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初中英语说明文写作模板精彩20篇

导语:友谊是一支歌,唱出了我们的欢乐与留恋,我们会将友谊定格在我们心中,小编收集定格友谊的作文,欢迎阅读。

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说明文写作技巧:碧波之上话彩虹——"依据特征,理清顺序"

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安徽 刘腾辉

【作文导引】

写作说明文的目的一般是让人们了解事物的特征、明白事理,从而获得一定的知识和技能。只有清楚地进行说明,才能达到这个目的。那么,如何使说明文条理清晰,使读者一目了然呢?众所周知,任何事物或事理都有其内在的特点及其一定的逻辑关系,说明时就要按照其本身的条理性来合理安排说明的顺序

说明文的说明顺序各不相同。说明顺序的采用,往往是由说明对象的特征和说明目的决定的。常见的说明顺序有以下三种:时间顺序,空间顺序,逻辑顺序。一篇文章中,不一定只采用一种说明顺序,有时根据说明的需要,综合使用几种说明顺序。我们在写作时,怎样才能合理地安排说明顺序呢?

一、安排说明顺序要依据说明对象的特点和内在的逻辑关系来进行。

一般情况下,说明对象包括具体的事物和抽象的事理两个方面。任何事物都有一定的特征,写作时,我们要在细致观察的基础上,抓住其本质特征安排合理的说明顺序。如果说明事物的发展变化过程,可采用时间顺序;若说明事物的形貌特征或者方位,可采用空间顺序。抽象的事理,一般都有内在的逻辑关系,说明时,可根据不同的关系确立适当的说明顺序,如由一般到特殊,由概括到具体、由因到果……

二、安排说明顺序要符合事物发展和人们认识事物的规律。

任何事物的发展变化都是有规律的,人们对事物的认识也是有一定的规律可循的。一般来讲,事物的发展和变化往往都具有由小到大,由简单到复杂的特点。人们对事物的认识,也是由浅入深、由表及里、由初级到高级,层层深入的。因此,写事理说明文,安排说明顺序时,一定要遵循事物发展的客观规律以及人们认识事物的规律。

三、安排说明顺序要充分考虑到说明的中心和材料的关系。

说明文的材料是为中心服务的,具体安排什么样的材料说明事物,就必须把握说明的中心是什么。而安排说明顺序,一定要充分考虑到中心和材料的关系。比如说,说明一棵树,若从其生长过程的角度进行说明,可采用时间顺序;若从其功用等角度说明,可采用逻辑顺序。

【升格例析】

【病文展示】

家乡的小桥

人们常说:"江南多水乡,故而桥是南方独特的风景线。"南方的名桥固然奇妙,但作为土生土长的北方人,我还是认为家乡的小桥独具风韵。

在我的家乡,有两种桥最为普遍,土桥和钢筋混凝土桥。现在大多为钢筋混凝土桥。这种桥主要是以钢筋混凝土土作为材料进行修建的,虽没有镂刻的优美图案、独特的造型,形式简洁明了,但坚固耐用。桥面平坦,下面有七根粗大的桥墩;桥面两边的栏杆昂首挺立,像一个个威风凛凛的哨兵。每两个桥墩之间都有大大的桥洞,使水流畅通无阻,为旱灌涝排提供了方便。桥与地面相连,上面覆盖着厚厚的尘土,被过往的车辆压得结结实实。

过去,我们家乡则以土桥居多。所谓土桥,是以土为材料。几米、乃至十几米宽的小河,两岸随便垒起几块石头,然后在上面搭上几块石板,铺些土,压平,土桥就这样建成了。

家乡的小桥造型简单,古朴典雅。有时桥面上还有些许的坑坑洼洼,那或许是岁月所留下的痕迹吧。整个桥身和路面一样,非常不起眼,很难惹人注目。但是,两岸绿柳成荫,微风吹拂,景致宜人。

无论是现在的钢筋混凝土桥,还是以前的土桥,都起到沟通和连接的作用。()家乡的小桥虽然简陋,但维系着父老乡亲的生命线,意义重大。

【误区警示】

上面这篇文章,作者虽然抓住了土桥和钢筋混凝土桥的特点进行说明,但在说明事物特征、顺序及语言方面,还存在一定的不足之处。

警示一:没能很好地抓住说明对象的本质特征来写。写钢筋混凝土桥时,作者只是粗略地介绍了桥面、桥墩、桥洞等方面的一般特征,而没有抓住桥的坚固耐用这一本质特征重点说明。

警示二:条理不清,结构混乱。先写现在,再写过去,顺序颠倒。特别是写钢筋混凝土桥,一会儿写桥面、桥墩,一会儿又写栏杆、桥洞,条理极不清晰。另外,在说明钢筋混凝土桥和土桥之间,缺少必要的过渡,结构混乱。

警示三:个别语句的表达过于绝对,说明语言不够准确。像文中第三段"所谓土桥,是以土为材料"一句,语意就过于绝对。因为土桥的材料不完全是土,下文可知,还有石块、石板等。第四段"整个桥面和路面一样"一句表意也不准确,桥面和路面根本不可能完全一样。等等。

【升格点拨】

建议从以下三个方面进行升格:

一、写钢筋混凝土桥,应该抓住这种桥坚固耐用这一本质特征进行重点说明,无论写桥面、桥墩,还是栏杆等,都要围绕这一点来写。这样,才能更好地突出事物的本质特征。

二、应该按时间的先后顺序,先写过去的土桥,再写现在的钢筋混凝土桥。对钢筋混凝土桥的说明,要按空间顺序,由上到下,依次写桥面、栏杆、桥墩、桥洞。同时,土桥和钢筋混凝土桥两部分内容之间,应该加上一个过渡段,可这样来写:"随着岁月的流逝,家乡那古朴简单的土桥因年久失修而破败不堪。而社会的发展,又使得钢筋混凝土桥这一新生事物在此安家落户了".

