高中英语写作的基础训练4篇 作文题目优秀20篇

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

The generation gap refers to the difference in attitude toward thing or the

lack of understanding between young people and older folks.

In families as well as in society, the young and the older may not agree

with each other on this and that from time to time. Young people would llke to

make as much money as they could and spend as much money as they could earn

while older folks are easily satisfied with what they earn and save as much as

possible. Young people llke the exciting and deafening pop music while older

folks prefer melodious folk-songs or classic music. A boy and a glrl today may

fall in love with each other as quick as lightning, while their parents or grand

parents might trudge over a long distance before they kissed each other and

became lovers when they were young.

However, we should not be amazed at the generation gap,for it is quite

natural in the development of society. The world is a changing world, in which

everything keeps changing, generations of human beings included. And changes

lead to progress.

Tourism in China

Recent years have seen a tendency in China that tourism is growing faster. According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 47% urban residents travel regularly, and 28% rural residents also make their tour across the country. The survey also shows that more people are interested in tourism, and will join the army in the future.

Facing this tendency, we can’t help exploring some underlying factors that are responsible. In the very first place, with the policy of reform and opening up, Chinese people’s living standard has been greatly improved, and therefore, most of them can afford to travel around. What’s more, it is believed that people now take a more positive attitude to tourism, and regard it as a life style. In addition, tourism facilities are becoming better and better. For example, transportation develops fast, and many scenic spots are available now.

中国旅游

最近几年，在中国的趋势，旅游业增长较快。根据最近的一项调查显示一些专家认为，约47%城镇居民定期作出旅行，28%的农村居民，也使他们的全国巡演。该调查还显示，更多的人在旅游有兴趣，并会在将来加入。

面对这一趋势，我们不能不说是负责任的开发一些潜在因素。在第一个地方，随着改革开放政策，对中国人民的生活水平有了很大提高，因此，他们大多数都不能周游。更重要的是，它相信，人们现在更积极的态度，旅游业，把它作为一种生活方式。此外，旅游设施正在变得越来越好。例如，交通运输发展迅速，许多景点都已经上市。

下面就是小编为大家带来的大学生法学论文基础知识、选题及写作方法，希望对你们有帮助。

法学论文的写作,虽然没有固定的模式,但有一定的规律可循。欲写出高水平的法学学术论文(亦称“法学学术理论文章”),必须既具有较高的思想理论水平和坚实的法学专业基础知识功底,又掌握并且能较熟练地运用写作技巧。现就与此有关的问题,阐述如下。

一 法学论文概述

学术论文,也称学术理论文章。它是指在自然科学或社会科学领域内用来进行科学研究和描述科学研究成果的论文。法学学术论文,是指在法学领域中对某个学术理论问题进行专门的系统的科学研究,并且表述某些研究成果的论文。“学术”,是指有专门的、系统的学问和方术。“理论”,是指科学的论点、论据及论证的体系。法学学术论文,就其功能而言,它既是探讨法律科学问题,进行法律科学研究的一种手段;又是阐述法律科学研究成果、进行法学学术交流的一种工具。法学学术论文,一般包括:论点、论据、论证三个要素。

法学学术论文,就其性质而言,属于论文中高级别的具有创造性的论文。它要求作者对法学学术理论界的某个问题有新的发现,提出新的学说,新的构想;或对以往的法学理论、法学观点有较多的新发展或深入开拓;或对法学中的旧学说提出不同的独立见解;或论证法学旧学说错误、疏漏之处;或提出新的法学预见、构想,启迪后人研究,等。凡法学学术论文,其要求均应如此。本文所言之法学学术论文的写作,仅指篇幅一万字左右的立论方式的法学论文(硕士论文、博士论文 等法学毕业论文除外)的写作,至于驳论方式的法学论文的写作暂不涉及。

(一)法学学术论文,一般说来应当具有如下几个特点:

1.学术性,即指论文对法学学术理论问题具有科学的论证性;

2.理论性,即指论文运用充分占有的材料,经过严密论证将法学中某个或某几个问题“升华”到理论高度,从而找出带规律性的东西的思辩性。

3.创造性,即指论文论述的法学问题“发前人所未发”,探求法学中前人没有发现的规律或匡正通说的独创性。

4.专业性,即指法学论文对法学学科中的某个或某几个专门问题进行研究,并取得一定成果,具有供法学专家、教授、学者研讨和交流的专业性。

(二)法学学术论文的主要要求是:

1.所研究和论述的法学问题,观点正确,对社会主义革命和法制建设有促进作用;

2.能推动法学领域学术理论的研究向前发展;

3.具有学术论文的诸特点;

4.全文观点与材料统一,层次分明,条理清楚;

5.论证中逻辑严密,推理正确;

6.所用的法学语言准确、概括、精炼;

7.文风庄重,就事论理,据理立说,以理创新。

(三)从总结前人的经验观之,要写出质量高的法学学术论文,论文的作者应当具备相当高的素质。择其要者是:

1.具有相当高的马列主义理论水平,并能用马列主义立场、观点和方法去研究实践中(如公安司法实践)中出现的新情况、新问题或匡正旧说。在研究中能以辩证唯物主义作指导,用发展的、辩证的、全面的观点看问题,不犯或少犯形而上学的、机械的、片面的等错误。

2.具有深厚的法学专业功底,即在法律专业领域内发现新问题,经过调查研究和证明,能独立地做出超越前人的新结论。

3.具有经过严格科学训练的科研能力和智力,即观察问题思维敏捷,概括事理水平较高,论证问题逻辑严密,创造新见能力很强。

4.具有不畏艰难,坚持真理的精神,即不惧怕研究中碰到的任何困难,即使遇到困难,也能想方设法地去克服,为取得研究某个问题的成功而奋斗不止;在法学科研和写作中,不唯上、不唯书、不唯旧说,不畏权威,只唯实,只唯新;对于符合客观事实的真理敢于坚持,对于符合事物发展规律的结论敢于作出。

由此可见,欲写出高质量的法学论文,必须加强上述素质的培养和训练。

(四)要写出好的法学学术论文,作者应当具备某些条件。它们主要是:

