，精神劲儿十足。春雨给柳树送去一个微笑，柳枝吐出嫩芽作为回报。因为春雨的爱抚，湖水也不停地荡着波纹……
春雨是缠绵的、柔情的，好像是天空对大地的细语倾诉。它轻如牛毛，如烟如雾，亮泽了行人的头发，打湿了行人的衣衫。它如丝如雾的身影舞动于世间的每一个角落，像是春姑娘手中的绣花针，一针一线地绣出了美丽的春天。
雨过天晴，鸟儿扇动翅膀，在柳枝上放开歌喉，欢快地唱起春天的赞歌。迎春花也开心地露出灿烂的笑容。这一切都是春雨的功劳呢!
“春雨贵如油”，早春的雨吹响了劳动的号角!农民伯伯脸上露出了欣慰的笑容，他们开始了忙碌的一年，田地里的拖拉机唱起了欢快的歌。
一场春雨送走了寒冬，给孩子们带来了温暖。读书声飘荡在教室的每个角落，像是在表达对春雨的感谢!
一场春雨，让我闻到了泥土特有的芳香，我知道这是春天的味道!这不禁又让我想起“好雨知时节，当春乃发生”这句诗了。
篇11：任务驱动型作文写作技巧分享
全文共 5488 字
+ 加入清单任务驱动型作文写作是201X年高考语文作文新出现的题型。旨在着重考查阅读能力、写作能力，特别是思维能力。要求学生读懂材料，在读懂的基础上按照任务指令作文，所以审题时的阅读能力和领悟能力要求较高。所以从能力划分角度看，作文题型可分为阐释型作文和任务驱动型作文。
与以往传统作文不同的是，任务驱动型作文写作具有一定的封闭性。写作目的、要求，更加明确、单一。考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。如全国一卷要求考生给“女儿举报”事件相关方写信来入情入理地谈问题、讲道理，全国二卷要求考生在深入思考“当代风采人物”推选标准的基础上优中选优，都会引导考生就一个具体明确的要求来写作，从而更有效地规避套作和宿构，实现写作能力在应用层面的考查。
这种任务驱动型材料作文更能贴近社会生活；注重材料的启发和引导作用，更能体现学生分析问题、解决问题的能力；任务驱动型材料作文在角度、立意、文体和标题等方面，给考生留出更大的自主选择空间。
二、任务驱动型作文写作的解题思路
1、体式驱动——写成议论文
2、内容驱动----内容的规定
3、思维驱动----争议的焦点
4、对象驱动----对以上事情你怎么看
任务驱动型作文写作分为两部分，阅读材料审题和任务写作部分。要注意：
（一）阅读材料并要读懂材料。我们只有在掌握材料的范围、含意后才能进行写作，所以第一步阅读非常重要；
（二）任务驱动型作文写作要求考生去发表议论的主题，往往就是材料要揭示的某种主题。所以，考生可以从命题者给出的论题里找到中心词，关键语句，防止离题。
（三）往往这样的命题材料不止一个，所以要仔细分析材料间的异同，为写作做好准备。
（四）任务驱动型作文写作既然是先“读”后“写”，是读后有感而发，那么，“读的内容”和“感的内容”要有机地联系起来，开头要引述材料，后面要针对材料，联系写作任务而写作。
（五）就材料的范围而言、就写作任务而言是就事论事；就材料含意、行文中说理论证而言是就事论理。说理就是思辨，就要比较辨析，就要具体问题具体分析。
（六）写作任务是什么？一定分析透彻，否则累死也无功。
三、任务驱动型作文写作的应对策略
1．在阅读中培养感悟能力。任务驱动型作文写作要对材料进行分析理解，要求考生要理解材料，把握材料的主旨。因此，考生在平时的阅读训练中要有意识地去概括文章的内容要点或中心思想。提高认识能力。
2．扩大阅读面，积累素材。除了课程内的阅读，考生在平时要多阅读，尤其是要多读报，要多关注一些时事话题，如环保、教育、娱乐、科技等。而且，一般读了以后多少会有些感悟，那么一旦在写作中真的碰到这类题材，由这个材料引发议论就是很自然的事情了。在备考时，考生也可以把平时所做的阅读理解作为很好的素材库并积累一些相关话题。
3．培养理性思维。考生在上课时要积极参加各类话题的讨论、辩论等，在课间休息、茶余饭后、睡前闲聊等时间也要多与身边的人交流思想，对发生在身边的事情发表自己的看法和观点。同时也要留意他人对同一事物的看法。这样，评论就能做到有理有据，写作起来水到渠成。
4．进行大运动量的写作练习。俗话说，熟能生巧。只有经过不断的练习，才能培养出良好的写作习惯，流畅的表达能力。也只有这样，才能做到“下笔如有神”。特别要多写时评。
5．勤练书写，保证卷面整洁。考生一定要养成书写整洁的习惯，给人以美好的第一印象。
四、任务驱动型作文写作六法：
