英语写作教学反思20篇简短（经典20篇）

1)结构2)内容要点 3)语言(词组搭配、句型、句式变化、过渡词)看结构和内容要点定分数档，看语言给成绩。这是中考英语阅卷的潜规则。 三段四步法——中考英语满分杀手锏 知己知彼，方能百战不殆，既然中考阅卷流程和内部标准已经明朗化，相对的策略也就顺利成章的形成了。现在和大家分享，笔者教学和阅卷过程中总结创立的写作满分秘诀。

1 “三段”(三个段落)——针对的阅卷老师先看文章结构和内容要点，让阅卷老师不得不给你定位一类文。 中高考情景是作文，无论是那种文体，都可以用三段法来表示。这个方法的起源是来自美国的“高考”SAT考试，(SAT是美国或它国学生想要申请美国大学必须参加的考试，故被叫过美国的高考)。 我们管这样的文章叫做HamburgerWriting(汉堡写作)

顾名思义，就是无论是记叙文、还是议论文、或者08年中考以及09一模西城的夹叙夹议文章，都可以通用。简单解释如下：

在小学的英语教案的阅读中，教师有时往往为了培养学生对英语学习的兴趣，经常会利用游戏，因为游戏受到学生的喜爱。课堂上唱唱跳跳，说说演演，形式花哨，十分热闹，使学生在快乐中接受教师预设的价值取向。但时间一久，我们不难发现：很多学生原有的最初的学习热情急剧下降，原始的兴趣正逐渐地不复存在，他们会因为有些游戏的重复，而显得无精打采。在课堂教学中经常会遇到这样的情况：课前教师不遗余力的精心设计游戏组织来吸引学生兴趣；课上学生走来走去，又是叫又是跑，甚是热闹，这样的教学次序直接影响教师的教学流程，教学环节流于形式；往往一堂课后，学生懵懵懂懂，一知半解；长此以往，学生捧着课本迷惑地望着你，不知道自己到底要学习和掌握书上的哪些内容。究其原因不难发现，课堂环节安排不合理，所学的知识没及时巩固，知识没能螺旋上升，直接导致教学的畸形，学生的学习成绩往往大家都不满意。面对如此频频告急的教学危机，这不能不引发我们的反思。

我个人认为，激发学生对学科兴趣的过程中，不能只停留在课堂表面的“活”，“乐”，“玩”中。我们更要注重学科本身，从学得后产生的成功体验来不断滋长兴趣，挖掘学生学习的内驱力。在教学中我们应该做到如下几点：

一、面向全体，分层教学

在游戏教学过程中，不可回避的如何对待优中差生。我们设计的游戏要注重面向全体学生，难度适中，让大家都参与。可以根据学生的个人素质，性格特点，记忆力反应速度等，因材施教，分层要求，以求最有效的激励机制促学生不断上进。

二、组织得法，严谨有序

做好游戏的组织工作，做到有条不紊，活而不乱。小学生天性爱游戏，争强好胜，有些学生做起来容易忘乎所以，甚至在课堂上，有时会情不自禁地高声喊，因此，首先，有开始游戏之前讲清规则。纪律要求，评分标准，防患未然。在游戏过程中即使还出现一些混乱，要能理解学生的心理，不一味批评，而是积极讲清楚，在集体活动中，大家应该遵守规则。

三、适时适度

我认为不能力求面面俱到，游戏过多，而忽略了主要教学内容的讲授和训练，喧宾夺主，把英语课上成游戏娱乐课，那就适得其反了。课堂游戏应该为课堂教学服务，当他成为一种摆设，或者是为游戏而游戏的时候，课堂游戏就失去了他的魅力了。

叶圣陶先生对《一张画像》这篇作文作了仔细的推敲、修改，主要是从以下六个方面修改的。

(1)

把用词不准确的地方改准确。除课文已经举到的把“一张画像”改为“一幅画像”、把“书皮”改成“包书纸”外，还有：作文中写“我递给同桌小强看，还不停地给他讲着”，叶老将“不停”改为“悄悄”，这就更符合当时正在上课的实际情况。作文中写“原来拿画的正是王老师”，叶老将“画”改为“几何课本”，因为王老师拿的是带有图画的课本，并不是一幅画。作文中还写王老师“谈到今天，也谈到了明天，并不断地问我”，叶老将“并不断地”改为“最后他”，因为王老师不可能不断地问同一个问题，叶老这样一改就合乎情理了。

(2)

把不通顺的句子改通顺。作文中写“口里还不住地呐喊：‘冲啊，向几何进军！’”这个句子用词不准确，因为呐喊是大声喊叫、助威的意思，而画面是不可能出声的，叶老改为“从口里还吐出来几个字……”这样就既符合画面的意思，又表达确切。作文中写“我的脸顿时变得通红”，还有最后一句“我的脸顿时臊得通红”，这两句都不真实，因为这时自己是看不到自己脸色的变化的，叶老分别改为“我的脸顿时一阵热”“臊得我脸上顿时火辣辣地一阵热”，这就真实可信了。作文中写“我被他的兴致勾引起来”，这句话没说清楚“我”的什么被王老师勾起来了，所以叶老调整了词序，改为“我的兴致被他勾引起来了”。作文中还写道：“我看见他的粗眉紧皱着，像拧成了一股黑绳。”“拧成了一股黑绳”比喻不当，言过其实，叶老改成“我看见他紧皱着眉头”，不仅文字简洁，也符合当时的实际情况。

(3)

把长句断成短句。如，把“那站在门口手里拿着大三角板和大圆规的王老师，就是我们的新班主任”，改为“我们的新班主任王老师站在教室门口，手里拿着大三角板和大圆规”。把“左边又画了两个少先队员拿着两簇鲜花”改为“靠左边又画了两个少先队员，手里拿着鲜花”，这样把长句断成短句，不但表达得清楚明白，而且读起来也朗朗上口。

(4)

删去重复啰唆的词句。这类修改的地方非常多。如，“他从班上的小事情一直谈到了国家的大事情，谈到了今天，也谈到了明天”，这句话中“了”字用得太多，显得啰唆，叶老都删去了。再如，“看见王老师一个人在桌旁画着什么”，“桌旁”一词没有必要，叶老也删去了。删去重复啰唆的词语，句子就干净简洁多了。

(5)

增添一些词句，使表达的意思更清楚、更完整。如，作文中写“我跟你一样，也喜欢画画，尤其是人像”，叶老把“尤其是人像”改为“尤其喜欢画人像”。因为“尤其是人像”也可以理解成尤其喜欢人像的图画之类，加上了“喜欢画”三个字，意思就清楚明白了。再如，作文中写“小强突然告诉我，王老师叫我到数学教研组去。没料到王老师见到我来了，就笑着问……”这里的前后两句话衔接得不好，“没料到”的意思没有体现出来。叶老添上“我以为准是要挨‘斥儿’了”，这样，句与句之间的衔接就比较紧密，意思表达得也比较准确完整了。