1.充分了解法学学术界在自己的论文题目所含内容方面已有的成就。法学学术界已研究和争论的问题很多,对自己来说,应清楚地了解到自己研究的论文在法学学术界是否有人研究过?如果有人研究过,还应了解已取得哪些成果?如果对此有争论,应了解各种观点的论点及论据是哪些?如此等等,不一而足。只有在了解上述情况的条件下才能确定自己选择研究什么新问题(即选题),才能不再研究前人已经研究过的问题,不再作重复的劳动甚至是无效的劳动。

2.充分掌握与自己论文有关的主要资料。掌握必要的资料是写好法学学术论文的基础。所谓必要的资料,是指写作论文所必不可少的资料。欲掌握这些资料,首先应收集与论文有关的所有资料,经过筛选,择取主要资料,在写作论文时对它们妥贴地加以利用。这是一项艰苦、细致的备料工作,必须做好。否则,写出的论文就缺少坚实的根基,质量自然不高。

3.有充足的写作时间。写作法学学术论文,从选题、收集资料、编写提纲到行文写作、修改定稿等,需要很多、很长的时间。关于法学学术论文的写作时间,且不说写博士、硕士论文需要一至两年,即使是写一篇一万字左右的法学学术论文,也必须花费几个月乃至一年的时间。既想写出高水平的法学学术论文,又想在十天半月之内一举成功,即使是写出来了,质量也不会高,其结果,必然是欲速则不达。这是因为,写法学学术论文是一项长期的、艰苦的科研活动,在很短的时间内是无法取得高质量的科研成果的。

4.有充沛的写作精力。写作法学学术论文,既是一项艰苦的脑力劳动,又是一种创造性的思维活动。一旦写作提纲定型,从行文开始,就必须集中一段时间,夜以继日地将论文一气呵成。如果自己没有充沛的精力,是难以完成此任的。由此可见,充沛的精力也是写出高质量法学论文的一个重要条件。

二 法学论文选题

法学论文选题,有广狭二义之分。广义上的选题,是指法学科学研究中选定的课题。所谓课题,是指需要研究或讨论的法学学科领域中比重较大的项目。狭义上的选题,是指选定法学学术论文的题目。所谓题目,是指法学论文的标题(或称“名字”)。本文所言之选题,特指后者而不是前者。

(一)法学论文选题的作用

选题在论文中占有十分重要的地位。这是因为,论文题目选得准、选得恰当,写作就能顺利进行。所谓论文题目选得好是“论文写作成功的一半”之说,就是这个道理。选题的作用主要有:

1.能确定研究方向。法学研究发展很快,门类繁多;法学中待研究的题目也不少。选定了某个题目,就确定了法学研究的方向和主攻目标。方向定得准,目标愈集中,写出来的法学学术论文成功的可能性就愈大。

2.能促进构思活动。法学学术论文写作是一种精神劳动。法学学术论文的写作是为获得法学研究成果而进行劳动的体现,也是客观事物在作者头脑中经过反复思考后反映出来的产物。它需要自己围绕学术论文的题目进行深思熟虑的和绞尽脑汁的构思和论证。选定一个好的法学论文题目,就能促进上述构思活动的深入顺利开展。

3.能指明写作思路。学术论文的题目选定之后能促使自己构思怎样开头,怎样发展,怎样深入,怎样完篇;考虑应当将哪些材料置于论文的前半部分,哪些材料置于论文的中间或后半部分;考虑怎样论证和运用哪些论据论证更有说服力,等。

(二)法学论文选题应当遵循一定的原则

其原则诸多,择其要者主要是:

1.有研究价值。它是指法学论文题目有学术价值,即有助于法律专业和法学学科的发展。

2.有重要的现实意义。它是指对依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家有指导或促进作用。法学论文题目,应当有助于立法司法和教育公民守法,对加强社会主义法制建设有推动作用。

3.有创新性。它是指该题是前人没有研究过,根据这个题目写出来的法学学术论文,能填补本专业的空白。

4.有深入研究的必要性。它是指自己选定的法学学术论文的题目虽然有人已经写过,但内容不深刻或不全面,或有疏漏甚至是谬误之处,自己选定的题目,角度比他们更新,写出来的内容有较多的创见和发展。

5.有强烈的创作欲。由于写作法学学术论文需要付出艰辛的脑力劳动,要克服重重困难,而要做到这些,就需要自己有主动的强烈创作欲望。实践表明,只有自己想写且非写出来不可的题目,经过一番努力研究之后创作出来的论文,才可能是高质量的论文。

6.符合自己擅长的法学专业。这是指选定的法学学术论文题目,是自己擅长的法学专业内的题目。法学学术论文,是法学专业性、学术性很强的文章。只有选定自己擅长的法学专业的题目,由于法学专业基础知识厚,造诣深,写作起来就会得心应手,左右逢源,论证严密,质量甚高。

7.吸收相关学科的知识,使法学专业知识与经济学、社会学、伦理学、逻辑学、生命科学、信息科学等知识相融合。只有这样,才能不断写出创新突出,紧跟时代发展潮流的学术论文。

8.本人力所能及。它是指根据自己的法学专业知识和理论水平能写出来的能力,因为具有能写出此题的能力,就会在较短或有限的时间内又快、又好地将法学学术论文写出来。如果某个选题很有学术价值,但因自己能力有限或不及,即使竭尽全力去写,其结果也写不出高质量的法学学术论文,这样就会事倍功半。

9.题目大小适中。它是指选定的法学学术论文的题目与所写出的内容要恰当。题目太大,由于篇幅或时间有限,就会草率成篇、面面俱到、蜻蜓点水,研究不会深刻;反之,题目过小,内容难以展开,说理不会透辟,因此,论文的质量也不会高。有鉴于此,必须注意所选择的题目大小应当适中。在是否选择大题目或者小题目的问题上,对于写出字数在一万至二万的学术论文而言,笔者主张小题大作。力争做到:“题目小,内容新,挖掘深,论述精。”

(三)法学论文选题应当注意的几个问题

1.选题应避免盲目性。所谓选题的盲目性,是指作者不考虑自己的主观条件和外界的客观条件,灵机一动就定下选题。其结果,要不是写不下去,就是无法展开,造成写作半途而废。

