高中英语写作的基础训练4篇 作文题目最新20篇

散文与记叙文的最大区别在于，散文中所写的人生、自然、事件、景物等，都是从自身感悟出发，是作者对事物特殊意义和美的发现。这种发现，是知觉、思维、感觉的综合思维结果，体现着作者的深思妙悟，是散文的情、理、意、味。而记叙文是记录生活中的人和事，并不从作者的感悟出发。

散文的取材十分广泛，不间万象、宇宙万物、各色人等、宏观微观无不涉及，而这些材料一旦出现在文章中，就立即刻上了作者的主观感悟，代表着作者的人生经验、观点感受。所以，同样的材料，不同的作者看到的内涵是不同的。这里，我们把散文的取材叫“形”，把作者的感悟叫“神”。散文的文体特点就是：形散神聚。

散文的写法较其他文体更活泼自由，不拘一格。常见的方式是抒情，即使是记叙，也是带有强烈感情色彩的。散文常把记叙、抒情、议论等融为一体，夹叙夹议。表现手法上能出奇制胜，让读者产生新鲜独特的阅读感受。散文的结构追求自然而然的境界。在材料选取上，般运用联想手法。

总体来看，抒情的散文有时气势磅礴，有时低吟浅唱;记叙的散文如诗如画，曲径通幽;议论的散文情真意切，精彩纷呈……但是，不管作者怎么样安排文字，怎样组织材料，归根结蒂还是为了表达他对人生或自然的特殊感受悟。

环保是一个热点话题，下面语文迷网整理提供了关于环保的英语写作素材，希望对你有帮助。

环保的英语名言

1、 Dont litter the floor.不随地扔垃圾。

2、 Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stop environmental pollution.许多国家制定了法律来保护大气、森林和海洋资源，制止环境污染。

3、 Please keep off the grass.不要践踏草坪。

4、 It’s our duty to save water节约水是我们每个人的责任。

5、 Safety First.安全第一。

6、 Earth is our home, you rely on green.地球是我家，绿化靠大家。

7、 Environmental problems directly affect the quality of peoples lives.环境问题直接影响人们的生活质量。

8、 Lets do our best to make it more beautiful.让我们尽力让它更美丽。

9、 If we dont save water, the last drop of water will be a tear-drop of us.如果我们不节约水，那么最后一滴水也许会是我们人类的眼泪。

10、 Handle with Care.小心轻放。

11、 No climbing.禁止攀爬。

12、 Save the earth, Our Only Home.保护地球，我们唯一的家。

13、 As we know , water is very important to man.我们知道，水对人类来说是非常的重要。

14、 Most environmental litigation involves disputes with governmental agencies.许多环保诉讼都涉及与政府机构的争端。

15、 Do not throw rubbish onto the ground. Do not waste water. Use both sides of paper when you write. Stop using plastic bags for shopping. Make classrooms less noisy.不要在地上扔垃圾。不要浪费水。当你写字时要在纸的两面都要写。停止使用塑料袋去购物。减少教室里德吵闹声。

16、 The most important question in the world today is pollution.当今世界最重要的话题就是污染问题。

17、 No one can live without water or air.没有人能离开水和空气生存。

18、 We should stop factories from producing harmful gases.我们应该阻止工厂生产有害气体。

19、 Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.很多河流湖泊已经受到严重污染。

20、 Without the shade from trees, Earth would get too hot to live on.没有了树荫，地球将会变得太热而不能生存。

21、 We need to protect Earth because it is our home.我们需要保护地球因为它是我们的家。

22、 Discharge pipes directly take pollutants away from the plant into the river.排泄管道直接将污染物从工厂排入河流。

23、 Please shut the door after you.出入请关门。

24、 We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future为了将来我们的生活过得更好、更加健康我们应该种更多的树。

环保的词汇

21世纪议程：Agenda 21世界环境日(6月5日)：World Environment Day (June 5th each year)

世界环境日主题：World Environment Day Themes冰川消融，后果堪忧!(2007年)Melting Ice–a Hot Topic!

莫使旱地变荒漠!(2006年)Deserts and Desertification–Dont Desert Drylands!

营造绿色城市，呵护地球家园!(2005年)Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!

海洋存亡，匹夫有责!(2004年)Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive!

水——二十亿人生命之所系!(2003年)Water - Two Billion People are Dying for It!

让地球充满生机!(2002年)Give Earth a Chance!

世间万物，生命之网!(2001年)Connect with the World Wide Web of life!

环境千年-行动起来吧!(2000年)The Environment Millennium - Time to Act!

拯救地球就是拯救未来!(1999年)Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!

为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋!(1998年) For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!

为了地球上的生命!(1997)For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园：(1996)Our Earth， Our Habitat， Our Home国际生物多样性日(12月29日)：International Biodiversity Day (29 December)

世界水日(3月22日)：World Water Day (22 March)

世界气象日(3月23日)：World Meteorological Day (23 March)

世界海洋日(6月8日)：World Oceans Day (8 June)

植树节(3月12日)：Arbor Day (12 March)

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

I’m going to have a busy weekend! On Saturday, I’m going visit my friends by bike. Because I haven’t seen them for a long time. Then, I’m going to the bookstore on foot. I’m going to read lots of books there. On Sunday morning, I’m going to go for a walk. Then, in the afternoon, I’m going to go shopping with my mother. Then, in the evening, we are going to watch TV together. That will be fun! What about you? What are you going to do on the weekend?

我就要过一个忙绿的周末了!星期六的时候我会骑车去拜访我的朋友。因为我已经很久没见他们了。之后，我会走路去书店。我打算在书店里看很多的书。星期天早上，我打算去散散步。然后，下午的时候我会和妈妈去买东西。之后，我们晚上打算一起看电视。那肯定很有趣!你呢?周末你打算做什么呢?

Dear Friend,

How have you been recently? I miss you very much. Do you still remember

me?

To be honest, Im honored to make friends with you. I still remember the

days when we were together. As far as I know, you are the kindest person in the

world. Once we were together, you always treated me as if I were your dear

brother, so I was grateful to you in my heart. After you leaving, I always

thought of you. Next time we have a chance to see each other, I will say "thank

you" to you. Thank you for your kindness. Now I have got the meaning of my

life.

Although we are in two different places now, we are still together, because

we are always heart to heart. I believe we can see each other again. Since we

are always close friends as well as dear brothers. Because of you, my life is

always so significant. Wherever I am, I will pray good luck for you.

Last but not the least, I hope you can make it and have a bright

future.

Sincerely yours,

Jason

人教新目标英语八年级上册作文

1.用日记格式写一篇旅游经历的作文。Unit1

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2.谈谈自己的好习惯和坏习惯（可以从eating ，living，studing等方面写）unit2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-

3.你和你朋友在外貌和性格方面有什么异同呢请以"My best friend and I"为题,运用比较级写一篇英语文章.unit3

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4.新学期要到了,写一篇关于学期的计划,讲述一下自己打算在新的学期要做些什么提示:可以写自己在学习,健身,娱乐,培养业余爱好等方面的计划或打算.unit6

New Year’s Resolutions

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4.想想自己20年后的生活是怎样的。以“My dream”我的梦想 为题写一篇80词左右的短文 unit7

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5你最喜欢会吃什么菜呢吗？请根据本单元知识叙述一下这种食物的制作过程. Unit8

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6.假如你的好友邀请你去参加生日聚会，但因为你下周的日程已经排满，不能前往。请根据提示给她回信婉言谢绝，并表达你的谢意。Unit9

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7.你以后可能会有很多钱,想一想,如果你有了钱,你会用它做什么

以If I have a lot of money为题写一篇80词左右的短文. unit10

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8.假设李平是你的朋友，他目前的身体状况不好。他从来不锻炼，他经常感到很紧张，很疲倦，他爱吃零食，有时会胃疼。这几天，他感冒了。头很痛。请写一封信给他，并给他一些建议

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导语：高中是要奔着高考去冲刺的，自然要好好努力一番，英语作为主课千万不能落下，每天多背一些吧。小编为你整理了高中英语谚语大全，欢迎大家阅读

1、Diligence is the mother of success.