(6)

改正错别字和使用不当的标点符号。作文中有好几处将“像”写成“象”，叶老一一加以改正。标点符号方面的修改也比较多，有的逗号改成句号，有的句号改成逗号，还有感叹号改成句号，这些修改都值得仔细琢磨，都是很有道理的。还有几处比较明显的标点错误，如，“我就轻轻地叫了声：‘王老师’。”这句话中间不能用冒号。“心就像刚上岸的鱼‘扑腾、扑腾’一个劲儿地跳。”中间要用逗号断开，“扑腾扑腾”不必加顿号。“就像是在欢迎着家长似的……”“吹得我心里甜滋滋的……”两句话中所使用的省略号也没有必要。所有这些，叶老都一一加以修改，可见叶老对这篇作文的修改是多么仔细、认真。

现就中学作文教学谈一下自己的看法：

首先，必须让学生充分认识到写作文的重要性。

对于语文，作文分数比例是让人不敢忽视的，在150分的总分中作文就占了1/3甚至更多，这是一个很大的比重，由此可见，写作教学真可谓是语文学科教学的“半壁江山”。尤其对于普通班的学生，就算他们的基础和阅读比较差，但是却不会影响他们在作文方面拿多一些分数。因此，在语文教学中，不光我们语文教师要重视作文教学，更重要的是让学生从根本上认识到作文的重要性。要让学生知道你基础再差都要去写作文，特别是在考试中，千万不要以为自己的作文写得差就胡乱完成甚至不写。

其次，培养学生观察生活、体验生活的能力。

写作文，最重要的就是要写出自己的真情实感。真情实感从哪里来呢?那就是现在生活，我们只有在仔细观察现实生活，从生活实际出发，对现实生活进行思考，才能做到表达出自己内心的真实想法。因此，在作文教学中，我们一定要让学生充分认识现实生活，让他们体验生活，从中培养他们的观察能力和领悟能力，让他们从中学会独立表达，写出发自内心的话语。引导学生留心生活，观察生活，从生活中积累素材是写好作文的重要途径。让学生充分认识现实生活，让他们体验生活，不但能有效地培养他们的观察能力和思维能力，而且能让学生把自己的真情实感通过自己的笔墨描绘下来。因此，我们平时应该多引导学生去参与社会活动，仔细观察，认真寻找其中的素材，那么他们的习作一定会绚烂多彩。

第三，避免面面俱到。

在以前的作文训练中，我们教师往往会要求学生在文体、立意、谋篇到谴词造句做到面面俱到，且字数一般不得少于600字。但是，这样的要求却并不一定能收到良好的训练效果，因为大多数学生完成这样的一篇作文需要花费不少的时间。而且，由于一次作文花费的时间多，而语文又不能仅上写作课，写作的次数很有限，每学期仅六至八次作文，训练重点又不突出，学生的写作能力自然难以提高。并且，每次作文要求面面俱到，学生很难取得成功，受到老师的表扬。长此以往，在多次失败的打击下，学生就会对作文产生厌倦、害怕甚至对抗的心理。在这种消极情绪的支配下，又怎能写出好作文呢?因此，在作文训练中我们最好进行某一方面的训练，而不应面面俱到，希望学生能一次性地就写出一篇上好的作文来，对普通班的学生更是如此。

作文讲评课是作文教学过程中的一个极其重要的环节。它是根据作文教学的要求，对批改中发现的学生作文的优缺点进行分析和评价的过程。在作文教学的全过程中，它具有承前启后的作用，既是对前 一次作文的总结，又是对后一次作文的指导。感谢这次同研一节课，让我对作文讲评课有了新的体会。反思这堂作文讲评课，我认 为其成功之处在于：首先教师要给自己一个恰当的定位，扮演好导演的角色，引导学生一步步走向目标。这中间，教师要擅于调控课堂，做到

有收有放，收放自如。其次，让学生成为课堂的主角，积极参与到课堂活动中，教师是活动中的一员，在生生、师生的互动中生成新知识。再次，教师要擅于评价和鼓励，用精当的评语调动学生的积极性。 在课上，我还注重让学生练习有条理地说话、恰当地表达自己的思想感情，锻炼学生的朗读能力、概括能力，培养学生修改习作的意识和能力等。让作文课不单是写，而且还有听、说、读等方面的训练。本课里同样也有一些有待改进的地方，如： 环节上还有些把得死，想放开，可是不知道学生会说什么，怕驾驭不了，所以设计的时候还是走了保守的路线。这说明还是课堂调控能力不是很强，需要进一步锻炼并加强学习。 在方法的总结上还是老师说得多，学生的认识仅限于表面，说明写作的方法、评价的方法及角度还是把握不好，需要教师在平时的教学中加强指导，促进学生的写作、评价水平都能提高一个新高度。 如何利用作文讲评为学生开创一个正常的自由表达空间，是作文教学面临的难题，在今后的作文教学中，要使学生 逐步掌握写作技巧，在作文讲评中真正体会到写作之乐，从而达到提高写作水平。 我将尽量抓住几个关键环节。

一、树立大作文教学观，正确评价学生的作文

学生的活动天地和思维空间会使他们的一些做法显得有些幼稚，想法有些天真，但那是他们真实情感的流露。按照 “写作教学应贴近学生实际，让学生易于动笔，乐于表达，应引导学生关注现实，热爱生活，说真话、实话、心理话，表达真情实感 ”的要求，在作文评价中，要站在学生的角度去欣赏学生的作文，尊重学生的意愿.重视对学生道德品质的培养，教会他们讲真话。只要具体明白、具有真情实感，教师都应给予肯定和鼓励。只有这样，才能使学生从内心出发，写自己想写的、所追求的、所欣赏的，从而激发他们的写作激情，同时促进他们在知、情、意、行等多方面素质的发展。

