英语说明文写作方法有哪些（经典20篇）

一、叙事记叙文写作指导

【教学目标】让学生学会准确运用书面语表达自己要说的话，选取一个生活事件或其中的一个片断进行记叙。

【教学重点】选取生活事件或片断进行记叙。

【教学难点】同上

【教学课时】四课时

二、写作指导

在 记叙文 写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”

●那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢？

1、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间；要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。 如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了；“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

2、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在 记叙文 六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

3、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。 写 记叙文 ，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。

●那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢？

1、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。 这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次（发生、发展、高潮、结局）。

2、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

3、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

有些同学看见别的同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来！”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨著。

●那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢？

1、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知著的好眼力。

照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。

2、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。

在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。

3、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。

背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。

4、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。

从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上（意）想“深”，客观上（事）显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。

有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是： 吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。

这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。

总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。

不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座；不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。

●那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢？

1、从自己的生活中去找

不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢？

其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。

2、做生活的有心人。

常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢？不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧？可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。

3、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。

一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗？不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。

4、打开思路，扩大视野。

有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。

法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢？是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢？原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊！”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。

罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手（次要部分）突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。

雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。

●那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢？

1、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。

2、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。

一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。 不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。

一般说， 记叙文 在下面几种情况需要过渡：

1、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。

2、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。

3、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。

4、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。

●一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况：

1、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。

2、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。

3、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。

总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作文时千万不能忽视。

写文章应该怎样开头？怎么结尾？谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。

现将全文摘抄

有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性；报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊；报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”

看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路；有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮；所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。

●做到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是：

1、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。

2、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。

3、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么？难道你不想看下去吗？

4、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。

●做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是：

1、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的：

下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短！”

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

2、语言含蓄，发人深思。在 记叙文 中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

3、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

4、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

三、写作台阶训练一

叙事如何生动具体。

1．教师指导、示范（以"记一次打架"为例），让学生明确叙事要生动、具体，必须做到以下几点：

A、交待清楚记叙的六要素。

B、对场面要进行观察、描写。

2．学生训练：题目：《发生在班里的一件事》

处理方法：

（1）分学习小组进行。

（2）以小组长为中心，确定所选的事件，定好后，小组成员展开讨论，讨论问题：

A、我们可以写这件事的哪些方面，（如当时的情况，人们的心理等）

B、对这些方面我们如何去写。

3．教师抽查一两组的讨论情况。

四、台阶训练二

开头、结尾训练：

1．教师讲述常见的开头、结尾方式。

2．学生书面写《发生在班里的一件事》的开头、结尾。

3．抽读优生的作示范。

4．范文欣赏（全篇）

五、大作文训练

题目：发生在班里的一件事

要求：1、字数在500字以上。

2．要有适当的议论、抒情。

3．叙述事件要生动、具体。

4．书写工整。（因升中考卷面分4分，所以每次作文均要求书写工整）

读书笔记就是在读书的时候对书中的精彩内容、自己的联想、迸发的灵感的记录。其目的只有一个就是在将来的某个时间翻看笔记，快速的回忆起以前的读书收获。读书笔记的形式有很多种，从简单到难依次为：做标记、做目录、摘抄、写提要、写提纲、心得、札记。现随小编一起来具体了解下吧.

方法

步骤1做标记：最简单的读书笔记，就是在读书的时候，读到自己认为重要的地方的时候，采用自己的一套符号来画出重要内容，以便自己在复习的时候能够快速的找到重点，这种笔记的方法比较适合学生学习课本的时候。

步骤2做目录：目录的主要内容就是【书名】【作者】【重点内容】，书名和作者就不必解释了，关键是重点内容，由于这是一个目录式的笔记，所以重点内容只要是几个字概括一下即可，一般适合泛读的时候使用。

步骤3摘抄：摘抄也是一个比较简单的读书笔记，读书的时候读到精彩的地方，或者读到一些自己认为有用的地方，将这段文字抄下来，注明书名和作者，这么做是为了以后复习用，并且可以根据书名和作者快速的找到原著。

步骤4提要：提要用简短的话来总结书中某一段落的内容，有时候我们要求对每一段的内容写一个提要，只要一两句话即可概括其内容，不必写的很繁琐。下图中红色背景的文字就是提要。

步骤5提纲：提纲和提要有些类似，但是提纲是概括一篇文章的内容，而提要只是概括一个段落的内容，因此提纲比提要内容多且完整，而且提纲要能解释各个章节和段落之间的关系，所以提纲有时候是以图表的方式来呈现，不过提纲和提要都要求尽量简短明了，让人一看就明白。

步骤6心得：有时候也叫读后感，心得和提纲有些相似的地方，都要对文章的内容进行概括，但是心得更多的是些自己的想法，具有主观性，而提纲写的都是文章中的内容，不要加入自己的想法，当读一些学术论文、有哲理的故事的时候可以写一些心得，记录下自己的想法以便日后用到。

步骤7札记：札记是最复杂的可以看作是提纲和心得的综合，有时候还要插入一些摘抄，还可以对文章的写法进行评论，总之写札记不仅仅费笔墨而且费脑子，这已经不仅仅是一种笔记，应该是对学习到的内容的再创作。

当前社会上比较流行开办诸如写作培训班之类的课外学习班，家长为了不让孩子输在起跑线上，常为此四处奔波挑选适配的学习班。

殊不知这类学习班往往是一些师德有问题的老师捞取不义之财的骗术伎俩，为人师表的他们不在课堂上传道、授业、解惑，却跑到外边开办所谓补习班，看起来是帮助孩子提高成绩，其实是把课堂上的知识分成几份分发给孩子们而已。可惜我们可爱的家长们却浑然不觉间如同飞蛾扑火，把辛苦挣的血汗钱拱手送给那些所谓的“恩师”，补交了党和政府用心良苦为祖国的花朵减免的学费。而事实上写作的方法根本就不曾存在过，只不过是个传说。

掌握一些常用的句型对高考英语写作尤为重要。下面是语文迷网整理的句型，大家一起来看看吧。

一、开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned

2.It goes without saying that...

3.It can be said with certainty that...

4.As the proverb says，

5.It has to be noticed that...

6.It`s generally recognized that...

7.It`s likely that ...

8.It`s hardly that...

9.It’s hardly too much to say that...

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.There’s no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that...

13.what’s far more important is that...

二、衔接句型

A case in point is ...

As is often the case...

As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

But it’s a pity that...

For all that...In spite of the fact that...

Further, we hold opinion that...

However , the difficulty lies in...

Similarly, we should pay attention to...

not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

As has been mentioned above...

In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三、结尾句型

I will conclude by saying...

Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...

All things considered,总而言之

It may be safely said that...

Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable...

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….

The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….

It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四、举例句型

Let’s take...to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明

let’s take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.

Here is one more example.

Take … for example.

The same is true of….

This offers a typical instance of….

We may quote a common example of….

Just think of….

五、常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.

3. I believe the title statement is valid because….

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.

六、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.

2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.

3. A and B differ in….

4. A differs from B in….

5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….

6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….

7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….

8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….

9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.

10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….

11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七、演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.

5. The reasons are as follows.

八、因果推理法常用句型

1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.

3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we’ve learned a lot.

4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot.

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.

6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.

7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.

8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.