1、析材料 2、论危害 3、挖根源 4、提办法 5、联现实 6、作结论（作呼告） 常用结构模式：
引简洁（简引材料、提出观点、褒贬分明）
议充分（正反对比、假设因果、点面层进）
联紧扣（明析原因、直指危害、阐明意义）
结点题（寻找对策、倡议劝勉、呼吁号召）
范例
1、阅读下面材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。
在上海地铁上，一男子因随地吐痰遭到指责后，竟不停地用污言秽语和指责他的乘客对骂，一黑衣壮汉忍不住，拨开人群走到“吐痰男”跟前踢去一脚，吐痰男顿时安静下来，一语不发，此时，有出来劝架的乘客指责“黑衣男”：“打人是不对的。”更多的人则认可黑衣男的做法。这段视频被上传到网络后，引起更大范围、更多角度的讨论。
对于以上事情你怎么看？请你就其中某一个或某一群人的表现，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法，要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，标题自拟。
初始作文：
正义不可灭，公道在人心
①一男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，不但不听劝，反而用“滚，JIAN人！”等污秽语言反复辱骂女士，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，最终被一名黑衣壮汉踢脚教训，反而一言不发，终得网友“渣男”的恶名。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦有之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存。这正是这一事件让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方——正义不可灭，公道在人心。
②正义公道维系着国家的尊严。
③享·乔治说：“声张正义和扶植自由，是革除时弊的关键。”韦伯斯特也说：“正义是人类最大的利益。”正义与自由是一对孪生兄弟，没有正义公道，也就难有自由。正义的缺失，有时甚至关系到国家的尊严。国威正，则民气旺。古代燕国勇士荆轲，毅然挺身而出为太子排忧解难。“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！”虽然没有成功，但他在生命的最后关头依然守护着燕国的正义。陶潜说：“其人虽已没，千载有余情”。荆轲不畏QIANG暴，不怕牺牲，在国家多事之秋挺身而出、不避艰险的精神和气概捍卫了国家的尊严。
④正义公道维系着民族的存亡。
⑤韦伯斯特说：“只要提着正义之剑攻击，再柔弱的手臂也会力大无穷。”正义是校正邪恶的一把利剑，面对社会的负面势力，我们必须迎难而上，绝不退缩。退缩容忍就是缩头乌龟，退缩容忍就是毁灭与死亡。一个民族，要有民族的气节，气节不能倒。革命烈士夏明瀚被捕后，敌人对他施以各种酷刑，逼他交出党的组织。夏明翰坚贞不屈，宁死不降。最后留下了那首大义凛然的就义诗：“砍头不要紧，只要主义真，杀了夏明翰，还有后来人！”为了中华民族的解放事业，夏明翰英勇就义，他和他的就义诗，激励和鼓舞了一代又一代中国共产党人为了理想信念，为了民族独立、国家富强而英勇奋斗。 ⑥正义公道维系着百姓的利益。
⑦培根说：“就是因为有正义感，人才成为人，而不成为狼。”人与人之间，人与单位之间，有时权义压倒一切，但邪不压正。而往往，正义被邪恶遮挡。如果一个社会缺乏必要的正义感，作为生活在社会底层的百姓的利益就受到威胁。健康社会，除了法治外，也要有正义的力量维护百姓的利益。新时代维权英雄杨剑昌，多次为百姓伸张正义，主持公道，面对各种人生威胁，杨剑昌大义凛然。他办公桌上的两部电话每天总响个不停，每天接待几十批人，可杨剑昌为百姓办事，始终不觉累，杨剑昌一身正气不怕邪，他的正义公道维系着万家百姓的利益。
⑧阿拉伯谚语说：“对正义事业保持沉默，等于为非正义事业呼喊。”正义公道是应该弘扬的价值观，弘扬正义，主持公道，是一个正常国家文明素养的表现，是一个健康社会应有的文明气度，是一个公民必备的精神气质。
正义不可灭，公道在人心
