初中英语说明文写作模板【合集20篇】

秦始皇是第一个统一中国的皇帝，他的随葬品有很多，其中一个就是兵马俑，(也是我老家附近)

这个陵墓西安城30公里处。以发掘的兵马俑有3个坑，呈“品”字排列，其中一号最大，一号坑为长方形坑，长230米，宽62米，深约5米，总面积竟有14260平方米。有长廊，门道和过洞，供排列士兵，一排排，一列列，兵马俑有惊人的6000个，整个挖掘现场，可以容纳足足30个篮球场，由此可见一号兵马俑的规模庞大，兵马俑不仅数量多，种类也不少，有的兵马俑身着战袍;有的身披铠甲;中间有的配战车，车上有密密麻麻的零件。

在1974年2月，当地农民秦皇陵东侧1。5公里处打井时偶然发现了真认真马一样大小的兵马俑。据统计：展出的陪葬陶俑共8000个，陶俑这么多，是怎么造的呢?下面有一个传说。

秦始皇在22岁便开始大规模修建陵墓。因为马丽山风光秀丽，所以他把墓地选在马丽山北麓。从全国调来惊人的七十万人的刑徒，要知道在当时全国才2000万人。在修建期间，秦始皇还下令征集数千对童男童女陪他殉葬。李斯知道了，吓得目瞪口呆，他想：这么多人陪葬，百姓一定造反，但如果不照办，自己必死无疑，便对秦始皇说：“众多童男女殉葬，天下大乱，江山不保，不如陶殉，以保天下太平。”秦始皇改变原意，让李斯征集众国能工巧匠，烧制规模大的军队，而且要和真人般大小。可是大家只会烧瓦，许多人因此被砍了头。只有一个老工匠想出办法，在临死前再三嘱咐儿子：单窑，单俑，分段烧，烧成后再组装。终于，他们如期造成。秦始皇驾崩后，胡亥继承王位，怕工匠泄露墓中秘密，便把工人叫入墓中，骗说领赏，可惜了那些工匠，被活埋。

这就是我喜爱的景点——秦兵马俑。

Let my little niece winter vacation homework today, she readily agreed, she

took out a pile of books from the school bag and book, Ill ask her winter

vacation homework you have so much? She said, "yeah, were going to do winter

vacation homework book, write a complete book of the words and it is each line,

and a day to write a diary, and mathematical complete book of exercises to do."

After hearing her answer I am a little consternation, winter vacation in only a

month off, how can have so much homework, but also for second grade

children.

I will be in our school children compared with them, find our school

children is luckier. We only require students to finish winter vacation homework

book, and then make a happy years of China pictorial. Especially happy Chinese

New Year posters produced, it can let the student to understand the traditional

culture, and cultivate their ability, but also let them learn in life, found in

the life, and why not? So that the students didnt feel much homework, at the

same time also can get harvest, so now there are a lot of local education system

needs reform indeed, society needs is to be able to adapt to social development

talent, not only can keep the book a nerd. So these are thought-provoking!

Friends, have you ever seen the most functional capsule robots in the

world? Of course I invented it. Yeah! Again to a tumor-bearing patients.

Originally should be frowned doctor, since happy into the operating room, why? A

closer look, he took a box of my invention of the capsule machine.

I saw the doctor to the patient to take a capsule machine, this capsule

robot in the patient to cut the tumor site to stop, immediately stretched out

two hands, left hand spray anesthetic, right hand quickly cut off the tumor.

This will not be a lot of blood, it will not hurt. That the capsule robot has

been parked in the patients stomach, get out of it? It cut the tumor, will be

converted into vitamins to help patients with nutritional supplements, both

convenient and affordable, the doctor to help patients cut the tumor, swaggering

out, with a happy mood, while walking singing: "My job is really easy, this

Capsule really convenient! "

Look, I invented the capsule more convenient, more amazing, you like it?

Let us hard study, the courage to explore, for the day to come to do some

contribution!