观察是写好游记的基础。下面小编来给大家介绍关于游记的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。

(一)写游记必须写清游踪

要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。

(二)要留心观察

观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近;或从上到下，从下到上;或从里到外，从外到里;或从中间到两边，从两边到中间;或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。

(三)要做记录

学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。

【导读】：散文诗兼有诗与散文特点的一种现代抒情文学体裁。它融合了诗的表现性和散文描写性的某些特点。从本质上看，它属于诗，有诗的情绪和幻想，给读者美和想象，但内容上保留了有诗意的散文性细节。

现在看见很多人喜欢和读散文诗，但是有的人对散文诗的基本认识还不是很清楚，所以造成了有些不知所措的感觉。现就仅仅个人来谈谈散文诗的写作和欣赏的方法。

散文诗兼有诗与散文特点的一种现代抒情文学体裁。它融合了诗的表现性和散文描写性的某些特点。从本质上看，它属于诗，有诗的情绪和幻想，给读者美和想象，但内容上保留了有诗意的散文性细节；从形式上看，它有散文的外观，不像诗歌那样分行和押韵，但不乏内在的音乐美和节奏感。散文诗一般表现作者基于社会和人生背景的小感触，注意描写客观生活触发下思想情感的波动和片断。这些特点，决定了它题材上的丰富性，也决定了它的形式短小灵活。

散文诗是一种近代文体，是适应近、现代社会人们敏感多思、复杂缜密等心理特征而发展起来的。虽然中国1000多年前就有类似散文诗的作品，欧洲在16、17世纪不少作家就写过很有诗意的散文，但作为一种独立的文学样式流行起来是在19世纪中叶以后。第一个正式用小散文诗这个名词，和有意采用这种体裁的是法国诗人波特莱尔。他认为散文诗足以适应灵魂的抒情性的动汤，梦幻的波动和意识的惊跳。在中国新文学中，散文诗是一个引进的文学品种。1915年2卷7期的中华小说界刊登的用文言翻译的屠格涅夫的四章散文诗(当时列入小说栏，译者刘半农)，是外国散文诗在中国的最早译介。1918年4卷5期的新青年杂志，发表了刘半农翻译的印度作品我行雪中的译文，文末所附的说明指出它是一篇结构精密的散文诗。散文诗这一名称从此开始在中国报刊上出现。对於这一文体的性质和特点，文学旬刊在1922年曾有过理论探讨，西谛(郑振铎)、滕固、王平陵等人都发表了意见。

关于散文诗的定义

一、散文诗，必须有两个特点：

其一，散文诗是诗和文的渗透、交叉产生的新文体。

散文诗是散文与诗嫁接出来的品种，这是没有疑问的。散文诗具有诗与散文的两栖特征，散文诗既吸收诗表现主观心灵和情绪的功能，也吸收了散文自由、随便抒怀状物的功能，并使两者浑然一体，形成了自己的独特性。可以说不熟悉诗与散文这两种文体，就很难创作散文诗。但是散文诗究竟是一种新的文体，还是如有人说的：散文诗是散文的诗和诗的散文？关键要看散文诗是否具有独特的艺术特征，或者说散文诗区别与诗和抒情散文的艺术特征是什么。

其二，散文诗有其独特的审视人生方式，即运用比较自由的形式抒写心灵或情绪及其波动。从总体上看来，散文诗是抒写心灵或主观情绪的文体。

波德莱尔是散文诗的最初创造者之一。他说过：当我们人类野心滋长的时候，谁没有梦想到那散文诗的神秘，－－声律和谐，而没有节奏，那立意的精辟辞章的跌宕，足以应付那心灵的情绪、思想的起伏和知觉的变幻。。他还说：散文诗这种形式，足以适应灵魂的抒情性的动荡、梦幻的波动和意识的惊跳。动荡、波动、惊跳，这说出了散文诗的主要艺术特征。

要说明上述两点，必须进一步区别散文诗与诗、与散文（尤其是抒情散文）的不同之处。

二、散文诗与诗、与散文（尤其是抒情散文）的区别。比如结构、语体、节奏等方面的不同。

（1）散文诗与抒情诗的区别。抒情诗由于要讲究句式的整齐或大体整齐和音乐韵律，因此，即便是自由体的抒情诗，在表现心灵或情绪时也不能不受到较多限制。正是为了突破限制，更舒卷自如地写出心灵的真实状态，于是才有散文诗这一文体的诞生。

散文诗与诗歌的不同之处在于散文诗经常运用描述和议论的表现手段。

与诗相比，散文诗没有诗的韵脚、节奏、音节、行数、排列，即没有诗歌的外形式的羁绊。散文诗的形式至少有如下几种：散文的形式，散文与诗交错排列的形式，即整段散的文字与单句(诗句)的交错。这是抒情诗不可能有的自由自在的形式。

（2）散文诗和抒情散文同是抒情文体，但散文诗独特的艺术特征是它的动荡、波动、惊跳。

承认散文诗是抒写心灵或情绪及其波动的文体，这与抒情散文的界限也就不难区分了。抒情散文总是离不开纪实，更不用说那些以记叙真人真事为主的叙事散文了。而散文诗几乎没有原原本本地记录真实人物和真实事件的。即使我们称为纪实的散文诗，究其实也是抒写的内心对现实生活的印象，不过这印象很少变形很少对现实生活作想象式的反映罢了。

在结构上，有人说，诗是以线抒写生活，散文是以面反映生活，散文诗是以点折射生活。散文大都有时空长度，都有线索；散文诗无需线索，篇幅较短，常常是作者情感燃烧的那一点辐射开来，而内在情绪则形成环环相扣的情感冲击波，冲动读者的心弦，进入诗的境界。

在语体上，散文诗的语言是抒情性的想象的语言，散文的语言是叙事性的现实的语言。散文诗的语言具有散文语言无法比拟的弹性美、丰富性和不确定性，情感含量和美感含量都比较大。散文为文，语言要求简洁洒脱，更多一些娓娓而谈，写清作者情之所系的来龙去脉，抒情也更细腻，句与句之间、段与段之间衔接较紧密。散文诗为诗，语言要求浓缩、跳跃，一般是跳跃式地联结意象，句与句之间，尤其是段与段之间，往往是似断实连的关系，这就留下较多的可供读者想象的空白美。

因此，散文诗既不是散文的诗，也不是诗的散文，它是具有完整性、特殊性、独立性的文体形式。

关于散文诗的结构

散文诗结构的基本方式大体有纪实性（直抒式）、想象式、哲理式和象征式四大类。

1、纪实性（直抒式），即意在象表，比较外露。比如写景抒情、叙事抒情等。或者说是心灵感受外部世界基本上是原原本本的，是什么就在心灵投影什么，很少变化。直抒胸臆的散文诗通常用此种方式。

一、你是谁

以明确的求求职目标或工作摘要开始，可以让整个履历表焦点集中、方向明确。将姓名字体放大或明显标示，让雇主清楚看到「谁」是求职者。

二、联络方式

在履历表中一定要附上详细的联络方式，包括：电话、地址、传真、Email...等资料，雇主才能在最短的时间内联络到你。简短，用词明确，直接切入重点，会比长篇大论容易受到重视。

三、多用肯定语气

多用肯定、正面的语气代替消极及负面的句子。使用代表积极性的动词让履历表突出，例如：完成、达成、改革、创造...等。用黑体或斜体字强调相关技巧及责任，并明确指出过去达成的目标及贡献。 多用详细的数字或百分比描写过去完成工作的成就及绩效，会获得更大的面试机会。

最后，再次提醒您，履历表的内容务必真实，不宜夸张更不应说谎，因为，有些雇主一发现履历表有不实之处，马上会将应征者驳回。记得，永远仔细检查、校对你的履历表，避免错字产生。一旦发现错字，会让雇主觉得你是个粗心及没有组织的人。

对于刚刚毕业的大学生求职时要怎样写一份求职个人简历，在写个人简历时又有那些方法与写作技巧，写求职个人简历时那么第一个要点就是要认真详细地写一份个人求职简历才能让HR看了你的个人简历时有一种说服力。