二、以欣赏的眼光，科学评价学生的作文

作文讲评不是单纯的教师评、学生听，而是师生之间、同学之间进行讨论、评议、修改的互动过程，是师生共同参与的教学活动。要想使评讲课上的生动活泼，教师必须根据作文训练的要求和学生作文的实际情况，灵活选择教学方法并不断创新，才能使作文讲评真正起到抛砖引玉、穿针引线的作用。 以欣赏的眼光来，首先要善于肯定。教师要抓住学生争强好胜的心理，在讲评过程中通过设置灵活多样的欣赏环节，如 “榜上有名 ”、 “佳作亮相 ”、 “片段欣赏 ”等，让学生朗读自己的作品，畅谈自己的写作思路。同时还要注意肯定学生自己的相对进步，从而使每个层次的学生都有展示自己的进步和成绩的机会，使被评价者通过他人的赞赏而受到激励。另外我们还可让学生的表现延展至课外，如鼓励他们投稿等，让他们充分 “炫耀 “自己的成果，享受成功的快乐。 其次在欣赏的过程中教师还要注意 “赏中有评 ”。一是教师要善于用富有启迪性、商讨性、趣味性的语言点拨，引导学生共同讨论.各抒己见，让学生用自己的眼光评评好在哪里，妙在哪里，欠缺又在哪里;二是教师要善于激发提高，唤起学生 “我要修改、我要写得更好 ”的心理需求，主动修改自己的习作。值得提出的是，在学生动手修改、互改前，教师一定要强调 “三分文章七分读 ”，并提出相应的要求，切不可草率过场，敷衍了事，这样在具体的欣赏、评析中，学生会产生一种羡慕之心，会自觉不自觉地以别人的优点为榜样，吸收其中对自己需要的东西.自觉投入修改作文的过程中去。 第三教师要抓住共性、突出重点。学生作文出现的共性问题，大致有以下几个方面：一是语句不够通顺;二是应用文的格式存在问题;三是记叙文的 “四要素 ”不全;四是议论文的论点不突出;五是文章的结构顺序比较混乱;六是记 “流水帐 ”，不能突出重点等。这些共性问题，其实都是学生作文的基础问题。评讲中，如果不注意这些共性问题，草草过场，往往它就成为我们作文教学路上的绊脚石，这点不容忽视。但我们又不能蜻蜓点水、面面俱到。因此教师要根据学生在作文中暴露出来的共性问题每次确定一到两个重点进行落实。

三、引领学生自改、互改，切实提高学生的自改能力

叶圣 陶老 先生说过： “作文教学要重在培养学生的自改能力 ”。因此，在讲评中，教师应充分调动学生的积极性，鼓励学生积极大胆地参与到自改、互改中来，引导学生进行自我反思，这是减轻老师工作负担和压力，培养学生动手、用脑等多方面能力的好举措。首先教师要明确修改方向、提出要求，学生对照要求自改;其次学生在自改的基础上进行互改。在这个过程中，学生可以学习到别人是如何触及生活、触及自然的，是如何展开大胆而合理的想象的，又是怎样以真情实感写出新颖的文章来的，在互改中培养学生的合作精神，在合作中相互学习，从而达到相互沟通、交流的目的。再次教师要引领修改，对部分学生进行面对面的评改和交流，用这种引路的方法，鼓励学生认真观察、亲临社会实践，把笔尖探到现实生活中去，从而激发学生的写作兴趣，以自己的真情实感去强化情感。 综上所述，只要我们语文老师能够抓住关键环节，在讲评作文时讲究科学，注重方法的指导和能力的培养，尊重学生的自主权，创造一个和谐、民主、自由、健康向上的学习、育人环境，我们的作文教学水平就一定能上一个新台阶。

[初中生作文课教学反思

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。

三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。

四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。

中考复习研讨会指导课件，极具价值。

关联词

1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both…and,

not only…but also, neither…nor;

2.表示选择: or, either…or;

3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all,

4.表示因果: because, so, therefore

5.表示条件: if , unless

6.表示对比: instead, not…but,

on the one hand…on the other hand;

7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as,

that is to say, in other words;

8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next,

later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;

9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually,

in fact,

10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word,generally speaking。

现在很多教师会从自己的教育实践中来反观自己的得失，通过教育案例、教育故事、或教育心得等来提高教学反思的质量。下面是小编帮大家整理的新派作文教学反思，希望大家喜欢。

一、教学环节的设置

我把整个教学过程分为几个部分：

1、出示孙悟空图片导入。通过让学生观察图片及阅读悟空的自我介绍让学生明白应该从哪些方面介绍自己的特点，从而引出课题。

2、教师做范例介绍自己，然后让学生评老师说了哪些方面内容，哪些内容印象最深。

3学生大胆介绍自己。同桌相互自我介绍 p评价；接着由个别学生上讲台作自我介绍，其余学生评价。

4. 游戏活动。

二、教学中反映出的问题。

虽然自己经过准备，并且做了大量的铺垫，但是在实际教学中学生掌握的情况却并不理想。主要存在以下问题：

1、学生的概念模糊不清。在教学中涉及到“特点”、“身材”、“衣着”等词语。由于我并没有做详细的讲解和比较，许多学生理解模糊，没有弄清楚含义，从而导致了学生到后来不知道该怎么写。

2、教学设环节设计混乱。在教学一开始，我就将“特点”这个抽象化的要领抛给学生，学生在没有深入理解的基础上，一知半解，使得后来我在后期虽然做了大量的讲解，但学生还是没有明白。

3、没有考虑到学生的需要。在教学中给学生设置了较低程度的要求，对学生指导过细对人物描写外貌不需面面俱到。

4、课堂最后一个环节，全班学生一齐观察我，造成学生的作文雷同，思路没有打开，缺乏个性，如果最后分组讨论：你准备写谁？小组交流，全班交流的环节效果会更好一些。

语文课程标准提出：“让学生乐于写作，易于表达。”我们对于三年级的学生的口语交际能力不能提出过高的要求。

数学教学是数学思维活动的教学，在数学教学过程中教师应随时关注学生思维的活动，促进学生数学思维能力的发展。《比例的意义和基本性质》一课，教材中安排的教学过程是让学生进行计算后引出比例的意义和比例的基本性质。如果按这样的教学过程进行教学，我们很难找到在这节课的教学中对学生数学思维能力发展的帮助，也就很难“帮助学生学会基本的数学思想方法”，学生数学思维能力的培养就成了一句空话。

教无定法，好的教学方法无疑能调动学生的学习积极性，提高课堂的授课效率。从目前情况看，部分教师的教学方法仍停留在灌输、填鸭、教师讲学生听的初级阶段，教学效果较差。

比例应用题这部分内容是在学过比例的意义和性质，成正、反比例的量的基础上进行教学的，这是比和比例知识的综合运用。教材首先说明应用正、反比例的知识可以解决一些实际问题。例1教学应用正比例的意义来解的基本应用题。为了加强知识之间的联系，先让学生用以前学过的方法解答，然后教学用比例的知识解答。通过方框中的说明突出了怎样进行思考的过程，特别强调了要判断题目中两种相关联的量成什么比例关系，以及列出比例式所需的相等关系，然后再设未知数，列出等式解答，并在解答的基础上引导学生想一想，如果改变例1题目里的条件和问题该怎样解答。

成比例的量，在生活实际中应用很广，这里使学生学习用比例的知识来解答，在原有认识的基础上，再让学生用其他方法解答同一题目，概括出一般规律。通过解答使学生进一步熟练地判断成正比例的量，从而加深对正比例意义的理解。有利于沟通知识间的联系，也为中学的数学、物理、化学等学科中应用比例知识解决一些问题做较好的准备。同时，由于解答时是根据比例意义来列等式，又可以巩固和加深对所学的简易方程的认识。所以，在教学上要十分重视从旧知识引申出新知识，在这过程中，蕴涵了抽象概括的方法，运用这个概括对新的实际问题进行判断，这是数学学习所特有的能力。