男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，不但不听劝，反而用“滚，JIAN人！”等污言秽语反复辱骂女士，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，最终被一名黑衣壮汉踢脚教训，反而一言不发，终得网友“渣男”的恶名。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存，这正是这件事让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方。
正义公道维系着国家的尊严，维系着民族的存亡，维系着百姓的利益。亨.治说：“声张正义和扶植自由，是革除时弊的关键。”正义和自由是一对孪生兄弟，没有正义公道，也就难有自由。正义是校正邪恶的一把利剑，面对社会的黑暗势力，我们必须迎难而上，绝不退缩。退缩容忍就是缩头乌龟，退缩容忍就是毁灭与死亡。“黑衣男”愤怒的一脚，就是替天行道，对于地痞流氓式的臭男，就是要痛打落水狗。但正义常常被邪恶遮挡，如果一个社会缺乏必要的正义感，作为生活在社会底层的百姓的利益就受到威胁，健康就会受到影响。健康社会，要有正义的力量维护百姓的利益。正因为此，韦伯斯特说：“正义是人类最大的利益。”
社会公德是全体公民在社会交往和公共生活中应该遵循的行为准则，它以“礼”为核心，“吐痰男”的行为是对社会公德的践踏，但假如劝说的那位女子能用温和的语气礼貌劝说，假如“吐痰男”在听到指责后能以礼相待，矛盾冲突就不会发生。和谐社会中，我们正大力倡导以文明礼貌、保护环境、遵纪守法为主要内容的社会公德。
公民素养是中国人思想概念中一位好公民所应该具备的基本素养，表现在能自觉遵守伦理道德和有关法律法规。随地吐痰是不文明不道德的行为，是缺乏素养的表现。公民素养主要包括知识文化素养，法律和自律意识以及弘扬传统美德等道德修养，“吐痰男”显然缺乏自律意识。
公共空间保护其实也是一种环境保护意识，自觉遵守并培养符合环境道德要求的生活习惯和行为方式，既是对自己生命尊重，也是对别人生命的尊重。一个没有生命意识的人，很难对生命表现出关怀来。
阿拉伯谚语：“对正义事业保持沉默，等于为非正义事业呼喊。”正义公道是普世的价值观，弘扬正义，主持公道，遵守社会公德，养成良好的公民素养，遵守公共空间秩序，是健康社会应有的文明气度，是公民必备的精神气质。
25分
升格作文：
“黑衣男”的正义可以更具温情
男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，反而用污言秽语辱骂，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，终被黑衣壮汉踢脚教训。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存。这正是这件事让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方。
按理，出脚伤人，以暴制暴等反文明的行为总是不对的，但民调显示，认为“黑衣男”该踢的占七成，原因就在于“黑衣男”的“暴”并非简单的“暴”，至少在特定情境下特殊时间里可控状态下的“暴”，是轻微暴力，而非流氓暴力，是一定限度内可控范围下且裹挟着正义与公道色彩的暴力。（概念厘定与概念区分）
为什么说“黑衣男”的“暴”是具有公道色彩的呢？在近于失控的情况下，面对一个基本素养严重缺少又无法明理的人，道德约束乏力，法制管教艰难，选择“暂时性轻暴力”可能是“吐痰男”最熟悉最易接受的路径，这可能正适合他当下的认知水平。“黑衣男”暴力的动机是想控制局势，结果也达到了目的；程度上有分寸，那一脚的效力连轻伤的级别都达不到，且毫无穷追猛打之势，旨在局势的掌控，所以，尽管这种具有正义色彩的暴力依然是反文明的，不能被提出和被鼓励，却可以被理解。与“理中客”相比，人们的情感更激赏”黑衣男“，这既是人性光亮的所在，更是正义与公道本身的力量体现。为“黑衣男”设身处地所想的这份“情”只要建立在对社会公序的维护与人性最深沉的爱的基础上，都可以被理解。
这不是替“黑衣男”开脱，身具正义的勇士也无需别人担责。整个事件中我反而觉得“吐痰男”才是最可怜、最值得同情的一个。不能随地吐痰、不在妇幼老弱面前大声辱骂，这连几岁大的孩子都熟知的常理，“吐痰男”却浑然不觉，且似乎“理直气壮”，可见受弊之深。显然，与正常人相比，“吐痰男”有太多的教育缺失，这种缺失是一种不公平，因为它很大程度源于社会的各种因素。心理上的病痛较之身理上的病痛更严重，更凄惨。既如此，社会就有责任帮他，而不是在道义上遗弃他。