三、对说明对象的特征并不完全了解的内容,应该用上一些表示估计或推测的词语,以体现说明语言的准确性。如"所谓土桥,是以土为材料"一句,应在"是"的前面加上"主要"一词,这样,语意就不显得绝对了。

【升格示例】

家乡的小桥

人们常说:"江南多水乡,故而桥是南方独特的风景线。"南方的名桥固然奇妙,但作为土生土长的北方人,我还是认为家乡的小桥独具风韵。

在我的家乡,有两种桥最为普遍,土桥和钢筋混凝土桥。过去,土桥最多。所谓土桥,主要是以土为材料。几米、乃至十几米宽的小河,两岸随便垒起几块石头,然后在上面搭上几块石板,铺些土,压平,土桥就这样建成了。

家乡的小桥造型简单,古朴典雅。有时桥面上还有些许的坑坑洼洼,那或许是岁月所留下的痕迹吧。整个桥身几乎和路面一样,非常不起眼,很难惹人注目。但是,两岸的绿柳成荫,微风吹拂,柳梢便趁机亲吻小桥。桥下的流水哗哗流淌,唱着欢快的歌儿,远处的农舍隐藏在袅袅炊烟之中,具有"小桥流水人家"的诗情画意。

随着岁月的流逝,家乡那古朴简单的土桥因年久失修而破败不堪。而社会的发展,又使得钢筋混凝土桥这一新生事物在此安家落户了。

形式简洁明了,结构坚固耐用,是钢筋混凝土桥的本质特征。桥面结实平坦,两边的栏杆昂首挺立,像一个个威风凛凛的哨兵。桥下有四根粗大的桥墩,全是混凝土所制,如同擎天玉柱,使小桥牢牢地屹立在河面之上。三个大大的桥洞,又使水流畅通无阻,为旱灌涝排提供了方便。桥与地面相连,上面覆盖着厚厚的尘土,被过往的车辆压得结结实实,好像给桥面穿了一件黄色的外衣,让人分辨不清哪是桥,哪是路。

我国著名桥梁专家茅以升曾说过:"桥是一条放大的板凳".不错,每一座桥梁都起到沟通和连接的作用。家乡的小桥虽然简陋,但维系着父老乡亲的生命线,意义重大。

【升格点评】

能抓住事物的本质特征,进行有条理的说明,是升格文最突出的特点。此外,语言生动准确,结构严谨也是本文的亮点。

一、作者在升格文中,紧紧扣住土桥的造型简单、古朴典雅及钢筋混凝土桥的坚固耐用的本质特征进行说明,鲜明具体,同时流露出作者对家乡小桥的喜爱之情。

二、升格后的文章,根据说明的需要,采用了两种顺序:一是以时间为序,先写过去的土桥,再写写作的钢筋混凝土桥;二是写钢筋混凝土桥时,采用自上而下的空间顺序。这就使文章条理清晰,使人一目了然。

三、以文艺性的语言,生动地说明了事物的特征,语言准确严密。如文中"柳梢便趁机亲吻小桥。桥下的流水哗哗流淌,唱着欢快的歌儿",以拟人的手法,说明土桥周围景色的美丽;同时,作者又把栏杆比作"哨兵",把桥面上的尘土比作"黄色的外衣",生动贴切。

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The annual Chinese New Year came in 2008, the Spring Festival has come exceptionally busy, it is accompanied by the festive sound of firecrackers, sky in full bloom, and colorful fireworks came. The ancients as "firecrackers of the year" to commemorate Chinese New Year. The return of fireworks and firecrackers, so that the ancient city of Beijing is full of a thick smell of years, sound of firecrackers brings us endless joy, filled with a wonderful interesting traditional festivals.

As a girl, I do not like to put those little on the "crackling" sound of Mei Wan and loud firecrackers. I like those colorful light emitted after, four run around fireworks. There is a called channeling smallpox, a carefully ed in the ground began to release, and later on the secure enough to put in the hand grip, lit "squeak" is heard, a group with a small ball of fire flew up into the sky, screaming, "pit" Suddenly the sky on a flower in full bloom out, quite exciting. My favorite is called Setaria fireworks in one hand and a lit continuously emitted after the bright, constantly changing colors of the fireworks. My hands turned, arms on the emergence of two very nice Ring of Fire; my arms open, 4 running, I became a "Firebird." I have a another one to lying, I cried, ran, happy with ... ...

Chinese New Year fireworks is a traditional custom. Legend of the so-called "year" is an evil beast, people set fire to bamboo, the sound of bamboo bursting scared off "year", "years" away is the Chinese New Year in. I like fireworks, it made me able to live a traditional feature of the year. I think as long as we pay attention to safety, stressing civilization, this tradition will be able to have a wonderful New Year.

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篇9:初中英语作文大全

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Now as the coming of June, which means the summer holiday is drawing near.

I am so excited about the holiday. After studying for four months, finally I can

take a break. I have made up some plans. First, I want to go back to my

hometown. I miss the food and my friends. I also like the clean water and the

blue sky. It is such a great time for me to stay in hometown. Second, I will

travel with my parents. They will take me to the different places and let me

look at the world. I gain a lot of knowledge and broaden my vision. I am so

looking forward to my holiday.

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篇10:暑假英语日记:初中

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在忙碌紧张的考试过后,同学们终于迎来了期盼已久的暑假生活,同学们在这个暑假里都去了那些名胜古迹游玩呢,下面这篇暑假英语日记,供大家参考,希望同学们能够把自己游玩的感受用英语写下来与同学们共同分享.

A new term began. Students all returned to school met again. They were talking about what they had done in the holidays. I was happier. I couldnt wait to tell my story. Now its my turn. I told them I got a job in a restaurant. I worked as a waitress.

They didnt believe at first.