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

Dear Michael，

You want to know the changes about my hometown。 You know， great changes

have taken place since 60 years ago。

In the past， the living conditions were very poor。 There were not many

buses or cars， and the roads were narrow。 Usually， a big family was crowed into

a small， dark house。 Most families couldn’t get enough food。 The communications

were simple and slow。 People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far

away mainly by letter or telegram。

Thanks to the government， our hometown has developed rapidly in recent

years。 The living conditions are much better and more comfortable。 The roads are

wide。 Some people have their own cars。 Most of the people have lived in big new

houses。 Quite a few adults have mobile phones。 Because of many good policies， I

think our lives will become better and better。

Sincerely

Kang Min

1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

Therearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleasto____.Somepeoplesuggestthat____.

2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

Thereisanoldsaying______.Itstheexperienceofourforefathers，however，itiscorrectinmanycaseseventoday.

3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today,____,whichhavebroughtalotofharmsinourdailylife.First,____Second,____.Whatmakesthingsworseisthat______.

4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。

Nowadays，itiscommonto______.Manypeoplelike______because______.Besides，______.

5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everythinghastwosidesand______isnotanexception，ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.

6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……

People’sopinionsabout______varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplesaythat______.Tothem,_____.

任何事物都是有两面性，…也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everythinghastwosidesand()isnotanexception，ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.

…已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

……hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople，especiallyamongtheyoungandheateddebatesarerightontheirway.

…在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

……hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.ithasbroughtusalotofbenefitsbuthascreatedsomeseriousproblemsaswell

人类正面临着一个严重的问题…，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Manisnowfacingabigproblem()whichisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.

根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出…。很显然…，但是为什么呢？

Accordingtothefigure/number/statistics/percentagesinthe/chart/bargraph/line/graph，itcanbeseenthat……while.Obviously，……，butwhy?

1、“如今，人们普遍认为...,但是我怀疑...。

Nowadays，itisgenerally/commonlybelievedthat...,butIwonderthat...

2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。

Likeacoinhastwosides,thereisapositiveaspectandanegativeaspectto...

3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。”

Currently,theissueof...hasbeenbroughttopublicattention

4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。

Alongwiththerapidgrowthof...,...hasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinourdaily

5、“由汽车(或xx）引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。”

Airpollutionandnoisepollutioncausedbyautomobilesdoharmtoourhealth.

1.Wereoftentoldthat......Butisthisreallythecase?

我们经常被告知......但事实真是这样吗？

2.Peopleusedto......however,thingsarequitedifferenttoday.

过去，人们习惯......但,今天的情况有很大的不同。

3.somepeoplethinkthat......Othersbelievethattheoppositeistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinbothsides．Butwemustrealizethat......

一些人认为......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理。但是我们必须认识到......

4.Recognizingaproblemisthefirststepinfindingasolution.

认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。

5.Itisanothernewandbittertruthwemustlearntoface.

这是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。

6.Inshort,wemustworkhardtomaketheworldabetterplace.

简而言之，为了把世界变成更美好的地方，我们必须勤奋工作。

7.Losttimeisneverfoundagain.

岁月既往，一去不回。

8.Everybodyshouldhaveadream.

每个人都该有个梦想.

9.Hopeforthebest,butpreparefortheworst.

抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。

10.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

失败乃成功之母。

11.Letslookonthebrightside.

让我们往好处想吧。

[初中英语作文开头结尾好词好句

Father’s Day is coming and you must be thinking of giving a present to your

father。 Different people like different kinds of gifts。

If you have enough pocket money， you can buy a useful but not expensive

thing， like a tie。 I think your father will like it。 But if you don’t have

enough pocket money， you can do something that you can do， for example， you can

prepare a cup of tea。 When your father comes back from work， he can drink

it。

No matter what you do， the most important thing is to make your father

happy on Father’s Day。 Don’t you think so?

I walk around the Peak, around the flowers are numerous, full of branches, flowers and criss-crossing, as if the fence rows. Looking down from the peak, only an immense display. full of golden-yellow flowers, Down on the ground, not for the intoxicated with the beauty of nature, this beautiful paradise like the Garden of Paradise.

Suddenly, a cold wind blowing, I began to tremble , and winter jasmine, it seems a soldier, is to resist the wind, the yellow flowers with a sword, and the wind is it a duel! I was怔住this scene, the winter jasmine as appears to be weak, so delicate, and in the cold before they are without fear.