成功来自勤奋。

2、God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助。

3、Gold will not buy anything.

黄金并非万能。

4、No man can do two things at once.

一心不可二用。

5、Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

6、Wealth is nothing without health.

失去健康，钱再多也没用。

7、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.

今日事，今日毕。

8、Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。

9、Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

10、A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真情。

11、All things are difficult before they are easy.

万事先难后易。

12、An idle youth, a needy age. / A young idler, an old beggar.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

13、Well begun is half done.

良好的开端是成功的一半。

14、Health is happiness.

健康就是幸福。

15、He laughs best who laughs last.

谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。

16、Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

17、Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者事竟成。

18、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

19、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

一天一个苹果，医生远离我。

20、Health is above wealth.

健康胜于财富。

21、Kill two birds with one stone.

一箭双雕。

22、All beginnings are hard.

万事开头难。

23、The early bird catches the worm.

早起的鸟儿有虫吃。

24、Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

25、Think twice before you do、/Look before you leap.

三思而后行。

26、Do as the Romans do.

入乡随俗。

27、A good beginning is half done.

良好的开端是成功的一半。

28、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

29、Facts speak plainer than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

30、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.

自信是走向成功的第一步。

31、A thousand mile trip begins with one step.

千里之行，始于足下。

32、Unity is strength.

团结就是力量。

33、Time and tide wait for no man.

时不我待。

34、Do nothing by halves.

不可半途而废。

35、Business before pleasure.

先工作，后娱乐。

36、Nothing is too difficult in the world if you set your mind into it.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

37、Dont judge by appearance.

不可以貌取人。

38、Time flies.

光阴似箭。

39、Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

40、Nothing seek, nothing find.

没有追求就没有收获。

41、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.

人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有阳光。

42、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.

活到老，学到老。

43、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作而无娱乐会使人愚钝。

44、Every advantage has its disadvantage.

有利必有弊。

45、Every advantage has its disadvantage.

光阴一去不复返。

46、All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

47、Do it now.(.)

机不可失，时不再来。

48、As one door closes, another door opens.

无绝人之路。

49、Honesty is the best policy.

做人诚信为本。

it was the first day of our summer holiday.all of us were very happy. why? because we have two months to do things we love to do.we are free.although we have some homework.but we can finish them in several days.and the rest time we can make good use of.my god! we have been very tired after hard studying.in summer holidays,i want to have full sleep and eat good food in order to replenish myself. last but not the least,i will have a good rest.

这是我们暑假的第一天，我们都很高兴。为什么？因为我们有两个月的时间去做我们喜欢做的事情了。我们自由了。尽管我们有很多家庭作业。但是我们几天就可以完成，剩余的时间我们可以自由支配.上帝啊，在努力的学习之后我们很累。在暑假，我想睡好吃好为了放松我自己。最后，我将可以好好休息。

[高中生暑假英语日记

一、注意审题

小作文的审题(即审读材料)很重要，决定着文章的成败。因为一个小作文的材料中，往往隐含了若干个写作要求，如不细心审读，抓不到这些隐含的要求，就很容易出现错误。例如：

一个孩子乘母亲不在，将家里的小闹钟拆了，母亲见后……

要求;根据上面的材料，展开想象，如果你是母亲，如何处置这个事情。请写出一个200字左右的处置过程。

这个小作文便隐含四个要求：(1)〝母亲见后〞，时间上必须要从母亲看见闹钟被拆之后写起;(2)〝如果你是母亲〞，行文中写作者必须是小孩的 母亲，必须以小孩子母亲的身份出现，不能这样写：〝如果我是这位母亲，我会这样处置……〞;(3)〝200字左右〞，字数限定在200字左右;(4)〝处 置过程〞，内容只能写处置的过程，而不能写结果和其他。

二、注意语言的简洁

这一点体现在两方面。其一，小作文字数一般是100┄300字，受篇幅限制，语言要求简洁明了。其二，如果是写应用文，则语言也一定要简洁，因为语言简洁是应用文写作的最基本要求。

三、力求结构完整

小作文是片断性作文，而非篇章。虽如此，但不能一味忽略结构的完整性。一篇小作文如果能够做到结构完整，则效果会更好。例如：

在你的身边有许多可亲可爱的事物，请你任选其中一种，以《我眼里的___________》为题写一篇200字左右的短文。

有位学生在叙写完一只小猫的伶俐乖巧后，篇末一句〝我非常喜爱我家的小猫〞独句成段，这样，既抒发了情感，又收束了全文，使短文结构完整，比那些一味描写小猫的文章要好得多了。

要做到结构完整，可运用以下的结构方式：前后照应式、篇末点题式、总分总式(包括总分式和分总式)等。

四、注意表达方式的运用

受文体的制约，一篇文章总以某种表达方式为主，同时兼用其他表达方式为主。小作文也应注意这一点。如江西省2002年中考语文小作文题为二选 一，(1)通过某一情景或场面，描写你最喜欢的色彩。(2)就你最喜欢的色彩，发表议论。无论选哪一题，或描写、或议论，总得以一种表达方式为主。但如果 能兼用其他表达方式，如兼用议论和抒情，表达自己对某种色彩的某中看法和喜爱之情，则能使短文大为增色。

导语：小编为大家整理了关于小学生想象做文的写作基础，欢迎大家阅读~

写想象作文，注意以下几点：

材料丰富，内容充实。生活是想象作文的基础，想象在奇特也不能脱离生活。我们写奇遇，也不能完全脱离生活追求新奇，最终还是要源于生活，做到“内容充实”、“材料丰富”。

大胆想象，富于创新。秦牧说过：“想象是一幅能使思维飞翔起来的翅膀”，要写好想象作文，一定要展开想象的翅膀，大胆的想象，不拘一格，才能做到富于创新。你可以由现在联想到过去，按现代生活的模式构思故事情节，也可以乘着时光机器来到未来世界。

条理清楚，紧扣主题。想象要能够创造出一定的形象和故事情节，做到“条理清楚”。没有情节的作文如一盘散沙，一篇想象作文一定要有情节的虚构、场景或形象塑造。写奇遇记，关键在于要写出一个“奇”字，情节曲折离奇，新颖奇妙，才能紧扣题目收到较好的效果。

如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练,实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。

一、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

二、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金;而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进，前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

话题作文训练举隅

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛;要合理出新，不落俗套。2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

短篇小说，小说的一种。其特点是篇幅短小，情节简洁，人物集中。下面是小编整理的短篇小说的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

高尔基在《和青年作家谈话》中指出："一开始就写大部头的长篇小说，是一个非常笨 拙的办法，……学习写作应该从短篇小说入手，西欧和我国所有最杰出的作家几乎都是这样 的，因为短篇小说用字精炼，材料容易合理安排，情节清楚，主题明确。"

怎样写作短篇小说呢?