Yes, its true. I said, I really had a hard time at the beginning. But several days later, I could do a good job. I earned six hundred yuan this holiday. They all looked at me with their mouths open.

新学期开始了,同学们都返回学校重新见面。他们正在谈论自己的暑假生活。我更高兴,迫不及待地想告诉他们我是怎么过的。终于轮到我,了,我告诉他们我暑假期间在一家餐馆当服务员。他们起初并不相信。是真的。我说,刚开始时可惨了,但几天我就做得很好了。暑假我挣了600元钱呢。他们都目瞪口呆地看着我。

[暑假英语日记:初中

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篇11:初中英语

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This summer, I move to a new city with my parents, and I transfer to a new

school. I used to live in the countryside, so my new life is so different from

before. The school is a little far from my home, so I go to school by bus. After

school, I have many activities in school. Classmates are friendly to me. I learn

English now. Its so interesting that I like it very much. Besides, life in city

is different. There are many interesting places to go. At weekends, my parents

take me outside. We go to the park, the zoo or go shopping. But we are not so

familiar with our neighbors. I think we should build good relationship with

them.

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篇12:说明文有哪些写作方法

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说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能,解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强,它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。下面是小编整理的说明文写作方法,欢迎来参考!

说明文是客观地说明事物特征,阐明事理的一种文体。它通过对实体事物科学的解说,或对抽象整理的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能,关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等科学地认识,从而获得有关的知识。  特点  以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上区别的标志。  在各种文章样式中,说明文体是一种客观的说明事物,阐明事理的一种文体。在人们的社会生活中,说明文越来越显示出它的重要作用和实用价值。现实生活充分表明,说明文不是一种无足轻重的文章形式,而是运用范围极为广泛的常用文体,它与人们的生产、工作和生活的关系相当密切,而且由于社会生活的需要,说明文写作正在大量涌现,并更多地融入到我们生活。(内容具有高度科学性;结构具有清晰的条理性;语言具有严密准确性)。   说明文阅读  说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来介绍事物、阐明事理的文章。在阅读自然科学类说明文和科学类说明文的过程中,能理解说明顺序,分析基本说明方法的作用,掌握说明文语言的基本特点,通过理清文章的思路,概括文章信息,准确把握说明对象,掌握说明内容,获取科技和人文知识,从而培养科学兴趣和人文精神。

说明文分类

按照不同的标准,说明文可分不同的类别:  依据说明对象与说明目的的不同,把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。但是,有时在一篇说明文中,介绍事物与阐述事理往往是交错使用的。事物说明文的说明对象是具体事物。通过对具体事物的形状、构造、性质、特点、用途等作客观而准确的说明,使读者了解、认识这个或这类事物。事理说明文的说明对象是某个抽象事理。将抽象事理的成因、关系、原理等说清楚,使读者知其然知其所以然,明白这个事理“为什么是这样”是其主要目的。因此,不管是事物说明文还是事理说明文都要求作者对说明的对象进行真实的介绍,这其中,我们不乏感受到文中的科学精神。事物说明文是对事物进行详细介绍的文体形式,而事理说明文是对道理进行详细介绍的文体形式.区别是前者针对事物,后者针对道理。说明文的说明对象是你要说明的事物。  议论文、事理说明文、事物说明文的不同:

事物说明文  事物说明文旨在介绍某一事物的形体特征,例如:《南州六月荔枝丹》、《中国石拱桥》。语文课本上的《恐龙》《海底世界》等等。

事理说明文  事理说明文旨在解释事物的本身的道理或内部的规律,如《敬畏自然》。同程序说明文一样,写作事理说明文也需要遵遁三个原则;①了解事理。可以通过亲自观察研究或是查阅资料来了解事物的道理。只有自己先弄懂了道理,才可能向别人介绍;②安排写作顺序。事理说明文所遵循的首先是逻辑顺序(事物的因果、递进等关系),也就是事物的内在联系和认识事物的规律。逻辑顺序不但要运用在段落关系上,句子之间也要按照这种顺序来写;③选用合适的使用方法。  根据说明语言的不同特色,把说明文分为平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。生动的说明文又叫文艺性说明文(科学小品文或知识小品文)。  根据说明文的体系不同,还可以分为自然科学和社会科学(如《中国石拱桥》)。

特点  说明文虽是以说明为主要表达方式的一类文种,但若没有其他表达方式(如叙述、议论、描写等)的恰当配合,则无法圆满地完成向读者介绍事物、解释事理的任务;而从学习写作说明文的角度讲,如果能确切了解表达方式的综合运用在说明文中的重要作用,注意准确使用叙述、议论等方式来辅助说明,说明文就能写得有声有色,文采斐然。  说明文的特点是“说”,而且具有一定的知识性。这种知识,或者来自有关科学研究资料,或者是亲身实践、调查、考察的所得,都具有严格的科学性。为了要把事物说明白,就必须把握事物的特征,进而揭示出事物的本质属性,即不仅要说明“是什么”,还要说明“为什么”。应用性说明文一般只要求说明事物的特征,阐述性说明文则必须揭示出问题的本源和实质。  说明文是客观地说明事物的一种文体,目的在于给人以知识:或说明事物的状态、性质、功能,或阐明事理。《中国石拱桥》属于后者,它以赵州桥和卢沟桥为例说明中国石拱桥“不但形式优美,而且结构坚固”的特征。《大自然的语言》属于前者,文章科学地说明了物候学知识。说明事物特点和阐明事理是说明文的两种类型。  为了把事物特征说清楚,或者把事理阐述明白,必须有相适应的说明方法。常见的说明方法有 举例子、分类别、作比较、列数字、下定义、作诠释、引用说明、打比方、摹状貌、引资料、画图表等。写说明文要根据说明对象和写作目的,选用最佳方法。采用什么说明方法,一方面服从内容的需要,另一方面作者有选择的自由。是采用某一种说明方法,还是采用多种说明方法,是采用这种说明方法,还是那种说明方法,可以灵活,不是一成不变的。