They really tenacious vitality ah!

learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission. this is a proverb full of logic. in other words, learning is significant in our whole life. indeed, we can learn many things from it. if you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you’ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.

there are many reasons which can explain this phenomenon and the following are the typical ones. the first reason is that learning can light our road in the coming future. there is no denying the fact that the society is developing increasingly fast and we are often easily surpassed by the people around. the only way to avoid this is to learn to improve ourselves. as an illustration, i’d like to take myself as an example. after graduation from college, my life has been full of working pressure, which contributes to my decision of pursuing further education. that’s why i can make my own way in such a competitive society.

the effect of learning can be boiled down to two major ones. first, with the spirit of learning, we are more capable of overcoming the difficulties in the future. more importantly, we can enrich our spare time life by learning. no matter who you are, you must remember that learning is the basic skill in our life.

My room is not very big,but it is very comfortable.There is a picture on the wall.My computer is on the desk.There are lots of beautiful clothes in my wardrobe.On the left of my room,there is a piano and a guitar.The floor is brown.This is my room.

【论文摘要】在高考英语试题中，写作是有效提高学生整体成绩的重要手段，写作是目的也是为了测试学生直接运用英语表达的能力而设置的，因此通常都会放在试卷的最后面作为压轴题出现。在高考英语写作要求中，明确提出要让考生运用所学知识进行书写，能组词成句、组句成文，语句符合英语语法和习惯。在写出的书面材料中，要求达到：切中题意，文理通顺，语言准确，得当。那么，怎样才能在高考英语写作中出类拔萃呢？这正是本文要探讨的内容。

一、有的放矢，了解高考英语写作要点

要对高考英语写作的题型及内容有所了解，才能把握好高考英语写作的考点，在此基础上才能找到行之有效的对策及方法。纵观近几年各省高考英语试题中，写作测试的命题思路，有一种从指导性写作逐步向半开放式写作过渡的趋势。半开放式写作，具体地说，就是给考生们提供一定的材料(包括图、文或图文结合)然后要求学生根据材料来进行书面表达，这样的考题形式，既限制了考生随心所欲的思维，又给予考生适当的发挥空间。这种命题方式能较好地考查考生的语言组织能力、书面表达能力以及思维能力。而在文体方面，记叙文、议论文、应用文及书信为最常见的写作题材。因此，我们可以做一个形象的比喻，写文章就像工厂里制造一台机器那样，首先要确定机器由几部分组成，然后对这几部分分别细化，形成初步的设计图；再根据要求对初步的设计图进行完善、补充、修改，随之形成最终的设计图；然后我们再按照图纸的设计，使用我们所掌握的零件去制造出机器；同样的道理，学生写作时可参照以下模式：

1．理解话题：学生在动笔前必须对指定的话题进行反复细读，认真思考，理解其真正的含义，了解出题者的意图，这是进行写作的第一步；

2．明确文体，确定人称时态：这一阶段的判断中，主要强调近十年高考最常见的两种文体：(1)说明文：必须按照事物的原貌加以说明、介绍、解释，常采用一般现在时，被动语态也常使用；(2)记叙文：通常采用第一人称，描述本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事；或用第三人称讲述他人的事情，如果是过去的事情，要用过去时。

3．初拟提纲，再理解话题：明确文体的基础上，草拟写作提纲；提纲是文章的骨架，可以是一句活，也可以是一个词组，由于考试时间所限，提纲内容不必面面俱到，但必须体现文章的整体结构和思路；目前绝大部分高中学生在英语写作时，还习惯于使用母语进行构思，然后将构思好的中文内容翻译成英文，这种情况是正常的；关键在于翻译过程中的语言表达必须符合英语语言的表达习惯

4．开始写作：提纲完成后，应根据提纲充实内容，如果说提纲是骨架的话，那么这时你必须将骨架填充血肉；具体的说就是要扩展要点，连词成句，适当地变换句型，组句谋篇成文；注意应简明扼要，层次分明、用词准确、语法概念清楚，使文章更具说服力，然后在写作完成后，还要对文章进行快速的检查，减少单词的拼写错误和句子表达的错误。