师：今天我们学习了用比例解应用题，同学们回顾一下：用比例解应用题的步骤是怎样的？

生1：第一步 判断题中的量成什么比例；

生2：第二步 设X

生3：第三步 列出含有X的比例式；

生4：第四步 解答并检验。

师：很好。同学们把解答比例应用题的步骤归纳得很好，确实我们在用比例解应用题时要先判断题中的量成什么比例，再按比例的方法列出比例式，然后解答和检验。下面请同学们按照这样的方法完成下面的几道题。（出示准备的练习题）

我带领学生把用比例解应用题的方法整理、归纳得天衣无缝，这样的小结对学生的当前解题确有帮助，或许在提示用比例方法解应用题时是不会出错的。但新课程强调的是面向学生的未来，试想想，这样的小结会给学生的将来带来什么？

由于把用比例解应用题归结为这样的四步，学生在解题时按照这样的四步也许是不会错的，但实际上用比例解应用题时，有的也不必一定要按照这样的四步，尽可能简单的列出算式，可以用多种方法列出比例式的题就出不来好效果了。学生的思维训练做不到灵活开放了。()更不用说通过练习提高学生思维的灵活性品质了。

通过对这节课的总结，我意识到教师的教要以学生的发展为基准，把学生的学放到主要地位上来，真正的做到以学生为主体的教学模式。

初中英语写作教学要把握一定的基本策略。写作是一个角度复杂的思维过程，对认知能力、思维能力、语言能力、组织能力和自我监控能力都有相当高的要求。写作水平的提高依赖于学生的参与，依赖于教师的指导和课堂教学的有效开展。

所谓写作教学策略，就是用来促进写作教学开展的方式方法。

1.写作的早期训练。英语写作是一门技巧、技能，需要一个长时间的发展过程才能趋于稳固，因此无论从写作能力本身的培养角度来说，还是从写作教学方法的运用角度而言，写作训练都需要早期化。

2.随着学习内容的增多，如学了数字、年龄、年级、班级、个人的喜好和生活习惯等之后，这时可让学生逐步增加写作内容。

做好“书面表达”这道题，学生应该从以下几方面人手：

一、充分准备。打好基础。

为了提高书面表达水平，平时应加强阅读，应背诵一些句型、段落甚至短文。只要读得多、背得多，就能出口成章，下笔成文。其实，用英文写信，记日记等都是学生力所能及且行之有效的练习写作的好方法。

二、仔细审题，明确要求。

对题目所提供的信息要认真分析，明确要求，做到心中有数。要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理，使之更加具体化、条理化，为开始动笔做好准备工作，还要搞清题目的要求，以便根据不同的题材、体裁，写出不同格式，风格各异的文章，此外，还要注意人称、时态、地点等信息，避免出错。

三、抓住重点。寻求思路。

根据题目所提供的信息，草拟提纲，寻求逻辑次序，确定如何下手，否则，语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受，也不可能得到高分。

四、遣词造句，表达规范。

用词要适当，不可逐句把提示汉译英，亦不可生拼硬凑，不要硬拿英语单词到中文句子里去对号，否则写出中文式英语，闹出笑话。一般来讲，写作时，应尽量选出你有把握的词，尽量使用短句(简单句)。如果有的单词不会写，有的思想不会用英语表达，你可以设法绕开，最好找一个同义词、同义句，或近义词、词组短语来代替。要正确使用关联词，如and，or，but，so，because，since等，以便行文自然流畅。

作文写完之后，应注意检查修改，修改时先从全局修改。首先要检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当，接下来检查所写内容是否切题，该交待的内容是否交待了，最后检查所用时态、人称是否符合要求，最后是否一致。

写完后，还应仔细校阅1—2遍。校阅要逐词逐句进行，注意检查语法、拼写、标点、大小写等方面的错误。校阅是自检的最后一关，应严肃认真的进行，尽可能地消灭一切差错，增强文章的效果。

因此，要写好一篇作文，不仅需要具有丰富的思想内容，掌握扎实的词汇、语法及修辞等方面的语言基本功，而且还需要掌握因不同思维方式和文化背景而形成的英语特有的篇章机构模式 惟有这样才能进行最有效的书面交际活动。

句型1.

It (so) happened(chanced) that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced to do sth. =sb.did sth. by chance. 如：

It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。=He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.

句型2.

It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/to be done/to have been done(还有动词appear等可这样使用)如:

It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.他好象以前去过北京。=He seemed to have been to Beijing before.

句型3.

It is / was+被强调的部分+that(who)+剩余的部分.如：

It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型中的谓语动词否定的转移)。 It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。(只能用because而不能用for, as 或since)

It is I who am a student. 我确实是个学生。(句中am不能用are来代替。)

句型4.

It is high time (time/ about time)+ (that) 主语+should do / did+其它。(从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。)如:

It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。

句型5.

It is / was said ( reported…)+that+从句. 如：

It was said that he had read this novel.据说他读过这篇小说。=He was said to have read this novel.

句型6.

It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.(从句中的谓语用should+do / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气。)如：

It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。

句型7.

It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.(注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略。)如：

He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. 他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜。

句型8.

It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.(从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。)如：

It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议推迟会议。

句型9.

It is/was+表示地点的名词+where+从句。(注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句。)如：

It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)

句型10.

It is / was +表示时间的名词+when+从句。(注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句。)如：

It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.

句型11.

It is well-known that+从句。如：

It is well-known that she is a learned woman.众所周知，她是个知识渊博的妇女。

句型12.

It is +段时间+since+主语+did. 请比较：

It was +段时间+since+主语+had done. 如：

It is five years since he left here.他已经离开这儿五年了。

It was five years since he left here.(同上)

注意下列句型的翻译:It is five years since he lived here.他从这儿搬走已经有五年了。

句型13.

It +谓语+段时间+before+主语+谓语.( before引导的是时间状语从句。) 如：

It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up.没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了。

It will be three hours before he comes back.三个小时之后他才能回来。

句型14.

It is +形容词(possible, impossible, necessary等) +for+ sb.+ to do. 如：

It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的。

句型15.

It is +(心理品质方面的)形容词+of + sb. +to do.= 主语+ be +形容词+to do.(常用的形容词有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等。)如：

It is kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me.你真好给我提供了帮助。

时间飞逝转眼一学期过去了，我班是一个全新的组合体。但是大家都能较快的融入这个新的大家庭，共同商讨、一起游戏、互相配合共同完成各项班务工作。这不，转眼间冬天来了，新年又到了。一年忙到头，付出的是什么，收获的又是什么呢?还是仔细地回顾一学期的工作吧!