说明的顺序

总体  说明要有顺序,这是使说明内容条理化的必要条件。常见的说明顺序有:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。说明的时间顺序和记叙的时间顺序相似。空间顺序,要特别注意弄清空间的位置,注意事物的表里、大小、上下、前后、左右、东南西北等的位置和方向。逻辑顺序,常以推理过程来表现。采用什么顺序,主要取决于作者所说明对象的特点。说明事物的发展变化,时间顺序容易表示清楚。写建筑物的结构,离开空间顺序难让读者看明白。说明事理用逻辑顺序,正便于体现事理的内部联系。逻辑顺序  逻辑顺序是常见的说明顺序之一。  逻辑顺序即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系,或由个别到一般,或由具体到抽象,或由主要到次要,或由现象到本质,或由原因到结果等等一一介绍说明。不管是实体的事物,如山川、江河、花草、树木、器物等,还是抽象的事理,如思想、观点、概念、原理、技术等,都适用于以逻辑顺序来说明凡是阐述事物、事理间的各种因果关系或其他逻辑关系,按逻辑顺序写作最为适宜。  说明的逻辑顺序,是指依据事物之间或事物内部各部分之间的关系来确定说明内容先后的。事物之间的关系虽然错综复杂,但总是有主有次,有因有果,有一般的、有个别的,有普遍的、有特殊的,作者依据这些来安排说明内容的先后顺序,就容易把事物之间的关系说清楚,将繁复的内容介绍得有条不紊. 逻辑顺序主要分成12种——从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体、从现象到本质、从具体到一般、从结果到原因、从次要到主要、从部分到整体、从具体到概括、从本质到现象、从一般到具体。时间顺序  时间顺序是文章常见的记叙、说明顺序之一。 即按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序。凡是事物的发展变化都离不开时间,如说明生产技术、产品制作、工作方法、历史发展、文字演变、人物成长、动植物生长等等,都应以时间为序。  时间顺序在文章中使用恰当就可以起到画龙点睛的效果,说明清楚,使读者一目了然,所以在文章时间顺序也是一种独特技巧。空间顺序  空间顺序,即是按事物空间结构的顺序来说明 ,或从外到内,或从上到下,或从整体到局部来加以介绍,这种说明顺序有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。一般说明某一静态实体(如建筑物等),常用这种顺序。我们课本中的《核舟记》就是按照船体――船头――船尾――船背的空间顺序来写的,并且还有梁衡的《晋祠》描写圣母殿——围廊——屋架——廊柱——屋顶——泥塑;《故宫博物馆》按照先总后分的顺序,先概括说明故宫建筑物的总体特征,然后再具体介绍太和门、太和殿、中和殿、保和殿、乾清宫……御花园,而在介绍每一座建筑物的时候,则又按照先外后内、先上后下的顺序。这样安排合乎人们观察事物的习惯,是所有顺序中最合理的顺序。空间顺序,按空间部位的顺序说明事物的构造或建筑物的构造。这种顺序常用于对群体事物的说明。

常见的说明方法有:举例子、分类别、下定义、摹状貌、作诠释、打比方、列数字、列图表、引用说明。

常见说明方法的作用:

①、举例子:通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明,从而使说明更具体,更有说服力。

②、分类别:对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明,使说明更有条理性。③、作比较:把______和_____加以比较,突出强调了事物的特征/事理。

④、作诠释:对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。⑤、打比方:将______比作______,从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理。⑥、摹状貌:对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹,使说明更具体形象。

⑦、下定义:用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示,从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑧、列数字:用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明,使说明更准确更有说服力。

⑨、列图表:用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明,使说明更简明直观。⑩、引用说明:引用说明有以下几种形式——

A、引用具体的事例;(作用同举例子)

B、引用具体的数据;(作用同列数字)

C、引用名言、格言、谚语;作用是使说明更有说服力。

D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。(引用说明在文章开头,还起到引出说明对象的作用。)

语文说明文阅读题答题技巧

一、说明文知识概说

说明文是客观地说明事物的一种文体,目的在于给人以知识,或说明事物的状态、性质、功能的特征,或阐述事理。说明文的范围比较广泛,如科普读物、知识小品、解说词、说明书等均属于说明文。

(一)说明文分类

根据说明对象不同分:

事理说明文——事理说明文旨在说明事因、物因。

事物说明文——事物说明文旨在介绍某一事物的特征(某一事物区别于其他事物的标志)。P根据

根据表达方式和写作目的分:

1、平实性说明文——语言平实

2、文艺性说明文——语言生动

(二)说明方法

为了说明事物特征或说明事理,需要采用恰当的说明方法。常见的说明方法有:分类别、举事例、打比方、列数字、作比较、下定义、作诠释、摹状貌、画图表等。

(三)说明顺序

说明要有顺序,这是使说明内容条理化的必要条件。常见的说明顺序有:时间顺序(程序顺序是时间顺序的一种)、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。说明文的顺序,根据说明的目的和对象,可以以一种顺序为主,兼用其他顺序。b

(四)说明文常见的结构。

说明文的结构常见的形式有:“总(概说)——分(具体)”式、“总——分——总”式、“分——总”式、并列式、递进式等。f:

(五)说明语言的准确性,是说明文语言的先决条件。有的以平实见长,有的以生动活泼见长。

二、梳理说明文中经常出现的考点、考查类型及答题对策。

考点之一:说明对象

考查类型:直接让学生回答:“这篇文章(或文段)的说明对象是什么?”对策:事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象;事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。因为说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理,一般是一个名词或名词短语,可以从两个方面入手:一看文题、二看首尾段。事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。事理说明文指出说明内容,形成一个短语:介绍(对象加内容)。

考点之二:说明对象特征

[类型1]:直接找出说明事物特征的句子。

对策:A、看题目;B、在首段中找;C、抓关键词句(比如:运用了说明方法的语句、中心句)。

[类型2]:概括说明事物的特征。

对策:分析文章结构抓中心句及连接词如“首先、其次、还、也、此外”等词语。考点之三:说明顺序

[类型]:本文使用了什么说明顺序?有何作用?