个人简历写作要点

个人简历不用写得太多，但要详细突出自己的优点与重点内容，写个人简历时不要超过一页纸，就用A4标准一页纸就好了，如果写得太得那么看你简历的人会没有耐心与时间的，这样不但没有给自己突出重点却反给自己带来了负面的影响。

个人简历内容要点

个人简历内容少不了的内容有，个人信息，联系方式，求职意向(也就是你所投简历时选择什么样的职位)学习经历，工作经历，个人能力，自我评价与自我介绍这些内容为好，多的内容就不用写了。

那么在个人简历时的个人信息时包括了，姓名，性别，出生日期，民族，就好了。对于那些血型，婚姻证件号码之类的在现在写简历时不要写了，因为这些信息已过时了，在很多HR面试中都不想知道你的家庭情况。

（1）联系方式：按现在最新的个人简历模板表格设计的话有两种格式，第一种是写在个人资料下面与跟个人资料一起写，这样表示明显一点，能让看简历的人一下就看到了自己的联系方式，第二种就是写在个人求职简历最底部分，写在上面还是写在最底部分那么就要看个人简历模板格式设计而定了。

（2）求职意向：求职意向要明确的写出来更要有针对性对职位写个人简历内容，求职意向职位最好不要超过二个职位，如果一家公司招聘多个职位都适合你的那么可以写不同内容的多份求职简历投到这个企业中。

（3）学习经历：学习经历就是很简单地写上自己所在的那个学院毕业的，入学与毕业的时间与学习专业，这个专业是指将证书拿到手的。

（4）个人能力：简历的个人能力要写出自己的优秀的技术与作品类的，这样才能表示自己的能力，个人能力那么在不同的职位写不同能力，不要在求职时通用，将个人能力写得优秀一点，尽量突出自己之前工作与学习时得到过的奖品奖项。

自我评价：在求职个人简历中写的自我评价不要写太长，一般写100字-150字就好了，自我评价只是向招聘企业简单介绍说明一下自己是一个什么样的人，自己的性格与爱好。在写了自我评价时那么在个人求职简历就不要写自我介绍这项了。

心得体会是指一种读书、实践后所写的感受性文字。下面是小编整理的心得体会写作方法，欢迎阅读。

写作方法

(一)简略写出自己阅读过的书籍或文章的内容，然后写出自己的意见或感想。明确的说，就是应用自己的话语，把读过的东西，浓缩成简略的文字，然后加以评论，重点的是(着重)提出自己的看法或意见。

(二)将自己阅读过的文字，以写作技巧的观点来评论它的优劣得失、意义内涵，看看它给人的感受如何，效果如何。[3]

(三)应用原文做导引，然后发表自己的意见。比如我们可以引用书中的一句话做为引导，然后发表见解。

(四)先发表自己的意见或感想，然后引用读过的文章来做印证。

(五)将读过的东西，把最受感触、最重要的部分做为中心来写;也可以把自己当做书中的「主角」来写;也可以采用书信的方式来写;更可以采用向老师或同学报告的方式来写。

范文：

学习焦裕禄精神心得体会

记得唱过一首歌，歌词是这样写的：“焦裕禄是毛主席的好学生，焦裕禄赤胆忠心为人民，像一棵青松，像一盏灯，他是兰考人民的贴心人……”，以前只知道焦裕禄是名好党员好干部，但从内心却不十分了解他的一生，近来通过看电视剧《焦裕禄》，才真正从思想上了解焦裕禄同志确实是一位党的好干部，人民的好公仆，他平易近人，作风廉洁，生活艰苦朴素，他的先进事迹使我很受感动和鼓舞，也深受教育。

焦裕禄同志出生在一个贫苦农民家庭，青少年时代受尽苦难的煎熬，七岁上学，学习刻苦认真，成绩优异，后因家乡遭遇灾荒，家庭贫困，被迫退学，跟随乡亲们去煤矿卖煤打工。他的父亲因无钱还债被地主活活逼死，眼泪未干，焦裕禄又被日本鬼子抓到抚顺煤窑做苦工，残酷折磨，这阶级仇、民族恨，给他幼小的心灵上打下了深深的烙印，也给他内心深处埋下了一颗长大立志救国救民的种子，一次次紧握拳头高歌“起来!

不愿做奴隶的人们!把我们的血肉，筑成我们新的长城!中华民族到了最危险的时候，每个人被迫发出最後的吼声!起来，……”

后来他找到了党组织，他在入党申请书上这样写到：共产党是人民的救星，没有共产党，革命就不能胜利，穷人就不能翻身，我要听毛主席的话，跟共产党走，为推翻旧社会，为新中国实现共产主义而奋斗!

他在入党申请书中是这样说的，在工作中也是这样做的。他带领兰考人民战胜自然灾害，不顾个人身患肝病的痛苦，他多次用钢笔杆顶着腹部坚持工作，同志们劝他去住院治疗，他总是说：“我这病医生看不了，工作忙它就好了”。

他常常说：“感谢党把我派到最困难的地方，越是困难的地方越能锻炼人，请组织上放心，不改变兰考面貌，我绝不离开这里” 。

焦裕禄同志坚定的革命意志和乐观主义精神，感染了我们多少党的干部和群众，更感染了我。

从学习弘扬焦裕禄精神看，公仆精神是本质，奋斗精神是精髓，求实精神是灵魂，大无畏精神是重要内容，奉献精神是鲜明特征。作为党员要做到：

一是要坚定理想信念，始终保持对马克思主义的信仰，始终不渝地走中国特色社会主义道路，任何时候都决不犹疑、决不含糊、决不动摇。

二是要坚定宗旨意识，始终与群众心相连、情相依，同呼吸、共命运，做群众的贴心人，做群众的主心骨。

三是要坚定发展方向，坚持以科学发展观为统领，把干事创业热情与科学求实精神结合起来，把开拓进取与尊重规律结合起来，把抓好当前工作与着眼长远发展结合起来。

焦裕禄精神体现了我党为人民服务的宗旨。焦裕禄同志当年在烈士们流血牺牲解放出来的90多万亩土地的兰考大地任县委书记，他既是一县之首，同时又是全县人民的公仆。他说：“党把这个县36万群众交给我们，我们不能领导他们战胜灾荒，应该感到羞耻和痛心。”正是为了这些穷苦百姓，正是为了这些烈士们流血牺牲解放出来的广大人民，他在兰考带领群众发展生产、植树治沙、脱贫致富，战斗到生命的最后一息。如今，我们的国家和社会生活都发生了翻天覆地的变化，但焦裕禄同志那种视人民如父母，以“为人民服务”为己任的精神仍需发扬光大。

“心里装着全体人民、唯独没有他自己”，这是焦裕禄同志公仆精神的写照，也是党的宗旨在他身上的具体体现。作为一名教师就要像焦裕禄同志那样主动加强党性修养，不断用党的理论武装自己的头脑，切实做到利为民所谋，情为民所系。

我认为学习焦裕禄，不能单纯说说、写写，脑子热热，要做三个结合：一是与保持共产党员先进性结合起来。要通过学习焦裕禄精神，全面提高思想政治素质。二是与学习身边的先进典型结合起来。身边的典型可能不是那么高大、那么完美，但可能更切合自身实际，可以用焦裕禄的精神激励自己，用身边的典型指导自己，学习那些优秀党员的做法，提高自己的业务水平。三是与实际工作结合起来。要对照焦裕禄同志，联系思想和工作实际，找差距、定措施、选定努力方向。努力提高自己的工作水平，以实际行动、具体成绩来证明自己的学习效果，做人民满意的好党员。宋人欧阳修说过，圣贤者"虽死而不朽，逾远而弥存"。鲁迅也说过："死者倘不埋在活人心里，那就真真死掉了。"焦裕禄同志就是一个虽死犹生，活在人心里，逾远而弥存的高尚的人。他的精神，他的形象，将逾远而弥存，历经时日而愈加光芒四射。