所以，当地文明办如果不把工作止于发发文件，写写总结，至少遇到特殊个案时能走出户外，协同“黑衣男”一起**，握手言和，并晓之以理，动之以情，帮吐痰男弥补缺失的礼仪知识，甚至解决他生活上的一些困难，相信“中国制造”的将不再是被网有定性的“渣男”，这称谓，毕竟搁在谁头上都会不好受。若是“正义”之上更有“温情”弥漫，于公于私都将是好事。
对于“过失者”，要具体情况具体分析。人性都是从肉里长出来的，特定情况下的激愤或冲动，也有可能是人性的温暖之处，没有必要上纲上线，倘能握手言和，并最终使人性归良，就是美的呈现。出手是被动无耐，握手方为主动建构，既打之，则安之。细致走心的工作，不应只止于压倒，还要安抚，治病还得救人，这就需要出手后的握手。握手是智慧、善意与温情的表达，是人生的大胸怀，大境界。
六、课后作业
请根据以下材料写一篇任务驱动型作文。
1、201X年除夕清晨，一名跟随父母到美国旅行的4岁南京男童，在纽约零下13℃的暴雪中裸跑，在跑步过程中，“裸跑弟”不时的叫着“爸爸抱，爸爸抱”。201X年2月这段视频被孩子的家人放到网上，4岁“裸跑弟”迅速引来了网民关注爆红网络，短短几天点击率高达26万多。对这种被称为“鹰爸式教育”的极限教育方式，网民是议论纷纷，褒贬不一。
对于以上事情，你怎么看？请就这件事表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。
2、201X年2月16日晚，北京市东直门的一家餐饮店发生火灾，消防车在赶赴救火现场途中，大量社会车辆不仅不让行，反而抢道超车。有网友将此情况拍成视频上传到网络后，一时引发热议。有网友说：“和消防车抢道，堵塞的是公共道德。” 有网友说：“如果着火的是我们自己家，我们也要抢消防车的道吗？” 还有网友说：“即使不是开车，我们抢道占道的事情还少吗？我们都习惯了！”
这件事引起你怎样的联想和思考？请阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。
篇12：读后感写作技巧和方法
全文共 982 字
+ 加入清单读后感，就是读了一本书或一篇文章，或读了一段话，或读了几句名言后，把具体感受和得到的启示写成的文章。所谓“感”，可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点
首先，要读好原文。“读后感”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有掌握，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。
其次，排好感点。只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可以写成读后感。
第三，选准感点。一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。
第四，叙述要简。既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。
篇13：小学写景作文写作技巧
全文共 1318 字
+ 加入清单只要是刚放完假或者是放假前夕老师一定会让学生写一篇作文，而关于写景作文除了要把景色描写清楚，还有很重要的一点那就是把中心思想交代清楚。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学写景作文写作技巧，希望可以帮助到的！
⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。
⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。
⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。
⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。
⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?
⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。
写景作文写作要点
景物描写在记叙文写作中往往是必不可少的。可是许多同学在写作中不懂得景物描写的特点，有的描写模糊不清，有的分不清主次，有的缺乏情感，出现了许多不应有的败笔。那么，在记叙文的写作中应该怎样去描写自然景色呢?具体来说，景物描写应注意以下三个问题：
1、写景要有顺序。
人们观赏景物都有一定的规律：或定点环顾，或边走边看。描写时也应该“顺其自然”。例如老舍先生的《济南的冬天》一文，描写济南城周围的环境时写道：“小山把济南整个儿围个圈儿，只有北边缺点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱，好像把济南放在一个小摇篮里。”景物描写与作者的定点鸟瞰相吻合，自然清晰，形象准确。又如凡妮的《野景偶拾》一文，按照沿途所见，依次描写绕村的溪流，山梁的小路、盆地的高粱、山坡的谷穗、旷野的幽静、落日的霞光、宛如绸带的河流和公路、华美如贝雕的田野和山林。移步换形，有如移舟前进，时过景迁，景观随之改换，给人一种身临其境之感。
2、写景要有选择。
写景时应要有所取有所弃，抓住最能代表彼时彼地特征的景物加以描写，其它的景色则略写或不写。老舍先生的《在烈日和暴雨下》，为了突出天气变化的过程，就着力描写了杨柳的动态：“一点风也没有时——枝条一动懒得动;有一点凉风时——枝条微微动了两下;风大起来时——柳条横着飞。”通过杨柳的动态。显示了风的从无到有、由小到大，而对暴风雨降临时其它景象的变化，作者作了简略处理。这样，抓住特征，既形象地表现了天气变化的过程，又避免了描写的呆板重复，使得文字准确而精练。
3、写景要有情致。
人们观赏景物总是要带有某种感情的。因此，描写时也应该将这种感情一起表达出来，做到寓情于景，情景相映。鲁迅先生的《故乡》一文，反映旧中国农村衰败萧条，日趋破产的悲惨景象时，笔下的景色是“苍黄的天空下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。”而脑海中闪现出少年闰土的美好形象时，则为“深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。”景物描写之中渗透着作者爱憎分明的思想感情。以景促情，情景交融，有力地深化了文章的主题。
篇14：英语四级写作的应对方法
全文共 1223 字
+ 加入清单写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。
短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：
1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。
2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。
3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。
关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟；起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。
最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。
便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。
篇15：中考说明文的答题技巧
全文共 585 字
+ 加入清单中考中的说明文阅读题目是考试的一个重点。下面是小编推荐给大家的中考说明文的答题技巧，希望大家有所收获。
一、说明方法（举例子、分类别、作比较、打比方、列数字、摹状貌、作诠释、下定义）
格式：本句/段运用了xx的说明方法，科学准确/生动形象/具体直观/深入浅出地说明了xx（说明对象）的xx特点，使读者……
二、说明顺序（时间、空间、逻辑）
问：文中使用了什么说明顺序？有何作用？
答：文中使用了xx的说明顺序对xx（说明对象）加以说明，使文章更具条理性。
三、语言特点（准确、形象生动、简明平实）
格式：文中充分体现了说明文的xx特点，如xx一句就准确（生动形象、简明平实）地说明了事物的xx特征。
四、语言品析
例1：A.xx词有何作用B.xx词能否去掉，为何？C.xx词能否换成另一个
格式：不可以，xx词原来是什么意思，在文中是什么意思。它生动形象/准确地说明了xx事物的xx特征（情况），体现了说明文的准确性。若删去/改变，原句就会变成什么意思，显得太绝对（或是与原句意不符），所以不能去掉。
例2："××"词好在哪里？
格式：用了"××"词，生动地（准确地）说明了……事物的……特征，能够激发读者的兴趣（或是符合实际情况，具有科学性）。
五、某句在文中的作用
格式：结构上：引出下文、承上启下、总结全文/前文、引出说明对象，使文章结构严谨。内容上肯定强调、生动形象、准确具体，增强说服力。
篇16：我们周围的污染中考英语作文_初中英语作文1000字
全文共 913 字
+ 加入清单Pollution around us
In recent years our life is becoming better and better. But our environment is becoming worse and worse. Its very bad for our life. Now many people have air-conditioners and cars, they produce (give off ) waste gas. More and more trees are being cut down. There are so much sand on the earth (leaving only sand ) . We often see factories pour waste into rivers or lakes. Water in the river is quite dirty. We havent enough clean water to drink in cities. Now we are in danger. Its very necessary and important to protect the environment well. I think if everyone tries his best to protect the environment, the world will become much more beautiful , and our life will be better and better .