对策:1.了解说明顺序的基本常识:说明文有三种写作顺序。?空间顺序:说明事物的形状、构造,多在建筑物的结构,如上下、远近、左右、内外、东西南北中等。?时间顺序:说明事物的发展变化。?逻辑顺序:说明事理,多说明事物之间的内在联系。逻辑顺序的具体分为:主到次、原因到结果、现象到本质、特征到用途、一般到个别(特殊)、概括到具体、整体到局部、总到分。

2.掌握答题格式:本文使用了①的说明顺序对②加以说明,使说明更有条理性,便于读者理解。(①应该填具体的说明顺序,②应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文,但又不能准确表述,可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。)

考点之四:说明方法

[类型1]:直接让考生回答文章或段落的说明方法

对策:了解常见的说明方法(举例子、分类别、下定义、作诠释、打比方、列数字、列图表、摹状貌、引用说明)的主要特点,然后根据文段内容分析判断。

[类型2]:文章某段或某句运用何种说明方法,简要说明它的作用?

对策:找出运用的说明方法,再根据下列说明方法的作用具体回答。

1.举例子:具体真切地说明了事物的××特点。

2.分类别:条理清楚地说明了事物的××特点。对事物的特征(或事理)分门别类加以说明,使说明更有条理性。

3.打比方:生动形象地说明该事物的××特点,增强了文章的趣味性。

4.列数字:具体而准确地说明该事物的××特点,使说明更有说服力。

5.作比较:突出强调了被说明对象的××特点(地位、影响等)。

6.下定义:用简明科学的语言对说明的对象(或科学事理)加以揭示,从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征(或事理)。

7.列图表:直观形象地说明了事物的××特点。

8.引用法:用引用的方法说明事物的特征,增强说服力,如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头,还起到引出说明对象的作用。

9.摹状貌:对事物的特征(或事理)加以形象化的描摹,使说明更具体生动形象。

10.作诠释:对事物的特征(或事理)加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。

11.引用说明:引用说明有以下几种形式:A、引用具体的事例;(作用同举例子)B、引用具体的数据;(作用同列数字)C、引用名言、格言、谚语;作用是使说明更有说服力。D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性(引用说明在文章开头,还起到引出说明对象的作用)。

答题方式:本句用了××的说明方法,生动形象、具体直观、深入浅出(科学准确)地说明了××(说明内容),使读者××。

考点之五:说明语言

[类型1]:加点字词有何作用?(好在哪里?)

答题方式:用了“××”,生动地(准确地)说明了??事物的??特征,能够激发读者的兴趣(符合实际情况,具有科学性)

[类型2]:能否替换为另一个词语?并说明理由。

对策:(1)不可以;(2)原词的意思或内容;(3)所换词语的意思或内容;(4)换了后意思有何改变,与不符合实际。

[类型3]:限制性词语能否删去?

对策:(1)表态(能还是不能)。(2)定性。如:“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞;“大约”“可能”“左右”等表估计,“多”“有余”等表数量。

(3)若删去,原来什么样的意思就变成了??的意思了,不符合实际,太绝对了。

(4)xx词体现了语言的准确性、周密性、科学性。

答题方式:①不能,用了“××”生动地说明了??,能够激发读者的兴趣,去掉就没有这种效果。②不能,删掉“××”,句子的意思就变成了??,显得太绝对化;用了“××”词,准确地说明了??,符合实际情况,留有余地,具有科学性。

[类型4]:从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言“准确”特点的词句,并体会。

对策:找出语言准确的词句,然后说明其作用。找准确词句可以从以下几个方面入手:①找有精确数据的句子;②找有概数的句子;③找使用限制性词语的句子。

[类型5]:指示代词的含义类型:指示代词如“这些条件”“这种现象”“同样道理”等在文中具体指代什么?

对策:①一般指的就是代词前面的那句话,找最近的一句话(一般往前找)。有时要注意可能不是整句话而是其中的一部分。②找到后,将找到的内容放在指示代词所在的句子中读一读,看是否合适。

【牢记】总之,无数次的考试经验告诉我们,无论是什么文体的阅读题,我们都可以直接或间接地从文章中找到答案,说明文也不例外。

1、说明文的类型:事物、事理说明文(从内容角度,根据说明的对象和目的)。事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象;

事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。

因为说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理,一般是一个名词或名词短语,可以从两个方面入手:一看文题二看首尾段。事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。事理说明文指出说明内容,形成一个短语:介绍了??的??(对象加内容)。

2、说明文的语言:平实、生动说明文(语言表达角度)。

3、说明方法:一般回答三个字,要掌握几种常见的说明方法,会分析在文中的作用:①.举例子:具体真切地说明了事物的××特点。

②.分类别:条理清楚地说明了事物的××特点。对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明,使说明更有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚,避免重复交叉现象。③.列数字:具体而准确地说明该事物的××特点。使说明更有说服力。④.作比较:突出强调了被说明对象的××特点(地位、影响等)。

⑤.下定义:用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示,从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑥.打比方:打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的××特点,增强了文章的趣味性。⑦.画图表:使读者一目了然,非常直观形象地说明的事物的××特点。

⑧.作诠释:对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。下定义与作诠释的区别是:定义要求完整,而诠释并不要求完整,对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。可以颠倒。

⑨.摹状貌:对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹,使说明更具体生动形象。⑩.引资料:能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征,增强说服力,如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头,还起到引出说明对象的作用。