一、充分准备，打好基础 写作短篇小说与写作中、长篇小说一样，在写作前必须进行充分的准备。首先，在执笔 写小说之前，必须具有一定的思想修养和生活积累。其次，读过较多的文艺作品，喜爱文学 创作，有一定的文艺修养和文艺理论的基础常识。茅盾在《创作的准备》开头就指出："世 界文学史上的巨人们留遗给我们的不朽的著作，以及他们毕生的文学事业的经历，就是这题 目--创作的准备的最完美的解答。理论家们从这些文学巨人们的业迹研究分析解释， 写了很多论文，数十万言一厚册，也就是给这题目作注脚。"再次，在写作小说之前，从事 过表达方法的基本练习，并从事过一般散文尤其是速写的写作练习。"一个初学写作者最好 多做些基本练习，不要急于写通常所谓小说，不要急于成篇。所谓基本练习，现在通行的速 写这一体，是可以用的。不过我觉得现今通行的速写还嫌太注重了形式上的完整，俨 然已是成篇的东西，而不是练习的草样了。作为初学写作者的基本练习的速写，不妨只有半 个面孔，或者一双手，一对眼。这应当是学习者观察中恍有所得时勾下来的草样，是将来的 精制品所必需的原料。许多草样斗合起来，融和起来，提炼起来，然后是成篇的小说。"(《茅 盾论创作》第358页)所以，我们要学习写作小说，必须从思想、生活、技巧各个方面下 苦功，打下坚实的基础。当然，对这个问题的认识不能绝对化。这并不是说，我们要等思想、 生活、技巧三关都完全过好之后再进行创作。不少青年作者的经验说明，初学写作者就是要 勇于创作实践，写是最好的基本训练。不要怕失败，失败是成功之母。小说创作和其它文体 的写作一样，没有什么捷径，小说的技巧只有自己从多次实践中逐步摸索出来。别人的技巧， 只能作借鉴，创作还是要靠自己。

二、认识生活，熟悉人物 创作需要生活，对生活不熟悉，不理解，就无法反映和表现生活。社会生活是文学艺术 的源泉，人是社会诸关系的总和，只有熟悉、理解社会生活，才能熟悉、理解各类人物。不 熟悉、不理解各类人物，就无法进行以塑造人物形象为中心的小说写作。茅盾在谈他怎样开 始小说创作时说："我是真实地去生活、经验了动乱中国的最复杂的人生的一幕，终于得了 幻灭的悲哀，人生的矛盾，在消沉的心情下，孤寂的生活中，而尚受生活执着的支配，想要 以我的生命力的余烬从别方面在这迷乱灰色的人生内发一星微光，于是我开始创作了。我不 是为的要做小说，然后去经验人生。"他还说;"好管闲事是我们做小说的人最要紧的事，你 要去听，要去问。"(《创作的准备》)因此，一个小说作者应像阿·托尔斯泰说的那样："他 溶化在生活洪流之中，溶化在集体之中;他是一个参加者。"

小说写作需要的生活不是指日常生活、饮食男女之类，能成为小说素材的"生活"，至少应该有三个条件：

1.具有较鲜明、生动的形象;

2.具有独特性;

3.具有一定的思想 内涵。因此，当作者在观察生活的时候，无论对人物、对故事、对环境，都应从上述三点出 发，勇敢地扬弃那些琐屑的、纷纷扰扰的"流水帐"，抓住真正有用的写作素材，渗透作者 的思想、感情，使生活素材逐渐变成自己的东西。 三、严格选材，深入开掘 1931年，沙汀和艾芜写信给鲁迅，请教短篇小说的题材问题。鲁迅回信说："只要 所写的是可以成为艺术品的东西，那就无论他所描写的是什么事情，所使用的是什么材料， 对于现代以及将来一定是有贡献的意义的?quot;"两位是可以各就自己现在能写的题材，动手来 写的。不过选材要严，开掘要深，不可将一点琐屑的没有意思的事故，便填成一篇，以创作 丰富自乐。" 高尔基也说过："在短篇小说中，正如在机器上一样，不应该有一个多余的螺丝钉，尤 其是不应该有多余的零件。" 这就告诉我们，写作短篇小说必须严格选择题材，深入开掘。那末，短篇小说怎样进行题材的选择和主题的开掘呢?

短篇小说的选材要做到：

(一)撷新去陈，根据时代需要选材。短篇小说的题材是没有什么限制的，凡是人类涉 足的领域、产生的事件，都可以经过选择作为作品的题材。但是，从美学价值和社会意义来 考虑，我们就必须撷新去陈，尽量选择我们这个时代、这个社会所需要的题材来写。

(二)以小见大，根据体裁特点选材。短篇小说这种体裁的形式特点，要求作者不能象 写长篇小说那样写人生的纵剖面，而必须写人生的横断面，就象是横着锯断一棵树，察看年 轮可以知道树龄一样，短篇小说虽写人生中的一角、一段，也就可以窥见整个人生。鲁迅、 茅盾、巴金等作家为了在短篇小说中反映他们所处的时代，在写作短篇小说时，都是选取主 人公人生道路上的某一段作为题材的。因此，有经验的小说家在谈创作经验时就指出，创作 短篇小说必须善于"截取"、"选择"。如王蒙在《谈短篇小说的创作技巧》中就说过，短篇 小说构思的很重要的一点就是要"从广阔的、浩如烟海的生活事件里，选定你要下手的部位。 它可能是一个精彩的故事，它可能是一个给人留下了深刻印象的人物，它可能是一个美好的 画面，它也可能是深深埋在你的心底的一点回忆，一点情绪，一点印象，而且你自己还一时 说不清楚。这个过程叫作从大到小，从面到点，你必须选择这样一个小，否则，你就无 从构思无从下笔，就会不知道自己写什么。"

(三)扬长避短，根据自己生活选材。一般来说，作者应该写自己熟悉的题材，因为这 些题材是在自己的生活中积累的大量素材的基础上提炼出来的，写起来容易驾驭，而且能写 得生动、深刻。当代小说家中的佼佼者大多是从写自己生活经历中的人和事开始走上小说创 作道路的。 选材是短篇小说写作中的第一个重要的环节。选材的目的在于从大量的素材中选取可以 写入小说中的题材--生活中有典型意义的片断。要达到这个目的，我们必须具有从纷纭的 生活现象中"捕捉"题材的能力。这种"捕捉"生活中有典型意义的片断的能力，对于小说 创作极为重要。茅盾在他的《短篇小说选集后记》中指出："在横的方面，如果对于社会生 活的各样环节茫然无知;在纵的方面如果对于社会生活的发展方向看不清，那么，你就很少 可能在繁复的社会现象中，恰好地选取了最有代表性、即具有深刻的思想的一事一物，作为 短篇小说的题材。"所以，短篇小说在选材时，不能只着眼于事件的故事性和吸引力，而要 着眼于把生活的侧面、片断放到整个时代的背景上去考察，要把握住社会的"纵"的和"横" 的两个方面，善于从平凡的日常生活现象中捕捉住不平凡的东西，从而由时代和社会的一角 反映出时代和社会的全貌，使读者从生活海洋中的一朵浪花看出奔腾澎湃的大海。