一、认真反思，不断学习提高自身素质。

提高自身素质只有通过多种渠道不断的学习，才能提高忠诚于党的教育事业的责任心，才能提高自身的素质和教学本领。本人在本学期中，积极参加各项时事、政治学习，坚持把理论同实际相结合，从我做起，从身边的小事做起，用正确的思想引导幼儿，做好保教工作。本学期中，充分发挥自身的凝聚力作用，坚持做到以身作则、勇于奉献、勤勤恳恳，无论是否当班，都要做好并检查班级的各项工作。只有这样才能使其他老师充分把精力投入到工作中，在工作中从不计较个人得失，充分发挥“你中有我，我中有你”的团队精神作用，团结一致地做好班级工作。在狠抓班级常规中，真正做到工作有目的、行动有组织、实施有计划。

二、勇于改革，丰富课堂内容形式。

我结合主题课程，开展了丰富多彩的区域活动，努力做到“静与动”的结合。为了给孩子们创造一个优美整洁且符合幼儿年龄特点的活动环境，我们充分利用教室有限的场地，设计最佳的区角位置，找资料、齐动手，在活动室里设立了图书角、益智区、小巧手、表演区、建构区、娃娃家、小医院等，还利用室外一角，设置了小超市。在每个区域我们都利用废旧鞋盒，布置作品展示去。结合季节特征，开展了“种子贴画”、酒瓶装饰等手工活动，很受小朋友喜欢，在感受到快乐的同时提高了孩子们动手能力。值得一提的是，我们班小朋友在老师的引导下，对折纸活动非常感兴趣，吃好了饭，你常常可以看到三五一群的孩子围在一起在研究折纸，有的在比赛自己折的飞机。许多孩子的动手能力得到了很大提高，小手也变巧了，还锻炼了他们的耐心，孩子在教室里追跑打闹的现象也少了。

三、加强常规建设，培养幼儿良好的行为习惯。

俗话说：“没有规矩，难成方圆”。良好的常规可以使幼儿的生活具有合理的节奏，使神经系统得到有益的调节，我进一步培养幼儿自我服务的能力，为他们的生活和学习打下良好基矗但是常规也不是以牺牲幼儿的个性、快乐为代价。我班有个别幼儿生性好动，比较调皮，我们两位老师步调一致，共同合作，重抓教育，使小朋友逐渐能互相帮助、关心集体，捣乱的小朋友小了，热爱劳动的小朋友多了。

幼儿的独立意识增强，而且自我服务的愿望和要求日趋激烈，我们抓住孩子这一心理特征，开展了“小组长轮换制”，让做小组长的孩子负责擦桌子、发蜡笔、点人数……抓住这些细小的机会，既培养了他们为同伴服务的能力，而且督促了孩子的自律，潜移默化中培养了幼儿良好的行为习惯，从而促进了整个班风班貌的提高。

四、存在的不足和今后工作方向

这个学期中，我班孩子的出勤率较好，口语表达能力有了飞跃性的进展，自理能力在不断提高。在看到成绩的同时，我们也注意到了自身的不足，如：有时会因户外活动超时回来较晚，给孩子穿衣着急，以至于孩子少穿了一件衣服、穿反了鞋子也没发现，幼儿进餐的速度有待进一步的提高。对此我们都进行了认真地总结，以便于以后更好地开展工作。辞旧迎新，在新的学期中我们会更加努力，争取把工作做得更好，取得更大的进步!

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

要写好文章，必须具备大胆的、合理的、丰富的想象力。而想象这种活动，又必须在原有的形象的基础上去展开联想，才会具有丰富的加工和改造的材料。

如果没有联想，那想象便成了无源之水，无本之木了。所以，在写作过程中，想象和联想，往往是综合适用，而不能截然分开。联想，是一种由此及彼的思维活动。其主要方式有相似联想、对比联想及辐射联想等。

如何展开以上联想呢？第一，明确概念；第二，找准相近，相似的事例，以便使这些联想，为我所用。

“相似联想”，即由甲事物想到与其在形态、性质、功能、特征等方面有相似联系的乙事物等等。例如贾祖樟的《南州六月荔枝丹》一文写到鲜荔枝变质快的特点，便引用杜牧《过华清宫》诗中的“一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来”，以说明当时统治者为把鲜荔枝迅速送进京城而不惜劳民伤财；写到单发展荔枝生产以满足人民生活日益提高的需要时，则引用了苏轶的“欲啖荔枝三百颗，不妨长作岭南人”的诗句，明我国岭南盛产荔枝。又如夏衍写的《包身工》一文，在写到包身工遭受残酷的压迫、剥削，为工厂老板创产值多而收获却少得可怜时，自然联想到“墨鸭”而吃的却很少。这便是使用了相似联想。“对比联想”，即由对某一事物的感知、回忆而引起与该事物具有相反特点的其他事物的回忆。如陶铸同志在《崇高的理想》一文中，论述到乡，往往是地主阶级或向往地主阶级生活的人的理想；在资本主义社会，资产阶级的理想是希望钱越赚越多，利润越来越高，而且希望这个人剥削人、人压迫人的社会是“永恒”的。而无产阶级，却是打倒这个“永恒”，把这个人剥削人、人压迫人的社会推翻。在社会主义社会，“为人民服务”，实现共产主义事业，就成为广大人民的共同理想。

“辐射联想”，即以某事物为触发点，向其四周联想到自己最熟悉的生活及各类知识的积累。最典型的要算秦牧的《土地》一文。他以“土地”这一极普通的事物为触发点，骑着思想的野马驰骋于四面八方，联想到了历代的人们对土地的珍惜；想到失去土地的人们的悲哀．想到了土地被剥削者占有时，劳动者的种种不幸；想到了劳动者为保卫土地，争做土地的主人而进行的可歌可泣和不屈不挠的斗争，更想到了劳动者成为土地的主人后，对土地的改造和对自己家园的建设。又如1994年高考作文题为“尝试”。有一考生在作义中写到尝试“留长辫”尝试“迷你裙”尝试“流行歌曲”等，本想“潇洒”一回，结果都不如人意而贻笑大方的深切体会。

常用的励志英语句子有很多，但是你能在短时间内就想起来吗?下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语励志句子，希望对你写英语作文有帮助。

Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children. 后排座位上的小孩会生出意外，后排座位上的意外会生出小孩。

Don’t take guilt trips. Take a trip to the mall, to the next country, to a foreign country, but NOT to where the guilt is.别踏上犯罪的道路。你可以去逛街，可以到邻县去，可以出国旅行，但就是别踏上犯罪的道路。

Enjoy the simple things.享受简单事物的乐趣。

I will greet this day with love in my heart.我要用全身心的爱来迎接今天。

Keep learning. Learn more about the computer, crafts, gardening, whatever. Never let the brain idle. "An idle mind is the devil’s workshop. And the devil’s name is Alzheimer’s."学无止境。多学学电脑、手艺、园艺等等。不要让你的大脑闲置下来。无所事事是魔鬼的加工厂。魔鬼的名字叫“痴呆症”。

Keep only cheerful friends. The grouches pull you down.结交快乐的朋友。整日愁眉不展只能让你雪上加霜。

There will be no regret and sorrow if you fight with all your strength.