4、说明顺序:时间顺序(程序顺序)、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在答题时可答得具体些。

如:空间顺序(从上到下,从里到外,总到分,外到内,前到后,左到右,整体到局部,都可反之等,常用方位词如介绍建筑物或实体)。

逻辑顺序(先结果后原因,层层递进,现象到本质,因到果,果到因,主到次,浅入深,个别到一般等,常用表因果、表事理顺序的词,如“因为、所以”“首先、其次”)。

时间顺序则是说明事物发展、演变,例如介绍工作程序的文章。

ü掌握答题格式:本文使用了的说明顺序对加以说明,使说明更有条理性,便于读者理解。(第一空应该填具体的说明顺序,第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文,但又不能准确表述,可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。)

5、说明对象:指文章说明的主要人或事物(一般不必答人或事物的特点)。

6、说明文的结构常见的形式有:“总——分”式(或由总到分,或由分到总,或总分总)、并列式、递进式等。分析文章结构,抓中心句及连接词,如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语

7、中心句:出现的位置开头或结尾,有时在句中。判断,多为概括性较强的句子。叙述句、描写句、阐释句、疑问句一般不宜作中心句。

其他文体文章也如此。

ü概括文段的中心句。

对策:(1)思考该段说明的内容,不仅要注意主要的,还要注意次要的。(2)紧扣表秩序的词语,如“首先”“其次”“还有”等词语,参照上下段落的中心句的句式进行概括。

8、说明语言

类型1、加点字词有何作用?抓住说明文语文准确这一特点答题。

对策:答:准确/生动形象/地说明了事物“??”的特征/事理。

类型2、能否替换为另一个词语?并说明理由。

对策:答:(1)不可以。

(2)原词的意思或内容。(3)所换词语的意思或内容。

(4)换了后意思有何改变,与不符合实际。

类型3、限制性词语能否删去?

对策:答:(1)表态(删还是不删)。

(2)定性。如:“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞;“大约”“可能”“左右”等表估计,“多”“有余”等表数量。

(3)若删去,原来什么样的意思就变成了什么样的意思了,不符合实际,太绝对了。

(4)xx词体现了语言的准确性、周密性、科学性。

类型4、从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言“准确”特点的词句,并体会。类型5:指代——“这些条件”、“这种现象”“同样道理”等在文中具体指代什么。

对策:一般指的就是代词前面的那句话,找最近的一句话。有时要注意可能不是整句话,而是其中的一部分。

9、常见考点:

1、对说明对象及说明特征理解。

2、对说明方法辨识与理解。

3、对说明顺序的分析与理解。

4、对文章段落结构特点的分析。

5、对文意、层意、段意的概括。

6、对关键词语、重点句子含义及其表达作用的评析。

7、对说明语言准确性的体会。

议论文阅读答题技巧

1、论点(证明什么)论点应该是作者看法的完整表述,在形式上是个完整的简洁明确的句子。从全文看,它必能统摄全文。表述形式往往是个表示肯定或否定的判断句,是明确的表态性的句子。

A.把握文章的论点。中心论点只有一个(统帅分论点)?明确:分论点可有N个(补充和证明中心论点)

?方法①从位置上找:如标题、开篇、中间、结尾。②分析文章的论据。(可用于检验预想的论点是否恰当)③摘录法(只有分论点,而无中心论点)

B.分析论点是怎样提出的:①摆事实讲道理后归结论点;②开门见山,提出中心论点;③针对生活中存在的现象,提出论题,通过分析论述,归结出中心论点;④叙述作者的一段经历湖,归结出中心论点;⑤作者从故事中提出问题,然后一步步分析推论,最后得出结论,提出中心论点。

2、论据(用什么证明)?论据的类型:①事实论据(举例后要总结,概述论据要紧扣论点);②道理论据(引用名言要分析)。

论据要真实、可靠,典型(学科、国别、古今等)。?次序安排(照应论点);?判断论据能否证明论点;?补充论据(要能证明论点)。

3、论证(怎样证明)

?论证方法(须为四个字)①举例论证(例证法)事实论据记叙②道理论证(引证法和说理)道理论据议论

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篇13:春节初中英语小

全文共 922 字

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Because the Spring Festival is the most solemn traditional festival of Chinese folk. In the first month of the summer calendar, also known as the lunar calendar, commonly known as "New Year", "New Year". Every year, the streets are covered with red lanterns and colorful flags. The mall is a sea of people, buying New Year goods, but lively. Grandma prepared a hearty meal, with a lot of "bam, bam, bam" on the outside, and the guns  . Every little friend put on a beautiful new dress, and the grown-ups smiled with satisfaction. Until dad bought me a lot of fireworks and firecrackers, in the evening, I will take out fireworks went downstairs and children put together, we play very happy, the party began, I was reluctant to go home, eat fruit while watching the party together with family, a good laugh at our wonderful performances, wish: I wish that every day is New Years day! I also like the double ninth festival.

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篇14:初中说明文

全文共 297 字

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我是一个比较轻生的人,但自从做了那个梦,我变得开朗多了。

那天晚上,我睡得迷迷糊糊。忽然发现自己躺在病床上,一问才知道,我得了不治之症。当时我好绝望,不吃不喝,天天抱着头哭。

爸爸看见我失落的样子,就从家里拿来我小时候最喜欢的玩具,我把玩具攥在手里,却哭得更厉害了,爸爸拍了拍我,就走出了病房。

同病房的病友说:“你这辈子多做好事,就算死了,下辈也能投胎”我勉强笑笑。

但是到了晚上,我坐在病床上,并不想睡,很难过,什么也不想,就想哭。

……

后来,病情严重了,我的神智也不清了。然后就抱着玩具离开了。

惊醒后,我终于明白,轻生的人才是傻子,我不在轻生,我要好好活。

就想司马迁说过的,要活就活好,获得有价值。

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篇15:初中英语作文大全

全文共 594 字

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March 12th is Tree Planting Day. This year our school bought enough trees

before that day . On that day , we didnt had classes . The teachers and our

classmates planted trees around our school.

