高中英语写作的基础训练4篇 作文题目(热门20篇)
建设和发展中国特色社会主义,实现中华民族伟大复兴,这是亿万中华儿女的共同理想和雄心壮志,下面是小编整理的复兴中华从我做起征文,欢迎阅读。
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1000人都要有目标高中学生英语作文
全文共 1252 字
+ 加入清单why is goal-setting important? because goals can help you do and experience every meaningful thing you hope for in life. instead of letting life happen to you, goals allow you to make your life happen.
successful people have visions of what their life should be and they set lots of goals, both sbort-term and long-range, to help them realize the visions. by setting goals you are taking control of your life. it is like having a map to show where you want to go. a driver with an aim arrives at the destination without any waste of time or wrong turns.
on the contrary, a driver with no aim drives aimlessly around, never getting anywhere and just using up gas and oil. winners in life set goals and follow through on them. they decide what they want and then get there by making plans and setting goals.
goals ara not difficult to set and they are not difficult to reach. it is up to you to find out what your goals, ideals and visions really are. with a clear direction, and with certain plans, you will straightly get what you want.
without a goal, you have to live a passive life. you do not know where to go, what you want and why you are listless. then your life be comes dull and meaningless just like the dead water in a muddy lake.
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篇1:高中作文写作训练方法
全文共 3164 字
+ 加入清单君不知作文灵感何处来,抓耳挠腮无文思;君不见绝妙素材随处有,旁征博引非难事。每一场语文考试中,最决定成败的无疑是作文--分数占比高,所需时间长,不定因素又太多。从审题破题到立意定论再到起承转合行文结论,步步惊心。然而大多数人从第一步便彳亍难前,解药在何方?
提高写作这件事儿,可小可大。大者,众所周知,150分钟150分的试卷中,唯独她,大笔一挥便耗你50分钟至70分钟不等,分数一出幸运者轻轻松松60分收入囊中,不幸者只能流着泪挥手告别20分,写作抢分水平一旦提高,语文战场便一举拿下;小者,作文提高在于平常生活中一点一滴的积累,以及考场上审题破题行文时的灵光一闪厚积薄发。下面就与大家分享一些干得榨不出汁儿的平时积累与临场发挥中可以使用的一些小技巧~
平时积累:
1)练字
一张整洁的作文卷面能够在改卷老师看见你卷子的第一眼就给你打一个比较好的印象分。当然整洁的卷面并不一定要求你出手就是极其标准的正楷瘦金,但至少你得保证你的字压着方格底线、左右留出十分之一的空格,上下占三分之二,避免字体低空飘过空格的三分之一;更重要的是,避免用"大片横线涂抹错字"的方式改正错字、错句,用从左上到右下的斜线轻轻划掉需要更正的部分即可,一来不影响整体的美观度,二来改正了错误信息确保心安,从而保证整体的观感美观度。平时写字随意惯了的人是无法在考场上突然就交上一份整洁的答卷的,所以平时练习时(无论哪一科作业),都应当强迫自己减少笔误,训练自己想好再下笔的慎重,并且避免用粗壮的涂抹修改错误信息。平时养成良好的习惯才能在考场上彰显出来。
2)多读多看多记多背
大家翻看满分作文集的时候,一定会发现许多满分作文无论记叙文议论文散文,共同的特点就是辞藻华丽,文笔或沉郁顿挫充满思想,或清逸俊秀洋溢着青春的气息,更有甚者,从开头到结尾时不时引一句古诗词抒发情感发表议论。大家在为这些华丽的文风所倾倒时,有没有想过他们是怎么做到的呢?要想在考场中写出这样的文章,平时一定要多读多看多记多背多积累。
首先要确定自己喜欢怎样的风格,对症下药。喜欢古诗词且有一定改编兴趣的同学可以拿着唐诗宋词三百首隔几天背几首,然后把大纲必备的一百篇左右记熟理解透,背的时候就多联想联想自己遇到过的作文主题,看看哪几句可以用在哪几类主题上,再大脑中建立一个对应的突触,考场写作中就能够比较快地反应出可以用的古诗词了;喜欢沉郁文风的同学呢,平时刷数学理综刷累了换脑子的时候可以多看看类似的思想性的文章,经典如鲁迅、瞿秋白,流行如《特别关注》、《读者》、《意林》等杂志,均是取材的好原料。但涉猎一定要广,不要把自己局限在高考满分作文大全的桎梏里,这样不仅会给自己创造无形中不必要的压力,也会使得自己的脑洞无法推陈出新。
遇到自己触电的文段后,最轻松的法子就是准备一本素材本,剪下来之后粘在上面随时翻阅;也可以自行抄录背诵时常回忆联想,所谓"念念不忘,必有回响",将这些文字在脑中不停地反复,考场上即便大脑一片空白,也能在下笔时蹦出相应的灵感。
3)一天破三题,一周一文章
光说不练假把式,积累了许多素材输入,不提高输出也是无法提高能力的。我的建议是非高/初三的同学可以一周练三到五个破题,写一篇文章,高/初三的同学一天练三个破题,一周保证一篇文章。
破题怎么练呢?找到题库,审题,先审题目的中心思想,将思路尽可能地与出题老师贴近,找对最正确自己也最拿手的角度切入,尽量选用不落窠臼的分析方式列好提纲,写好标题,一道题的破题训练就完成了。不需要写出完整的文章,只写出标题、中心论点和分论点,这样的训练方式既能够提高审题速度避免选择困难症在考场上频繁发作,也能够节约写作时间提高写作练习的频率避免厌倦长时间枯燥的写作练习。当然,节约出来的时间勤奋的同学们也可以用来想一想每一个分论点可以用哪些事例,可以配怎样的古诗词句,可以用一段怎样有力的论述,标题怎样取可以更加抓人眼球打动人心。破完题一定要去看看标答是如何分析的--这就要求挑选题库时一定不能找那种答案是"略"的题库--努力让自己的思维往答案上靠,调试多了就校准了;有疑惑的地方一定要多与老师沟通交流,保证思维不脱轨。
每周的那篇文章可以从这几篇写好了的破题中选择,然后拿给老师看,多与老师沟通交流,及时调整自己的审题风格,保证自己的思路在正轨上剑走偏锋,既有创新之处,又不会离题千里导致跑题丢分。这样也保证了自己连缀文章的能力不过快退化。
无论是破题还是写完整文章,时间都必须给予自己一定的限制。破题的时间可以限制在10-15分钟,完整文章的写作时间不要超过一小时,这样才能保证自己在考场上能够有充足的时间把前面的基础题做好。当然,平时贵在"琢磨",琢磨的时间当然越长越好,毕竟磨刀不误砍柴工嘛。
4)多开脑洞多联想,创造自己的事例素材库
前面说过要多积累素材多训练审题破题,闲来无事多"琢磨",联想的好处便在于此。如果说你记录下来的素材是珍珠,那么"琢磨"能够让你把这些珍珠磨成粉喝下去最大程度地提高你将文字连缀成篇的能力。在脑中建立属于自己的素材库,每几个素材贴上属于他们自己的标签,一个素材往往可以用在多个主题之上,一个事例也往往有多个角度可以分析,所以,在脑中把这些标签贴好,就像建造一座"mindpalace",考试时就能够信手拈来不会感慨书到用时方恨少了,也再也不用依赖万能的李白杜甫司马迁了。
学科间的融会贯通也是不容小觑的一个技能,许多理化生史地政的许多现象、事例都可以用在文章中,尽显理科生、文科生独有的风范和魅力,多用一用相关的素材也不愧对平时在文综理综上花的大把大把的时间嘛。
标题也是很重要的一部分,一个好的标题能够给人一种愿意读下去的动力,所以平时读书积累素材的时候,也可以多看看"别人家的标题"是如何抓人眼球的,自己又可以用怎样的方式让自己的标题变得狂拽酷炫吸引人。
临场发挥:
1)审好题后即下笔切莫太犹豫
如果平时有了一定量审题积累,考场上审题就不会是太难的事情。确定分析角度找准立意写好分论点确定标题之后尽快开始写作,可以等灵感出现,但不要再立意上摇摆太久,否则选择困难症一定会把你逼到时间不够最后匆匆行文害了自己。记住,标题是考场作文的重点之一,能新颖不陈旧,但一定不能词不达意让人不知所云,否则就还不如循规蹈矩地扣上一顶傻帽子然后凭内容出彩了。记叙文虽然不被提倡因为很少会有改卷老师有那个耐心去认真看你的细节和感情,但是如果有十足的保证确保细节描写能够打动人心,也可以试一试。
2)厚积薄发多用脑洞多联想
有了平时如此多的积累,到考场上想要厚积薄发也就不会太难了。最关键的一点是不要给自己太大的心理压力使得自己脑洞被强行压制没法调用,放轻松,多想想自己平时积累了什么记下了什么,灵活运用便好。当然,如果脑子里全是那些烂掉牙的万能素材,我只能说,少年,您还是多看看时事积累点素材再来考试吧。
3)九分力雕琢龙头凤尾内容不在话下
开头和结尾的重要性想必不需要我再强调,但是不仅仅是开头和结尾两段。首段保证在一百字以内言简意赅地提出响亮的中心论点,结尾收束全文呼应开头升华主题当然也不需要我再强调。特别有必要说的一点在于,中间各论述段的开头和结尾也必须可圈可点,如果能适当地用上排比,保证对应的格式与字数,在宏大的论述气势中有条有理地把论点论述清楚是最好不过的了。格式一致的分论点在让你自己更好地组织语言的同时其实也能够让改卷老师更快更全面地掌握你的思路,这时只要你思路正确,改卷老师也就更愿意给你高分了。在有条理有逻辑有气势的开头结尾的帮助下,写好段落中间的几句话就完全不是问题了。
看完了上述的"葵花宝典",是不是觉得平时"念念不忘",考试时才能"必有回响"?