只要全力地拼搏，就不会有遗憾，没有后悔。

Time is a bird for ever on the wing.

时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。

Time will never change and stop for any person.

时间不给任何人情面，也不会为谁而停留。

Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day.

今天，给一个陌生人送上你的微笑吧。很可能，这是他一天中见到的唯一的阳光。

Victory wont come to me unless I go to it.

胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

Walk the road you want to walk and do what you want to do , keep moving ahead and that’s not the silence of failure.

走自己想走的路，干自己想干的事，勇敢向前，这就是你不败的沉默。

We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we really are.

我们都有绝望的时候，只有在勇敢面对时，我们才知道我们有多坚强。

We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.

我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。

The future is scary but you can’t just run to the past cause it’s familiar.

未来会让人心生畏惧，但是我们却不能因为习惯了过去，就逃回过去。

The first step is as good as half over.

第一步是最关键的一步。

The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do.

尽管失败和挫折等待着人们，一次次地夺走青春的容颜，但却给人生的前景增添了一份尊严，这是任何顺利的成功都不能做到的。

Success is the continuous journey towards the achievement of predetermined worth while goals .To live your life in your own way .To reach the goals , you’ve set for yourself . To be the person, you want to be ——that is success .

成功是不断向领先确定的有价值的目标前进的过程，用自己的方式生活，达到自己定下的目标，做出自己想做的人——这就是成功。

Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.

成功是，你即使跨过一个又一个失敗，但也沒有失去热情。

Ones real value first lies in to what degree and what sense he set himself.

一个人的真正价值首先决定于他在什么程度上和在什么意义上从自我解放出来。

People neeed some courage in life, just like climbing a cliff .Although there are stemp ahead, you still fell some timorous and dare not go ahead. But when you conquer the timidity and reach the peak, you will feel the importance of courage as you enjoy the beautiful scenes. It is the same with life.

人生需要一点勇气和胆量，就如登一座悬崖峭壁的山峰，虽然上面都有云梯、搭好的台阶，可你就是有点胆怯，不敢向前，但你战胜了自我，到达了顶峰，看到了山顶的景色，你就会感到勇气和胆量是成功的标准人生何尝不是如此呢?

Real dream is the other shore of reality.

真正的梦就是现实的彼岸。

Sharp tools make good work.

工欲善其事，必先利其器。

Sometimes your plans don’t work out because God has better ones.

有时候，你的计划不奏效，是因为上天有更好的安排。

Standing firm is to challenge difficult courageously and to leave the smile after sccess to oneself.

坚强，就是勇敢的向困难挑战，把成功的微笑留给自己。

Never underestimate your power to change yourself!

永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

Never, never, never, never give up.

永远不要、不要、不要、不要放弃。

一、课题提出的背景

由于“错题资源”在初中数学教学中的地位与作用；“错题”在初中数学教学中屡教不改的出现同样错误，初中数学反思作文。“错题资源”在运用上存在问题。

二、研究成果与分析

（一）归纳了“错误资源”的教育功能

挖掘和利用“错题资源”的教育功能：适时集体讲评，培养团结协作精神；提供探索空间，培养探究能力；捕捉错误背后，培养创新性思维；关注细节，培养严谨的学习习惯。

学生在学习过程中出现的错误，以及通过集体识错、思错和纠错过程中生成的课程资源，则更是一种真实的、有价值的教学资源，应加以有效利用。对于“错误”的产生，教师要宽容对待，更要善于利用，因势利导，培养学生正确归因错误并巧妙地利用错误，进而培养学生的创造性思维。让“错误”因此美丽起来，让课堂因此更精彩、更鲜活。

新课程呼唤学生“自主、合作、探究”，而这必然伴随着大量差错的生成。面对学生在课堂中出现的差错，教师是以一个“错”字堵住学生的嘴巴，亲自把正确答案双手奉上，还是合理利用这些差错，发挥错误的价值，使教学平添一份精彩？

在课堂教学实践中，经常发现学生在学习过程中出现的错误，但错误原因各不相同，在教学中学生各种错误的想法往往被教师忽略，致使有价值的“错误”资源得不到应有发挥。首先宽容学生出现错误，让学生自己说出解题时各自错误的想法，使学生自主建构知识，形成了正确的认识。其次把错误的资源用于课堂教学中的各个不同环节，利用“错误”，找到学习新知的切入点、自主学习的探究点，去伪存真，理解数学本质；利用“错误”，激活了学生，引发了学生创造性思维的不停涌现。最后议论“错误”，对错题进行反思，反思解题思路的完整性和严密性；反思所涉及知识点的深刻性、透彻性。“正确，有可能是一种模仿；错误，却大凡是一种经历”。对教学而言，教材是实现课程目标、实施教学的重要资源，但不是唯一的资源，更多的教学资源则是在课堂教学中产生的，而学生在学习过程中出现的一部分错误，以及通过集体识错、思错和纠错过程中生成的课程资源，则更是一种真实的、有价值的教学资源，应加以有效利用。

1．适时集体讲评，培养团结协作精神。

“学生的数学学习过程是一个自主构建自己对数学知识的理解的过程。”在教学过程中我们的教师都会启发诱导、点拨激疑，热情地邀请学生来回答问题，哪怕学生只是错误的一点想法和思路，我们也要给以鼓励和启发。学生答错了也不见得是件不好的事，错误不过是学生在数学学习过程中所做的某种尝试，是非常正常的。数学学习过程实际上是一个不断提出假设，修正假设，使学生对数学的认知水平不断复杂化，甚至趋于成熟的过程。[案例]学习了第三章第一节《直线与圆的位置关系》后，我发现作业本上的一个题目很多学生做错了。利用集体讲评，培养团结协作精神。

当学生出现错误时，教师给学生足够的时间和机会去发现、纠正错误，从而使学生的知识主动建构，形成了正确的知识。学生的奇思妙想在教师的宽容、鼓励下，取得了意想不到的效果,增强了学习的积极性和自信心。良好的数学情感与态度是学生参与数学活动的重要动力，是克服困难和探索创新的力量源泉。

2．提供探索空间，培养探究能力。

数学实践是一个动态的、变化发展的过程，学生随时可能发生各种预想不到的错误。我们应该把错误看成教学的资源，并充分利用，化弊为利，将错就错，培养学生正确归因，让课堂因此而精彩，让“错误”因此而美丽。