2.选题应避免随意性。所谓选题的随意性,是指作者不下苦功,轻易定题。这样做,因为没有经过深思熟虑,所选定的题目或者包括的内容太多或太少,或者写作难度太强或太易。题目包含的内容太多,写出来的论文会面面俱到没有重点;题目包含的内容太少,就深写不下去,写不出更多的深刻内容;题目太难,可能因为力不胜任写不下去;题目太易,即使写出了论文,其质量必定不合格,所述观点不会有创见。所有这些,都有碍于写出高质量的法学论文。

3.选题应当避免偶然性。所谓偶然性,是指本人阅读了他人的文章或听了别人的发言后偶有所获,但认识不深,在缺乏准备的情况下就草率地选定题目,这样做,往往因考虑欠周,资料不多,因而也不可能写出高质量的法学论文。

三 法学论文写作的准备

欲写出高质量的法学论文,应当作好多方面的准备,其中,主要是如下三个方面:

(一)制定研究计划

研究计划,是指研究的方法、步聚和时间安排等方面的筹划。制定研究计划,包括预先自我规定从哪个方面入手进行研究,先研究什么,后研究什么;从哪些方面着手收集资料;再怎样合理地安排时间,等。只有这样,研究起来就会重点明确,方法和步骤井然有序,防止研究时顾此失彼和做重复劳动等情况发生。

(二)广泛收集材料

广泛收集法学论文资料,是指广泛收集与法学学术论文题目有关的材料。充分占有丰富的材料是写出高质量论文的雄厚基础。这是因为:

1.充分占有资料,能了解到与论文有关的问题学术理论界研究到何种程度;哪些问题没有研究过;哪些问题虽已有人研究过但不深刻;哪些问题虽有旧说但需要匡正,等。这样,就能明确自己研究的重点和主攻方向。

2.充分占有了资料后,能拓宽研究问题的视野并提高认识问题的整体高度,为使自己站在前人已研究过的问题的更高层次,为写出更高水平的法学学术论文打下基础。

法学论文资料的来源,从大的方面观之,有直接地从社会调查、访问、实验中获取,也有间接地从书籍、报刊、文件、法规、电影电视、广播和其他文献中得到。收集法学论文资料的途径主要有:从校内外图书馆、资料室已有的资料中去查找;通过做实地调查、社会实践或实习等渠道获得;通过自己的平时观察和做实验获取。

收集法学论文资料的传统方法主要有:

1.自制资料卡片,上面写明资料的题目及简单内容,资料的出处、页码、年、月等;2.自己抄录;3.全部或部分复印;4.剪下自己订阅的报刊上的有关材料,等。在当今信息时代,收集资料的方法可购买有关资料的光盘,可从电脑上查阅或者下载,等等。所收集的材料内容包括:典型事例或案例、有关引文、法律条款、领袖的语录、国家领导人的讲话、历史资料、数字、至理名言或格言、对立观点的论点和论据等。

收集法学论文资料应当注意:1.要全面地收集与自己的论文有关的材料;2.对资料进行整理、分类;3.再选择出写论文所必需的典型资料,以备待用。只有这样,才不会使自己被浩瀚的资料所困扰,甚至被它们搞得头脑发懵,良莠不辨,主次不明。

(三)编制法学论文提纲

编制法学论文提纲,是指在收集到了大量材料的基础上,根据论证论文主题的需要编写和制作该论文结构的框架和体系。实际上,它相当于由序码和词语所组成的一种逻辑图表。制作论文提纲十分必要。这是因为:1.它能促使自己从宏观上对全文进行谋篇布局。由于编制提纲需要对材料进行选择;接着按论证主题的需要,对必用材料的使用按先后顺序进行安排和调整;对不必要的材料忍痛割爱,等,因此,这就促使自己对全篇作合理的布局。2.它能使论文的框架视觉化。好的论文提纲能使论文的中心论点、下属论点及论据安排得先后井然有序,层次分明,因而能使自己一看就一目了然,清清楚楚。3.能帮助自己在写作时,按已定的论文框架沿着先后顺序行文和避免重复。由于写作法学学术论文需要比较长的一段时间才能完成,有了一份详细的和纲目分明的论文提纲,能使自己按图索骥,流畅成文。

如果没有论文提纲,虽有腹稿,写作起来,由于写作时间较长,在论文写到中间或后半部时可能忘记前半部分已写的内容而又重复写上;或因时间长将应该写上的内容因遗忘而漏写,这样,就必定出现重复或漏写的情况,影响论文的质量。

编制法学论文提纲应当做好两方面的准备:1.确定基本论点,就是确定全文的表达中心。在此之后,再确定下位论点,即阐发基本论点的若干个小的论点。下位论点最好写出论点句子,使其固定下来。确定下位论点时,应根据论证基本论点(上位论点)的需要选用与上位论点逻辑关系最密切、说服力最强的论据。2.选定材料。选定材料,就是选定将要写入论文中的材料。此项工作应从收集到的大量材料中选出最能证明观点(上位论点、下位论点)的材料,并将它们作为立论的依据。这些材料,应当少而精。选择和整理材料应当分清主次。在选定材料的过程中,可采取如下几种办法:把选好的材料按问题分开;将证明每个问题的材料划分为一组;每一组的材料按使用的先后次序排列好。经过对材料作上述整理,又使其与论点连在一起,就便于下一步编制提纲。

编制提纲。要编制一份好的一万字左右的法学学术论文提纲,应当注意三个问题:

1.有合理的项目

一般在法学论文题目之下,编制出两个或三个层次的小项目。例如,写明:第一,题目(中心论点);第二,三至四个分论点(下位论点);第三,一至四个论据。第二和第三项的写法,既可用标题写法,即用简要语言,以标题的形式把该部分内容概括出来;又可用句子的写法,即用一个比较能表达完整意思的句式把该部分的内容概括出来。两者各有所长,各人可视自己的需要择一。

2.采用有效地编制论文提纲的方法

其方法主要是:

(1)拟定标题,即自己给论文起名字。它要求标题能传内容之神,名副其实,使读者看了一眼便知:论文所概括的全文主要内容。

(2)考虑构篇大小和顺序安排,既考虑全篇从哪几个方面,或按什么顺序展开、阐述基本论点(全文的逻辑结构框架);又逐个安排每个下位论点,再依次考虑每个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按构思的顺序标上序码并排列好,以备行文时使用。