所以为了提高作文,在考场上攻克下这一片核心战场,把平时的积累方法好好落实吧~
篇2:写作基础:十个作文高分开篇技巧
全文共 2300 字
+ 加入清单导语:一篇好文章要有个好的开头,别开生面、新颖别致的开头,才有震撼力、吸引力,让人产生一种欲读之而后快之感。所谓“凤头”,亦是这个道理。文章开篇的方法众多,如下十二种方法是常用的:
一、开门见山,落笔扣题
所谓“开门见山”,是一种比喻的说法,指的是直截了当地切入要旨。
如《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨:“白杨树实在是不平凡的,我赞美白杨树!”这种写法干脆利落,入题快捷,不枝不蔓,所以受很多同学所青睐。
二、引用经典,彰显底蕴
开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等,能增强开端的气势,使人感到峥嵘、高远,达到吸引读者、突出中心的效果。
如下例几种常用的:
1.诗词开头
以诗句开头,气势磅礴,震撼人心。如:“莫等闲,白了少年头。”我的爸爸四十多了,白了头,可是依然很平凡……
2.俗语开头
俗语是孩子们所熟悉的,以此开头,倍感亲切,激发兴趣。如:中国有句俗语说:“三棒槌打不出一个屁来。”我的爸爸就是一个不爱说话的人……
3.名人名言开头
这种开头法不仅使你所要表达的意思简明扼要,言简意丰,而且能集中地表达文章的主旨,起到画龙点睛的作用,使文章增色不少。如一学生写《自信》:著名科学家爱迪生说:“自信是成功的第一秘诀。”是的,拥有自信,不断努力,就能获得成功。
4.故事导入
引用一则典故或现实生活中的小故事来开头的方法,可以增加文章的趣味性,能引起读者的兴趣。如一学生写《宽容》时,这样开头:“一位理发师正在给周恩来总理刮脸,由于周总理咳嗽了一声,理发师不小心将他的脸刮破了,这时理发师紧张不已,以为周总理会大发雷霆。想不到,周总理却很抱歉地说:‘这不关你的事,要是在咳嗽之前给你打个招呼,你就不会刮破我的脸了。’这样一句暖人的安慰,我们可以从周总理身上看到可贵的品质——宽容。”
5.声音开头
对话、琴声、风声、雷声等等,都可以用来开头,信手拈来,渲染氛围。如:“请把我的歌,带回你的家,请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起这熟悉的旋律,自己就像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样,感觉格外亲切。
三、精辟修辞,韵味悠长
用修辞手法开头,易抒写作者心灵的感悟,引发读者赏读的情趣。
1.比喻
开头设喻,以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头:“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹。”
2.对比
用对比来开头的方法,可以加强文采,有力地突出主题。如:古今中外,凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人,其成功没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的;反之,那些懒惰昏庸的人,则无法成就事业,由此可见,勤则成事,惰则败业。
3.排比
用排比句开头,句式整齐,语势铿锵,促人赏读。如:假如我是小鸟,我会记住那出生时的巢穴;假如我是树苗,我无法忘记那滋养我的土地;假如我是江河,那雪域高原成为我记忆中的烙印……
4.设问
设问开头,铺排文气,先声夺人。如:为什么服装设计师总要千方百计地设计一套又一套的时装?为什么我们的祖国在前进的号角中总夹杂着这样一句话——提倡科技创新?为什么一座座拔地而起的高楼不沿用20世纪五六十年代建筑的风格?一切的一切,只因为时代在变化,人的思想也在变化。时装要迎合时代潮流,发展要与时俱进,生活赋予了我们创新的动力。
四、借物联想,引发情趣
文章的开头或从远到近,或由此及彼,从别的事物写起,再联想到要写的事物上来,借以烘托要写的事物。
如一学生这样写《路》:日常行走的路有大路、小路之别,人生之路有正路、歧路之分。人,应该择路而行。
五、巧设悬念,曲径通幽
开头设置一个悬而未决的问题,引起读者的关注,激发读者的兴趣,同时增加文章的曲折,显现布局之美。如一学生写《感受生活之美》:“我快要死了——我躺在病床上,四周黑漆漆的一片,十分寂静,偌大的房间里,只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。”
六、名人作答,启人深思
采用名人作答的方式展开文章,有利增强开端气势,给人高远之感。如一学生如此写《幸福》的开篇:有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。尼采认为:“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚,却毫不恶心,这种人是最幸福的。”而思多葛派却认为:“拥有无穷的财富和威力,而且能够处事不惊,那才是真正的幸福。”
七、场景描写,渲染气氛
描写法即借助某种修辞或某种描写技法,通过对景物的描写,渲染气氛,烘托氛围,为下文人物或事情的开端做好衬托铺垫。
请看《考试》一文的开端:教室外,呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上,“嚓、嚓”地响,教室内,一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。
八、交代要素,引人入胜
交代要素式也是写作文较为常见的一种开头形式,即交代记叙文的几要素:时间、地点、人物和事件。
如《捉鱼》一文的开头:“一个星期天的早晨,我和小辰拿着小盆,拎着小桶来到一条小溪边围坝捉鱼。”这样开头可以让读者清楚地了解到记叙文的几要素,为下文展开故事情节作准备。
九、介绍背景,蓄势待发
以介绍情况、交代背景的方式开篇,可以让读者充分了解事情原委,有利于对整篇文章的正确、顺利解读。这种方法主要用于写一些事件或重要人物的文章。
如《火烧赤壁》一文的开头:“东汉末年,曹操率领大军南下,想夺取江南东吴的地方。东吴的周瑜调兵遣将,驻在赤壁,同曹操的兵隔江相对。曹操的兵在北岸,周瑜的兵在南岸。”这个开头,使读者看了以后,对两军相对峙的形势、所处的地理位置和即将发生的事一目了然。
十、概括内容,凸显主旨
开头总领全文,下文则围绕着它进行“分述”,全文因此而比较有条理,而且可以让读者迅速了解文章梗概,一睹为快,为下文的阅读埋下情感基调。如作文《春花朵朵》一文的开头:
“五讲文明的春风,吹开了学校这万紫千红的百花园中的朵朵春花。让我们从这万紫千红的百花园中摘取几朵,领略一下那满园春色吧!”
篇3:优秀英语写作素材:教育的英语名言
全文共 3350 字
+ 加入清单以下是由语文迷网精心为大家整理提供的关于教育的英语名言,欢迎大家参考选择。
Education has for its object the formation of character.
教育的目的在于品德的培育。——斯宾塞
He can ill be master that never was scholar.
没当过学生的人成不了一个好先生。
Teaching others teaches youself.
教学相长。
Better untaught than ill taught.
宁可不受教育也强于受坏的教育。
Instruction knows no cladistinction.
有教无类——《论语》
The best bred have the best portion.
最好的教养是最好的嫁妆。
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)
教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)
Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)
与其不受教育,不知不生,因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)
Dancing in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with works, and ,need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen? (Friedrich W.Nietzsche, German philosopher)
所有高尚教育的课程表里都不能没有各种形式的跳舞:用脚跳舞,用思想跳舞,用言语跳舞,不用说,还需用笔跳舞。(德国哲学家 尼采 F W)
Education commences at the mother’s knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)
教育始于母亲膝下,孩童耳听一言一语,均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)
Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)
教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)
Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)
教育不在于使人知其所未知,而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)
Education is a admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught. (Oscar Wilde, British dramatist)
教育是令人羡慕的东西,但是要不时地记住:凡是值得知道的,没有一个是能够教会的。(英国剧作家 王尔得 O)
Example is always more efficacious than precept. (Samuel Johnson, British writer and critic)
身教胜于言教。(英国作家、批评家 约翰逊 S)
Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )
历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深刻;伦理使人庄重;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。( 英国哲学家 培根. F.)
If you dont learn to think when you are young , you may never learn .(Thomas Edison , American inventor )
如果你年轻时就没有学会思考,那么就永远学不会思考。(美国发明家 爱迪生 . T.)
Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.
(Francis Bacon , British philosopher )
天生的才干如同天生的植物一样,需要靠学习来修剪。(英国哲学家 培根 . F.)
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. (H.B.Adams, American historian)
教师的影响是永恒的;无法估计他的影响会有多深远。(美国历史学家 亚当斯 H B)
And gladly would learn, and gladly teach. (Chaucer, British poet)
勤于学习的人才能乐意施教。(英国诗人 乔叟)
Better be unboun than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune. (Plato, Ancient Greek phiosopher)
与其不受教育,不知不生,因为无知是不幸的根源。(古希腊哲学家 柏拉图)
Education commences at the mothers knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. (Hosea Ballou British cducator)
教育始于母亲膝下,孩童耳听一言一语,均影响其性格的形成。(英国教育家 巴卢 H)
Educaton does not mean teaching people to kow what they do not know ; it means teachng them to behave as they do not behave. (John Ruskin, British art critic)
教育不在于使人知其所未知,而在于按其所未行而行。(英国艺术评论家 园斯金 J)
Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. (Durant, American historian)
教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。(美国历史学家 杜兰特)
For a cultivated man to be ignorant of foreign languages is a great inconveniece. (Anton P.Chekhrv, Russian dramatist)
一个受过教育的人,不懂外语是极不方便的。(俄国剧作家 契克夫 A P)
篇4:有关音乐英语作文高中
全文共 1079 字
+ 加入清单Music is the important part of my life. The world needs music to amuse
peoples life. As they live in the fast pace, music can bring them the great joy
and relax. Since I was very small, I fell in love with music and every time when
I heard music, my body would move and feel relaxed. The function of music is
various.
There is a famous song, which called let the music heal your soul. A lot of
young people have their favorite singers. When they see their idols face to
face, they would say thank you to the singers, because their songs inspire these
young people to move on in the dark days. The songs deliver positive messages to
the public and inspire them to never give up.
Listening to the music is the main way for the young people to release
their pressure. Every day before I sleep, I will listen to the light music,
which helps me to take relax and make me sleep well. The reason why so many
people like to KTV after their work lies in releasing pressure. They need to
shout and then forget about the annoyance.
Music is favored by everyone and it is the indispensable part of our
life.
篇5:说明文写作基础
全文共 5158 字
+ 加入清单一、说明文的含义和分类
所谓说明文,就是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章,它通过对实体事物的解说,或对抽象整理的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类,成因、功能,关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识,从而获得有关的知识。以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上相区别的标志。
在各种文章样式中,说明文体是一种相对独立的类别。在人们的社会生活中,说明文越来超越显示出它的重要作用和实用价值。现实生活充分表明,说明文不是一种无足轻重的文章形式,而是运用范围极为广泛的常用文体,它与人们的生产、工作和生活的关系相当密切,而且由于社会生活的需要,说明文写作正在大量涌现。
关于说明文的分类,现在人们从不同的角度,根据各自的标准,对说明文有不同的分法。我们根据说明文的表现手法,大体上把它分为三类:一、阐释性说明文;二、述说性说明文;三、文艺性说明文。
从几个不同侧面来解说事物、阐释事理的说明文叫阐释性说明文。有关历史、地理、物理、化学、动物、植物、科学卫生、语言文艺等方面的知识性文字或教材、科学实验报告、器物使用说明等都属于这一类。
通过简述概况或情节来介绍事物的说明文叫述说性说明文。电影、电视剧各戏曲的剧情简介,小说和其它文学作品心的内容提要、连环画或某些摄影照片的解说词等都属于这一类。
运用形象化的手法来介绍事物、阐述事理的说明文叫文艺性说明文。这类说明文具有较多的文学色彩。知识小品(或叫科学小品)、名胜古迹、文物的说明简介等都属于这一类。
一般说来,前两类的写法比较平实,重在对事物或事理的条分缕析的解说。后一类的写法活动活泼,富有情趣,多采用文艺笔调。
二、 说明文的特点
说明文有如下特点:
1、 说明性
所谓说明性,是指说明文主要运用说明的表达方式,侧重对客观事物或事理作如实的介绍、简要的解说,力求使人有所知。就整个文体而言,说明文与记叙文、议论文的特点有显著的区别。记叙文记叙人物的活动,事情的经过,景物的状态,以及作者对人物、事件、景物的观感,主要用记叙和描写的表达方式,重在使人有所感;议论文通过逻辑论证形式,分析事物的本质、规律和特点,提出主张,发表见解,主要用议论的表达方式,重在使人有所悟;比如,同是写读书学习这件事,高尔基在《我的童年》里描述了一段读书的具体情景,把人物读书时的画面绘声绘色地表达出来了,这是记叙性的;毛泽东在《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》里写了一节“学习”,论述了学习的重要性和学习的任务以及必须采取正确的学习态度等问题,阐述了观点,论证了事理,这是议论性的;《读书笔记》用简洁的文字介绍做读书笔记的几种常用方法:“第一种是在书上画记号”;“第二种方法是摘录,就是把书中的重点、重要的材料、精彩的句子或段落,抄录在笔记本上”;“第三种方法是写出全篇或全书的提要”;“还有一种是写心得体会(读后感)”;“除了上述方法之外,还可以使用卡片”。全文既没有具体描述,也没有分析论证,主要是运用了说清事理的表达方式,条分缕析地介绍了作读书笔记的具体方法,读后使人获得学习经验。这是说明性的。由于写作目的不同,由于表达内容的方式不同,文章的特点自然也就不同了。正如记叙文具有形象性、抒情性,议论文具有说理性、逻辑性一样,说明文具的说明性。当然,一篇说明文由于表达内容的需要,部分地使用记叙或议论的表达方式,也是常见现象,但是这只能说它含有记叙或议论的成分,并不会因此而改变它的说明性质。
2、 知识性
一般说来,记叙文、议论文都或多或少地含有各种知识,能给人以教益,但是在传授知识方面,都比不上说明文那样直接、集中和强烈。这是因为说明文写作,其直接目的就给人以知识或技能。说明文的内容以知识为核心,不管是哪一篇说明文,它的内容不外乎是自然科学知识,社会科学知识,人们日常生活、工作、学习所需要的知识,从宏观世界到微观世界,从基础学科到尖端科学,从奇妙的微生物到人类社会,从石器到电脑,从沙漠到海洋,从地层变化到天体运行,……漠漠宇宙,大千世界,无一不是说明文内容所涉足的领域,知识性是说明文写作的出发点,也是它的落脚点。
说明文既然要给人传授知识,就必须具有高度的科学性(包括阐释事理的合理性)。不管是对实体事物的说明,还是对非实体事物的说明,都必须如实地反映客观事物,做到内容真实可靠,反映准确恰当,解说清楚明白。如果说明文违反知识的科学性,则是一个致使的伤。说明文主要对客观事物或事理予以冷静地解说阐释,一般不需要带上强烈的感情色彩或表示作者的倾向,具有客观性的特点。
《辞海》是这样介绍银杏的:
银杏亦称“白果树”、“公孙树”。银杏科。落叶乔木。叶扇形。雌雄异株。种子椭圆形或倒卵形。系孑遗植物,我国普遍栽培;日本亦产生长较慢,寿命较长,可达千余年。种仁供食用,多食中毒,外种皮可提栲胶。木材浅黄色,细致,轻软,供建筑、家具,雕刻及其他工艺品用。又为庭园树、行道树。中医学上以种子入药,性平、味苦涩、有小毒。功能敛肺定喘,主治痰哮喘咳、遗精、带下、小便频数等症。种子含有氢氰酸、组氨酸、蛋白质等。
这段关于银杏的说明文只是对银杏的名称、特点、产地,用途等作客观的如实的介绍,全是解说式的语言,把它与郭沫若的散文《银杏》对比,其客观性就显而易见了。
3、 实用性
从说明文的社会功用看,它具有广泛的实用价值。诸如法律条文的撰写、典章制度的编纂,天文历法的修著,生产知识的记录,工作经验的介绍等等,从卷帙浩繁的百科条目到一种产品的使用说明,说明文的触角,探伸到社会生活、生产的各个领域,起着巨大的作用,成为人们交换思想、交流经验的工具,沟通文理学科的桥梁。
三、 说明文的写作
写说明文和写其它文章一样,必须明确写作意图,确立文章中心;充分占有材料,力求做到言之有物、言之有序。除了这些一般性的要求之外,说明文的写作还有如下要求:
(一) 抓住事物特征,把握说明中心
任何事物都具有自身的质的规定性,一个事物的特征是区别于其它事物的标志。写说明文只有抓住事物的特征,才能把被说明的事物准确清晰地介绍给读者,让人们对事物有确切的了解。事物往往有方面的特征,介绍事物时,不可能在一篇说明文里面面俱到;只能根据需要,一次谈一两个特征。因此,要写好说明文,还必须把握说明文的中心。如:《漫活圆周率》是一篇介绍数学基础的说明文。文章题为“漫话”,并没有漫无边际地随意堆砌关于圆周率的材料,而是围绕求出圆周率的更精确的数值这个中心,向人们介绍了古今中外数学家对圆周率的数值所做的贡献。
抓住事物特点,把握说明中心,这是写说明文的一个重要要求,要做到这一点,写作者必须在写作前对被 说明的事物作深入细致的研究。必须懂得只有熟悉被说明的事物,认识并掌握被说明事物本身的规律性,才能做到这一点。
(二) 针对具体情况,选好写作角度
写说明文也是要求有的放矢的。写什么、怎样写,要从读者的实际情况考虑,使文章具有针对性,切合读者的知识水平、职业特点和年龄大小。往往读者对象不同,写的角度也不同。如阐述吸烟有害的说明文很多,有的是针对老年人的,有的是对妇女而言的,的有是对青少年而言的,角度不同,说明的内容则各有侧重。《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇文章从青少年是国家的未来和希望的高度介绍吸烟对青少年的危害,突出分析青少年的生理特征,说明青少年接触毒性物质比成年人吸收快、排除慢、毒害大的情况,指出“吸烟对青少年是绝对有害而无一利的”。这样说明目的清楚,针对性强。
写说明文选取什么角度要依实际情况而定。比如,介绍牛的知识,如果是为饲养者写的,要侧重介绍牛的生活习惯和特性;如果是为使用者写的,要侧重介绍牛的功能和力气;如果是为兽医写的,则主要介绍它的身体构造;如果是为食用者写的,可以主要介绍它的营养价值。当然,作为科普知识介绍,不妨全面一点为好。
(三) 务求解说清楚、做到条理分明
写说明文的目的就是让人获得知识的技能,只有解说清楚,才能达到这个目的。说明说明,一说即明,如何解说清楚,要讲究说明的方法,注意结构的安排,着力语言的运用。关于说明的方法,这里就不详细介绍了。这里着重讲讲结构安排的条理性问题。
文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身的特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐释事理要按其本身的条理来安排说明的次序,使之层次清楚,主次分明,安排说明文的结构首先要注意条理性。如何具体安排结构,不同类型的说明文有不同要求,介绍产品制作过程的说明文,往往按照产品生产工序来安排结构,如叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》是一篇介绍手工工艺品景泰蓝的说明文。它按照制作工艺的程序,抓住“做胎”、“掐丝”、“涂色”、“烧制”、“打磨”五道关键工序依次作了详细具体的说明,全篇言之有序,给人的印象十分鲜明。这一类安排,以时间变化为序,着重写事物的过程。
(四)语言准确简明,文字通俗浅显