对于短篇小说题材的"开掘"--主题的提炼同样要十分重视。"几乎在所有的情况下， 作家心中首先想到的总是小说的主题，或者说思想内容。他构思小说的情节是为了表达这一 主题，创造人物也是围绕着这一主题。好的小说总是有一个好的主题的。"([英]《小说家的 技巧》) 衡量一篇小说的美学价值，重要的并不是看题材本身，而是看作者对于题材所开掘的思想的 深度--主题提炼的程度。所谓开掘，就是要深入发掘生活素材所内涵的本质意义的东西; 作者对生活素材的本质意义开掘得越深入，主题思想就越深刻，作品的教育作用也就越大， 美学价值也就更高。所以说，一篇没有好的主题的小说，是无法登上大雅之堂的。 李师东在《一个新的文学层面的诞生》中评论九十年代的新生代作家时指出："八十年代的 文学，是以对表现疆域的拓展的掘进、对表现手段的探索和实验为其显著特征的。与前几茬 作家相伴随的是冲突和对抗、张扬和摒弃、试验和沿袭、超前和滞后、创新和守成、反拨和 建立等源远流长的话题。直至今天，我们仍然能在文学创作和文学批评中感受到来自不同思 想观念、文化背景的冲撞和对举。""在九十年代新的时空下，这一茬更为年轻的青年作家得 以走上文坛，正在于他们明显疏离了前几茬作家习惯关心的话题，而与社会的新的变化和进 展保持了同步相向的趋势……把个人的情绪与时代的生活面貌和精神处境勾连在一起，谋求 与九十年代社会的契合，体现中国社会新的进展，这正是他们的努力。以一种消解的姿态， 达到对文学的整合，以反先锋的方式，回归到朴素的情感姿态，以个人化的方式，进入到文 学创作之中，这正是这个新生代作家群的文学用心。"(中国华侨出版社1996年出版的"新 生代小说系列"总序) 应该指出：小说写作中对材料的分析与科学研究中对材料的分析是根本不同的两回事。

"一个文学作家应当走的创作过程的道路，是和社会科学家研究过程的道路相反的。""社 会科学家所取以为研究的资料者，是那些错综的自然的现象，文学作家的却是造成那些现象 的活生生的人。社会科学家把那些现象比较分析，达到了结论;文学作家却是从那些活生生 的人身上，--从他们相互的关系上，看明了某种现象，用艺术手段来说明它，如果作 家有的是正确的眼光，深入的眼光，则他虽不作结论而结论自在其中了。"(《茅盾论创作》 第466页)因此，小说作者的分析工作是与自己对人物、事件的观察、感受，对生活的体 验、理解结合在一起的，这种分析是理性的，但是它是融化在形象思维中的。

许多小说作者的创作实践告诉我们，有的作品的主题是在人物之前产生的，而有的主题 是在有了人物之后才确定的。例如茅盾创作《春蚕》，是先有了主题，"其次便是处理人物， 构造故事。"(《我怎样写〈春蚕〉》)而王蒙说他的许多短篇小说并不是先有了主题然后再去 写的。他说："《夜的眼》是什么先行呢?是感觉先行，感受先行，是对城市夜景的感受先行。 这里头有我个人的感觉，但又不全都是。……《夜的眼》就是写一个长期在农村、在边远地 区的人对大城市、对我们生活的感受。……这个感受饮食着深思对我们生活的深思，这个深 思还没有做出明确的结论，但是它充满了深思。"王蒙又说："《夜的眼》还有一个主题，这 也是我在最近才明确的，就是写了我们生活中的转机。……所谓转机，充满了艰难，充 满着历史的负担，但又开始有了新的东西，大有希望。《夜的眼》里既有负担，又有希望; 既有伤痕，又有跨越伤痕向前进的努力;既有思索，又有感受;既有想不清的地方，又有相 当清楚的地方。我觉得《夜的眼》里包含的东西是比较多的。"(《漫话小说创作》)

总之，我们对小说的材料必须深入开掘，对主题必须刻苦提炼。而在构思时、写作中， 是不能将主题提炼、人物刻划割裂开来的。可以是主题先行，也可以是人物先行，还可以是 感受先行。而且，主题可以是一个，也可以是几个，即写成多主题的小说。

四、刻划人物，塑造典型

人物的刻划和典型的塑造，是小说写作中最重要的工作。茅盾指出："典型性格的刻划， 永远是艺术创造的中心问题。"

怎样才能写出典型的人物形象呢?我们当然要充分运用叙述、描写、议论和抒情等等表 达方法，采用比喻、象征、夸张、拟人……等等修辞手段，使人物生动、形象，活灵活现， 栩栩如生。但是，仅仅这样还是很不够的，小说写作与一般记叙文写作的一个重要的不同之 处，就在于小说要进行艺术概括，运用虚构、想象的典型化方法刻划人物性格，从而创造出 具有个性的又体现时代精神、社会牲特征的典型形象。为此，就"必须使现象典型化。应该 把微小而有代表性的事物写成巨大的和典型的事物--这就是文学的任务。"(高尔基《和青 年作家们的谈话》)

典型化的基本规律就是个性和共性的高度统一，使"每个人都是典型，但同时又是一定 的单个人"。这就要求我们努力实现恩格斯提出的要求："现实主义的意思是，除了细节的真 实外，还要真实地再现典型环境中的典型性格。"

所谓典型环境，一般指一定的自然环境和社会环境即现实环境，其实，它"更应该包括特定 的种族环境、地域环境、历史文化环境等各种稳态的以及动态的大环境要素。一个具有永恒 意义的艺术典型，正是诸种直接的现实环境以及全部的民族、历史、文化等深度环境和综合 环境所共同培育而成的。"(郝雨《在典型创造上用力》，1997年10月14日《文艺报》) 所谓典型性格，指的是人物必须是充分的共性和鲜明的个性的高度的统一体。人物的共性要 从人物的个性中体现出来。"人们常说，近年来的小说创作故事情节的枝干上并没有结了多 少人物之果，即是指作品重在把握围绕事件所交织起来的复杂的社会现实，但缺少栩栩 如生、呼之欲出的人物形象。这恐怕就与缺少有深度的、富于个性魅力的性格刻划有关。因 此只有在深刻把握现实关系的同时，深刻地把握人物内在灵魂，使身份与性格有机 结合而不能偏废其一，才能达到现实主义创作所要求的典型化高度。"(任玖珊《现实主义话 题再热评论界》，1997年10月14日《文艺报》)

在写作中，小说人物典型化的具体方法有两种：

第一种，以生活中的某一个原型为主，加以概括、想象和虚构，从而创造出典型人物。 例如，鲁迅的《狂人日记》中的狂人，原型是他的一个表兄弟。鲁迅结合平时对黑暗社会的 多方见闻，改造了这个疯人形象的内容，赋予人物以深刻的社会意义，从而塑造出了狂人这 个艺术典型。

第二种，在广泛地集中、概括众多人物的基础上塑造出典型人物。这就是鲁迅说的"杂 取种种人，合成一个"的方法。巴尔扎克在谈人物塑造时指出："为了塑造一个美丽的形象， 就取这个模特儿的手，取另一个模特儿的脚，取这个的胸，取那个的骨。艺术家的使命就是 把生命灌注到所塑造的人体里去把描给变成现实。如果他只是想去临摹一个现实的女人，那 么他的作品就不能引起人们的兴趣，读者干脆就会把这未加修饰的真实扔到一边去。"

鲁迅笔下的人物大多是这样的。他说："所写的事迹，大抵有一点见过或听到过的缘由， 但决不全用这一事实，只是采取一端，加以改造，或生发开去，到足以几乎完全发表我的意 思为止。人物的模特儿也一样，没有专用过一个人，往往嘴在浙江，脸在北京，衣服在山西， 是一个拼凑起来的脚色。"(《我怎么做起小说来》)