（1）让“错误”成为学习新知的切入点、自主学习的探究点。

很多错误是可以预见的。教师在备课时，应该预见到学生在学习过程中可能出现的错误并充分呈现出来，以此为重点展开教学，让学生在“尝试错误”的活动中比较、思辩，从“错误”中寻找真理。教师以逆向思维的角度切入教学，有意给学生设计错误，设置一些思维陷阱，激发学生去自主探究、思考、辨析、比较，从而发现错误，进而修正错误，最终学得更牢固的真知。[案例]教学“异分母分式加减法”时，教师出示例题：

例：计算： ，让学生先独立计算，暴露出自己的错误。计算后，教师将学生的各种情况进行整理，大致有五种情况。利用“错误”，找到学习新知的切入点、自主学习的探究点，从学生的角度出发，对“症”下药，面向全体实行分层教学，具有很强的针对性。

（2）让“错误”引发学生的创造性思维创新点

创新思维的特点是创新，不是重复，这就要有较强的独创能力，要提高学生创造性思维，教师必须不断地提高自己的专业知识水平，潜心钻研教材，利用学生学习中出现的错误，经常给出标新立异的提问，这样往往能引起学生强烈的反响，激发他们的创新灵感，培养学生思维的独创性。[案例]计算：

在一次初三数学复习课中发现很多学生做错了，大多数学生错误的解法是把分式的化简当作分式方程，教师没有让“错误”溜走，而是让学生的思维再现在大家面前，却发现这“错误”是如此美丽。把化简设为方程来解，真是“横看成岭侧成峰”，由此，激活了学生，引发了学生创造性思维的不停涌现。

3．关注细节，培养严谨的学习习惯。

议“错”是培养严谨的学习习惯的好方法。议“错”是学生对自己错误的反思，也是教师对自己教学的反思。平时我们总能听到教师道出这样的埋怨：“这道题刚刚讲过，学生又做错了。”而学生也常拍着脑袋喊“冤”：“这道题我已经做了好几遍了，怎么又做错了。”出现这种现象的原因在于：师生没有讨论错误产生的原因，关键只注重解题结果，轻视解题错误后的反思。反思是一种主动“再认识”的过程，是思维的高级形式。解错题后的反思是对整个解题活动的反思，包括对习题涉及知识点的反思、解题思路的完整性、严密性、严谨性的反思等等。课堂教学中积极培养学生的反思习惯，让学生在议错赏错的过程中，放松思维，体验成功。

①议“错——反思解题思路的完整性、严密性

初中生由于年龄和思维的特点，学习时往往不够深入，满足于一知半解，解题时常常因思考不周密而出现这样或那样的错误，议论错误，能使学生充分暴露其思维的缺陷，对错题进行反思，有利于培养学生严谨的思维习惯。

②议“错”——反思所涉及知识点的深刻性、透彻性。

总有不少学生眼高手低，拿到一道题目，一看很简单，所涉及的知识点很熟悉，解题方法也比较明确，于是思维就停留在较为肤浅的层面，结果解题时就容易错。[案例]在一节反比例函数的复习课上，我出示了三个错题。由于学生在学习过程中，对一些数学概念或原理没有深刻理解，对性质理解得不透彻而出现的短视性思维障碍，在数学教学中我们都深有体会。

建构主义认为：学习不是简单的告诉，而是通过有意义的活动自主感悟、体验。我通过引领学生体验错误，反思错误，感悟错误，让学生的错误成了课堂教学的亮点，达到自主建构数学知识和思想方法的目的。

（二）探索了“错误资源”的有效运用方式

教材中的每章节的每题错误是有各种不同原因出现的错误。教师作为新课程实施者，只有尽可能的发挥自己的教学智慧和创造力，针对不同错误的特点，运用适当的策略、适当的方式，才能发挥其最大功效，才能更好的推进新一轮数学课程改革。根据“错误资源”的不同特点，我们实践探索了以下三种使用方式。

1、组织学生自主纠正

部分“错误资源”，内容易懂，不细致产生，学生一拿到作业本自己马上会发现错误的原因，可以让学生自主纠正。分课内引导纠正和课外合作纠正两种方式。

（1）课内引导纠正

在课内时间允许的条件下，可以组织学生课内自主纠正。教师根据“错误资源”内容设计问题或设计“错题”改正，学生进行交流、讨论，发表自己的看法，教师最后给予归纳、总结。

随着学生能力的提高，问题意识的加强，还可以有意识地将根据“错误资源”内容设计问题或设计“错题”改正题这一工作交给学生自己去做，有时学生会提出许多老师想不到的问题。

（2）课外合作纠正

让学生把做错的题目带回去订正，若自己发现不了，与同学合作交流、讨论进行改正。这样可充分发挥学生的主体作用，同时培养学生的合作精神。主要以“长作业”形式开展，布置学生在课外对做错了题目的反思与体会，然后组织学生交流体会。通过与学生的反思进行书面交流，我得出了以下几点教学思考与认识：①审题不细导致错误。②忽视隐含条件导致错误。③理解不清导致错误。

2.进行课堂讲评；

课堂教学中学生的动态及其教学的导向是课堂讲评课的重点。

3.开展专题探究。

部分“错题资源”是对教材知识的补充，可以用来拓展和延伸，有利于学生拓宽知识面，适应不同学生的要求。这些材料内容丰富，知识性、探究性、应用性强，如果单靠学生自主纠正，难以取得最好的效果，这就需要教师认真备课，精心设计，组织开展专题探究。

（三）对初中数学“错题资源”教学的反思与有效运用的几点建议：

1．教学中要注意培养学生的批判性思维，让学生学会推敲

2．教学中要注意倾听学生的表达，给学生留下思维外化的足够时间

3．解决数形结合思想， 培养学生独立自主地多角度思维

（四）激发了学生学习数学的热情

本课题的研究，开阔了学生的视野，激发了学生的学习兴趣。“错题资源”在课堂教学中的使用，学生的学习热情得到了进一步激发

[初中数学教学反思优秀作文

作为教师与家长双重身份的我，从多年的教学工作与辅导孩子的生活中对作文有了一点浅显的认识。我认为为在小学阶段，孩子至少要学会十一种类型的篇目，才算会写作文。它们分别是：留言条、日记、书信、建议书、看图作文、写人的、写景的（含状物）、写场面的、读（观）后感、缩写、编童话等。当然这是较细化分，如果按体裁，那么则是应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文这几大类，但是小学阶段不必掌握这么工具性的划分。低年级训练重在前五种，中、高年级在此基础上则重在后六种。

我的这节五年级作文课就是针对年段特点进行设计的。我最初设计的初衷是想让学生学会写人物，然而，在学生以前的作文中我发现他们写的人物近乎白描，一点都不生动，也不够鲜明。所以，我决心一定教会他们写作文，而且，作文虽然已然成了语文学习中的一大黑洞，但是我想通过我的类别作文教学法，让学生学会举一反三、融会贯通。