(3)全面、反复地检查提纲,作必要的增、减或调整。

3.编写内容详简适当的论文提纲

提纲分简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲的内容只包括论文题目、下位论点,详细提纲除此之外还包括论证下位论点的各种证据。一般说来,宜编制详细提纲。因为编制这种提纲,一则能帮助自己全面地进行谋篇布局,二则能帮助自己在写作过程中有条不紊地进行。

四 法学论文的起草

法学论文起草,就是在已掌握的材料基础上,按照论文提纲的框架,写成一篇法学学术论文初稿。起草,就是狭义上的写作,亦即论证论题。起草在整个写作过程中占有十分重要的地位。主要表现在:1.起草,能把自己欲论证的问题,写成一篇法学学术论文草稿,并使其初步固定下来。2.起草如同“一朝分娩”,能使科研工作草创初成。这比在收集资料、编制提纲那个“十月怀胎”阶段的工作又前进了关键性的一步。

(一)起草必须对论题进行充分、有力地论证

所谓论证,就是对论文的中心论点进行说理的证明。古人云:“君子学以聚之,问以辨之。”做学问和写论文就是要“聚”、要“辨”。“聚”,就是收集资料;“辨”,就是分析、研究、起草的过程,就是提出论点、论据和运用论据进行论证的过程。提出的论点,应当符合正确、严密、鲜明、集中和深刻的要求。提出的论据,应当符合真实、典型、恰当、新鲜的要求。进行论证应当符合讲透道理和使“据”与“证”有机结合起来的要求。

(二)在进行论证过程中,可采用事实论证、事理论证、比较论证和因果论证等形式

1.事实论证。所谓事实论证,就是运用客观事实资料作为论据而展开的论证。它是常用的、简便而又准确的论证方法之一。事实论证过程中,可采用夹叙夹议、纵横并举、点面结合、连续排比、优劣对比、有总有分等方法进行。事实论证的一般要求是:既可以用重大的客观事实、历史上的重大事件、典型案例等,也可以用平凡的客观事实(如一般事例、案例、数据等);应尽可能选择运用人们知晓的客观事实;事实材料应力求新颖,富有说服力。

2.事理论证。所谓事理论证,是指运用经典著作中的基本原理、生活中的道理、哲理或名言等作为论据展开的论证。事理论证可用一般的事理论证(讲清道理)和引证(引证经典著作中的论述、格言、成语、警句等)两种方法。采用事理论证应当注意做到:思想敏捷,说理透辟;引证的内容准确、典型、恰当和自然,能点石成金。

3.比较论证。所谓比较论证,是将甲事物与乙事物进行比较的一种论证方法。比较论证常用的有类比论证、对比论证和差比论证三种类型。(1)类比论证,是指把本质上有相同或相似点的同类事物进行比较,通过已知的甲事物的某种属性推导出乙事物亦具有这种属性的论证方法。采用类比论证的要求是:用以类比的事物必须同属一类事物;同类事物相比,必须有本质意义上的相同点或相似点。(2)对比论证,是通过对两种对立的事物的对照分析来进行说理的方法。它是人们经常采用的说理的方法之一。对比论证可采用横比和纵比两种。“横比”,就是横向比较,即将相互对立的这种事物与另一种事物或一事物的这一方面与另一方面进行对照比较,以达到分辨是非、褒贬好坏、扬善抑恶的目的。“纵比”,即纵向比较,是通过对某一事物在不同历史发展阶段的情形的对比分析,以揭示事物现实与历史的矛盾的论证方法。横比和纵比可以单独使用,也可以结合使用。对比的着眼点,可以是一个,也可以是多个。在论证社会主义的法律或某种法律的优越性时,可以采用对比论证中的纵比方法。(3)差比论证,是通过具有差异的两种或两种以上事物进行比较分析,以论证论题的方法。采用差比论证时应当注意:既看到它们的相同点,又看到它们之间的不同点;在差异比较分析中,着重点放在不同点上;为充分揭示出差异点,应当善于从不同方面去发现差异点。在比较中国法律与外国法律、民法与刑法的差异时,可采用这种论证方法。

4.因果论证。所谓因果论证,是指运用对客观事物本身或客观事物之间因果关系,分析、研究所得到的材料,对论文所确立的论点进行的论证。因果论证可采取并列、层递、转换、推论等方法。(1)并列法,是指运用两个以上各自独立的同类性质的因果分析来证明论点的方法。(2)层递法,是指通过逐层、连续地阐明事物的多方面的因果关系来证明论点的方法。采用此法,通过逐层地阐明因果关系,使人们认识由表及里、由浅入深地看到事物的本质。(3)转换法,是指通过阐明事物之间互为因果的关系来证明论点的方法。采用这种论证方法,必须首先弄清从一个角度看,此一事物是因,彼一事物是果;从另一个角度看,彼一事物是因,此一事物是果的这种因也是果,果又是因的复杂关系。(4)推论法,是指凭据因果关系用已知推论出未知来证明论点的方法。采用这种方法应当注意:已知事实与未知事实已有因果关系;推论必须符合形式逻辑和辩证逻辑的要求。

除了运用上述方法以外,还可以采用逻辑上的演绎法和归纳法。所谓演绎,就是从一般到特殊;所谓归纳,就是从特殊到一般。它们亦是写作法学学术论文中运用证据证明论点的常用方法。

(三)法学论文写作应注意正确地使用法言法语

法学论文的法言法语,要求具有准确性、抽象性、逻辑性和论辩性。准确性应体现出用词贴切和造句恰当;抽象性应体现在概括、简洁和精要、深刻;逻辑性应体现出合乎逻辑合乎事理,严密有序;论辩性应体现在从正面论述和从反面辩驳两个方面。法学学术论文的法言法语,应用法律专业用语。例如,法的本质、国体、政体、犯罪、犯罪构成、罪责自负、证据确凿、定罪量刑、罪刑相应、畸轻畸重、法人、有独立请求的第三人、自然人、行为能力、责任能力、连带责任、事实婚姻、法定年龄、责任能力,等等。

