初中英语说明文写作模板【热门20篇】

My grandmother has a very cute little puppy, it is called Tao Tao. I like it very much.

Its ears are a bit special, is thin, but also hanging down, like two special small fan. Eyes in the dark face of the middle of the sparkling, watery, quite like two black glass beads. It is all black fur is also dotted with some brown spots. Very cute.

It is particularly naughty, so it is hence the name. When I was in the sand, it deliberately ruined the castle that I had just cooked with my brother, but also, there was hard to sand, let my brother cry, but I did not blame it, but my brother did not cry , And then do a re-do. And once again, I lay the paperwork ready to paint, it took me to find the pen, jumped on the table, with it out to play when the feet covered with mud on the paper printed a few "small plum." I came back to see, see the paper on the "masterpiece", guess this must be Tao Tao dry "good", but I did not re-painting, but in the painting plus some twigs, plus a few leaves , A "plum blossom" to complete, and this also have Tao Taos credit it!

It is particularly fun, a play is a few hours, so that people are particularly worried. Let me call, it will not come back. Later, I spent a lot of effort to finally find it. It is happy when it will be spoiled to you, but also performance feet standing, amused my brother laughed. When someone throws food for it, it can catch. If it is not happy Yeah, no matter how good you say, it is also no sound. Sometimes it is particularly bold, even the bulls of other people dare to mess with, provoke the Bulls is not enough, but also to mess with the cow,

You see, this is my grandmother that naughty naughty, bold package days, innocent and lovely, vibrant Tao Tao. It is so lovable. You met, will immediately like this lovely little dog.

初中英语范文 ：

我的同学My Classmate

请以"My Classmate"为标题写一篇记叙文

要求：1、主题明确，语言流畅，思路清晰。 2、字数在100字以内。

思路点拨：

写记叙文要按照事物发展的客观规律叙述，所叙述的内容要交代清楚，条理清晰，重点突出，主次分明，详略得当。

这篇文章也是记叙文，主人公应该用第三人称，时态以一般过去时为主。本文以主人公为中心线索，以一、两件事件为重点内容去组织材料，反映主人公的形象特征。整个内容情节要合情合理，有真实感，叙述时可按事情发展的顺序进行，同时加以点评。

参考范文

My Classmate

Liu Kai is my classmate. He is a good student and always ready to help others.

One day on his way to school，he saw a little girl crossing the road. A car was coming towards her quickly and the girl was too frightened to move. The car nearly hit her. Just then LiuKai rushed up to her and caught her by the arm. The little girl was saved. She told him where she lived，and he took her home. When LiuKai hurried into the classroom，the teacher had already begun his lesson. He told the teacher why he was late. He was then praised for what he had done.

[初中英语写我的同学作文

Recently, I saw an interested video that was shot by a young foreigner. He

played two roles-a Chinese mother and an American mother. He imitated the

reaction about how the mothers treated their children in education. It was so

obvious that Chinese mothers took care of their children all the time and they

would do all the things for them. While the American mothers focused on the

childrens independence. They would ask the kids to do housework and when they

grew up, they asked the kids to move out. Both parents showed different ways to

love their children and their love was equal, for every mother is a great

heroine.

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。

Wellbegunishalfdone.好的开端是成功的一半。

East,west,homeisbest.金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。

Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.天助自助者。

Easiersaidthandone.说起来容易做起来难。

Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.有志者事竟成。

Onefalsestepwillmakeagreatdifference.失之毫厘，谬之千里。

Slowandsteadywinstherace.稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

Afallintothepit，againinyourwit.吃一堑，长一智。

Experienceisthemotherofwisdom.实践出真知。

Allworkandnoplaymakesjackadullboy.只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变笨。

Beautywithoutvirtueisarosewithoutfragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