有许多优秀的短篇小说作品，其中的人物都是指不出生活原型的。这种作品中的典型人 物形象的塑造，可以说比用某一原型塑造人物形象更为困难，然而，一个真正的小说作者是 必须掌握这种塑造典型人物形象的方法的。 以上两种塑造人物的典型化方法，有时可以在一个作品中同时运用，即可以用一种方法塑造 某一人物形象，而用另一种方法塑造另外的人物形象。

在刻划小说人物时，还应注意以下三个问题：

(一)小说中的人物和真实人物不同。他是作者虚构的，而这种虚构的人物来自小说作 者的心灵之中，是融有作者的血肉、灵魂、性格、气质的"臆造"的人物。小说中的人物生 活在小说的国度里，这个国度是一个叙述者与创造者合而为一的世界。英国小说家福斯特在 《小说面面观》中指出：小说人物在人生中的五项主要活动--出生、饮食、睡眠、爱情和 死亡等方面，都有不同于真实人物的特点。只要他了解他们透彻入理，只要他们是他的创作 物，他就有权要怎么写就怎么写。这就说明：小说人物由于是作者展开想象、通过虚构创造 的，因此他不同于生活中的真实人物。学习小说写作，不能不首先明白这个问题。

(二)小说人物与作者自我之间是一种既矛盾又统一的关系。莫泊桑在《谈小说创作》中告 诉我们：作者写的不管是什么人物，"我们所表现的终究是我们自己"，"我们要使人物各各 不同，就只有改变他们的年龄、性别、社会地位和我们自我的生活情况，这自我是 大自然用不可越逾的器官限制所形成的。""要使读者在我们用来隐藏自我的各种面具下 不能把这自我辨认出来，这才是巧妙的手法。"

同时，莫泊桑又指出：我们作者"如果对人物进行了充分的观察，我们就难免相当准确地确 定他们的性格，以便能预见他们在各种不同情况下的行动方式，如果我们能够说：一个具 有这样性格的人，在这样的情况下会做出这样的事，但决不能由此得出这样的结论：我们 能够一个个地确定人物自己的非我们所有的思想中的一切最隐蔽的活动，那些与我们不同的 本能所产生的一切神秘的希求，他那器官、神经、血液、肌肤和与我们特殊的体质所决定的 暧昧的冲动。"这就是说：作者根据自己的艺术构思塑造着人物，但人物却对作者保持着相 对的独立性;作者三番五次地进行艺术构思，修改自己的人物性格，要人物活起来站起来， 是典型又是个性;人物性格一旦形成，一旦活起来站起来，他就要顽强地按照他的社会地位、 生活环境、思想性格、个人气质来思考，说话，做事，行动，抒发内心情绪。这时候，他常 常要跟他的作者发生争执，提醒作者应该怎样描写他。在这样的情况下，作者的笔就只好顺 着人物自身的行动进行写作。当然，这种情况是只有在进行认真、深刻的艺术构思后才会出 现，草率从事是写不出真正的小说人物的。

(三)小说人物的个性特征需要通过真实的细节描写体现出来。在小说写作中，细节描 写对人物的个性化具有头等重要的意义。真实的典型的细节首先是行动方面的，也可以是语 言方面的，或者是心理活动方面的，以及其它方面的。作家刘真从创作中体会到："作品中 的细节，就象活人身上的细胞，是艺术作品的灵魂，所谓作品的高度，深度，是由它的细部 来决定的。""一个细节很难构成一篇小说，可它常常是一篇小说的引线或基础。"(《首先要 攻下的难关》)

学习小说写作，一定要下功夫寻找这样的细节--看似无所谓却有重要意义的细节。因 为典型环境中的典型性格，正是由许多适当而具有力的典型细节来完成的。唯有把许多有典 型意义的细节有机地贯串起来，组织起来，才能达到从典型环境中描写典型性格的目的。

另外，有的作者还常常通过写人物小传分析人物性格。这种人物小传对作者掌握人物性 格有一定帮助，初学者也可在习作小说时采用。

五、构思故事，安排情节 "故事是小说的基本面，没有故事就没有小说。这是所有小说都具有的最高要素。" (爱·摩·福斯特《小说面面观》)"小说家的技巧首先在于会说故事。"(伊莉沙白·鲍温《小 说家的技巧》)

故事是什么呢?"故事是一些按时间顺序排列的事件的叙述--早餐后中餐，星期一后 是星期二，死亡后腐烂等等。就故事在小说中的地位而言，它只有一个优点：使读者想要知 道下一步将发生什么。……故事虽是最低下和最简陋的文学肌体，却是小说这种非常复杂肌 体中的最高因素。"(爱·摩·福斯特《小说面面观》第22页)

然而，初学写作者必须了解，小说的故事和一般意义上的故事是有很大区别的。小说的 故事都是虚构的，但是这种虚构--臆造由于作者充分发挥了想象，并进行了巧妙的组织， 读者会觉得比现实生活中的事件还要真实可信。当然，发挥想象构思故事绝对不是毫无根据 地胡思乱想，胡编瞎造，而是以现实生活中的矛盾冲突作 为构成作品情节的基础，从错综复杂的矛盾冲突和形形色色的生活事件中，选取最能展示人 物性格的事件，经过提炼的加工改造的功夫，构成富有表现力的情节。这种提炼的加工改造， 就是情节典型化的过程。它告诉我们：根据提炼出的主题，从人物性格出发虚构故事情节， 这是小说构思的基本原则。 学习写作小说必须懂得情节及其与故事的区别。情节是什么?高尔基认为，"文学的第三个 要素是情节，即人物之间的联系、矛盾、屿、反感和一般的相互关系，--各种不同的性格、 典型成长和构成的历史。"(《和青年作家的谈话》)也就是说，情节是环绕着人物性格以及人 物之间的相互关系所展开的一系列的生活事件。爱·摩·福斯特指出："情节是小说中较高 级的一面"，"情节是小说的逻辑面"，"情节同样要叙述事件，只不过特别强调因果关系罢 了。"(《小说面面观》)

传统小说的情节一般包括破题、开端、发展、高潮和结局等五个环节。当代小说的情节安排 已经不受这些环节的限制，如有的没有破题，直接写开端;有的可在高潮中暗示结局。

在写作时，情节通常是由场面和线索构成的。场面，指小说中被处理在某一时间、某一 地点的具体的矛盾冲突--人物之间的关系，它是比事件更为具体的生活画面。线索，指把 人物活动贯穿起来完成情节发展的事物或事件。短篇小说多为一根情节线索，也有两根的， 一是主线，一是次线;一是明线，一是暗线。 安排故事和情节需要使用"大纲"。一般来说，"大纲"包括：1、主要人物表;2、故事 要点;3、重要场面;4、作品主题;5、篇章结构。这样的"备忘录"式的大纲，虽然在实 际写作时会有修改，但是它比没有大纲要好得多，尤其对初学写作小说的人更为重要。 六、精于首尾，善于叙述 一篇好的故事包含三个要素：一是必须简单;二是能引起读者广泛的兴趣;三是要有一 个好的开头。所谓好的开头，不仅仅是个结构的问题，实际上是小说如何截取生活片断、恰 当地"切入"的问题，是小说的总体构思的问题。好的开头必须直截了当，引进人物，展开 故事。 至于结尾，在短篇小说写作中同样重要。这是因为好的结尾可以提高和深化作品的的思 想意义、加强作品的感染力和艺术效果。优秀短篇小说的结尾，或给人以人生哲理的思索， 或给人以希望和鼓舞，或使人掩卷深思…… 对于整个作品的叙述的技巧--写的技巧，同样要给予足够的重视。王蒙指出："构思得差 不多了，靠写。写，不仅仅是把想好的东西记录下来。固定下来，写，是创造的最重要的阶 段。正是在写的过程中，你的思维活动、感情活动、内心活动才空前活跃起来。" 那末，怎样来叙写?可以像写章回体小说那样去叙写，也可以像书信那样去叙写;可以连贯 性地叙写，也可以间断性地叙写……应该看到，短篇小说的叙写是十分自由的。