(四)法学论文起草过程可以采用的两种写作方法

1.一气呵成法。所谓一气呵成法,就是根据已有的材料,按照提纲的先后次序,一鼓作气地、从头至尾把全文写出来。这时,不管在写作过程中发现什么问题,诸如观点不深刻,材料不充实,结构不严谨,以至某些文字不通顺等,一般不作修改,将它们留在全篇初稿完成之后再考虑。采用此法,能使自己思路不中断,集中一切精力和时间将论文的轮廓描绘出来,保证写作的进程。如果在写作过程中为修改或增加观点,考虑如何遣词和造词等停顿下来,就会中断思路,分散精力,妨碍一气呵成。正因为如此,此法是一种最普遍的起草方法,为大多数人所采用。

2.分块合成法。所谓分块合成法,是指作者按照先易后难的顺序先写提纲中自己已考虑得比较成熟的部分,然后写完其余部分,再排列组合成一篇完整论文的方法。采用此法,自己不受提纲中部分与部分之间先后次序的限制,对某一部分认识成熟就写那一部分,然后,再“养精蓄锐”,集中精力“击破”其他相对难度较大、初时考虑还未成熟的部分。上述两种起草方法各有优劣,至于自己采用哪一种,应根据本人的情况决定。

(五)法学论文写作时需正确运用引文和加注

一般而言,法学论文中都会或多或少地有引文和加注。对这两个问题,必须知晓。

1.关于引文问题。所谓引文,是指在法学论文写作过程中,由于论证上的需要,引用经典著作或文献中的内容、法律条款或其他内容的原文。引文的作用主要在于增强自己对论题的论证力。引文时应当注意两点:引文在论文中应尽量少而精,切不可求多;引用经典著作、文献资料,不可断章取义,各取所需,而应当按原著的本意引用。引文有两种:第一种是直引,即直接引用经典著作、文献或法律条款中的字、句、段、条、款等,作为论证之根据。直引时应当注意:原则上,直引的内容须与原文相符,不能有任何差异;没有正式公布的文献资料、法律条款、内部文件等内容,一般不得引用。第二种是意引,即对经典文献、法律条款等原文经过作者加工、改写或概括之后引用其主要意思。意引时应当注意:意引写出的内容相对原文应当浓缩;意引的意思必须符合原文的意思,不得篡改或歪曲。法学论文引文的方式,常用段中引文而很少用提行引文。段中引文,是指将引文加写在论文之中。如果是直引,应在引文的首尾字之上加引号;如果是意引,可只在引文前加冒号,也有的不加冒号而加逗号。无论直引或意引,均需注明引文的出处。

在引文问题上,当前有一种很不好的倾向,即有的作者,既不考虑被引之文是不是精典之述,也不管是否与引文能质证相符,而大段大段地引用外国不知名的律师、法官等人的话语,以充自己论文的字数,简直是良莠不分,兼收并蓄。这不仅削弱了论文的论证性,而且使人感到有拼凑文章和外文资料汇编之感。其效果是十分不好的。对此,应当以此为戒。

2.关于加注问题。所谓加注,就是注明出处。其作用在于使编辑和读者知道引文出自何处。加注有四种方法:段中注,即夹注,将引文用括号标明;脚注,即在有引文的页脚注明出处;章、节注,即注在一章一节之后;尾注,即把注附在全文末尾。

五 法学论文的修改定稿

(一)法学论文的修改

修改就是改正论文草稿中的缺点或错误。修改是一项艰苦的劳动,古人云:“改章难于造篇”,其理就在于此。正因为如此,法学论文的作者应当把修改当作一项再创造。要有责任心和耐心,决不可有凑合和厌烦情绪。只有有了这种认识,才会有对论文草稿进行反复修改的决心和恒心,才能把论文修改好。

修改有重要意义:1.能更加深刻地反映自己对客观事物的认识,经过修改,能促使自己一次或多次地讨论文中的某个或某几个问题,进行思索,使认识进一步深化。2.能更准确地表达自己对事物的认识。因为,在修改过程中,自己对草稿中的某些字、句、段进行推敲和修改,使论文表达的意思更准确,亦即更准确地表达了自己对客观事物的认识。

修改包括两个内容:1.从内容方面应当考虑修改的是:写作的目的是否表达清楚;基本论点是否明确;下位论点与中心论点是否“合拍”;论据是否充分、有力。2.从形式方面应当考虑:题目是否简明、贴切;论证是否深刻;详略是否得当;结构是否严谨;文字表达是否准确;文面是否合格。

修改的具体方法是:增、减、删、换、移。为了提高修改质量,还应当采用如下方法进行再修改:搁置一段时间再修改;深入调查研究之后再修改;查阅有关资料后再修改;听取同行意见后再修改。

(二)法学论文的定稿

就是把已修改过的稿件,眷清定型。眷清应用稿纸,一般以用20×20,每页400个格的稿纸为宜。眷写时,应用蓝色或蓝黑墨水眷写。眷文务必做到字迹工整。眷清时应当随手标上页码,以免串页。眷清之后,再将全文检查两至三遍,对不当之处还可以更正,直到自己认为没有任何错、漏和自己感到满意为止。目前,已广泛用电脑打印。印成后,也应当反复校对。成文后,最好留有软盘。只有使论文达到这个程度,一篇高质量的法学学术论文才算最后完稿。(摘自 《山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001年6月，原文：“法学术论文写作之我见” 作者 周国均 《中国法学》杂志总编辑)

1、重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2、在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。

第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

3、英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

（1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

（2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

（3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

（4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。

下面是小编整理的高中好的期末作文题目，欢迎阅读。

1、①-------，我永远忘不了你 ②榜样 ③良师

2、①有家真好

(家是什么?是难舍的亲情，是温馨的集体，是亲爱的祖国。在这里，父母用慈爱的伞为儿女撑起一方晴空，儿女用孝顺的心给父母奉上一缕慰籍;在这里，洋溢着哝哝的师生之情、伙伴之情)

3、①爱使我-----------

(成长、战胜困难与挫折、走向成功------生活中充满了各种各样的爱。爱来自我们身边的许多人。爱伴随着我们成长)

4、①幸福

(人人都在渴望幸福，人人都在感受幸福。幸福有时很抽象，有时又很具体;幸福有时很遥远，有时又近在咫尺。奉献是幸福，给予是幸福，获得是幸福，享受是幸福------一句祝福的话语是幸福，一个理解的眼神是幸福-------幸福是心灵的感觉，幸福是生命的体验----)