选用准确的语言,精当地解说事物的事理,是说明文语言的基本要求。说明文是以介绍知识性内容为主的,只有如实反映被说明内容的客观情况,才能保证知识的科学性。相反,语言不准确就会失去知识的科学性。
明代学者徐光启笔译古数学家欧几里得的《几何原理》,其中的一节:
凡论度必始于一体。自点引之而为线,自线广之而为面,自面积之而为体,各自三大纲。是心有长而无阔者谓之线,有长与阔而无厚者谓之面,长与阔厚俱全者谓之体。唯点无长阔厚薄,其间不能容,不可以数度,然线之两端即点,而线面体皆由此生。点虽不入于数,实为从数之本。
这节解说数学基本概念的说明文,把什么是点、线、面、体,点与数度的联系和区别作了确切的阐释,语言也很精当。
此外,在说明文中往往有些内容是带有专门化的科学知识,涉及一些专门名词和专业术语,在说明中特别要求把它们运用得准确无误,使读者便于领会。如:“航空”与“航天”是两个不同的概念,有篇文章作了这样的解说:“飞机在大气层内飞行,称为航空;卫星、飞船在大气层外飞行,称为航天。它们是采用不同的飞行器在不同的空间来完成飞行任务的”。这种解说是十分准确的,使人对什么叫“航空”、什么叫“航天”得到了科学的了解。
说明文的语言必须简要精当。看下面的这段文字:
“蝉的幼虫脱皮是从背上开始的。先出来的一层旧皮从背上裂开,露出淡绿色的蝉来。先出来的是头,接着是吸管和前腿,最后是后腿和折叠着翅膀,只留下尾边尖儿还在那层旧皮里。这时候,它腾起身子,往后翻下来,头部倒挂着,原来折叠着的翅膀打开了,竭力伸直。接着,用一种几乎看不清的动作尽力把身体翻上去,用前脚的爪子钩住那层旧皮。这个动作使它的尾巴尖儿从那层旧皮里完全脱出不了。那层旧皮就只剩下空壳,成了蝉蜕,。从开始到完全脱出来,大约要半个钟头。
这段文字不到二百个字,具体说明了蝉的幼虫脱皮的整个过程。用简明的语言把幼虫脱皮的复杂动作细致而真切地写出来了。文字不枝不蔓,语言富有表现力,给人很清晰的印象。、
说明文要介绍一些科学知识和一些内容,往往是一般人所不熟悉的内容人,要把专门化的科学知识解说清楚,让人易于了解,必须做到深入浅出,通俗易懂,生动活泼,富有趣味。如,《洲际导弹自述》是一篇介绍洲际导弹知识的科技小品。文章用拟人化手法把洲际导弹问世、分类、构造、特点及其威力和弱点都解说得十分清楚,文章把它赋予假定的人类行为,读起来生动风趣,易于理解。为了把说明文写得生动活泼、通俗易懂,人们常常运用各种修辞手法,增强文章的形象性、趣味性。
在说明文的写作中,应该注意克服几种常见的毛病。这就是:
第一,防止知识性的差错。如有篇写“牛”的习作这样写道:“牛有水牛、黄牛两种,牛是反刍动物,只吃青草,不必喂料。牛都两只角,体强力大,是世界各国普遍使用的耕作工具。”由于写作者对有关牛的知识了解不够,有些只是一知半解。所以写起来造成知识性的错误。世界上牛的品种不只水牛、黄牛两种,杂交品种的牛并不长角;除了青草外,还必须给牛喂其它饲料;世界上也不是普遍使用牛作为耕作工具,牛还有专供食用、奶用或运输用,甚至作为神物崇拜的。
第二避免文体性的错误。如有篇说明文题为《蚯蚓》,其中写道:“……别看这小动物不惹眼,它可天天在松土、干活,它不讲究吃穿,不讲究休息,不讲住的,不讲报酬,整天埋头苦干,为人们劳作耕地,让作物生长茂盛。我不禁想起我们的老师,他们也有蚯蚓精神。
我愿作一条辛勤劳动的蚯蚓。”
显而易见,这篇习作把一篇说明文写成了一篇借物咏志的抒情散文了。
第三,克服片面性的论述。如,有篇题为《青蛙》的知识小品,介绍青蛙时写道:“青蛙是两栖、变温的动物,营养价值很高,……”这样定是片面的,青蛙能捕捉害虫,有益于庄稼的生长,只写它营养价值高,不宣传要保护它,饲养它,必然会造成不良社会影响。片面性是不利普及科学知识的。
篇6:高考英语写作必背句式90个
全文共 14441 字
+ 加入清单一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织,这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式,供大家参考。
1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.
2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.
3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.
4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.
5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.
6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.
7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.
14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful
15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.
27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.
28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.
34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.
35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:
36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.
37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.
38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.
40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.
41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.
42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.
43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.
45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
46) This issue has caused wide public concern.
47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.
48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.
49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:
50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.
51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.
52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.
53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.
54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.
55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.
56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.
57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.
58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.
59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.
60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.
61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.
62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.
63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.
65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.
66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.
67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.
68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.
69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.
70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.
71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.
72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.
73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.
74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.
75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.
76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.
77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.
78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.
79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.
80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.
81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.
83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.
84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.
85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.
86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day
88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.
89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.
90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.
篇7:个忙碌的周末高中英语
全文共 340 字
+ 加入清单I have busy weekend.In Satday morning,I’m read books and do myhowewoke.In aftenoon,I’m lean my room.In evening,I’m watch TV and movies.In Sunday morning,I’m play basketbaal with my good fiend .
We are very happy.In aftenoon,I’m go to marketpiace buy some food.In evening,I’m go to concert.
This weekend,I’m very tird ,but I’m enjoy onerselees
篇8:高中优秀英语作文
全文共 1012 字
+ 加入清单It’s a good option for college students to join the army. Army is the important constitution in a country. Nowadays, many college students prefer to be soldiers. Why?
参军对于大学生来说是一个很好的选择。军队是一个国家最重要的组成部分。如今,很多大学生都愿意去参军,是什么原因呢?
Firstly, there are many preferential policies for college students to join the army, such as tuition waiver, wage subsidy. What’s more, I consider join the army can strengthen our mind. In my opinion, it’s the most important reason to join the army. Whatever you are a student or others, two years’ training can build a strong body, too.