叙写中的时间如何安排是个技巧问题，这是因为："时间是小说的一个重要组成部 分。……时间同故事和人物具有同等的重要的地位。"(伊莉莎白·鲍温《小说家的技巧》)

要注意以下三点：

(一)"小说家的时钟"：讲故事的要则之一是能同时天南海北，无所不知地讲，不但精 通历史，通晓当今，还能洞察未来可能发生的事情。在作者的叙述中，所有已知的和预期的 时间都集中在即刻发生的事件上。在这个过程中，"小说家的时钟"同时报出不同的时间。 这种时间说明：无论故事起初是怎样构思的，叙述总是象花筒似地把各个时间牵连在一 起。最简单的叙述就是将各种感觉、回忆和推测的过程混为一体。 小说作者安排故事的方法之一就是他可以调整各事件所占的时间比例。一个重要的事件 可以写得比它实际发生的过程更长一些;而漫长的历史用一段文字就可以概括叙述出来。这 种叙述的灵活性正是小说作者使用的主要手段之一：用时间比例来表明每一事件的相对重要 性。从某个角度上看，小说家在写作时可以象一把扇子似地把时间打开或者折拢。既然每一 篇故事根据自己的轻重缓急都需要一种特殊的计算时间的方法，那么作者如何计算时间就是 非常重要的。

(二)时间生活和价值生活：在叙写中，小说作者为了表达的需要有时把时钟拨快，有 时把时钟拨慢，有时把指针倒回或拨前，但是，没有一个作者能全然不顾时间的顺序。福斯 特在《小说面面观》中说："在小说中，对时间的忠诚极为必要，没有任何小说可以摆脱它。" 这是因为，"日常生活同样的充满了时间性……不管什么样的日常生活，实际上都是由两种 生活合成的--时间生活和价值生活--而我们的行为也显示出一种双重的忠诚。我只看 了她五分钟，但那是值得的。这个简单的句子里就含有这种双重的忠诚。故事是叙述时间 生活的，但在小说中--如果是好小说--则必须包含价值生活。"所以，叙写故事不能忽 略自然的时间生活，但是更要注意社会的价值生活，必须匠心经营，写好价值生活。

(三)微观叙述和宏观叙述：小说的叙写应使读者有历史感。为此，小说作者在把自己 的故事安排在一个特定的时间范围内的同时，他就应对历史负起责任。这就是说，小说场景 的每一个细节，对话中的每一个片断以及书中人物的每一个行动都必须合乎小说发生的时代 背景。这样，在写作中就有了微观叙述和宏观叙述。所谓微观叙述，是指"按时序组织起来 的一连串事件";所谓宏观叙述，是指"历史的一个片断"。这两种叙述使得作者能够正确处 理"小说范畴里的时间安排和小说结构与历史前景间的关系。"(乔纳森·雷班《现代小说写 作技巧》)

(四)三项基本选择：在对待时间的安排上，作者通常有三项基本的选择：一是按"时 间一致"的原则来叙述，使小说里的事件在前后顺序上同阅读的顺序大致一样。二是用缩短 或概述时间的办法去叙述，在故事的开端或结局之间略去若干年月。这样，读者的阅读时间 和小说人物的行动时间是不一致的。三是用时序颠倒的方法 进行叙述，阅读时间和行动时间有时一致又有时不一致。

(五)叙述时间的距离：时间在小说里除了起着"导演"的作用之外，又起着引起"悬念" 的作用。"在一本我们称为严肃的小说中，我们同样也感到，或者应该感到时钟一小时又一 小时地在轰响，日历一页又一页地掀过去。此外，时间还把读者牢牢地系在宏大的现在 --如果你愿意的话，叫它场景也未尝不可--，而这些现在是由一些中间性的情节连 系起来的。我们可以在时间上前后移动，但是现在这一时刻必须牢牢地抓住我们。"

1) 弯路是一种哲学。懂得生活的人会想尽一切办法跨过弯路，也只有这样，才能将弯路转化为平坦的金光大道，开创属于自己的精彩人生。

2) 生活给了我们智慧，教会了我们如何学习，如何成长，用多彩的世界来点缀我们周围的一切，用它神奇的力量给我们智慧，把我们从无意识的个体推向了智慧生命的顶峰，使我们从幼稚到学识渊博。

3) 微笑着，去唱生活的歌谣，不要埋怨生活给予了太多的磨难，不必抱怨生命中有太多的曲折。大海如果失去了巨浪的翻滚，就会失去雄浑;沙漠如果失去了飞沙的狂舞，就会失去壮观。人生如果仅去求得两点一线的一帆风顺，生命也就失去了存在的意义。

4) 黄河九曲，留给人荡气回肠的感慨;山路十八弯，带给人缠绵悱恻的思念。即便是弯路，也有着动人心魄的美感，在生活中亦是如此：流年若水，晴续锦年，在漫长而又短暂的人生旅途中，没有什么是顺利如初的。在弯路面前，是不敌退却还是迎难直上?这个答案决定着你今后的成败。

5) 人生就如同一条弯弯的路，每个人都是这条路上的步行者。出生时这条路是直的，每个人可以毫无顾忌地走着，成年后每个人面前会有无数条路，只有两种选择，要么坐以待毙，要么选择一条路走下去，大多数人会选择走下去。每一条路都有其曲折的部分，这就要考验每个人的意志了，胆小的人看见弯路就马上往回走，只有一部分敢于挑战自己的人勇敢走下去。

6) 瞬息间，水从我的指缝间滑过，略带留恋与倾诉，贴近而真切。转瞬间从我的身边划过，略带怀恋与忧伤，回味而伤感。无论怎样留恋，却终归只能如流水，不能留下。

7) 没有谁的一生是一帆风顺的，在人生中难免会走一些弯路，它是人生的一部分，如果没有它，我们就无法体会到人生的意义，就不会懂得珍惜人生。只有经历了，才会悟出人生的真理，才会懂得珍惜。

8) 别在树下徘徊，别在雨中沉思，别在黑暗中落泪。向前看，不要回头，只要你勇于面对抬起头来，就会发现，分数的阴霾不过是短暂的雨季。向前看，还有一片明亮的天，不会使人感到彷徨。

9) 有只瓶子一启封便清香四溢，那美妙的气息，我们称之为爱情。那叫人痴迷，止不住心旌摇荡，怎么也抑制不住脚步的景色，就是爱情。那魔幻般的吸引力，就来自爱情。或许，你还没有涉足的意念，那撩人的彩蝶已翩舞于眼前。