我们周围的污染
近年来我们的生活越来越好。但是，我们的环境越来越糟。它对我们的生活很糟糕。现在很多人都有空调和汽车，他们生产的（出）废气。越来越多的树被砍伐。有那么多的沙子在地球（只留下沙）。我们经常看到工厂把废水倒入河流或湖泊。河里的水很脏。我们没有足够的干净的水的城市。现在我们有危险。这是非常必要和重要的保护好环境。我想，如果每个人都尽自己最大的努力去保护环境，世界将变得更加美丽，我们的生活会越来越好。
篇17：中考英语如何写出高分作文
全文共 919 字
+ 加入清单文章摘要：1. 遇见你的那一刻，世界轰然倒塌；两人抬起头有点不相信的盯着我。英语如何写出中考高分作文儿子出院那天，已经夕阳西下了，他笑了笑对儿子说：乖啊，不怕，有爸爸呢，我还有办法。关于事业:没有什么高低贵贱之分,人人为我我为人人,只要合法,能干什么就干什么,口袋没钱最丢人,死要面子活受罪的事千万别干.！
①文体：记叙文。
②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.
③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。
内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so...that，so，little by little，when，so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to，became interested in，come true......等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。
四、培养途径
1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。
2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。
3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。
4.自己纠错，写下反思。
五、备考演练
缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。
写作要求：
1.词数在100左右。
2.条理清楚，语句通顺。
3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。
Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest ...
趁现在，没有孩子，没有牵绊，我也不贪图他什么，该是离婚最好的时机吧；他还能自己走路，朋友却已经站不起来了。英语如何写出中考高分作文12、诚实是上策。他们用钱去做坏事!多么痛的领悟，你曾是我的全部，只愿你挣脱情的枷锁 ，爱的束缚，任意追逐，别再为爱受苦。最后只能采取自愿加班的方式。
篇18：workwhileyouwork中考英语作文
全文共 658 字
+ 加入清单both work and play are necessary to us; the former gives us knowledge while the latter (gives) rest. an english proverb is well said: “work while you work play while you play.” it makes our life pleasant, efficient and successful.
work is one thing and play is another. it is of course not good to work all day long. however, it is also not good to play all day long. while you work, you should work in earnest. then while you play, you will feel more relaxed and pleasant. that goes without saying.
"该工作时工作"英语作文译文:
工作和游玩两者对我们都是必须的，前者给我们知识，后者给我们休息。英谚说得好“工作时工作，游玩时游玩”。它使我们的生活愉快，有效率以及成功。
工作是一回事，游玩又是另一回事。整日工作自然不好。然而，整天游玩也是不好。当你工作时，你应认真工作。那末当你游玩时，你会觉得比较轻松愉快。那是不需说的。
篇19：写作时使用素材的技巧和方法
全文共 2780 字
+ 加入清单原文呈现
沉淀内心，收放自如
王馨宇
放者流为猖狂，入者收为寂寞，唯善操身心者，把柄在手，收放自如。
——题记
天下熙熙皆为利来，天下攘攘皆为利往。在光怪陆离的社会生活中，人们好像已经习惯了争名逐利，习惯于往自己的头上戴荣誉的光环。君不见打工皇帝唐骏造假学历，君不见明星个人资料上造假年龄……可是，这些面子工程真有那么重要吗？为什么那么多人为了名誉不惜迷失自我？
（此段中有两个“君不见”，从素材使用的角度，涵盖面有点狭小，最好再加一两个，构成排比，同时扩大社会领域，以期达到素材的广泛性。）
据报载，一个名为“中国校花大赛”活动的组织方在前往北大宣传推广时遭遇尴尬。两名女生鳖着牌子宣称“抵制校花，拒做花瓶”、“不做校花做自己”。在这样一个浮躁的社会，她们能做到沉淀内心，保持本真，实在难能可贵。
（此段为议论文的“由头”部分，应该在开头部分提出，放在此段有点晚。建议与上段换一下位置。）
诗人林希曾说：“土，浮沉在空间里．你是尘埃：沉淀在大地上，你是土壤。”人心亦如此。浮躁的内心除了能催生肤浅，什么也做不到。在人生的路途中，我们若是过于追名逐利，就如同一群人争夺一片浮云，总算费尽心机站了上去，还没有风光多久就被逐渐飘散的浮云摔到地上，好处没有得到，反倒得了一身伤痕。如此结果，于己何益？
学历、年龄、金钱，还有“校花”的美誉，正如朵朵浮云，乍一看洁白无瑕，很美丽，但只是商家牟取利益的手段，即使是friend最后也还是会end，lover最后也免不了over，更何况这飘渺不定的浮云？
（此段很有特点，但单独成一段有点突兀，它其实是用来修饰“浮云”的，所以与上段合在一起为好，并且应该想法去阐述“浮云”。）
古人云：我贵而人奉我，实非奉我，奉此峨冠大带也：我贱而人侮我，实非侮我，侮此布衣草履也，我胡为喜，我胡为怒？因此，我们不必在乎世人的眼光，像毕淑敏所说，“面朝大地，背负青天，快乐地活着”，就好。
（“我贵而人奉我……”这个素材实际上与主旨关系不大，因为本文的主旨是“沉淀内心，收放自如”，而素材主要说的是淡定面对别人的毁誉，联系并不是十分紧密。）
面对名利的诱惑，我们应当善操身心，保持平和的心态，因而才能把柄在手，收放自如。想想《倚天屠龙记》中小昭所唱的：“世情推物理，人生贵适意，想人间造物搬兴废。吉藏凶，凶藏吉。富贵哪能长富贵？……受用了一朝，一朝便宜。百岁光阴，七十者稀。急急流年，滔滔逝水…．
（“小昭”所唱的曲子非常精彩，但更适合表现“圆满与残缺”、“幸运与不幸”、“珍惜”、“知足”等话题，与“把柄在手，收放自如”还是有一定的区别的。）
名誉的光环终究是留不下的纪念碑，只有沉淀下来的心灵，才能为自己树立永恒不倒的丰碑！
（结尾讲究照应升华，结尾出现的“纪念碑”，“丰碑”前文没有出现过，既谈不上照应，更谈不上升华。）升格策略
这是一篇中规中矩的议论文，意在论述人在面对名利等各种诱惑时，要沉淀内心，保持本真。文章中心较为明确，素材也很丰富，但不足之处也很明显。
首先，文章结构不是十分合理。一般而言，议论文都需要有个“由头”，也就是所发议论的原由，就是具体的事件，这部分通常需要放在文章开头部分，这样才能快速入题。但本文先是发了一通议论，然后才摆出原由，切题失之于缓慢，不够快捷。建议作者将事件由头作为文章的开头。
其次，素材运用贵在精当，丈中素材虽然丰富、多样，但某些素材却有芜杂之嫌。比如，丈中有两个单独看来很不错的素材，就是“我贵而人奉我……”的名言和《倚天屠龙记》中小昭所唱的曲子，但可惜与本文主旨还是有一定的游离，建议作者忍痛割爱，更换成更能体现文章主旨的素材。这种情况许多同学都有，他们往往熟记一些精彩素材之后，在写作时总想将之用于文中，只是有时这些素材与所写作文主旨关系不大，即使勉强用上也属画蛇添足，甚至适得其反，不但不能为文章增色，反而会使文章减分。
另外，个别语句有离开事件去泛谈之嫌，这些都是需要修改的。
升格佳作
沉淀内心，收放自如
王馨字
放者流为猖狂，入者收为寂寞，唯善操身心者，把柄在手，收放自如。