二、高考英语写作指导的具体策略

根据以上对历年高考英语写作试题的分析，我们可以从以下三个方面去指导学生进行写作：

1．细读材料，认真审题

仔细阅读书面表达题所给材料的全部内容，准确理解题目要求。需要认真审查的内容有：(1)文章的开头和结尾是否已给出；(2)用第几人称写作，书面表达要求中会明确指出使用第一人称还是第三人称；(3)提供的情景是图画、图表，还是提纲，如果是连环画，要注意故事情节的连贯性，确定合理的情节发展；(4)是否提供参考词汇，如果提供有参考词汇，写作中最好要用到；(5)采用什么文体，如果是议论文，要有论点、论据和结论三部分。如果是应用文，要注意其格式。如果是记叙文，要抓住六个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、事情起因、事情的发展与结果。

2．恰当选择词语和句式

认真审题后，就可以列提纲了，将重点单词、短语、句型写在提纲里，关于选词切忌使用生僻词语，要求做到用词准确、得体、达意。选择句式时，尽量使用多种句式，如强调句、倒装句、各种名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和固定句型等，长句和短句视情况交错使用，这样可以提高文章的档次，使文章生辉。

选词大多是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。例如，我们要表达“好”这个意思，一般来说，大家会马上想起“good”，因为口语中我们经常说agoodfriend、goodluck、agoodpicture等。但是，在不同的短语中，可以选择不同的英语单词使表达更加准确、生动、形象。

3．多背常识性语句，扩大知识面

语言是有规律的，不同体裁的书面表达都有其常识性语句。如果同学们平时有大量的语句积累，在写作时就能把积累的东西调动起来。这些常识性语句既可增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，同时还能提供地道的表达方式。写人物介绍时，应着重写人物的姓名、性别、年龄、职业、身高、健康状况、业余爱好、工作态度、与人相处和社会评价等语句。例如：lipingisagoodteacher，whoisthirtyyearsold．heis175centimetrestallandheishealthy．等。

【参考文献】

[1]韩金龙，秦秀白.体裁分析与体裁教学法.[j].外语界2000(1)

[2]韩金龙.英语写作教学:过程体裁教学法.[j].外语界.2001(4)

[3]何星.“过程写作法”较之“结果写作法”在高中英语写作教学中的

有效性研究.[d]华东师大专业硕士学位论文.2007

I am like a rickety boats and ship in the ocean of knowledge in, almost cant find any knowledge of the pearl. And the teacher like an experienced mentor, guide me into light waters.

How many night, whether it is a sunny sky, or the north liUxue86.com wind shout, your room is always reveal a narrow beam of light. You for our quarrel, you happy, for us a little bit of progress every move you do, you say every word, is for us and our future.

The teacher taught us not only knowledge, but also the true meaning of life: people without health, let alone learning, more not as something different. So, we must not to pursue a minor, and delayed the most important, of course, important good, minor or want to pursue.

Who is vomiting for us through the blood, wire is who died for us to try? He had a cordial and loud title - a teacher!

我就像一艘摇摇摆摆的小船，在知识的海洋里乱荡着，几乎找不到任何知识的珍珠。而老师就像一位经验丰富的导师，指引我向光明的海域划去。

多少个夜晚，无论是星空晴朗，还是北风呼呼，您的房间总是透露出一束微弱的光。您为我们的争吵而烦恼，您为我们一点点进步而高兴，您做的一举一动，您说的一字一句，都是为了我们与我们的未来。

老师教我们的不仅仅是知识，更是人生的真谛：人如果没有了健康，就谈不上学习，更加谈不上有一番作为。所以，我们不可去追求一个次要的，而耽误了最重要，当然，重要的不错了，次要的还是要去追求。

是谁为我们呕心历血，是谁为我们春蚕到死丝方尽?他有一个亲切而又响亮的称号——老师!