Morehasty，lessspeed.欲速则不达。

Itsnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老。

Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的未必都是金子。

Ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep.千里之行始于足下。

Lookbeforeyouleap.三思而后行。

Romewasnotbuiltinaday.伟业非一日之功。

Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。

wellbegun，halfdone.好的开始等于成功的一半。

Itishardtopleaseall.众口难调。

Outofsight，outofmind.眼不见，心不念。

Factsspeakplainerthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。

Callbackwhiteandwhiteback.颠倒黑白。

Firstthingsfirst.凡事有轻重缓急。

Illnewstravelsfast.坏事传千里。

Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患难见真情。

livenottoeat，buteattolive.活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

Actionspeakslouderthanwords.行动胜过语言。

Eastorwest，homeisthebest.金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

Itsnotthegaycoatthatmakesthegentleman.君子在德不在衣。

Beautywillbuynobeef.漂亮不能当饭吃。

Likeandlikemakegoodfriends.趣味相投。

Theolder，thewiser.姜是老的辣。

DoasRomansdoinRome.入乡随俗。

Anidleyouth，aneedyage.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Asthetree，sothefruit.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

Toliveistolearn，tolearnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.有志者事竟成。

Nothingistoodifficultintheworldifyousetyourmindintoit.世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Everycoinhastwosides.每枚硬币都有两面;凡事皆有好坏。

Donttroublestroubleuntiltroubletroublesyou.不要自找麻烦。

Nopains，nogains.不劳无获

Thereisnoroyalroadtolearning.学无坦途。

Lookbeforeyouleap.Firstthink,thenact.三思而后行。

Itisnevertoolatetomend.亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

Lightcome,lightgo.来得容易，去得快。

Timeismoney.时间就是金钱。

Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患难见真交。

Greathopesmakegreatman.远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

Afterastormcomesacalm.雨过天晴。

AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马。

Artislong,butlifeisshort.人生有限，学问无涯。

Sticktoit,andyoullsucceed.只要人有恒，万事都能成。

Earlytobedandea

rlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

Agoodmedicinetastesbitter.良药苦口。

Itisgoodtolearnatanothermanscost.前车之鉴。

Keepingisharderthanwinning.创业不易，守业更难。

Letscrossthebridgewhenwecometoit.船到桥头自然直。

Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速则不达。

Nopains,nogains.不劳则无获。

Nothingisdifficulttothemanwhowilltry.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

Wherethereislife,thereishope.生命不息，希望常在。

Anidleyouth,aneedyage.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Wemustnotliedown,andcry,"Godhelpus."求神不如求己。

Aplantmayproducenewflowers;manisyoungbutonce.花有重开日，人无再少年。

Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者，天助之。

Whatmaybedoneatanytimewillbedoneatnotime.明日待明日，明日不再来。

AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.勤奋是成功之母。

Truthisthedaughteroftime.时间见真理。

Takecareofthepence,andthepoundswilltakecareofthemselves.积少自然成多。

Nomaniswiseatalltimes.智者千虑，必有一失。

Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

Liveandlearn.活到老，学到老。

Killtwobirdswithonestone.一石双鸟。

Itneverrainsbutitpours.祸不单行。

Indoingwelearn.经一事，长一智。

Easiersaidthandone.说起来容易做起来难。

Anounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure.一分预防胜似十分治疗。

Industryisfortunesrighthand,andfrugalityherleft.勤勉是幸运的右手，节约是幸运的左手。

Geniusisonepercentinspirationand99percentperspiration.天才一分来自灵感，九十九分来自勤奋。

Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。

Hewhopaysthepiper,callsthetune.谁负担费用，谁加以控制。

Hewhohashealthhashope,andhewhohashopehaseverything.身体健壮就有希望，有了希望就有了一切。

Nomanisbornwiseorlearned.人非生而知之。

Actionspeaklouderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。

Courageandresolutionarethespiritandsoulofvirtue.勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.合即立，分即垮。

Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.无风不起浪。

Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好办事。

Readingmakesafullman.读书长见识。

Thebesthorseneedsbreeding,andtheaptestchildneedsteaching.最好的马要驯，最伶俐的孩子要教。

Learnyoung,learnfair.学习趁年轻，学就要学好。

Wisdominthemindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

Oncebitten,twiceshy.一次被咬，下次胆小。

Soundinbody,soundinmind.有健全的身体才有健全的精神。

Seeingisbelieving.百闻不如一见。

Dogswavetheirtailsnotsomuchin,lovetoyouasyourbread.狗摇尾巴，爱的是你的面包。

Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

Itshardsailingwhenthereisnowind.无风难驶船。

Thepathtogloryisalwaysrugged.通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