焦裕禄同志虽然已经离开我们很久了，但他的崇高精神跨越时空、历久弥新，无论过去、现在还是将来，都永远是亿万人民心中的一座永不磨灭的丰碑，永远是鼓舞我们的思想源泉。做为名党员，要求我们先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐，吃苦在前，享受在后。要以焦裕禄精神来规范自己的思想和行为。

他用光辉的一生铸就了忠诚、爱民、科学、创造、实干、奉献的焦裕禄精神，成为中国共产党和中华民族的宝贵财富。我们是治黄工作者，肩负着防汛的重任，我们更应该学习焦裕禄精神，并大力弘扬焦裕禄精神，忠诚人民治黄事业，关心爱护学生，树立科学的态度，提高科学发展水平。敬业、实干、无私奉献，为治黄事业而奋斗终身。

导语：以下是一直六年级的语文作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

小学一年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.对写话有兴趣;

2.能够把句子写完整、通顺。

二、写作内容：

1、通过看图、影视节目、观察周围事物等，写几句完整、通顺的话;

2、能运用生活中学过的词语造句，并根据表达的需要，学习正确使用“句号、问号、叹号”等符号。

三、写作形式：

观察写话;用词造句;仿句练习。

小学二年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1. 能乐于表达自己看到的、听到的、想到的事物;

2. 能写几句连贯、通顺的话;能写留言条、请假条;

3. 学写简单的日记。

二、写作内容：

1. 从能看图并展开想象、观察大自然和周围的事物，写几句连贯、通顺的话，逐步向连句成段过渡;

2. 能用几个词语写几句连贯、通顺的话;

3. 会写留言条、请假条。学写简单的日记。

三、写作形式：

看图写话;观察日记;用词造句;连句成段;结合阅读练习，仿写、续写。

小学三年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.乐于用书面语言表达自己的见闻、感受和想象;

2.能写内容较具体的片段，修改明显错误的词句;

二、写作内容：

1.通过观察(抓住特点)写一段内容较具体的片段;

2.用一段连贯的话写下来，字数不少于300字;

3.能根据提供的词语展开想象，书写内容丰富的语段。

三、写作形式：

仿写练习; 连句成段;修改练习; 结合阅读仿写、扩写、续写练习。

小学四年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.能用书面表达自己觉得新奇有趣、印象深刻、最受感动的内容;

2.愿意将自己的习作读给人听，与他人分享习作的快乐;

3.能用简单的书信、便条进行书面交际;能修改有明显错误的词句;

二、写作内容：

1.能围绕习作要求，自主收集习作素材;

2.能抓住特点观察自己周围的事物，并用几段连贯的话写下来;

3.学写书信、便条，掌握其格式;

4.能修改有明显错误的短文;

三、写作形式：

书信练习; 修改短文; 学习命题及自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。

小学五年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.懂得写作是为了自我表达和与他人交流;

2.学习写简单纪实作文和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实;

3.学写板报稿、建议书;

4.自拟题目，学习编写作文提纲;

5.能从内容、词句、标点等方面修改自己的习作;

二、写作内容：

1.能审清题意，围绕中心选材;

2.初步掌握纪实作文及想象作文的一般规律，养成勤于练笔的习惯;

3.培养先列提纲后作文的习惯;

4.学写板报、建议书，掌握其格式。

三、写作形式：

板报及建议书的练习;习作的互评互改; 命题或自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。

小学六年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.有自我表达和与人交流的欲望;

2.能写简单的纪实和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实，条理清楚;

3.学写会议记录和读书笔记;

4.能根据习作要求自主选材，编写作文提纲;

5.能独立修改自己的习作，并与人交流修改，做到语句通顺，行款正确，学写规范、整洁。

二、写作内容：

1.能围绕目标系统地搜集、整理材料。

2.能进行初步的记叙、议论、抒情的综合训练，为升入中学打好基础。

3.能写简单的会议记录和读书笔记，做到格式正确。

4.能熟练运用常用批改符号进行习作的互评互改。

三、写作形式：

综合练习;会议记录; 命题或自由作文; 文章修改。

作文基础知识

作文是字、词、句、段篇的综合训练，它体现出每位同学的认识水平和文字表达能力。那么，怎样才能写好作文呢?一般说来应做到：

一、思想健康，中心明确。

二、内容具体，条理清楚。

三、语句通顺，意思连贯。

四、详略得当，主次分明。

五、善于观察，想象丰富。

六、书写工整，格式正确。

就语文教学而言，初中学生对那些形象性较强的叙事类文体感兴趣，而对说明类文体（说明文）缺乏兴趣。随着工农业生产和科学技术的发展，说明文的应用越来越多，越来越广泛。让学生较好地掌握阅读和写说明文，在今天的语文教学中显得十分重要。

分析说明类文体的特点，我认为，说明文并不只是抽象的解说事物，像其他叙事类文体一样，有抽象，也有情感。就是说也有形象性和情感性。因此，我们同样可以借助形象思维的方法来进行说明文的教学。

如何借助形象思维的方法来教好说明文呢？

一、抓住关键词语，启发想象，从解说事物的准确性词语中使学生领会被解说的事物及其特色。

本来，形象思维的第一个特点是“神与物游”，而被解说事物的特征大都被体现在一些关键的词语上。如果我们让学生在阅读说明文时，能很好地把握这些关键词语，那么抽象的解说同样可以“活”起来，学生就有可能“神与物游”。例如《中国石拱桥》一文中有赵州桥“全桥只有一个大拱”，“大拱的两肩上，各有两个小拱”两句话。教学时，我先要学生图示这一物象，并要求依课文申述理由（在这个图示过程中，可以进行有意误导，在词语的解说中，可以进行斟换或删除的比较）。结果，大家都明确一边画两个小拱是由“各”字决定的；小拱不能画在大拱的两端或其他位置，是由“肩”字决定的。在此基础上，我向学生讲解说明文的特点之一，就是用词的准确性。“各”字准确地说明了小拱的数量，“两肩”不仅准确地说明了小拱的位置，而且运用了拟人的手法，语言更加形象生动，把这座桥梁的石拱形状，形象而具体地展现在读者面前。若换一个字，就很难收到如此的效果。这样，学生对赵州桥不但造型美观，而且结构坚固（小拱减轻了桥身的重量，在河水暴涨的时候，减轻洪水对桥身的冲击）的特点就有了深刻的理解。由此，深深体会到我国古代劳动人民的伟大智慧和力量。此课中还有许多词语，如“大约”、“几乎”、“左右”、“有些”、“全部”“在当时”、“最”等等，我把这些词都拿出来，让学生想一想，如果去掉它们换上另一个词，句子意思会不会有变化？是不是不够准确了？从而使学生懂得说话写文章用词造句都要经过认真的推敲，周密的思考，才能准确地反映客观实际。学生在体会说明文用词造句的准确性、周密性中，思维也会渐渐变得周密起来。

二、利用文学因素，用再造想象的规律来激发学生的形象思维，体会说明方法的生动性。

所谓再造想象是指根据对于某种事物的描述，在头脑中再造出这一事物的新形象的过程，即在脑子里“放电影”。在教学中，借助于再造想象，使学生头脑中重现出教材中所说明、描绘的事物，培养、丰富和发挥学生的形象思维，深刻地领会教材内容，牢固地掌握知识，并转化为技能。