We began to planted trees as soon as we got to school . some students dug

the holes . Some students put the trees into the holes.

Some students put the earth back to the holes. Then we pushed the earth

hard with our feet . At last we watered the trees as much as possible.

From then on we looked after the trees carefully and the trees grew very

well. It made our shcool more beautiful .And How happy we are!

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篇16:初中描写雨的英语作文

全文共 454 字

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When the summer comes, the weather is so hot, it is rarely to see the rain. Today, when I wake up, I find the weather is chilly, it is going to rain. I am so happy, I miss the rain so much. Suddenly, the rain drops from the sky, I ran out of the house, looking at the sky, dancing with the rain. I feel so cool, then all my weariness has gone.

当夏天到来的时候,天气很热,很难见到。今天,在我起床的时候,我发现天气有点凉,准备下雨了。我很开心,我很想念雨。突然,天下起了雨,我跑出房子,看着天空,与雨共舞。我觉得很凉爽,我所有的倦意都消散了。

[初中描写雨的英语作文

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篇17:我的房间初中记叙英语作文

全文共 475 字

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There is a big table in it. The table is pink and brown. There is a yellow story book on the table. Look! There is a green trash bin under the table. Where is the teddy bear? Oh! It’s on the bed. The teddy bear is cute. My bed is so big. It’s pink and blue. There is a picture on the wall. There is a mat on the floor. In front of the mat, there is a closet. The closet is beautiful. Over the closet, there is an air- conditioner.

I like my room. It’s the most beautiful room.

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篇18:初中英语作文说说你喜欢哪种方式的旅行

全文共 1751 字

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Directions:For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Which Mode of Travel Do You like? You should write noless than 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1. 有的人喜欢参加旅行社旅游(package tours)

2. 有的人喜欢自己独立行动(travelling on one’s own)

3. 比较这两种旅游方式,我喜欢的是……

范文:

With the general standard of living improvingand the working week becoming shorter,more andmore people are able to make a holiday trip toplaces of interest. While many like to joinpackage tours fro convenience,I prefer to traveln my own.

I like travelling on may own not only because it costs much less but because it gives a great degree of independence and freedom. Travelling on my own,I’m my own boss;and can decide when to start on my way,where to linger a little longer and which spot can be skipped over to save energy or time for another spot. I can always adjust my plan. On the contrary,in a package tour you’re deprived of as much freedom as in a military base. At the sound of the whistle,you have to jump up from a sound sleep and,with heavy-lidded eyes,hurry to the gathering place where you are collected and counted to board a coach. At the sight of the little flag waving,you must immediately take yourself away from the scenes you are marveling at and follow the guide whose sole interest is to cover all spots according to him strict schedule,regardless of the weather or your health condition.

True,you may encounter inconveniences if you travel individually,for instance,getting accommodations for the night and finding a place for meals. But nothing can be compared with the freedom which is vital to a person who takes a holiday trip mainly to escape from constraints of his routine life.

[初中英语作文说说你喜欢哪种方式的旅行

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篇19:初中说明文的写作方法及作用

全文共 2179 字

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一、抓住事物特征,把握说明中心

任何事物都有其自身的特征,它是区别于其他事物的标志。写说明文时只有抓住事物的特征,才能把被说明事物准确清晰地介绍给读者,让人们对事物有确切的了解。抓住事物的特征进行写作,也就是抓住了说明的中心。当然,事物往往有多方面的特征,想在一篇说明文里面面俱到地加以介绍是不可能的,只能根据需要一次谈一两个特征。例如:鸭与鸡都是家禽,都会走路,都有两翼,都可以做肉食。但要写一篇关于鸭的说明文,就要抓住鸭区别于鸡和其它家禽的特征。与鸡相比,它喜欢在水上生活,尾部能分泌油脂;有一双掌状的蹼,会划水;嘴又长又扁,等等。抓住鸭的这些特征进行说明,就可以使人对鸭的生活习性和外形有了一个清楚的认识。不同的事物固然有各自不同的特点,同类事物也往往有着差异,这些差异也就是它们的特征,写说明文时要紧紧抓住这些特征。如《中国石拱桥》一文写的是赵州桥和卢沟桥,两桥都是石砌的拱桥,相同的地方很多,但也各有特色。茅以升先生就抓住了它们各自特色,进行对比说明,使读者认识了两座桥的不同形状、结构和艺术风格。

抓住事物特征,把握说明中心,这是写好说明文的一个基本要求。要做到这一点,关键是要对事物进行深入细致的观察、分析、比较、研究,做到真正熟悉被说明的事物,并且掌握这一事物本身的特点和规律。只有这样,才能很好地说明事物。

二、针对具体情况,选好说明角度

写文章都是具有针对性的,比如说写给什么样的人看;写文章也是有目的性的,比如通过文章要解决一个什么样的问题。例如,写关于落花生的说明文,如果读者对象是农民,目的又是为了向农民传授栽培落花生的技术,那么,就要根据落花生的生长规律,从如何栽培才能夺高产的角度去说明,重点说明怎样选种、选地、播种、施肥、管理等。如果对象是厨师或食品加工厂的工人,目的又是为了介绍如何加工食用落花生,那么就应侧重说明花生仁的营养价值以及如何加工、配料才能使花生仁更加可口等等。我们中学生在写说明文的时候,可先设想为谁而写,这样就能针对具体情况进行说明,不至于把文章写得散乱无章,目的不明确。