I’m Tom。 I’m a student in Grade 7。 My school life is interesting。 I like it very much。 I have 5 classes in the morning and 3 classes in the afternoon。 I study English， Chinese， math and some other subjects。 I like English best because it’s easy and interesting。 I don’t like math because I always meet difficulties in studing math。 I try hard but it doesnt work at all。 After class， I often play basketball with my classmates。 I go to the school library for some reading twice a week。 I like my school life。 What about yours？ Can you tell me something about it？

Since I go to middle school, I stay away from home and live in school from Monday to Friday.

The first time for me to leave home made me felt so lonely. I did not have friends here and no one to count on. But I told myself that I needed to try to be independent. So I solved all the problems by myself, I washed my own clothes and cleaned the bed, which were done by my mother before.

I found that I could take care of myself without my parents’ help. What’s more, I made good friends here, we had the same interest and we helped each other in study. A year passed, I learned a lot and became independent.

自从我上中学,我就远离家,住在学校，从星期一到星期五。第一次离开家让我感到如此孤独。在这里我没有朋友,也没有人可以依靠。但我告诉自己,我需要试着去独立。所以我自己解决了所有的问题,我自己洗衣服，整理床铺,在之前是我母亲为我做这些。我发现我能照顾自己，即使没有父母的帮助。更重要的是,我交到了好朋友,我们有同样的兴趣，互相帮助学习。一年过去了,我学到了很多，变得独立。

[初中英语作文：尝试独立

good afternoon .i am of great hornor to stand here and introduce myself to you .first of all ,my english name is ...and my chinese name is ..if you are

going to have a job interview ,you must say much things which can show your willness to this job ,such as ,it is my long cherished dream to be ...and i am eager to get an opportunity to do...and then give some examples which can give evidence to .then you can say something about your hobbies .and it is best that the hobbies have something to do with the job.

what is more important is do not forget to communicate with the

interviewee,keeping a smile and keeping your talks interesting and funny can contribute to the success.

i hope you will give them a wonderful speech .good luck to you !

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

Of all the colors, I love white best. White is the color of snow and cloud.

Snow in winter is clean,pure and holy. When it is melted, it moistens everything

and the whole earth. White clouds are hanging on the blue sky. We can dream a

lot on such a nice day. White is a color of purity and calmness. It can make a

harmony picture with any other colors. This is white, a selfless color.

I go to school from Monday to Friday.I go to school be bike at 7:30 in the morning .l must cross two busy roads.If the traffic light is red or yellow, l know l cantcross the road,so l wait. If the light turns green, lknow it means and then lwalk across the road.l alwaysride on the rightsaid of the road.lhave never been against the traffic rules.

As a middle school student, I learn many subjects, I study so hard every day. When I get home, I will do my homework and then go over the book. But when holiday comes, I feel a little confused, because I don’t want to study and do something new. Then I don’t know what to do, my mind get blank. I decide to develop my interest. Some day, I happened to see a tennis match and I couldn’t stop watching, then I fell in love with tennis. So I started to learn playing tennis, I felt so happy. Now tennis is my favorite sport, I find a way to relax myself.

作为一个中学生,我学许多科目,我每天那么努力学习。当我回家时,我会做作业,然后复习书本。但当假期来临的时候,我感到有点困惑,因为我不想学习，想做一些新的事情。我就不知道要做什么,我的头脑一片空白。我决定培养我的兴趣。有一天,我碰巧看到一场网球比赛,我无法停止下来看,然后我爱上了网球。因此我开始学习打网球,我感到很高兴。现在网球是我最喜欢的运动,我找到一个方法来放松自己。

I know many singers, such as Wang li-hong, Zhou jie-lun and Michael Jackson and so on.

But I like Michael Jackson best.

I recognized Michael Jackson on occassion. There was a poem recitation competition in my class. I had to look for a song about peace. Finally I found "Heal the World". I liked it at once when I first heard this song. I thought it was the best song that I had ever heard. Then I found the words of this song. "Heal the world, make it a better place, for you and for me, and the  entire human race." This song was Michael Jacksons famous work.

Since then I began to know more about Michael Jackson. I began to love him. He was named "King of Pop". He hold a Children Foundationg and wanted to make the world peace through the music.Although he was dead, he was still one of the most famous singers in the world. I love him, because he was not only a singer but also a loving person.

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。