——题记
据报载，一个名为“中国校花大赛”活动的组织方，在前往北大宣传推广时遭遇尴尬，有两名女生举着牌子宣称“抵制校花，拒做花瓶”、“不做校花做自己”。
（开篇先交代由头，正确。）
在这么一个浮躁的社会，她们能做到沉淀内心，保持本真，难道不值得我们赞叹吗？面对她们，那些成天汲汲于富贵、戚戚于贫贱的人不觉得汗颜吗？
（紧扣题目，过渡简洁。）
太史公曾日：天下熙熙，皆为利来：天下攘攘，皆为利往。在光怪陆离的社会生活中，人们好像已经习惯了争名逐利，习惯于往自己的头上戴荣誉的光环。君不见打工皇帝唐骏假造学历，君不见明星个人资料上谎报年龄，君不见某些女演员为求出名主动要求“潜规则”，君不见“官出数字，数字出官”之怪现状层出不穷……
（素材内涵富于变化，因此显得丰富而不单调。）
可是，这些“面子工程”真有那么重要吗？为什么那么多人为了这些外在的东西不惜迷失自我？
（独句成段，引起下丈。）
诗人林希曾说：“土，浮沉在空间里，你是尘埃；沉淀在大地上，你是土壤。”人心亦是如此，浮躁的内心除了能让人生肤浅，什么也做不到。在我看来，那些热衷于靠“选秀”、“选花”、“选革”而出名图利的人，就如同在争夺一片浮云，这浮云乍一看洁白无瑕，很美丽，但说到底只是商家牟取利益的手段，别忘了即使是friend最后也还是会end，lover最后也免不了over，更何况这飘渺不定的浮云？即使费尽心机站了上去，也会在须臾之间摔倒在地上，而像北大那两名能保持本真的女生，本来就立足于坚实的大地上，又怎会有摔落之虞呢？
（再次联系“北大两名女生”，表示没脱离材料）
所以，面对似乎很轻松就能到手的诱惑，保持警惕吧，特别是在你心浮气躁、意动血涌的时候，这时的我们，更应该沉淀内心，善操身心，保持平和、本真的心态，只有这样，才能把柄在手，收放自如，才不会被“某花”、“某草”之类的商业化炒作弄得晕头转向，才会找到自己真正的幸福生活。就像著名作家毕淑敏所说的——
枷锁一旦被打开，你就可以自由地呼吸了！
（引用名人名言强化论点，切题紧密。）
升格小结
文章在升格过程中，从结构的安捌到素材的选用，都进行了一些调整。首先，将作文由头放在开头部分，使文章更加符合常规议论文的形式。然后，将原文中“君不见”由两句扩充为四句，第一是为了在句式上形成排比句，第二是为了扩大素材覆盖范围，增加文章的说服力度。接着，将“即使是Friend最后也还是会end”一段与上一段合并，突出了名利的“浮云”特征。同时将名言“我贵而人奉我……”以及《倚天屠龙记>中小昭所唱的曲子删去，增加了一处紧扣材料的议论，起到一定的点示作用。整体读下来，可以看出，文章脉络较原文更加清晰，扣题更加紧密，素材虽然较原文稍减一点，但更加精当，更有表现力了。
篇20：英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
全文共 45713 字
+ 加入清单下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。
对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。
因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！
1.?????? Proverbs
1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.
2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.
3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.
4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.
5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.
6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.
7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.
8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.
9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.
10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.
11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.
12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.
2. Damaging Research
A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.
3. Education and Citizenship
An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.
Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.
Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.
Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.
4. The Teacher’s Role
Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.
Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.
5. Education Philosophy
For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.
Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.
In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.
This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.
6. Student Life
To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.
Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.
Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)
What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.
Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.
7. Adult Education
After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”
So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.
8. Moral Relativism in American
Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.
Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.
In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”
Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.
In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”
The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.
The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.
At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.
The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.
But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.
There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.
9. Schools Should Teach Values
People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”
There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.
As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”
This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.
We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.
What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.
These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.
After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.
10. College Pressures
Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.
What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.
My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.
“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”
Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.
It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.
The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.
Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.
Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.
I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.
“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.
“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”
“Then why are you going?”
“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”
Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”
But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.
I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.
Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.
“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”
The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”
Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.
Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.
“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”
Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.
To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.
If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.
Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.
“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”
“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”
I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.
Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.
This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.
They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.
If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.
I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.
I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.
11. To Err Is Wrong
In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?
Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.
Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:
Right over 90% of the time = “A”
Right over 80% of the time = “B~”
Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.
From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.
Playing It Safe
With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.
I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.
Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.
Different Logic
From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.
Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.
Errors as Stepping Stones
Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.
The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.
Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.
Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.
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