首先,大学生参军有很多优惠政策,如减免学费,工资补贴。更重要的是,我认为参军可以丰富我的想法。在我看来,这是参军最重要的原因,不管你是一名学生或其他人,两年的培训可以练就一个强壮的身体。
I want to join the army. My family is delighted to my decision. Because I want to be a great and strong woman and change my images in front of my friends. More importantly, I would like to experience the army life; I think it will be a colorful moment in my whole life.
我想参军。我的家人对我的决定感到很高兴。因为我想成为一个伟大而坚强的女人,并且改变我在我朋友面前的形象。更重要的是,我想体验一下军旅生活;我觉得那会是在我的整个人生中丰富多彩的时刻。
篇9:有关音乐英语作文高中
全文共 688 字
+ 加入清单What is your favorite kind of music? Do you like jazz, popular music,
classical music, folk songs, blues, and so on? In high school I took one course
called music appreciation which I greatly enjoyed. This was not to learn how to
play a specific instrument but to learn how to read and listen to music as an
art form. We read the stories about the lives of many composers and the history
of the musical instruments themselves. Sometimes we listened to tapes at the
language laboratory, or concerts. Music is sometimes called a universal
language. A composer who cannot speak a single word of our language can make us
feel joy and pride, exaltation and despair, peace and mystery through his
music.
篇10:我的忧虑高中英语作文
全文共 1021 字
+ 加入清单my secret worry
while fear of death is universal, my worry about death is so overwhelming that there is not a moment passing without my thinking of it. i never bring this up with any other, just because no one will ever realize the seriousness of this problem. i know it very clearly that as long as there is life, there will be death. in addition, though i am still so far away from death, i have been plagued by the thought of it for years. fortunately, the root of my fear of death lies in my overzealous love for life. i am too timid to think of the end of life, when every worldly affair should be thrown away. how can i carry on without friendship, affection, and joy of being alive? i really hate to leave all these behind. to ease my worry about death, i should make the fullest use of this life i now possess. concentration on this life can at least temporally make me forget about death. as a matter of fact, i really don't need to worry so much about death, for i already have too much to worry about this life.
篇11:高中的英语自我介绍范文
全文共 3216 字
+ 加入清单My name is ________. I am graduate from ________ senior high school and major in ________. There are ________ people in my family. My father works in acomputer company. And my mother is a housewife. I am the youngest one in my family.
In my spare time, I like to read novels. I think reading could enlarge my knowledge. As for novels, I could imagine whatever I like such as a well-known scientist or a kung-fu master. In addition to reading, I also like to play PC games. A lot of grownups think playing PC games hinders the students from learning. But I think PC games could motivate me to learn something such as English or Japanese.My favorite course is English because I think it is interesting to say one thing via different sounds. I wish my English could be improved in the next four years and be able to speak fluent English in the future. 中文翻译:我的名字是________。我graduatefrom ________ seniorhigh学校及主要________。有________人在我的家人。我父亲的作品在一家电脑公司。和我母亲是一位家庭主妇。我是家里最小的一个。我在业余时间,我喜欢看小说。我认为阅读可以enlargemy知识。至于小说,我可以想象不管我,如着名的科学家或功夫师父。除了阅读,我也喜欢玩电脑游戏。很多的成年人认为玩电脑游戏阻碍从学习的学生。但我认为,个人电脑游戏可以激励我学到一些东西,英语或Japanese.My喜欢当然,这样的英语,因为我觉得有趣的是,说的是一套通过不同的声音。我希望我的英语可以提高在未来4年,可以说在未来流利的英语。
高中英语自我介绍范文(二)
I am ___________. I was born in _________ . I graduate from senior high school and major in English. I started learning English since I was 12 years old. My parents have a lot of American friends. That’s why I have no problem communicating with Americans or others by speaking English.
In my spare time, I like to do anything relating to English such as listening to English songs, watching English movies or TV programs, or even attending the activities held by some English clubs or institutes. I used to go abroad for a short- term English study. During that time, I learned a lot of daily life English andsaw a lot of different things.
I think language is very interesting. I could
express one substance by using different sounds. So I wish I could study and read more English literatures and enlarge my knowledge. 中文翻译:我是XXX。我出生英寸我毕业的高中和英语专业。我开始学习英语,因为我是12岁。我的父母有很多美国朋友。这就是为什么我没有问题,与美国或其他国家的英语沟通。我在业余时间,我喜欢做的任何与英语的听英文歌曲,看英文电影或电视节目,甚至参加一些英超俱乐部或学院所举行的活动。我曾经去作短期英语留学。在此期间,我学到了很
多日常生活的英语,看到了很多不同的事情。我觉得语言很有意思。我可以表达一种substanceby使用不同的声音。所以,我希望我能学习更多英语文学和扩大我的知识 高中英语自我介绍范文(三)
My name is___________ . There are 4 people in my family. My father is a Chemistry teacher. He teaches chemistry in senior high school. My mother is an English teacher. She teaches English in the university. I have a younger brother, he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam.
I like to read English story books in my free time. Sometimes I surf the Internet and download the E- books to read. Reading E- books is fun. In addition, it also enlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations.
I hope to study both English and computer technology because I am interested in both of the subjects. Maybe one day I could combine both of them and apply to my research in the future. 中文翻译:我的名字是。有4人在我的家人。我的父亲是一个Chemistryteacher。他教高中化学。我的母亲是一名英文教师。她教英语的大学。我有一个弟弟,他是一个初中学生,是联考的准备。我喜欢阅读,在我空闲时,英文故事书。有时我上网冲浪和下载电子书籍阅读。阅读电子书籍的乐趣。此外,还扩大了,因为我的先进技术词汇和生动的动画。我希望学习英语和计算机技术,因为我感兴趣的是两个科目。也许有一天,我可以把他们和今后适用于我的研究。
篇12:高中英语
全文共 858 字
+ 加入清单Today is the first day of the New Year, the morning of fresh air and
sunshine, mother took me to feel the New Years day outside the atmosphere.
Street vehicle comings and goings, flowing very lively, mother took me to
the supermarket to buy things, supermarket bustling, originally people rush to
buy New Year gift! My mother said he wanted to buy a toy, I say: "I is the big
kid dont car these toys, it would save some money to buy school things," then I
will take some learning supplies and a cake billet to do our own cake to
celebrate New Years day. On the way back to my grandmas I saw many shops,
supermarkets in glass written on New Years day wishes everybody happy, return
to my grandmas I took the cake billet and brother in above the text is
made.
Less than half an hour a nifty bright homemade cake will appear in the
present, this is really a happy New Year!
篇13:高中英语作文:对手机的看法
全文共 984 字
+ 加入清单With the development of science and technology, smart phone becomes more and more popular. Even the students on campus begin to use handphone. Is it a good or bad thing?
随着科学和技术的发展,手机变得越来越流行,就连在校园里的学生也开始使用手机了。这到底是好还是坏?
Smart phone , on one hand, is good for students. For one thing , it enables students to keep in touch with their friends and family more conveniently and quickly. For another, it makes students fashionable and proud.
手机一方面来说对学生是有利的,举例来说,它能使学生与朋友和家人更方面快捷的取得联系。同时,它也使学生感到很时尚和骄傲。
On the other hand, smart phone has a negative effect on the students. First , it will cost them more money than before. Second, it will distract them from their study and life. Third, it will sometimes become a nuisance especially when it rings in classroom or in the library.
但另一方面,智能手机对学生也有负面作用。首先,手机会让学生们比以前花费更多的钱。其次,智能手机也让人更容易从学习和生活中分心。第三,智能手机让人感到麻烦和讨厌,尤其是在图书馆里或者是上课的时候。
so , smart phone is a good thing .However , the students should use it well .
所以,智能手机是个好东西,但是,学生们也要好好使用才行。
篇14:高中暑假英语旅行日记
全文共 1156 字
+ 加入清单范文:
Travel is a very good means of broadening a persons perspective. It makes you come into contact with different cultures, meet people of different colors and go through peculiar rites and ceremonies. Travelling much, you will not only enrich your knowledge and experiences, but also be aware of the vastness of nature.
Travel may also relieve person of boredom and gloom. Travel brings you enjoyment and attraction. It gives you a pleasant experience, which will disperse your boredom and make you forget whatever annoys you. Travel broadens your mind and leaves you good memories. Later, you may go over these memories and enjoy your past experiences, thus keeping a fresh and sunny mind.
整理:
The fields his study, nature was his book.
Travelers can choose different modes of transportation which have advantages and disadvantages. Airplanes are the fastest but also the most expensive. Buses and trains are less expensive, but they soon make you feel cramped and uncomfortable. Ships provide you with comfort unless you get seasick. Most people can afford traveling by bicycle, which, although slow, can limber up your muscles and get you closer to nature.