10) 预言凝聚着人类的智慧，闪烁着道义的光华，有聚瑰宝撒珠玑之美，揽天地含宇宙之妙，能给人以顿悟般的针砭与启迪。预言无需装饰，一如珍珠无需雕琢鲜花无需涂色。

11) 当爱像明媚的阳光一样照彻寒冷的心房时，我们会发现，爱的本身就是一波震颤的弦音，一种花香的弥散，持久，热烈，而又延己及人。从一双手到另一双手，从一个人到另一个人。这是从施爱者灵魂深处飘散出来的温暖，它苏醒着精神世界中一行疲惫的足迹、一颗受了冷漠的心灵，然后，得了爱的人会在自己的心田擦亮火柴般地用一份温暖。去照耀另一颗心，尽管有时是那么微弱。

12) 听，是谁的琴声，如此凄凉，低调的音，缓慢的节奏，仿佛正诉说着什么。音低调得略微有些抖动，听起来似乎心也有些抖动，我感觉到一种压抑的沉闷气息，是否已凝结在这空气中……

13) 夏天，隐藏了太多太多的迷茫，也怒放了太多太多的浓艳。就像雨后黄昏的天空，大片大片的珠黄、玫红、山蓝、艳紫的云朵翻涌其中，仿佛突兀的胭脂涂抹在冷郁的脸庞上，有着凄凉的美丽。

14) 不管鸟的翅膀多么完美，如果不凭借空气，鸟就永远飞不到高空。想象力是翅膀，客观实际是空气，只有两方面紧密结合，才能取得显著成绩。

15) 天空像是被飓风吹了整整一夜，干净得没有一朵云。只剩下彻底的纯粹的蓝色，张狂地渲染在头顶上面。像不经意间，随手打翻了蓝色的墨水瓶。

16) 珍惜每一次转弯吧，黄河因为弯曲而滋润着更广袤的土地;勘探队因路途弯曲而得以深入钻探;那么，我有理由坚信人们也将因为珍惜每一次转弯而将人生的路走得更好。

17) 世上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。人生与路形影不离。世上路有千万条，有直有弯。直路固然可以直达远方，弯路亦别有一番情趣。当然，人生更多的是弯路，直路不过是陪衬。

18) 成功没有捷径，抵达光明的前景，必须穿越一段 灰暗的里程。 莎士比亚也曾经说过：金字塔是由一块块石头堆砌上去的。干什么事都没有捷径，最好的办法还是一步一个脚印，脚踏实地往前走，不管道路如何，待你蹒跚一段路以后，向后眺望的将是一片美丽的彩虹。

19) 人生路注定是枯燥无味的，可同时又充满了精彩。这个世上没有什么是绝对的，那人生路上数之不尽的弯路，与弯路后未知的天地，不正是对勇士最好的馈赠吗?

20) 弯路与捷径的目的是一样的——成功，但方式却不一样，当捷径不通的情况下，选择弯路的成功率是最大的。青年们，我们是否更应该脚踏实地，通过弯路，来得到属于自己的一片彩虹呢。

写作技巧在写作活动中的具有极其重要的作用。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或“手法”;对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及“艺术”美感的重要因素和“手段”;“人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺”，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;“蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则……因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以“拿来”，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧“操作训练”。清人唐彪写道：“谚云，‘读十篇不如做一篇’。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：‘文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。’信哉言乎!”多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的“概括化系统”，一个“自动化的”写作“行动方式”。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫“我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多”了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是“技能”阶段，一是“熟练”阶段。“技能”阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。“熟练”阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：“学诗当识活法。”“所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。”识得“活法”，并能运用“活法”是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

Mothr’s Day is a holiday whn childrn honor thir mothrs with cards, gifts and

flowrs. In many countris, such as Dnmark, Finland, Italy, Turky, Australia and

th US, popl clbrat Mothr’s Day on th scond Sunday in May whil many othr countris

of th world clbrat thir own Mothr’s day at diffrnt tims through out th yar.

On of th bst ways to clbrat Mothr’s Day is to giv your mom th day off. Lt hr

rlax with th rst of th family doing all th houswork. Usually, dad and th kids

will lt mom slp lat that morning as thy go into th kitchn to prpar hr favourit

brakfast. Nvr forgt to plac a vas with a singl flowr on th tabl bsid th food. Th

kids can pick up th flowr from th gardn or buy on from th shop. Arrang vrything

nicly bfor mom waks up. Som familis will carry th food and mom’s favourit

sctions from th nwspapr to hr bdroom so that mom can hav brakfast in bd. Prsnts

and cards from th kids can b handd to mom by thmslvs or just placd on th dining

tabl.

Aftr brakfast, go anywhr mom liks to go. Shopping, swimming or going on a

picnic in th gardn. Mak a spcial Mothr’s Day dinnr or tak mom out for a grat mal

in a famous rstaurant sh lovs most.

Anyway ,lt mom njoy th whol day and fl your lov, and thn th Mothr’s Day can b

a good on. As Mothr’s Day is around th cornr, it’s tim to tak actions!

怎么写好应用文?下面是小编整理的应用文写作基础，欢迎查看。

一、结构的含义和作用

1.掌握结构的含义应用文的结构，是运用材料以表现主题的有序安排，是客观事物条理性在文章中的反映，为文章的组织形式和内部构造。文章的结构具有两重含义：一是宏观结构，即文章的总体构思、大体框架;二是微观结构，即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。

2.了解结构的作用结构好比文章的骨架，是安排文章的具体形式，是将材料化为文章的手段之二。结构是表现主题的手段，是准确表达主题的必由之路，也是引导读者领会文章思想内容的向导。写文章只有找到恰当完美的结构形式，才能把主题和材料组合在一起，形成一个完美有机的整体。其作用具体表现在：

(1)使文章言之有体。应用文大多有较固定的结构形态，它是人们在长期写作实践中经过选择，逐步找到的最适合表现某种内容的最佳形式，也称之为“程式”。如简报、书信和行政公文类文书，具有相当固定的惯用格式。

(2)使文章言之有序。合理安排文章结构，就是根据一定的思路，将零散的材料组织起来，使之眉目清楚地成为一个有机的整体。

(3)使文章言之有文。精心安排文章结构，可以增加文章的文采，从而增强其可读性。

二、安排结构的条件

1.了解思路的含义及思路与结构的关系

在文章结构的两重含义中，总体构思是具体设计的前提和基础。总体构思也就是人们常说的“言有序”，是指对材料的安排要有次序，这体现了作者的思路。思路是安排结构的条件。

1、思路的含义

思路是作者思维活动的路线，是作者在头脑中梳理、组织内容材料的过程和结果。它是作者对客观事物自身条理性的观察、理解。

作者思路清晰，结构必然有条不紊;作者思路不清晰，结构必然紊乱。经过选择的材料，只有经过合理的组织安排，使之条理化、系统化，组成一个有机的整体，才能准确鲜明地表现既定的主题。

2、思路与结构的关系

在写作构思阶段，作者的思维活动异常活跃。确立主题，选择好材料，并进而考虑如何表达主题和如何安排材料，由此逐渐形成一条清晰、连贯、独到的思维活动路线——思路。此时，文章的大体框架已在作者的头脑中“闪现”出来。等到作者用书面语言把思路表达出来时，文章的结构也就具体安排好了。因此，作者思路与文章结构的关系极为密切。具体表现为以下三点：

(1)思路是形成结构的基础和内核。结构是文章最主要的表现形式。要使结构完整、严谨、匀称，动笔前，就需要作者匠心独运，形成清晰、连贯并具独创性的思路，进而“外化”成纲目清晰、严谨周密的结构。但是，文章反映客观事物，决不是对其原始形态的简单搬抄和复制，而是在符合客观事物发展规律基础上的主观创造。因此，不同的作者。不同的文体有不同的思路。思路开阔而有创见，文章的结构就新颖独特;思路狭窄而落俗，会使文章的结构板滞僵死;思路紊乱，文章的条理就必然不清;思路松散，文章的结构就不可能严密紧凑。