初中课本说明文中不乏形象描述的部分。教学中，只要注意引导“观文”、“览物”，带入那些以描写作为说明手段所创造的情境，体验一定的情感，就会由于美的感受而引起兴趣。梁衡的《晋祠》是一篇“发现美，表现美”的优秀说明文。作者把准确说明与生动描写相结合，充分表现了古晋明珠——晋祠的自然美与社会美“浑然一体”的突出特征。讲说时，我注意抓住那些以动写静的动词，引导赏析，带入情景，让每个学生头脑中放映出晋祠。文中写山，用了一个“拥”字，表现其巍巍的气势之美。山拥抱着祠，“一百多座殿堂楼阁和亭台轩榭”的祠，多么壮伟；祠，偎依着山，高大、幽深，景色气候宜人，一年四季魅力无穷的山，何等怡适。文中写树，用了“荫护”一词，表现其苍劲的风骨之美。树，以自己“挑着”的青枝，“如盖”的绿叶，“荫护”着古老的祠，好大的力量；祠，正由于隐身于“托天”、“拔地”的古木荫中，才显得格外的幽静而典雅，这又是多么的美好。文中写水，用了一个“飘”字，表现其柔静之美。晋祠的水多、清、静、柔。作者把水与祠和其他景物连在一起写。水在祠中“穿”、“绕”，祠在水上“飘”着，水面有波，是微微的波；水“带”在流，是静静地流……水中有景，是数以万计的亭台楼阁的倒映之景。可以想象，在那景色如画，“飘带”如“织”的水边游览，移情于物，该是一种何等美妙的享受啊！由于生动的动态描写，本是静止的历史文物“三绝”，也处处给人以动势感，动则生势，势则感人。千百年来，山因祠而名，祠以山而存；苍劲的树，柔静的水，都成了古祠不可分割的部分。这美丽的自然风景，璀璨的古代文物就是如此动人的“浑然融为一体”！教学此文，由于我引导学生“观文”如同“览物”，使学生如临其境，如见其物，收到了很好的教学效果。学生练习写说明文时，也初步学会运用生动的说明方法 教学中，借助课文本身的文学因素，将学生引入描述意境，不仅能促进对被说明事物的理解，而且能学到形象生动的说明方法。

三、分析具体形象，揭示本质，把握说明文的主脉。

在现实生活中，人们认识客观事物，首先要从具体形象入手，经过抽象、概括，才能得出符合逻辑的结论。教学说明文，自然应该本着这个原则，通过各个局部形象的具体的分析，抽出事物的本质特征。例如教学《雄伟的人民大会堂》时，我先具体分析它的位置（在天安门右前方）、外观（面积宽、体积大、轮廓巍峨、色调淡雅）、内景（装饰富丽堂皇，立面层次繁多），先在头脑中形成鲜明的画面。然后通过抽象概括，得出“雄伟”的印象。分析课文中“大礼堂顶上藏着比北京新扩建的长安街路面还要宽的十二榀钢架”这句话时，我引导学生借助形象思维来理解，北京是祖国的首都，长安街是北京的一条主要街道，它的路面会有多宽？可能比我们娄底新城的街道路面要宽些吧。而大礼堂顶部的钢屋架却比长安街路面还要宽。这时候，学生的头脑中马上就会放出“电影”，形成鲜明的画面，即使没有到过长安街的学生也可以间接地想出大礼堂的宽度，并由此抽象出大会堂“雄伟”的本质特征。课文用“七十六米”、“六十米”、“三十三米”、“八万六千立方米”分别说明了万人大礼堂的宽度、深度、中部高度和体积。我引导学生把万人大礼堂和教室比一比（公布了教室的长度、宽度和高度的数据），通过比较想象，学生就会深深感知到，课文运用这些具体数字，不正表明了大会堂的雄伟吗？这样从形象思维入手，抽象出人民大会堂结构整体所形成的雄伟的风格特点，而这也正是这篇说明文的主脉，对学生理解文章的逻辑性也是不无裨益的。

四、依据逻辑结论，展开幻想，深化说明的主题。

通过形象思维和逻辑思维，揭示了被说明事物的本质特征之后，说明文的教学任务还没有完成。因为说明文的教学目的不仅要提高学生观察事物、认识事物和读写说明文的能力，而且还要培养学生尊重科学、热爱科学的精神，以适应四化建设的需要。例如前面提到的《中国石拱桥》一课，作者对芦沟桥的桥面装饰作了生动的描绘，“桥面用石板铺砌，两旁有石栏石柱。每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。这些狮子，有的母子相抱，有的交头接耳，有的像倾听水声，千姿万态，惟妙惟肖”。对石狮子的这种神态逼真、活灵活现的刻画，显示了桥的高度艺术价值，增添了说明的文采，给人以美的享受。这种带解说性的生动、形象的描绘语段，无须多做分析，只要张口诵读，闭目神思，细细品味，便可以想象到作者观桥时的那种喜悦之情，体会到作者作此文时那种对祖国古代灿烂文化和劳动人民的勤劳智慧的赞颂之情。同时，学生对我国劳动人民、科学家、科学事业的热爱景仰之情就会涌上心头，增强民族自豪感，立志为振兴祖国而努力学习。

从我们有记忆的时候开始，不知过过多少个节日。从元旦到六一，从五四到国庆，从端午到中秋，无不留下了难以磨灭的回忆。为了让作文出众脱俗，我们首先需要选择好一个视觉角度，以点带面展现节日场景。这就需要我们睁大眼睛观察发现，选取若干事件中最富有家乡特色的也最能体现节日特点的一件事情或者事情的一个侧面，并用学生、孩童或者其他身份的眼光来体察这件事情的方方面面，以表现节日的欢乐和时代的旋律。

其次，勾勒一点节日风俗和风土人情，让家乡的“土特产”为我们的作文增色添香。

我们还可以描绘一下美丽的家乡风光，让优美的环境和积极的故事相映生辉。

在具体的写作时还可以从以下两个方面努力：一是尽力把事情写详细。不同的地方不同的人事，看是什么在深深地把你打动着，要多运用各种表达方式和描写手法。二是要写出思想感情来。白居易曾说：“动人心者，莫先乎情。”要做到充满情感的生动描绘，在自然环境中渗透感情，在人物言行中洋溢感情，所有的歌唱与颂扬，都让其流淌在作文的字里行间。

导语：不论从何种角度，环保都是当代世界发展不可忽视的一环。它也不再仅仅是一种措施和行动，而是一种经济行为，并带动了一系列相关的产业。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的说明中国发展环保经济的状况的英语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. While developing its economy， China will handle properly the relationship among the population， natural resources and the environment.

2. The Chinese government pays great attention to environmental problems arising from Chinas population growth and economic development.

3. China relies on improving supervision， management and technological progress to promote environmental protection.

4. Land， arable land in particular， should be used reasonably and economically. Strong measures will be taken to strengthen the building of the urban environmental infrastructure， regulate industrial structure and lay-out， shun the unpromising way of pollution first， treatment afterwards， and strengthen prevention and control of the pollution in major river valleys to ensure the security of the drinking water of the inhabitants.