篇15:2024英语写作必背经典句型集锦
全文共 4233 字
+ 加入清单英语写作少不了积累句型。以下是小编带来的2017英语写作必背经典句型【集锦】,希望对你有帮助。
the + 形容词最高级 + n. + (that) + S(主语) + have ever seen / known / heard / had / read, etc
例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
(海伦是我见过的最美丽的女孩。)
Nothing is + 形容词比较级 + than to + V(谓语)
例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.
(没有比接受教育更重要的事。)
S cannot emphasize the importance of sth. too much:再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。
例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
(我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。)
There is no doubt + that + 句子:毫无疑问,……
例句:There is no doubt that the economy is recovering.
(毫无疑问,经济已经逐渐复苏。)
It pays to + V + O(宾语):……是值得的。
例句:It pays to help others.
(帮助别人是值得的。)
An advantage of + 名词结构+ is that + 句子:……的优点是……
例句:An advantage of using solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.
(使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。)
There is no denying that + 句子:不可否认……
例句:There is no denying that the quality of our life has gone from good to better.
(不可否认,我们的生活质量日益改善。)
On no account can we + V:我们绝对不能……
例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
(我们绝不能无视知识的价值。)
It is universally acknowledged that + 句子:全世界都知道……
例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable[不可或缺的] to us.
(全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。)
The reason why + 句子 + is that + 句子:……的原因是……
例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
(我们必须种树的原因是它们能给我们提供新鲜空气。)
be closely related to sth.:与……息息相关
例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.
(做运动与健康息息相关。)
So + 形容词 + be + S + that + 句子:如此……以致于……
例句:So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.
(时间是如此珍贵,它经不起我们浪费。)
It is time + S + 动词过去式:该是……的时候了。
例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
(有关当局是时候采取适当措施解决交通问题了。)
S + enable + O + to + V:……使……能够……
例句:Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.
(听音乐使我们获得放松。)
be + forced / obliged / compelled + to + V:不得不……
例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
(既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。)
a. + as + S + be, S + V + O:虽然……, 但是……
例句:Rich as our country is, the quality of our life is by no means satisfactory.
(虽然我们的国家富有,但我们的生活质量仍差强人意。)
It is conceivable / obvious / apparent that + 句子:可想而知/明显/显然……
例句:It is apparent that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
(显然,知识在我们人生中扮演着重要角色。)
The + 形容词比较级 + S + V, the + 形容词比较级 + S + V:……愈……,……愈……
例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.
(愈努力,愈进步。)
Since + S + 动词过去式,S + 现在完成式: 自从……,……一直……
例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
(自从上了高中,他一直很用功。)
By + V-ing, S can V:通过……,……能够……
例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
(通过做运动,我们能够保持健康。)
be based on sth.:以.……为基础
例句:Progress in society is based on harmony.
(社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。)
That is the reason why +句子:那就是……的原因
例句:Summer is sultry[闷热的]. That is the reason why I dont like it.
(夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。)
There is no one but + V + O:没有人不……
例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.
(没有人不渴望上大学。)
Due to / Owing to / Thanks to + sth. / V-ing:因为/ 多亏……
例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
(因为他的鼓励,我终于实现了梦想。)
For the past + 时间, S + 现在完成式: 过去的……来,……一直……
例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
(过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。)
What a + a. + n. + S + V!= How + a. + a + n. + V!:多么……!
例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise! / How important a thing it is to keep our promise! (遵守诺言是多么重要的事!)
get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V:养成……的习惯
例句:We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
(我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。)
leave much to be desired:令人不满意
例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
(我们的交通状况令人不太满意。)
Those who + V + O:那些……的人
例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
(违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。)
have a great influence on sth.:对……有很大影响
例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.
(抽烟对我们的健康有很大影响。)
spare no effort to + V:不遗余力地……
例句:We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
(我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。)
do good / harm to sth.:对……有益/有害
例句:Reading does good to our mind.
(读书对心灵有益。)
pose a great threat to sth.:对……造成很大威胁
例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
(污染对我们的生存造成很大威胁。)
bring home to + S + O:让……明白……
例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
(我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。)
do ones utmost to + V = do ones best to + V:尽全力去……
例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
(我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。)
篇16:应用文写作基础知识
全文共 2898 字
+ 加入清单立意
立意的含义:
应用文写作的目的性:1、阐明写作者的主张、观点、意图。2、下达指示、传达政策、布置工作、通知事项。3、传递信息、交流情况、总结经验。
应用文的主旨:应用文的主旨就是写作者(或个人单位)通过全篇内容表达出来的贯穿全文的写作意图、观点和公务活动的行为意向。它具体表现在以下几个方面。
1、应用文的主旨是写作者通过全篇内容表达出来的贯穿全文的写作意图。
2、应用文的主旨是写作者通过全篇内容表达出来的观点。
3、应用文的主旨是写作者通过全篇内容表达出来的公务活动的行为意向。
应用文的立意:立意就是确立应用文的主旨。立意是写作者酝酿、斟酌的过程,主旨就是立意的结果。主旨在应用文写作中的地位决定了立意的重要性。立意直接影响主旨的质量优劣和成败。
立意的特点:
1.客观性:主观性:观念性:时代性:
立意的要求:
1.准确:深刻:鲜明:
2.集中:
3.新颖:
4.立意的依据:
1.具体工作的需要:客观实际需要:以材料为基础
2.立意的方法:大体有以下几种
1、对比筛选:分析归纳:
2、集思广益:
第二节 选准角度:
谋篇的含义:是指作者组织材料,设计、安排结构的过程。通常,谋篇又叫安排文章的篇章结构。
谋篇的内容
一、材料的组织
1.材料的含义:材料是指为写作而搜集。准备的具有一定意义和价值的资料。
原始材料:平时有意识采撷和积累而未写入文章的材料,称原始材料。 资料:可以为应用文写作服务的那些文书、档案、报刊、图书、文献材料,称为资料。
(1)、材料是提出问题的依据
(2)、主旨依靠材料加以说明和支撑
2.、材料的搜集
.直接材料和间接材料