三、讲究结构安排,做到条理分明

文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐述事理就要按这些关系来安排说明次序,使之层次清楚、主次分明。例如,四川大邑县“地主庄园陈列馆”中的“收租院”里,有若干泥塑人物像,……。这些画面相对独立,是并列关系。地主收租时设有四道关口,依次是验谷关、风谷关、过斗关、算帐关。每个交租农民都要过四关。从第一关到第四关,是先后关系,这些个别的实例共同揭露地主对农民进行残酷剥削和压迫的罪恶,这就是“收租院”的总体概貌。这个总体概貌与各体实例成为总分关系。《收租院解说词》一文就把握了这些关系。采取先总后分的写法,开头扼要地介绍了地主刘文彩残酷剥削和压迫农民的罪恶,接着按照泥塑画面排列顺序,分别介绍,突出了有压迫和剥削就必然有革命和反抗的基本思想。

并列关系的事物,还要注意方位顺序,或从上到下,或从前到后,从左到右,从外到内,从近到远,等等,只有按照这些顺序去写才能条理清楚。例如《故宫博物院》全文是介绍一座古建筑群,作者按照先总后分的办法,条理明了地介绍了这座雄伟的建筑群。写建筑物局部时,层次也十分清楚。如写太和殿的一段,先从外后到内,介绍大殿外面时又按照从上到下的顺序,由天空到殿顶直到台基。介绍其内部时又按从中间到两旁,从前到后,由上到下,由远及近的顺序依次说明,给人以清晰的印象。

介绍生产过程的说明文,应按生产的时间顺序说明;介绍植物生长的说明文应考虑其生长顺序,依次说明,当然不管哪类说明文都应注意主次分明。

四、注意语言艺术,提高说明效果

说明文语言的特点是朴素平实,且常使用专门术语,容易给人枯燥乏味的感觉。为了提高说明的效果,必须在语言上下一番功夫。说明文的语言不在于堆砌华丽的词藻,而在于用语确切、精当、通俗、风趣。

怎样才能做到这一点呢?

首先,在仔细观察事物,透彻了解事物特征的基础上选用最能确切地反映客观事物的词语加以说明,尤其要注意恰当选用限制范围大小、表明条件关系之类的词语。如《中国石拱桥》中说到卢沟桥:“桥宽约八米,路面平坦,几乎与河面平行”。一个“约”字说明桥面并不恰好是八米,这里只取约数;一个“几乎”说明路面平坦的程度基本上与河面平行,但还不是完全平行。《看云识天气》中“天空的薄云,往往是天气晴朗的象征;而那些低而厚密的云层,常常是阴雨风雪的预兆”。这里形容云的形态特征的词语和表明时间性的词语配合用,十分确切,十分精当。

其次,要注意掌握和运用好必要的专门术语,防止说“外行话”,例如“航天”和“航空”是两个不同的概念,飞机在大气层内飞行,称为航空;卫星、飞船在大气层外飞行称为航天。它们是采用不同的飞行器在不同的空间来完成飞行任务的。写文章时必须注意诸如此类的区别。

再次,适当运用比喻、拟人、拟物等修辞手法。例如《中国石拱桥》一文开头:石拱桥的桥洞成拱形,像天上虹。用“虹”来比喻石拱桥,很形象生动,使读者清楚地了解了石拱桥的外形特征。再如《大自然的语言》中,作者用比喻、拟人的手法说明“花香鸟语,草长莺飞”都是大自然的语言,劳动人民根据这些现象掌握季节规律,安排农事。这段文字由于运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法,不仅通俗易懂,而且生动有趣,饶有兴味。

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篇20:初中英语作文读后感

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This story’s name is “The little prince”。 As it known to all, we will encounter a lot of difficulties, even hardships. Different people may have different ways to deal with them. After reading The Little Princess, I am deeply impressed by Sara’s way to deal with difficulties. The Little Princess was written by Frances Hodgson Burnett, a famous novelist and dramatist. Sara, the heroine of the novel, was born in a rich family. In order to get a better education, her father took her from India to London so that she could go to the best school. Because Sara was kind-hearted, generous and most of all—rich, she was loved by everyone. All went well until her father died in an accident. Everything changed pletely. She didn’t understand why the teachers and classmates treated her so badly. Even the principal who used to be fond of her, made her work 16 hours a day. Sara’s miserable life began.When I finished reading the book, I was shocked by what the unimaginable pain Sara had suffered after her fa爱国名言

ther’s death. She used to be a happy, worriless, and rich Princess, but now she was a lonely and poor servant. She had to work very hard without any rest but only had little food. Besides she had to endure the unfriendly and even rude ways that her classmates treated her. All teachers and students in the school looked down upon her. The most important fact is that Sara had lost the love and care of her parents.What a mighty pain! If you were Sara, could you stand such pain? Needless to say, an 11 years old girl, even if it were an adult, he might not put up with it. But to my surprise, Sara faced it bravely.

Despite of the torture of the principal and all those pressures above, she still was optimistic towards life. By reading this novel, I felt inspired and think much. When we meet such difficulties, what should we do? Some people always plain that the fate is unfair to them. Some people can’t sustain the hardships and choose to give up. Few of them even try to mit  because they lack the courage to overe it. Compared with Sara—an eleven years old girl who can treat the pressure of life with optimistic spirit, these people’s performances are sounded so lamentable. Why can’t they make it?However, what impress me most are her characteristics and the thought of her “being a real princess.” This “real princess” does not mean luxury palaces, beautiful clothes and the apple of the others’ eyes, but being kind, generous and having good manners. It is unnecessary for “a real princess” to be strong in body, but she must be strong in will. Sara is a real princess in my heart all the time, whether she was rich and wore beautiful clothes in the classroom or she was cold and hungry in the attic, just because she had the good characters and kind heart. The story went on. Fortunately, a friend of Sara’s father found her and told her that her father left a great sum of money to her. I pray and believe that every good person in the world deserve a good result, and of course, we are the same.

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