【参考译文】

1、中国在发展经济的同时，将处理好的人口之间的关系，自然资源和环境。

2、中国政府高度关注中国人口增长和经济发展所带来的环境问题。

3、中国依靠强化监督管理和技术进步，促进环境保护。

4、土地，特别是耕地，应该合理和经济地使用。将采取强有力的措施来加强城市环境基础设施建设，调整产业结构和布局，避免“先污染，后治理的工作方式，加强预防和控制主要河流污染以确保居民饮用水安全。

小学语文作文写作方法

例二：如果以《爸爸是个体育迷》为题，有下列写作材料，在符合题意的材料后面打“√”。

1、爸爸经常因工作而忘记吃饭。（）

2、爸爸节省烟钱买球票。（）

3、爸爸每天都要看当天的新闻联播。（）

4、爸爸为灾区捐款。（）

5、爸爸为了看好世界杯足球赛，答应妈妈的要求，承担了全部的家务。（）

[分析]这首题目主要是考查我们围绕中心选材的能力。在这里应该用“比较法”来解决问题，结合着文题的要求，很显然“体育迷”是中心要突出的内容。通过以上五个材料的比较，找出正确的答案，实际上就是在进行扣题选材。解决类似选材的问题，要努力遵循着“想——比——定”的方法。

[解]2、5

例三、阅读短文，完成练习。

（）

黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市东路小学四年一班于闯

我们的学校四季景色都有很诱人，下面由我带大家去看看吧！

春天，小树发芽了，小草也偷偷地钻了出来，太阳笑的格外灿烂。我抬头仰望，碧空如洗，蓝得使人心醉，春天给大地带来了生机和活力。

夏天，高大的杨树在我们的校园起的作用可大啦！他并没白吸必春雨姐姐的礼物，给我们全校同学遮阳光。

秋天，这个季节农民伯伯应该是满心欢喜的。因为，熟透的果实在向他们招手。那么我也懂得了一个道理，有辛勤的汗水，就会有丰收的喜悦。

冬天，大地披上白袍。雪，冰清玉洁，清爽感觉浮现在我的眼前，银铃般的笑声在耳边回荡。

啊！校园四季的景色多么美。

1、给拟个恰当的题目，填写在上面的括号内。

2、通过阅读，你认为在组织材料上有什么特点？

[分析]练习分为两个题目。第1题是对于学生审题能力的一种变相考查，文题往往是中心的凝聚，所以完成这个题目要按逆推的方法，结合着全文的阅读进行概括。第2题是考查我们组织材料，布局谋篇的能力。课标中提出要“从读学写”，通过阅读我们不难发现。的材料是按照一年四季的时间顺序安排的，全文各段间采用了总分总的结构，重点突出，层次清楚，首尾两段实现了前后照应。完成此类题目要从认真阅读入手，弄清题目的要求，结合自己掌握的写作常识，进行深入地理解分析。

[解]1、校园的四季2、按时间顺序安排材料，全文采用总分总的结构，首尾呼应，重点突出，结构清晰。

专题测试：

1、想一想，下面关于“题眼”的确定是否正确，把全正确的选出来。

A、母爱慈母严师

B、一件高兴的事这件事真有趣这件事让我后悔

C、快乐的假日特殊的喜讯我的第一个老师

D、我的书包公园里的雪松春景

《粉笔》

2、判断。（正确的打“√”，错误的打“╳”）

（1）《难忘的樱桃》既可以写人，也可以写事。（）

（2）《我的妈妈》和《我爱妈妈》两个题目的要求相同，都是写妈妈。（）

（3）《我爱的星期日》要求把一家人在星期日里印象最深的一件事或两件事写出来就可以，不用这一天发生的每件事都写。（）

（4）《我的小花猫》与《我和小花猫》两个题目的要求是不一样的。（）

3、分析下面的文题，你明白了什么？

《一张照片》

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《夏天的晚上》

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《记关心我的一个人》

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《——给我带来了乐趣》

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《未来世界中的——》

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

《想起这件事，我就——》

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一直以来，雅思写作考试的大作文主体段的拓展往往是很多考生在写作中突显的最为薄弱的一个环节，其中论证过程单薄、不充分、没有力量，导致论点站不住脚是主要的原因，从而使得整篇文章留下失败的一笔。议论文，说到底，最关键的一点就是让读者对你在文章中所体现的立场认同。要做到这一点，靠的就是论点和论证。论点要合理、明确，且不要重复，要有层次;论证要做到充分，要有强大的力量把论点支撑起来，让读者心服口服，认同你的想法。作为海外考试来说，考生要做的就是让考官明确地知道你的想法，并且认同你，最终让他给你一个合理且满意的写作分数。

如何成功地完成主体段落的拓展呢?要勾画出一个充实且具有说服力的论证过程，我们当然要使用到一些论证手段，结合这些论证方法的使用，协助我们较好地完成相对来说最困难的论证过程。

一、 举例论证法

要更为直观地反映问题，举例无疑是最好的选择，也是最具有说服力的。常见的引出实例的方式：如for example, for instance, as is reported, It is reported that…, 可作为插入语的结构使用在句中。实例也可以分为几种情况，如下：

1. 应用名人实例，这是大家都知道的事情，容易引起共鸣。如在教育类话题中有一个考点涉及到中学生要不要学历史，在论证古人的经验和智慧给我们很多借鉴意义时，就可以引用一些名人的例子。

Charles Darwin, for example, taught us that only the fittest can survive, which is more than ever true in today’s competitive society.

2. 应用某些调查研究结果，常结合具体数据，更能增强真实性说服力。社会类话题老人问题上，要求分析人口老龄化所带来的影响，其中谈到积极意义时，会提到老人对家庭及社会的贡献。我们可以在两个地方找到列数据的点，一是老人的年龄，二是在有意义的事情上所花的时间，可以得出论证过程如下：

As is reported, the average time that the retired within the age group above 65 spend on the family and the community is at its length of about 5 hours per day.

3. 应用生活中具有普遍性的现象或有代表性的亲身经历。在文化这类较为抽象的话题中，有典型地要求分析文化差异会带来的不同国家人之间的冲突，可以引用这样的现象：

A western woman travelling to the Middle East may find it annoying to have to wear headscarf during a journey.

要做到恰当合适地使用实例进行论证，要求考生在平时的准备过程中，就要着重对各大话题常见的考点进行典型实例的收集，最好是比较万能的一些例子，这样就能充分利用举例子的优势，在考试中赢得高分。

二、 解释说明(拓展影响)法

中心论点表达一般比较空泛、笼统，作为论证，首先就要对空泛的意思加以具体地解释，说明原因，解释过程，阐述影响，这是一种惯用的思维，这里打不开，后面说得再多也可能都是白搭。常结合定语从句，分词的语法应用。我们来看一个例子：

By travelling abroad, we have the opportunity to experience different customs, cultures and lifestyles, helping us better understand the whole world.

这个句子是对论点出国旅游有助于我们开拓眼界的论证，采取的就是解释的方式，目的就是协助论点表达得更透彻。

三、 因果推理法

这种方法是基于一个事实的陈述，推出它可能会产生的结果，然后一环扣着一环往下推，直至目标内容出现，也就是论点的内容呈现了。常结合因果关系的状语从句结构展开论证，要注意推理逻辑连接词的应用，如as, since, because, therefore, hence, thus, as a consequence, consequently, ……

论证高中生毕业后先去工作再上大学的这种作为会带来的不利影响之一——这种方式容易使高中生误入歧途，论证过程如下：Since high school students are mentally immature, they are less likely to resist the temptation in the real world. As a result, they are more prone to some social evils, such as theft, drug abuse, and so on. So, they may easily go astray and even commit crime.