直接材料是作者在深入生活、工作实践中亲自观察、体验、感受和经历所得到的第一手材料。
间接材料是作者从现成的书面文字材料和别人转述的材料中得到的又称二手资料。
(1).历史材料和现实材料
(2).正面材料和反面材料
(3)具体材料和概括材料
具体材料是多指反映局部问题、个别事例、特殊情况的个别性材料。
概括材料是指反映全局的问题、整体概貌、一般情况的综合材料。 3、搜集出来的方法
(1).观察与体验。
观察就 体验是
.调查研究。
即使指综合运用观察、体验、查询、阅读等手段,采用开座谈会、个别访问、现场了解、蹲点调查、问卷调查等方法获取所需材料,从中探求事物的性质、特点和规律。
(2)积累、查阅资料。
内容包括报刊资料、图书资料、档案文献资料,单位、部门在工作中形成的各种书面文字质料,各种文件、法规汇编、统计报表、音像资料,个人笔记、日记等。 4、材料的选择
(1).以主旨为中心:鉴别真伪,选取真实准确的材料挑选能反映事物本质与特点的材料:、要选择新颖的材料:所谓新颖材料,一是指新近发生的事实;二是虽非新近发生却为新近发现而鲜为人知的事实;三是虽为人知因被变换视角而具有新意的材料;
新颖的材料,是具有新鲜性和感染力,能增强文章的可读性。
5、材料的组织
(1).要主次有序:直接说明表现主旨的重要材料,应置于主要核心地位;配合或间接说明、表现主旨的材料,应置于次要。 (2).要详略得当:骨干材料、核心材料,要注意详尽;过度材料、交待性材料或意义有所重复的材料要相应从略。
(3)要归类使用:所谓材料的组合,即根据材料的性质及相互关系将材料归类使用。
二、结构的安排
1、结构的含义:“结构”这个词,原来是建筑学中的术语,指建筑物的骨架或内部构造。后人借用来称文章的组织构造,又称谋篇布局。
应用文的结构内容包括:一是确定文章的基本格式。二是安排好正文的组织结构。
结构具有两方面的作用:(1)可以根据主旨的需要,把全部内容纳入恰当的结构形式中,使主旨得到正确体现,材料有所依附,文章构成一个有机整体。(2)可以按照作者的思路,把观点和材料加以适当地组织,使文章有条理、有层次,纲举目张,和谐有序。
2、结构的特点:(1)格式化:(2)单一化:(3)条理化:(4)严密化:
3、结构的安排:写文章必须讲究结构,因为只有按照主题的需要,对材料加以精心的组织,妥帖的安排,文章才能条理清楚、层次分明、前后连贯、主旨鲜明,才能有好的表达效果,使文章发挥应有的作用。
开头:结尾:结尾
应用文的结尾又几种形式:
1.总结式:。
2.强调式:
3.呼应式:。
4.请求式:。
5.展望式:。
层次:又叫意义段,它是应用文章思想内容的有序体现。其层次间的结构形式不外乎有并列式、总分式、递进式、主从式等几种形式。
应用文的段落表现形式有两种:条款式和提行式。
应用文的过度方式主要有三种,即词语过渡、句子过渡、段落过渡。
4、结构的形式
常见的应用文结构的形式主要有:纵式结构、横式结构、纵横式结构、条款是结构、一段式结构。
三、谋篇的原则
1、服从文章主旨的需要:
2、反映客观事物的发展规律和内部联系:适应不同文体的要求:文体不同,结构的样式和要求也会不同。
3、为读者着想:
语言含义:是思想的载体,是人类最重要的交际工具,是使应用文文章内容得以完美表达的文字符号。
应用文语言的特点:
一 规范性:应用文语言应符合社会的、时代的、科学的语言标准。其中最重要的一条是,应用文语言要符合现代汉语普通话的语言标准。
1 .文字必须用简化字
2.词汇必须遵守现代汉语普通话词语规范
二 专门性:应用文在长期实践中逐渐成为人们所沿用的规范性的语言。
1.事务性词汇:
2.专业术语:
三 平实庄重:是指应用文语言的平直朴实。
应用文语言的要求
1.精确:
2.正确:
3.简练:
4.平易:
应用文语言的表达方式
应用文的写作过程中,当主旨已确定,材料已齐备,结构已安排好,接着就是运用语言文字的手段以及不同的方法,将它们充分、具体、完美地表达出来。这个手段和方法就称为表达方式。
叙述:以具体说明事物的特征等等。
叙述六要素:即何人、何事、何时、何地、何因、何果。
(1)叙述要客观:应用文是客观事物的真实反映,因此,表达事物时,要作客观的叙述,力求真实、准确,不带主观感情色彩。
(2)叙述要完整:
说明:是对客观事物进行解释、阐述的表达方式。它具有解说、剖析事物的状态、性质、内容、成因、规律、关系、功能等作用。
1.常用的说明方法
(1).介绍说明法:。
(2).定义说明法:
(3).解释说明法:
(4).分类说明法:。
(5).比较说明法:
(6).举例说明法:
2.在运用说明的方法时的注意事项
(1).要注意内容的科学性。
(2).要注意表达的客观性。
(3).要注意语言的简洁、明晰。准确、朴素、通俗易懂。
3.议论:
议论三要素:1、论证: 2、论据:3、论点:(1).议论的基本形式有以下两种: 立论:
驳论:
(2).议论的类型又以下两种:
述评性议论:
证明性议论:
修改
修改的含义:修改是立意的深化和继续,也是运用增、删、调、补等手段,加工初稿,完善文章的过程。
修改的范围
修改文章可以从内容和形式两个方面入手。在内容方面,可以从标题。主旨、材料方面进行修改;在形式方面,可以从结构、语言、以及行款格式、标点符号等方面进行修改。
1.标题的修改 2.主旨的修改 3.材料的修改 4.结构的修改
5.语言的修改 6.性款格式的修改 7.标点符号的修给
修改的方法
1.出头梳理,理清思路 2.注意细节,字斟句酌 3.冷处理法
篇17:我的姐姐高中英语作文
全文共 416 字
+ 加入清单my sister likes always goes swimming in last summer she was very unlucky.
she put her clothes in an old was hard to lock she went to she played happily in the swimming hours later,she went out the water and took out the key to the soon she found she cant open it at spent about half an hour to open it but nothing course she couldnt wear a swimming suit and go was worry about it.
at last she was kicked the it opened!
篇18:高中英语作文:奥巴马的最后任职期限
全文共 997 字
+ 加入清单Barack Obama who is the first black president in America will finish his last term of office soon. He is going to move away the White House and relieve his job as president. I still remember the time when Obama won the election and gave his inspiring speech, he said he wanted to make some changes to America.
Now 8 years have passed, his words have been tested.
Some people think he is a good president even though they don’t think what Obama brought to the country did not make a big difference.
But no one will deny that Obama is very humorous, it is known to all that he likes to watch the TV series. He keeps his eyes on them and sometimes he will play jokes in his personal Facebook. During his last term, he joined the talk show and showed his humor.
美国历史上第一位黑人总统巴拉克奥巴马很快就会完成他的最后任期。
他将离开白宫和卸下他作为总统的工作。我还记得当年奥巴马赢得大选, 发表了鼓舞人心的演讲,他说他想给给美国带来一些改变。
现在8年过去了,他的话会得到检验。有些人认为他是一个好总统,即使他们并不认为奥巴马给国家带来很大的影响。
但没有人会否认,奥巴马很幽默,众所周知,他喜欢看电视连续剧。他一直关注着美剧,有时他会在他的个人脸谱账号上玩笑。在他最后的任期里,他还参加了谈话节目,展示了他的幽默。
篇19:写作基础-记叙文的六要素
全文共 2007 字
+ 加入清单导语:记叙文六要素一般指时间,地点,人物,事情的起因,经过,结果。
有人认为此提法不妥,一般的记叙文中经常出现时间模糊、地点不明甚至不交代的情况。其实此处的“要素”是写记叙文时必备的,孩子从小写习作必须交代清楚六要素,至于现在文学的模糊性,是一个时代的产物,可是这些基本的文体知识还是需要严格掌握的。
还有一种说法是记叙文三要素为环境,人物,主要内容下面小编就给大家整理了详细记叙文六要素。欢迎大家阅读!
作用:
第一要素是时间,年,月,日,时写清楚。
第二要素是地点,要写环境和发生事情的地点。
第三要素是人物,写事情里的人物。
第四要素是起因,为何发生这件事。
第五要素是经过,来龙去脉写清楚;
第六要素是结果,交代好结局。
大家千万要记住,文章要具体,主题才突出。
记叙顺序:顺叙,倒叙,插叙,补叙,分叙。
表达方式:叙述,描写,议论,说明,抒情。
人物描写:肖像,语言,神态,动作和心理描写。
环境描写:自然环境和社会环境描写。
记叙文的写法:
1:时间
2:地点
3:人物
4:事件与事件背景
5:反映的道理(主题)
6:自己在这个事件中的顿悟,体会,感想。
这些都同样重要,如果少了其中任意一点,就不是记叙文了。
常用修辞:
比喻
根据事物的相似点,用具体的、浅显、熟知的事物来说明抽象的、深奥的、生疏的事物,即打比方。作用:能将表达的内容说得生动具体形象,给人以鲜明深刻的印象,用浅显常见的事物对深奥生疏事物解说、帮助人深入理解。比喻的三种类型:明喻、暗喻和借喻。 明喻 甲像乙 出现 像、似的、好像、如、宛如、好比、犹如 如: 那小姑娘好像一朵花一样 暗喻 甲是乙 出现 是、成为 如:那又浓又翠的景色,简直就是一幅青山绿水画 借喻 甲代乙 不出现无知:地上射起无数的箭头,房顶上落下万千条瀑布。
拟人
把物当做人写,赋予物以人的言行或思想感情,用描写人的词来描写物。 作用:把禽兽鸟虫花草树木或其他无生命的事物当成人写,使具体事物人格化,语言生动形象。 如:桃树、杏树、梨树、你不让我,我不让你,都开满了花赶趟儿。
夸张
对事物的性质,特征等故意地夸张或缩小。 作用:提示事物本质,烘托气氛,加强渲染力,引起联想效果。 类别 特点 例句 扩大夸张 对事物形状、性质、特征、作用、程度等加以夸大柏油路晒化了,甚至铺户门前的铜牌好像也要晒化 缩小夸张 对事物形象、性质、特征、作用、程度等加以缩小 只能看到巴掌大的一块天地 超前夸张 把后出现的说成先出现,把先出现的说成后出现 她还没有端酒杯,就醉了。
排比
把结构相同或相似、语气一致,意思相关联的句子或成分排列在一起。 作用:增强语言气势,增强表达效果。 如:他们的品质是那样的纯洁和高尚,他们的意志是那样的坚韧和刚强,他们的气质是那样的淳朴和谦逊,他们的胸怀是那样的美丽和宽广。(魏巍《谁是最可爱的人》)
对偶
字数相等,结构形式相同,意义对称的一对短语或句子,表达两个相对或相近的意思。 作用:整齐匀称,节奏感强,高度概括,易于记忆,有音乐美感。 如:横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛。(鲁迅《自嘲》)
反复
为了强调某个意思,表达某种感情,有意重复某个词语句子。 反复的种类:连续反复和间隔反复,连续反复中间无其他词语间隔。间隔反复中间有其他的词语。 如:山谷回音,他刚离去,他刚离去。(柯岩《周总理你在哪里》)(连续反复) 好像失了三省,党国倒愈像一个国,失了东三省谁也不想,党国倒愈像一个国。(鲁迅《“友邦惊诧”论》)(间隔反复)
设问
为了引起别人的注意,故意先提出问题,然后自己回答。 作用:提醒人们思考,有的为了突出某些内容。 如:花儿为什么这样红?首先有它的物质基础。(贾祖璋《花儿为什么这样红》)
反问
无疑无问,用疑问形式表达确定的意思,用肯定形式反问表否定,用否定形式反问表肯定。 如:我呢,我难道没有应该责备的地方吗?