5、①朋友

6、①分手时，我想说声谢谢你 ②分手时，我想说声对不起

(文题中的你可以是与你朝夕相处的同学，也可以是辛勤培养了你三年的老师。说声谢谢是因为你获得了真情与帮助，说声对不起是因为你因为某件事而有愧疚。)

写作是很重要的一道题目，那么我们要掌握写作的哪些基础知识呢？下面小编为大家整理了语文写作基础知识，希望能帮到大家！

(一)作文基础知识

1、审清题意：“五审”

(1)审清体裁(记叙文、应用文、说明文)

(2)审清题材(人、物、事、景)

(3)审清范围(时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制)

(4)审清主题(中心思想)

(5)审清其他要求(附加要求)

2、确定主题：“四要”

(1)主题要正确(反应生活实际)

(2)主题要集中(一个文章不能多个主题)

(3)主题要鲜明(明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场)

(4)主题要深刻(深挖内涵思想)

3、选择材料：“四要”

(1)围绕主题选择材料(多写与主题相关的内容)

(2)选择真实的材料(真实可信，具有代表性和典型性)

(3)选择新颖的材料(新人新事)

(4)选择独有的材料(具有创新性)

4、编写提纲“五点”：

(1)拟好题目

(2)确定主题

(3)段落安排

(4)每段的主要意思

(5)重点段落的层次安排和内容

5、修改文章“五看”：

(1)是否切题

(2)主题、思想是否明确、突出

(3)看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整

(4)看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确，有无错别字

(5)看标点是否正确。

(二)看图作文 “一看二写，四要两注意”

“一看二写”：先看图，再写作文

“四要”：仔细观察图画;展开合理想象;突出主题、抓住重点;分清主次，具体描写。

“两注意”：看清全画面内容;分清图上内容主次和表达的中心。

(三)记叙文·记事

(1)写清楚事件发生的时间、地点以及事情的发生、发展和结果。

(2)事件经过写具体

(3)按事件的发展顺序来写

(4)注意表达真情实感

(四)记叙文·写人

(1)确定写作对象

(2)确定人物的思想品质

(3)选择典型的具体事例

(4)抓住最能表现人物思想品质的外貌、语言、动作、心理、环境进行描写。

(5)注意表达自己的真实感情

(五)记叙文·状物——“五要三注意”

“五要”：

(1)抓住物的特征

(2)按一定顺序写

(3)既写静态又写动态

(4)展开想象，运用拟人等手法把内容写具体

(5)托物言志，借物抒情

“三注意”：

(1)仔细观察、抓住特征

(2)明确中心，展开想象

(3)根据内容，安排顺序。

(六)记叙文·写景

注意六点：

(1)抓住景物特征

(2)注意时间、地点、气候等因素的影响

(3)景物特点安排恰当的顺序

(4)采用多种手法表现景物特点及变化

(5)写出自己的感受

(6)借景抒情

(七)应用文

1、应用文大多以记叙文为基础，但是还要特别注意的是各种应用文的格式

2、常见应用文类型：书信、读后感、通知、留言条、表扬信、建议书和日记。

3、具体格式：

(1)标题居中。(除了书信、留言条和日记没有标题，其他皆有)

(2)正文：另起一行空两格。

(3)署名和日期：先写署名，另起一行写清“*年*月*日”。

Friends can be classmate, can be meet by the chance, also can be to forget... Since the childhood, we all have friends, but there is always a best friend.

My best friend is a little rabbit. Rabbit this name is very suitable for her, she is thin, wearing a pair of glasses, on her always find innocent and lovely.

In sports class, she can be fast! She ran like the wind, to pull a lot, you always dont know what she was thinking.

In class, she always listening, always not distracted; Next class, she will be very happy to play with us; Generous, but singing, there is always a little shy; After school, her laughter echoed in the quiet of the path.

One day after school, I and he is in a secluded road, see a cute kitten is "meow meow" cried, and its fur is white, the ear is pink short beard, its like an emerald eyes glowing aura. Little rabbit slowly moves the line of sight, "ah!" Little rabbit exclaimed, "its a calf injury, we take it home to bind up once!" Little rabbit say that finish, with poor looked at it, and looked at me with pleading eyes, for fear that I dont promise to her. "Ok." I agreed. She was glad to picked it up and gently stroked it a few times, said: "lets go." We quickly returned home.

Back home, we see it wound cleaning, and for gauze bandaging the wound, to feed it a little bit of biscuit, drank some water, we really like about it for a patient.

Later, the kittens injury is good, already can walk, it was glad to shake the tail, naughty blunt we call incessantly, seem to express our rescue of it. We also often go to see it, take care of it, the three of us became good friends.

I would also like to thank the kittens, if not it, friendship between rabbit and I wouldnt like gem denim!

译文

朋友可以是同学，可以是萍水相逢的人，也可以是忘年交……从小到大，我们都有朋友，但总有一个最好的朋友。

我最好的朋友是小兔。 小兔这个名称很适合她，她比较瘦，戴着一副眼镜，在她的身上总能找到天真可爱的气息。

上体育课时，她跑得可快啦!她跑起来像一阵风，鬼点子很多，你总不知道她在想什么。

上课时，她会认真听讲，总不分神;下课时，她也会很高兴地和我们玩耍;很大方，但唱歌时，总是有一点羞涩;放学时，她的欢声笑语回荡在僻静的小路上。

有一天放学后，我和他走在僻静的小路上，看见了一只可爱的小猫正“喵喵喵喵”地叫着，它的毛是雪白的，耳朵是粉红色的短短的胡须，它那绿宝石一样的眼睛里泛着灵气。小兔慢慢地移动了视线，“呀!”小兔惊叫一声，“它的小腿受伤了，我们把它带回家去包扎一下吧!”小兔说完，用可怜的目光看着它，又用恳求的目光看着我，生怕我不答应她似地。“好吧。”我答应了。她高兴地把它抱起来，轻轻地抚摸了它几下，说：“我们走吧。”我们飞快地回到了家里。

回到家后，我们把它的伤口清洗了一下，又找来纱布把伤口包扎了一下，给它喂了一点饼干，喝了一点水，我们对它可真像对一个病人呀。

后来，小猫的伤好了，已经可以走路了，它高兴地摇摇尾巴，淘气的冲我们叫个不停，似乎在表达我们对它的救助之恩。我们也经常一起去看望它，照顾它，我们三个成了好朋友。

我还要感谢这只小猫呢，如果不是它，我和小兔之间的友谊也不会像宝石一样坚固呢!