四、 对照对比论证法

拿相同或相反的事物做比较，相同关系叫对照(comparison)，相反关系叫对比(contrast)。此类论证考生需要重点掌握一些对比对照关系的连词：in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, likewise, similarly, by the same token。

先看个例子，如：论证广告给消费者提供及时信息，帮助他们做决定中论述到：By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.这就是从反面着手，阐述如果没有广告，消费者会受到的影响，用反方的劣势达到衬托正方优势的效果。若想使论点具有说服力，可以尝试寻找对应的参照物相比较，在所选参照物明显的不足面前，本来事物的优点会立刻容易被人信服。

再来分析下对照的例子：They cite that in the sports world, records are always created when a sportsman is facing tough competitions. They believe that, by the same token, in a classroom where clever minds meet, students can achieve their best due to peer pressure. 拿体育比赛中的情况作对照，突出分班教学的必要性。

五、 让步论证法

欲擒故纵的高超写法，对考生来说比较陌生，先退一步承认与自己观点相反的事实，再转折给出自己的观点，否定前者。让步这种方法的优点是能较为全面地看待一个问题，而且反驳更能有的放矢。比如举一个大家特别熟悉的例子，一个男生向女生表白时被拒绝，女生会很委婉地表示，先肯定男生有很多优点，但最终会表示自己并不喜欢他，他不是她喜欢的类型。这种方式一方面不会伤害到男孩的自尊，同时也鲜明地表达了自己的想法。在这种论证中，常见句型如下：although / though / in spite of the fact that…; as is granted / admittedly…; opponents would argue that…

用以下例子加以说明：

1. As is granted, saving money offers people a sense of security in case of emergency. However, people tend to believe that wise investment can get more profits.

2. Opponents would argue that some of the violence shown on TV is the true portrayal of what is happening around us and people have the right to know it. Although this is undoubtedly true, it also means that people who see them a lot may gradually develop a sense of insecurity and mistrust as they are forced to believe they are living in a dangerous world.

很明显，我们在写作的论证过程中，对以上五种方法可以灵活地加以结合使用，不断地积累相关实例，不断地练习这些思维，在论证中做到游刃有余，充分的论证无疑是考生的加分点。希望以上的方法能为各位考生提供一些帮助。

高考作文写作指导方法大全：巧博喻，形象开阔

巧博喻，形象开阔。

(1)诚信如春天第一缕阳光，令人向往，敞开胸怀去接受;如夏天的一块西瓜，含在口中，甜到心里;如秋天远方飘来的一片火红的枫叶，勾起无限牵挂;如冬天漫天飘飞的雪花，永远那么纯洁。(《诚信——永远的绿卡》)

(2)在刚刚启蒙的孩童眼里，零是一轮金灿灿的太阳，是热乎乎的鸡蛋，是一朵盛开的向日葵，是一颗圆形的巧克力，是妈妈炸的香喷喷的甜圈，也或许仅仅是一个圆圈……(《零的断想》)

(3)诚信是什么?诚信是荒原上流淌的一汪清泉;诚信是寒冬腊月交替傲放的一枝腊梅;诚信是夜晚行路时前方如豆的不灭之灯;诚信是在浮浮沉沉漂泊不定的人海中导航的一座灯塔……(《诚信是什么》)

附:博喻的例句

用几个喻体从不同角度反复设喻去说明一个本体，叫博喻，又叫连比。运用博喻能加强语意，增添气势。例如：

①两岸都是悬崖峭壁，累累垂垂的石乳一直浸到江水里去，像莲花，像海棠叶儿，像一挂一挂的葡萄，也像仙人骑鹤，乐手吹箫……说不定你忘记自己在漓江上了呢！（杨朔《画山绣水》）

②一株巨大的白丁香把花开在了屋顶的灰色的瓦瓴上。如雪，如玉，如飞溅的浪花。（王蒙《春之声》）

③“砰”一声，郎平的一记重扣，激起了全场经久不息的欢呼声和鼓掌声，像海涛击岸，像山洪爆发，像飞瀑倾泻。观众们蜂涌到场子里，将一束束散发着馨香的鲜花，献给教练、领队和姑娘们。（鲁光《中国姑娘》）

④张老师却是一对厚嘴唇，冬春常被风吹得爆出干皮儿；从这对厚嘴唇里迸出的话语，总是那么热情、生动、流利，像一架永不生锈的播种机，不断在学生们的心田上播下革命思想和知识的种子，又像一把大笤帚，不停地把学生心田上的灰尘无情地扫去……（刘心武《班主任》）

例①用“莲花”、“海棠叶儿”、“一挂一挂的葡萄”、“仙人骑鹤”、“乐队吹箫”五个喻体来比喻“累累垂垂的石乳”这一个本体；

例②用“雪”、“玉”、“飞溅的浪花”三个喻体来比喻“白丁香花”这个本体；

例③用“海涛击岸”、“山洪爆发”、“飞瀑倾泻”三个喻体来比喻“欢呼声和掌声”这一个联合体；

例④用“播种机”、“大笤帚”两个喻体来比喻“话语”这一个本体。如果用一个喻体来比一个本体，又用另一个喻体来比另一个本体，这不是博喻，这是比喻的连续运用。

护士是医院重要的一个岗位，但是因为工作量大、待遇低，因此会有护士考虑离职，另谋发展。护士在书写辞职信时，一般要注意一下几个方面：

一、在职期间的工作经历；（可简要描写）。

二、离职的理由；（最好找一个合理的离职理由）。

三、离职前的祝福或感谢语。（一两句话简单带过即可）。

上面三个方面是护士辞职信的主要组成部分，下面小编为大家提供护士辞职报告的优秀范文，供网友的参考：

尊敬的领导：

在递交这份辞职申请时，我的心情十分沉重。现在医院的发展需要大家竭尽全力，现在由于我的一些个人原因的影响，无法为公司做出相应的贡献。因此请求允许离开。当前医院正处于繁忙的阶段，同事都是斗志昂扬，壮志满怀，而我在这时候却因个人原因无法为医院分忧，实在是深感歉意。

我希望医院领导在百忙之中抽出时间商量一下工作交接问题。本人在XX年x月xx日申请离职，希望能得到医院领导的准许！

感谢诸位在我在医院期间给予我的信任和支持，并祝所有同事和朋友们在工作和活动中取得更大的成绩和收益！

此致

敬礼

申请人：xxx

常见作文写作方法:线索查找方法

以物为线索

【特点】

在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。

以人为线索

【特点】

以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。

以思想变化为线索

【特点】

这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。

以中心事件为线索

【特点】

主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。

记叙文以叙事为主， 记叙文以叙事为主，我们要把事情发 生的经过， 生的经过，时间、 时间、地点、 地点、人物写清楚。 人物写清楚。

还有就是对这些事情的态度和看法。

还有就是对这些事情的态度和看法。

写谁(作文对象) 发生在活动场 写谁(作文对象)：发生在活动场 地的竞赛、劳动、爬山等事情。 地的竞赛、劳动、爬山等事情。

写什 竞赛 等事情 么(作文目的)：反映作者对这些事情 作文目的) 的态度和看法。 的态度和看法。

怎样写： 怎样写：通过一件事或几件事说 明作文的目的。 明作文的目的。

写法：叙述事件，还可以在事件 写法：叙述事件， 中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动 肖像 作、细节描写。

注意事项：作文过程 细节描写。注意事项： 中，必须坚持始终要与所写这些事情 的态度和看法相联系。 的态度和看法相联系。

一、交代清楚事件发生的时间、 交代清楚事件发生的时间、 地点、人物、起因、经过和结果， 地点、人物、起因、经过和结果，即 六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素 六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素， 把这方面写清楚了， 把这方面写清楚了，才能使读者了解 事件的来龙去脉。 事件的来龙去脉。

二、要围绕作文的中心选择事 件，要选择最能表现作文中心思想的 事件做为材料， 事件做为材料，生活中有不少新鲜有 趣和激动人心的事。因此， 趣和激动人心的事。因此，我们平日 要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。 要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。选 材要新颖，在别人的作文中常出现的 材要新颖， 事要少写或不写， 事要少写或不写，这样写出来的作文 才有吸引力，有新鲜感。 才有吸引力，有新鲜感。

三、事件的主要部分要写具体。 事件的主要部分要写具体。 每件事都有起因、 每件事都有起因、经过和结果这样一 个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚， 个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚，给 读者的印象才能完整而深刻。