引用
引用现成的话来提高语言表达效果,分直接引用和间接引用两种。 如:"虚心使人进步,骄傲使落后",我们应该记住这一真理。
借代
用相关的事物代替所要表达的事物。 借代种类:特征代事物、具体代抽象、部分代全体、整体代部分。 如:不拿群众一针一线。(《三大纪律八项注意》) 先生,给现钱,袁世凯,不行么?(叶圣陶《多收了三五斗》)
反语
用与本意相反的词语或句子表达本意,以说反话的方式加强表达效果。有的讽刺揭露,有的表示亲密友好的感情。 如:(清国留学生)也有解散辫子,盘得平的,除下帽来,油光可鉴,宛如小姑娘的发髻一般,还要将脖子扭几扭,实在标致极了。(鲁迅《藤野先生》)
对比
对比是把两种不同事物或者同一事物的两个方面,放在一起相互比较的一种修辞。 例如: 有的人活着,他已经死了;有的人死了,他还活着。(臧克家《有的人》)(编录人教版小学语文六年级上册)
运用对比,必须对所要表达的事物的矛盾本质有深刻的认识。对比的两种事物或同一事物的两个方面,应该有互相对立的关系,否则是不能构成对比的。
篇20:微型小说的写作基础指导
全文共 2697 字
+ 加入清单微型小说又名小小说,超短篇小说,一分钟小说。过去它作为短篇小说的一个品种而存在, 后来的发展使它已成为一种独立的文学样式,其性质被界定为"介于边缘短篇小说和散文之 间的一种边缘性的现代新兴文学体裁"。阿·托尔斯泰认为:"小小说是训练作家最好的学 校。"(《论文学》)
日本作家星新一指出:"很久以前就存在着类似超短篇小说的作品。……但是,超短篇小说 这个名字的正式出现,是源于美国。"多数人推崇美国作家欧·亨利(1862-1910) 是创始人。他的近三百篇作品,情节生动,笔调幽默。其中《麦琪的礼物》脍灸人口。可以 这么说,超短篇小说具有立意新颖、情节严谨、结局新奇三要素。即在1500字以内,要概 括出普通小说应具有的一切。也可以说,微型小说是一种敏感,从一个点、一个画面、一个 对比、一声赞叹、一瞬间之中,捕捉住了小说--一种智慧、一种美、一个耐人寻味的场景, 一种新鲜的思想。
微型小说在写作上追求的目标是四个字:微、新、密、奇。
一、微。指的是篇幅微小,不超过一千五百个字。因此,构思和行文时必须注意字句的 凝炼,不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如马克·吐温的《丈夫支出帐本中的一页》。全文只有七 行字,却具有长篇小说的全部情节。
二、新。指的是立意新颖,风格清新。星新一写作一分钟小说,就极力追求"新"。他写道: "有些评论家把我的小说与美国的超短篇小说(Short-Short)混为一谈,这是不妥当的。 我是受了美国超短篇小说的影响。但是没有完全依靠,而是发挥了自己独特的风格和技巧。 我的小说强调一个新字,给读者以新题材、新知识,甚至让他们感到惊讶!"(星新一《一 分钟小说选》)为此,他常常借助于童话、寓言、科幻、推理等手法,通过非现实的题材或 现实题材的非现实笔法,反映他在现实生活中的独特的感觉,表现清新的主题,如他的《保 修》。 当然,微型小说的立意和其它形式的小说作品一样,有时并不是一眼能看出的,有时主题并 非一个,是多元化的,这都是可以的。例如美国著名科幻作家弗里蒂克·布朗写的一篇被称 为世界上最短的科学幻想小说:"地球上最后一个人独自坐在房间里,这时忽然响起了敲门 声……"就写得十分别致而耐人寻味。
三、密。指的是结构严密。微型小说的作者在结构上,应力求时间、场所、人物都尽可 能地压缩、集中,使作品结构简练、精巧,如同微雕工艺品那样。因此,特别要在选材、剪 裁和布局上下功夫。
四、奇。指的是结尾要新奇巧妙,出人意料。微型小说的特点多半在于一个"奇"字。 中外作家的许多优秀作品就常在结尾处使人拍案叫绝。如邵宝健的《永远的门》的结尾就出 人意料。
对待微型小说的特点及技巧,一要弄通掌握, 争取在理论指导下站在较高起点上进行实践,二要灵活运用,甚至不去联系,让它们在潜意识中随时起到作用。还可以摹仿。照搬形式、技巧, 发扬精华,受到感应,并力求创新,出自己意。上述特点, 特别是"博采众长"中已经具备了微型小说的一些结构要求。以下再列出一种模式,供初学者学习。
模式如下:
【开头】要使人"一见钟情"。方式有三种:
1.造成悬念,引起兴趣。如《那团云雾》,开头就写不知怎的没了游兴,连山顶上也罩上一团云雾。
2.开门见山,进入情节。往往开头就是人物对话。
3.含蓄蕴藉,曲径通幽。往往描写景物, 烘托铺垫并有照应和伏笔。
【中间】结构主要有三种基本类型:
1.曲折生致式。
①单线曲折,一波三折。如王任叔的《河豚子》,写一农民在二三十年代的社会背景中,因穷困而自杀的过程:弄回毒鱼, 却看到孩子们兴高采烈;怕见惨象而出外, 回来后却见妻儿欢笑等待;吃后等死,却因鱼失去毒性,死不成仍要受苦。
②双线交叉,内在联系。一人两事,或两人一事;可以是两条明线,也可一明一暗,互为陪衬。如《小星的暑假日记》, 父亲编造假材料,儿子编写假日记。父亲打骂儿子后, 再要写材料时只好苦笑。
③反复回环,同中见异。如《奇妙的循环不等式》,车上只有一个空位,售票员不让老太太坐,却让"首长"坐。 司机上车后赶开"首长"请经理坐,经理的丈母娘正是老太太。 又如《他们都是瞎子》,写一对青年热恋、结婚、离婚时都看见一对瞎子相搀相扶。
④前后对比,双峰对峙。 如《变化》写一个业余作者先后发表两篇稿件后,单位领导不同的态度。
(5)欲扬先抑,欲抑先扬。前者,"扬"是主体, 却先在"抑"上着笔,突然一转归于"扬"。后者相反。这样,产生了情节发展的意外性,加强了相反相成的艺术效果。
2.重旨复意式。微型小说应以小暗示大,达到意义的升华;要讲象外之旨,言外之意,引起读者想象。主要采用:①象征。 用具体物象寓示概念或另一形象,但只起结构作用, 不是象在诗歌中着力描写的中心形象那样。如《枪口》, 写一官复原职的领导用别人送的枪打下猎物时,得知走后门的"枪口"也对准了他。 ②双关。如《向不通》, 写大学生向不通十年勤恳工作反不如工作差的升得上去,因而"想不通"。③比喻。如《"炮"炸宴席》, 写小孙子在酒宴上放炮仗捣乱, 又在爷爷不满新经理四十来岁年纪轻时放"炮":"你不是十八岁就当县长!爸爸三十出头就当厂长了! "④省略。这是一种具象化的空白。如《落果》, 老门卫退休后门口枣树上果子不熟就被打光,他写信给厂长:"连几十张馋嘴都管不住,还管厂。"接着省略了厂长感奋、整顿厂风的情节, 而写第二年老师傅收到一包红枣。
3.采用其它文体和艺术体裁的特长。
【结尾】结尾宜巧,要"回眸一笑"。主要有三种:
1.画龙点睛,首尾呼应。如《那团云雾》,开头败了游兴,峰顶似乎有团云雾,结尾那团云雾也不见了。
2.戛然而止,含蓄隽永。如二百来字的《书法家》,局长在书法展览会上应邀不过写了两个拿手的好字是"同意", 面对惊叹和要求只好无奈地说?quot;能写好的数这两个字……"这样结尾, 韵味无穷,艺术容量很大。
以上两种结尾方法只能撩起读者短暂的激动,最佳结尾是:
3.出人意外,扣人心弦。即"欧·享利式结尾",其特点是"巧"。整个布局为结尾服务,读者以为情节东向演进, 结果却西向而行,抖包袱,亮底牌。这种结尾, 打破了情节发展惯用的结构手法,给人以新奇感,深化了主题,增加了容量。大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》就是这样,一对穷困夫妻为在节日时互送礼物而煞费苦心,最后礼物拿出来却没用:一个卖掉金表为妻子买了梳子, 一个剪掉长发为丈夫买了根表链。又如澳大利亚的《窗》,靠窗的病人每天为角落病人描述窗外美景,为苍白的生活增光添彩。 但是角落病人却见死不救,图谋到了靠窗的好位置,抬头望见窗外只是一堵高墙。