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.

You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

“Dear Andy-How are youYour mother and I are fine .We both miss you and hope you are doing well. We look forward to seeing you again the next time your computer crashes and you come downstairs for something to eat, Love, Mom and Dad.”

范文: The modern technology has greatly altered the mode of

communication among people. With the help of the Internet, people can easily contact each other anytime anywhere. However, the side effect is that many people have become over-dependent on the Internet and neglected face-to-face communication.

As far as Im concerned, electronic communication cannot fully replace the direct contact among people. Although it seems to bring everyone together, it actually estranges people and decreases the effectiveness of communication. A typical example is that, traditionally, people working in the same office simply walk to others and talk. Today, however, co-workers tend to send e-mails or instant messages through the Internet even when they are sitting next to each other. As words can never convey the full message, it usually takes much more time and rounds of conversation than face-to-face communication, in which people can discuss more directly with less loss of information.

To conclude, the Internet enables more effective communication in some situations, but over-dependence on it actually pulls people apart.

[高中关于网络对人们日常交流影响的英语作文

My House Dog

I’m a dog lover, because dogs are tame, friendly and easy to communicate with. I have kept one in my house, whose name is Chocolate. She is covered with brown curly hair and looks like a Teddy Bear. Now we have been living together for two years, so I’m very familiar with her characteristics. When she is hungry, she often barks loudly. At that time, I begin to realize that it’s time to feed her. She is keen on beef and fish. Sometimes, she also eats some rice.

我是一个爱狗的人，因为狗是很温顺，友好，也很容易交流。我在我家养了一只，它的名字叫巧克力。她的毛是棕色的卷毛，看起来就像泰迪熊。现在我们已经一起生活了两年了，所以我很熟悉她的性格。她饿了，她经常会大声吠。那个时候，我就会开始意识到是时候喂她了。她喜爱吃牛肉和鱼。有时候，她也吃一些米饭。

Every day when I come home, she always jumps up to me happily, with her tail moving. She seems to be my best friend. As time goes by, the relationship between us becomes closer and closer. Therefore, I think her as an important member in my family. I really have the pleasure of her company.

每天我回到家的时候，她都会用她的尾巴开心地跑向我。她就像是我最好的朋友一样。随着时间的流逝，我们两个的关系变得越来越亲密。因此，我觉得她是我们家里很重要的一员。有她在我真的很开心。

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

What is the definition of a good neighbor?Well, in my opinion, a good neighbor should have the qualities: to care aboutother’s feeling, and help others unselfishly.

一个好邻居的定义是什么？在我看来，一个好邻居应该有这些品质：关心他人感受，无私的帮助别人。

I feel lucky to have a good neighbor. Sheis about 65 years old. I remember it clearly，one night, I wascaught in a pouring rain, and then I suffered from a high fever. My parentswere on business, so I turned to her for help, I recovered soon. I have anotherneighbor, we’re in the same age, went to the same school. We always playedtogether. I’m not good at Physics at that time. It was hard for me to pass theexam. After school, she always helped me with my Physics. With her help, I madea big process in my final exam.

我感到很幸运自己有位好邻居。她大概65岁。我记得很清楚，一个风雨交加的夜晚，我发烧了。我的父母正好出差，所以我向她求救，很快，我康复了。我还有一邻居，年龄和我一样，在同一学校上学。我们总是一起玩。那段时间，我的物理不是很好，考试很难通过。放学后，她总是帮助我补课。通过她的帮助，我在期末考试中取得了很大的进步。

Good neighbors create a comfortable andsafe living environment. They’re also our good friends. They make a bigdifference in our daily life.

好的邻居提供了舒适和安全的居住环境。他们也是我们的好朋友，让我们的生活变得与众不同。

[高中英语作文：好邻居

Nowadays, there are more and more students becoming short-sighted. Some students get short-sightedness when they are little. There are fifteen students wearing glasses in my class. Being short-sighted is common among students, even in primary school. That is too serious. Therefore, we should protect our eyes carefully. When we are reading and writing, we should keep a standard posture. Besides, we should not watch TV or play computer for too long. They are bad for our eyes. And, we should do eyes exercises regularly. A good rest is also important to our eyes. In all, eyes are the windows of our mind. We should keep it healthy.

1

主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3

主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

When I was very small, my grandpa liked to tell me his tough year and I liked to listen to him. At that time, wars were everywhere, people ran away for keeping alive. My grandpa was so hungry all the time because he had no food to eat. People had the very hard life before the found of new China. Today, Chinese economy develops so fast, we live the good life, we are no longer struggle for the hunger. Thanks to our great predecessors, they build the road for us. We enjoy the peaceful life and I know it is not easy to achieve. My grandpa educates me not to waste the food and I keep his words in my mind. Peace is the main theme of today’s world, we can chase our dreams and enjoy our life, but we must remember the contribution which is from our predecessors.

在我很小的时候，爷爷很喜欢给我讲他的艰难岁月，我也喜欢听他讲。那个时候，战争无处不在，人们为了活命而逃亡。爷爷总是很饿，因为他没有东西吃。人们在新中国成立前过着艰难的生活。今天，中国的经济发展快速，我们过上了好生活，不再为饥饿挣扎。多亏了我们伟大的先辈们，他们为了开拓了道路。我们享受这和平的生活，我知道这来之不易。爷爷教育我不要浪费食物，我一直记着他的话。和平是世界现在的主题，我们可以追求梦想，快乐生活，但是我们必须记得先辈们的贡献。

[《和平的生活》高中英语作文赏析

As temperatures continue to drop in Northern China, many winter holiday resorts in the Jilin Province are seeing booming business.

At the Chagan Lake, people are skiing, skating and motor racing on the frozen terrain. The lake is located near the city of Songyuan. Meanwhile, in the city of Siping, the 4th Ice and Snow Tourism Festival is in full swing at the Yehe royal ski resort. Brave skiiers speed down the mountain, adding quite a bit of excitement to the atmosphere.