(2)结构是思路的体现和反映。结构是思路的外显形式和文字载体。思路严密清晰，文章结构才能完整、严谨、清晰，主题才能得以准确地表达;思路紊乱、疏漏和闭塞，文章则会逻辑混乱、言而无序、首尾不能圆合。

3.了解锻炼思路的基本要求及锻炼思路的方法

(1)注意思路的条理性和逻辑性，使之清晰、周密、连贯。清晰，指展开思路要有顺序、有层次，同时对材料要加以区分和归类。周密，指思路要周到、严密，没有疏漏和缺损，不要顾此失彼，自相矛盾。连贯，指思维活动过程及其表达不仅要注意外在的次序，而且要处理好各个意思之间存在的衔接、并列、转折、因果、总分等内在联系，做到气脉贯通、流畅。

(2)注意思路的灵活性、独创性，使之活跃、开阔、敏捷。活跃与开阔，是指思路的开展要打破思维定势，进行多向探索，使之灵活、新颖而富有个性。敏捷是指思路的展开、梳理直至成型这一过程应该灵敏、迅速，使文章结构紧凑、气势流转而顺畅。

(3)养成良好的思维习惯。一是养成有序思考问题的习惯，由浅入深、由表及里、由此及彼。二是加强逻辑思维能力的训练。应用写作主要靠逻辑思维，要遵循“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”这一认识规律。

(4)写作前要通盘思考，立足于写作意图、目的和所用文体特点，确定如何起笔，主体分几个部分展开，怎样收尾。

论文由论文目录(提纲)和题目、作者姓名、完成日期、摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献、附录等项目组成。小编收集了标准论文的格式，欢迎阅读。

一、纸型、页面设置、版式和用字。

毕业论文一律用国际标准A4型纸(297mmX210mm)打印。

页面分图文区与白边区两部分，所有的文字、图形、其他符号只能出现在图文区内。白边区的尺寸(页边距)为：天头(上)25mm，地脚(下)20mm，订口(左)25mm，翻口(右)20mm。

文字图形一律从左至右横写横排。文字一律通栏编辑。

使用规范的简化汉字。除非必要，不使用繁体字。忌用异体字、复合字及其他不规范的汉字。

二、论文封面

封面由文头、论文标题、作者、学校、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目组成。

文头：封面顶部居中，占两行。上一行内容为“河南广播电视大学”用小三号宋体;下一行内容为“汉语言文学专业(本科)毕业论文”，3号宋体加粗。文头上下各空一行。

论文标题：2号黑体加粗，文头下居中，上下各空两行。

论文副题：小2号黑体加粗，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。

作者、学校(市级电大)、年级、学号、指导教师、答辩组成员、答辩日期、申请学位等项目名称用3号黑体，内容用3号楷体，在正副标题下适当居中左对齐依次排列。占行格式为：

作者：XXX

学校：XXX 年级：XXX 学号：XXX

指导教师：XXX 职称：XXX

答辩组成员：

XXX(主持人) 职称：XXX

XXX 职称：XXX

……

答辩日期：X年X月X日

申请学位：学士(不申请可省略此项)

由于论文副题可有可无，学位可申请可不申请，答辩组成员可以是3、5、7人，封面内容占行具有不确定性，为保持封面的整体美观，可对行距做适当调整。

三、论文

论文由论文目录(提纲)和题目、作者姓名、完成日期、摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献、附录等项目组成。

需要列目录的论文，目录要独占一页。“目录”二字用3号黑体，顶部居中;以下列出论文正文的一、二级标题及参考文献、附录等项及其对应页码。用小4号宋体。

论文题目用3号黑体，顶部居中排列，上下各空一行;

作者姓名：题目下方居中，用四号楷体。

完成时间：作者姓名下方居中，字样为“X年X月”，用四号楷体。

摘要：作者姓名下空一行，左起顶头，写明“摘要”字样加粗，点冒号，接排摘要内容。一般用五号字，字体用楷体。

关键词：摘要下方，左起顶头，写明“关键词”字样加粗，点冒号，接排关键词。词间空一字。字型字体同摘要。

正文：关键词下空一行开始。正文文字一般用5号宋体，每段起首空两格，回行顶格，单倍行距。

正文文中标题：

一级标题。标题序号为“一、”，4号黑体，独占行，末尾不加标点。如果居中，上下各空一行。

二级标题，标题序号为“(一)”，与正文字体字号相同，独占行，末尾不加标点;

三、四、五级序号分别为“1.”、“(1)”和“①”，与正文字体字号相同，一般不独占行，末尾加句号。如果独占行，则不使用标点。每级标题的下一级标题应各自连续编号。

注释：注释采用脚注形式。加注符号以页为单位排序，标在须加注之处最后一个字的右上角后，用带圈或括弧的阿拉伯数字依次标示。同时在本页留出适当行数，用横线与正文分开，左起空两字后写出相应的注号，再写注文。每个注文各占一段，用小5号宋体。建议使用电脑脚注功能。

参考文献：在正文项目后空两行左起顶头用四号黑体写明“参考文献”，另起行空两格用5号宋体编排参考文献内容，每个参考文献都另起行。参考文献的项目见“实施方案”正文。

With the development of technology, today, our life is facilitated with all kinds information sources. We can read books on the Internet, which is much convenient than buying the books in the stores. I like to read E-books, because there are many advantages. First, I can save a lot of money. Downloading the E-books is for free, I can find all kinds of free sources. It is good for students because they can save the money. Second, I can save a lot of time. Some books are not easy to be found in the bookstore, sometimes I need to go to several shops. But if I search the Internet, then the information is in front of me. How fast it is.

如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练，话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自 定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅 自己的文意。以下是为大家分享的高中语文话题作文的写作基础，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练,实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。

一、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴 含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的 记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金；而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

二、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以 套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评 析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进， 前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

话题作文训练举隅

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛；要合理出新，不落俗套。2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

The Ten-minute Break Between Classes Time seems to be so limited for us Senior Three students. As a result, more and more students try to study from early morning till late afternoon, even during the ten-minute breaks. In my view, taking a ten minute break between classes is equally important. Otherwise, we will feel exhausted both physically and mentally,During the ten minute break, we are supposed to do something really relaxing, we need is to have a rest, instead of getting more tired. Besides, studying during the break doesn ’ t necessarily mean that you will achieve more. So doing nothing tiring in that short period is of greater significance. As far as my ten-minute breaks are concerned, sometimes I take some simple exercise, such as having a walk with my classmates, or just a free chat to refresh myself. When the next class begins, I feel energetic again.

spring comes with all its glories. the new grass exposes green color .the pretty flowers open their blossoms. we are tempted to go for an outing.

last tuesday, the weather was fine. we went to the chimelong paradise. it took us about half an hour to get there by bus. what a beautiful city it is! there stand countless tall buildings. half an hour later, we entered the gate of chimelong paradise. we jumped with joy. we rode many rides there. we were very excited and tired, and quite out of breath. as long as you have courage, you can conquer any ride, no matter how dangerous it is. it was about half past four and we had rode all of the rides. we had to take a bus to go back to our school.

what a nice day we had!

[以A Spring Outing为题目的初三英语作文