我觉得这节作文课我借助信息技术的力量，使课讲起来生动、形象，并且直观、全面地让学生明白该做些什么。这是信息技术以外的媒介所不能实现的。而且这次的设计制作是在我学习了国培之后，掌握了较多的多媒体制作和应用技术之后做的，之前一些我不懂和解决不了的技术上的“难题”，也都迎刃而解了。看着自己的幻灯片，那美感极强的画面，让自己也陶醉其中。另外，我的幻灯片不是花瓶摆设，它突出了我要呈现给课堂的所有重要的东西。紧扣作文教学训练的常用步骤：审题 选材 列提纲 打草稿 修改。

就我的教学流程而言，我觉得一切都是那么水到渠成，紧密相联。

第一环节，“审题”的常规训练。关于作文的要求一定要仔细阅读，从中提炼出关键，确定作文题目的类别。

第二环节，“选材”的重要训练。这是写好作文的必要手段和成功的要素。选材时要仔细斟酌、对于文题涉及的内容心中有数。写人物的，就要搜寻记忆宝库中关于某人的外貌、性格等特征。考虑表现出人物的主要事件的各要素。通过事例来表达出对人物的看法。

第三环节 ，“列提纲”的必要训练。列提纲是写作文的预备式。如果提纲列得好，那么整篇作文便可见一斑了。写作顺序确定：总——分，还是总——分——总，或者是平行叙述或描写，确定主次，最后罗列出大致的结构、各部分的意思，确定中心思想。此环节的完成其实也是在平时的阅读教学中积累的，更帮助作者形成了简要的腹稿。

第四环节，“打草稿”的独立训练。这一环节是将对作文的个人理解以文字的形式展现出来的。其实，教学中写草稿也可以像前几项那样以口头的形式交流，也就是口头作文，这样可以启迪思维，有据可依，也可充实和完善腹稿，教学实际中这一方法屡用不尽，效果甚佳。在写的过程中，要分清详、略，运用学过的多种知识：词、句、段乃至篇，借鉴有益的地方，自己也应创造新颖的，杜绝人云亦云。在我的课堂教学中我觉得以后要更多一些地给学生发挥的空间，更多地让他们表达自己与众不同的看法，写出属于他们真正要表达的内心的东西。

修改草稿是第二课时的事，当然这里也要说一说，如果我的课堂上有充裕的时间的话，应当和学生一起修改草稿，面批面改，当面指导及时有效。

综上所举，我认为作文训练的大致过程就是这样的。但是无论是哪种体裁或类型的作文，它都需要借助这样的模式去训练。学习者如果能用心体会，那会久而久之，他们便会举一反三，如将写人的这一篇当中的写外貌部分换成回忆的语气，这篇作文就可以改写成“我难忘的XXX”。

总之，作文犹如春芽初绽，需要蓄积一个冬天的养料；好似大厦落成，必求打下稳固的根基；如同典籍书卷，雕琢排列展现精华。当然，作文更是一种创造，是少不得作者的想像力的，这想像力的培养也如同语言习惯和素养一样，应当在平时加以注意和训练。

一、议论文写作三要素

议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有：

1. 归纳法

从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。

2. 推理法

从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。

3. 对照法

对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。

4. 驳论法

先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。

二、议论文的特点

议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。

三、议论文的写法

要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点：

1. 确定论点

论点通常在文章的第一段提出。

2. 要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例

3. 论证要有严密的逻辑性

所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。

4. 层次要清楚

5. 态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人

议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充;议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。

6. 论据要充分

欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。

议论文尽管有多种写法，但中学生的英语作文都有提示，因此，论点、论据一般都是确定的，我们首先应准确找出论点、论据及其间的相互关系，也即是要找出要点;然后考虑如何组织材料，也即是论证的方式，短文的写法;还应考虑文章的时态、语态等。议论文常用一般现在时，但述说过去的事实时，可用过去时态;预测将来时，要用将来时态;也经常使用被动语态;有时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用上虚拟语气。在考虑了短文的写法、时态、语态等后，可根据行文的需要，使用恰当的连接词，按适当的顺序将写好的句子组合成短文。

“提起作文头就疼”这是同学们的口头禅，对于三年级小学生来说更是如此。那么，作为三年级语文老师应当如何指导学生作文呢？

我本着追求快乐作文的本意，让学生在我的课堂里摆脱畏惧作文、感觉“没有东西可写”的困境。我设计了一节游戏作文课。

一、玩玩、说说、写写轻松又实在

兴趣是学生学习的强化剂，是学习获得成功的必要条件。要想让学生认真写作，喜欢写作，还应培养他们对写作的兴趣。游戏作文是最富有情感性的创造活动，在课堂上我挤出时间让学生尽情地“玩”，这对于激发学生的表达欲望，创造协作心境是大有益处的。在游戏过程中，我把游戏分成三个部分，就是想让学生能够边看、边玩、边议、边说。在每一个部分开始或结束时都让学生谈体会，说看到的、听到的、有意思的事。学生兴趣盎然，纷纷举手发言，写起作文来自然是得心应手。

二、重视学生的口头表达

在游戏作文课中，玩玩、说说、写写是紧密联系，相互相成的。在玩玩、说说的过程中，有些学生只注重玩的过程，而没有注重用合适的语言把玩游戏时，自己或同学的神态、动作、语言说清楚，那样写出来的作文照样也不会生动。所以，在课堂上我认真倾听学生的发言，遇到表达好的学生及时鼓励，给其他同学以榜样作用。如：“你的口才真好，把你的同学逗笑的动作说得逼真极了。”或及时引导表达不具体的学生：“他们玩游戏的姿势是怎样的？能形容一下吗？他们说了什么，做了什么才把你逗笑呢？”等等。在课堂上我还展示学生的习作，使学生感受到成功的喜悦，从各方面激发学生写作的兴趣，点燃学生写作的激情。在尽情游戏、细致观察的基础上，我再引导学生进行具体、形象的描述，这样学生就能创作出优秀的游戏作文。

在玩玩、说说、写写作文课之后，我准备继续将“画画、说说、写写”、“做做、说说、写写”、“读读、演演、写写”等各种活泼、有趣的形式请进我们的作文课堂，让学生越来越喜爱作文课堂，越来越喜爱作文。

1、开头部分

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

2、结尾部分

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

一篇文章的结尾，是文章的画龙点睛之处，如何用精简的语言，最精确地总结和概括文章的意思呢?今天，的名师为您总结了5种文章结尾的方式，一起来看看吧。

1、Taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……

2、Taking into account all these factors， we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …

考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论……

3、Hence/Therefore， we’d better come to the conclusion that …

因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。

5、All in all， we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之，我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

有了以上的五种万能的结尾句型，我们在托福写作结尾的时候，就不用啰嗦一大堆又得不到分了。

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。