In Tonghua, thousands of tourists flocked to the Qianye Scenic Resort for some skiing, skating, and sleigh riding. The resort has seen a peak in numbers over the past weekend and more winter sports lovers are expected to arrive in the coming weeks.

The city of Yanji in eastern Jilin is also a hot destination for skiers. The Mengdu ski resort welcomes over 2000 skiers a day. The Jilin province has long been a popular tourist destination, especially for lovers of winter sports, and with the addition of more resorts and parks, the number of tourists is only expected to rise in the coming years.

Today is the National Day, but also our 30th anniversary of the founding of China. I am bored after a morning, in the afternoon, I went to my sisters house to play.

I am happy to the sister, but to her home I was disappointed, the original sister did not think what to play, we racked our brains, and finally thought of a game: grab the bench.

We found ten children to play, the rules of the game is this: Please the five children (including me and my sister) with the music around four bench circle. Music stop, we must immediately grab a bench to sit down. Who did not grab, who would be eliminated. The second round is four and three bench. The last round only two people and a bench, and who grabbed the last bench who would win. By aunt when the referee.

Big aunt first invited Wang Yue, Lai Yun, Yu Jing and my sister to play. The rest of the children on the side when the cheerleaders. I saw the two of them relatively standing, Yu Jing children did not show weakness, raised his head, Tingzhuo, not afraid of the way; look at Lai cloud students, half open eyes, hands into the trousers, are not See Yu Jing this skinny monkey. With the big aunt whistle, the game began.

When the music sounded, they turned around the bench. When they are spinning, we are seeing the gods. Music and suddenly stopped. Lai Yun seems to have no response over, standing on that look at my sister and grab the bench. But I do not know ye engage in, her eyes light up, found an empty bench. Lai Yun immediately ran to sit. Later, my sister was eliminated. The second round, three rounds of Lai and my two children were eliminated in turn.

The last round only two female students. As soon as the music sounded, they turned slowly around the bench. Their eyes staring at the only Zhang bench, and my heart is also very nervous. Our cheerleaders shouted: "Wang Yue Come on! Wang Yue will win! Wang Yue Come on!" Yu Jing did not hear the students to their own voice, it seems more tense. Tension is useless. Music stop, Wang first grabbed the bench more than half, Yu Jing grabbed only a small half.

Wangs victory, so that we are happy and jump again and again.

Through this game, our actions are more agile. I am so happy today

The 15-Day Celebration of Chinese New Year.

The first day of the Lunar New Year is "the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth."Many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them.

On the second day, the Chinese pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods. They are extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is believed that the second day is the birthday of all dogs.

The third and fourth days are for the sons-in-laws to pay respect to their parents-in-law.

The fifth day is called Po Woo. On that day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck.

On the sixth to the 10th day, the Chinese visit their relatives and friends freely. They also visit the temples to pray for good fortune and health.

The seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. These farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. The seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success.

On the eighth day the Fujian people have another family reunion dinner, and at midnight they pray to Tian Gong, the God of Heaven.

The ninth day is to make offerings to the Jade Emperor.

The 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. After so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.

The 14th day should be for preparations to celebrate the Lantern Festival which is to be held on the 15th night.

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

英语四级考试目的是推动大学英语教学大纲的贯彻执行，对大学生的英语能力进行客观、准确的测量，为提高我国大学英语课程的教学质量服务。下面是小编为大家带来的基础薄弱如何进行英语四级写作训练的知识，欢迎阅读。

英语四级写作备考可分为四大步骤：

一、 背诵：

首先认真研究历年四级写作真题，重点研究2001年6月—2005年12月的11次真题，分析近年来四级写作的出题规律和考试重点，从语言、结构、 内容三大层面，认真研读经典写作真题范文：语言方面学习范文中的精彩词汇、词组、句型；结构方面学习范文的框架结构、内在逻辑、关联词、同义替换和代词替换；内容方面学习范文的论点、论据和论证。同时背诵精彩写作范文，要求滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，扎扎实实提高自己的写作实力。历年英语四级六级真题 >>

二、默写：

背诵熟练之后默写下来，仔细对照原文，会发现你默写的文章与原文有一些语法、拼写、标点的区别，这些区别就是你的写作弱点，学习关键在于针锋突破，不要全面出击。这些弱点正是你在考试中扣分的原因所在，把这些弱点意义克服，分数自然就会提高。

三、 中译英：

首先将写作真题范文译为中文，或参考范文的正确译文，然后进行中译英的工作，根据自己的理解把中文译为英文，最后对照英文原文，你会发现你的译文与原文存在较大的差别，这些差别正是你写作低分的症结所在。同样的一个中文句子，仔细对比一下你使用了哪些词汇、词组和句型，原文使用了哪些，这样你的写作水平才会逐渐提高。

四、 写作：

进行完上述工作之后，在考前必须进行写作的工作，只有动笔写作，才会发现自己的问题。可以写5—10篇真题或模拟题，模仿自己曾经背诵过的精彩词汇、词组、句型、框架和范文，写出一篇新的文章。最初不要求速度，但考前一定要进行模考，半小时写出一篇120－150词的文章。写完之后仔细修改其中的语言错误，将其改的更加精彩。

英语写作基础不太好的四级考生，必须按照上述步骤严格进行；基础较好的考生学习顺序正好相反，首先写作，直接写作英语四级真题；其次中译英，在研读原文之前，进行中译英的工作，译完对比，找出差距；然后背诵；最后默写。同时可以准备自己的写作框架，应用文和论说文分别形成固定的写法，积累精彩句型。

25 Jinjiang Road

Nanjing

June 12,2011

Dear Yu Xin,

Glad to have got your letter. It makes me exciting that you are coming to

Nanjing and stay here for a week. I think we can meet each other and have a good

time together. Now, let me tell you something about Suzhou. Suzhou is famous for

its beautiful gardens. According to official datas, there are more than100 in

total. They have enjoy great popularity in history for a long time. Among them,

the Tiger Hill is my favorite. Thousands of years ago, a king was said to be

buried there with his treasure. For such a long time, many people explored these

treasure but nobody have found. Except for this legend, the scenery there is

beautiful and we can enjoy it there. I have taken some pictures there, and I

will send you some via e-mail. Suzhou is worthy of visting. I am look forward to

your coming early.

Truely yours,

Shi Yang