读者的印象才能完整而深刻。在事件 中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 动作、细节描写，这一点很重要， 动作、细节描写，这一点很重要，这 样写出来的作文才生动。 样写出来的作文才生动。要突出中 心，详略得当，与主题无关的事不写 详略得当。

例文： 一次难忘的经历

那天是我的生日，爸妈带我去购 天是我的生日礼物。出来的时候看到几十个人围在路边，天生喜欢看热闹的我便不自觉挤 到了人群中—— 到了人群中—— 啊，原来是一位乞讨者。

她衣衫褴褛，满头银丝，她露在嘴唇外面牙齿参差不齐的裸 露在嘴唇外面，左眼失去了光彩。跪在地上，嘴中呢喃着，仿佛在说：求求你们可怜可怜我， 给我几块钱 吧，我已经好几天没吃东西了。

我已经好几天没吃东西了。 看到这里我毫不犹豫地拿出十块钱，刚要给她，手却又收了回来， 十块钱，刚要给她，手却又收了回来， 因为我看到她面前的铁罐里只有几毛钱。看看围观的人群，人们无动于衷毛钱。看看围观的人群，人们无动于衷观看的人群，只是好奇地看着她，并且指指点 只是好奇地看着她，指指点点议论纷纷，好可怜啊， “指指点点议论纷纷 ，好可怜啊， 快点救救 她啊! 她啊! ”“给她些钱吧! 给她些钱吧! ”

“ 甚至有几个年轻人说 Ho,my God! 好恐怖啊，快点走! ” 好恐怖啊，快点走!说给钱的却也不给钱，说走的却也不走，只是围在那里看着……我厌恶的看着这群围观的人，心里 鄙视他们： “ 鄙视他们：难道你们连一块钱也拿不出来吗?”却不知自己把钱收回的 那一刻，已经和他们一样了。

这时，挤进来一个小男孩，满脸的 天真稚气，摇着手，把一块钱硬币丢 入了她的钱盒里， 入了她的钱盒里，硬币与铁盒相撞发 出清脆的响声……这声音在人群中荡开去，人们不再议论纷纷，人群一下子安静下来，大家纷纷开始从身上掏钱……

我也掏出身上所有的钱悄悄放入铁盒 中……

感谢这个小男孩 ， 这清脆的响声，不经唤醒了麻木的人群，也涤荡了人们的灵魂，抚慰了人们即将冷漠 的心灵。

多长时间过去了这响声还时 常回荡在我耳边，激励着我： 常回荡在我耳边，心怀悲 悯，与人为善……

怎样写好文章 古人说： 凤头，猪肚，豹尾。 ( “ 古人说： 凤头，猪肚，豹尾。”

元 朝陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》 朝陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》中引乔梦符 的话)意思是要重视文章的开头， 的话)意思是要重视文章的开头，设 计一个好的开头会使文章增加色彩， 计一个好的开头会使文章增加色彩， “凤头”的意思是“美”。

要美，不 凤头”的意思是“ 要美， 能单纯认为就是词藻美，语句美， 能单纯认为就是词藻美，语句美，而 是能抓住读者， 引人入胜， 这也是美。 是能抓住读者， 引人入胜， 这也是美。

开头引入的要求是切题， “ 开头引入的要求是切题 ， 美 ” ， 吸引读者。 吸引读者。

渲染就是能用简要的语句 将其意突出，抓住读者， 将其意突出，抓住读者，正如李渔在 《闲情偶寄》中说“以奇句夺目，使 闲情偶寄》中说“以奇句夺目， 之一见而惊，不敢弃去。 之一见而惊 ，不敢弃去 。

当然这是 ” 写诗的要求， 写诗的要求，写文也如此， 写文也如此，不是“奇” 不是“ 而是真， 逼真” 如同在眼前。铺垫 而是真， 逼真” 如同在眼前。 “ ， 就是做些必要的铺陈和垫衬 引入、渲染、铺垫的方式很多， 引入、渲染、铺垫的方式很多， 如： 交待环境，引入人物、事件。 交待环境，引入人物、事件。

如 《孔乙己》 孔乙己》 点出所写的对象、 点出所写的对象、人、事。如《我 的老师》 的老师》 开门见山，点明题旨，交待写作开门见山，点明题旨， 动机。 《一件珍贵的衬衫 动机。如《背影》 一件珍贵的衬衫》 背影》 一件珍贵的衬衫》 《 解题，为全文奠定感情基调。 解题，为全文奠定感情基调。

如 《白杨礼赞》 白杨礼赞》 紧扣叙事，直抒胸臆。 紧扣叙事，直抒胸臆。如《谁是 最可爱的人》 最可爱的人》 描写环境，渲染气氛， 描写环境，渲染气氛，为情节发 展作铺垫， 如 多收了三五斗》 《故 、 展作铺垫， 《多收了三五斗》 《故 乡》 设置疑团， 制造悬念， 引人入胜。 设置疑团， 制造悬念， 引人入胜。

结尾要引出、照应、 升华， 结尾要引出 、 照应 、 升华 ， 就是 把读者从具体的事件、人物中引出， 把读者从具体的事件、人物中引出， 使记叙完整， 使记叙完整，并把读者引回更为广阔 的社会现实中， 的社会现实中 ， 引向更为深远的境 界 。古人说“豹尾” 就是结尾要有 古人说“ 豹尾” ， 画龙点睛” 有精神， 力 ，且 “画龙点睛 ” 有精神， 有神 ， 采，就是余味无穷，发人深思，给读 就是余味无穷，发人深思， 者以精神境界或思想认识上的飞跃 提高。这就是升华。 提高。这就是升华。 结尾引出、照应、升华的方式 结尾引出、照应、 很多， 很多，如：自然收束，回味无穷。

如 自然收束，回味无穷 《小桔灯》、《背影》 小桔灯》、《背影》 》、《背影富有感染力的抒情。 富有感染力的抒情。如《谁是 最可爱的人》 最可爱的人》 含蓄深刻带有启发式，发人深思。 含蓄深刻带有启发式，发人深思。 如《荔枝蜜》、《故乡》、《多收了 荔枝蜜》、《故乡》、《多收了 》、《故乡》、《 三五斗》 三五斗》 呼应开头，点明主题。

呼应开头，点明主题。如《一件 小事》、《一件珍贵的衬衫》 小事》、《一件珍贵的衬衫》 》、《一件珍贵的衬衫 古人讲究“首尾圆合”，“首句 标其目， 卒章显其志。 (白居易 ” 《新 乐府序》“标其目”就是揭示文章的 题旨。 “卒章”就是文章结尾。 “志” 就是主旨。 强调开头夺目， 结束升华。 清朝李渔《闲情偶寄》中“务使开门 见山，不当借帽覆顶”，形象地说明开头不应该把“山”，题旨遮挡住。 宋朝沈义父《乐府指迷》中强调“结 句须要放开， 含有余不尽之意。 “须 ” 要” 必须要放开， 结尾要 “长留余味” ， 要响亮，像唐朝白乐天《金针诗格》 中说 “落句欲似高山放石， 一去不回。

下面是语文迷网整理提供的35个初中英语写作会用到的句型，大家一起来看看吧。

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + haveever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：

Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：

Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

例句：

There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

例句：

An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

例句：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

例句：

So precious is time t

that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

例句：

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more+ Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..)

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式.(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

例句：We should bring home to people the valueof working hard.

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

做运动与健康息息相关。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~(因为...)

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

三十三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害)

例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去...)

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

导语：套用一些英语作文模板可以得到分数的提高哦!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)

有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。

Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.

觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。

Some people advocate that ....

有些人在坚持认为_________。

They hold that ... 他们认为_________。

People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)

坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。

Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.

那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。

Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.

强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that...

有人会认为___________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...

提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。