Qualitymattersmorethanquantity.质重于量。

Theon-lookerseesmostofthegame.旁观者清。

Wisdomisagoodpurchasethoughwepaydearforit.为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。

Joyssharedwithothersaremoreenjoyed.与众同乐，其乐更乐。

Happinesstakesnoaccountoftime.欢乐不觉日子长。

Timeandtidewaitsfornoman.岁月不等人。

Ifyouwantknowledge,youmusttoilforit.若要求知，必须刻苦。

Learntowalkbeforeyourun.循序渐进。

Knowingsomethingofeverything,andeverythingofsomething.通百艺而专一长。

Fromwordstodeedsisagreatspace.言行之间，大有距离。

Skillandconfidenceareanunconqueredarmy.技能和信心是无敌的军队。

Habitisasecondnature.习惯成自然。

Lifeless,faultless.只有死人才不会犯错误。

Abookisthesametodayasitalwayswasanditwillneverchange.好书千载常如新。

Books,likefriends,shouldbefewandwellchosen.读书如择友，宜少且宜精。

Abookthatremainsshutisbutablock.书本不常翻，犹如一块砖。

Itsnotthegaycoatthatmakesthegentleman.君子在德不在衣。

Twoheadsarebetterthanone.三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

Birthismuch,butbreedingismore.出身重要，教养更重要。

Nothingisimpossibletoawillingmind.世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Youcantmakesomethingoutofnothing.巧妇难为无米之炊。

Nothingventure,nothinghave.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

Nothingfornothing.不费力气，一无所得。

Ofnothingcomesnothing.无中不能生有。

Hewhomakesnomistakesmakesnothing.不犯错误者一事无成。

Bettersaynothingthannothingtothepurpose.话不中肯，不如不说。

Nothingsucceedslikesuccess.一事如意，万事顺利。

Nothingstake,nothingdraw.不顶千里浪，哪来万斤鱼。

Nothingisasgoodasitseemsbeforehand.期待比现实更美好。

Nothingisgivensofreelyasadvice.劝人最容易。

Nothingissocertainastheunexpected.天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。

Nothingseek,nothingfind.无所求则无所获。

Alittleofeverythingisnothinginthemain.每事浅尝辄止，事事都告无成。

Agreatshipasksdeepwaters.大船要走深水。（蛟龙要在海中游。）

ThebestphysiciansareDr.Diet,Dr.Quiet,andDr.Merryman.节食博士、精心博士、快乐博士，三人都是最好的医生。

Hethatoncedeceivesiseversuspected.骗人一次，受疑一世。

In my memory, a lot of things happened in the Spring Festival last year, but the happiest thing for me was to put up fireworks and watch the Spring Festival Gala.

On the thirty night of the year, after our family had finished the dinner, I could not wait to wait in front of the TV set, waiting for the start of the Spring Festival Gala. Eight oclock arrived at the end of the party. I cant keep my eyes on the TV, and I dont want to leave half a step, and Im afraid to miss a good program. The program of the Spring Festival Gala is quite a lot: there are cross talk, there is a little piece, and the singing and dancing acrobatics show, the most magical thing is magic and face change. Show than a fun, than a wonderful, we can sometimes be absorbed in one family, sometimes uproarious.

This night, I was so excited that I didnt sleep well overnight. How I wish the Spring Festival of 20XX came quickly, so that I could look at the Spring Festival Gala and fireworks as happy as last year.

，I Like History Lesson，这是我喜欢历史课的英语作文范文，大家赶紧来看看吧。

The lesson I like most is history, because the historical stories are interesting. When I was a little child, my grandparents often told me the great events in history. In the middle school, we have history lesson. Some of my classmates think that history is uninteresting. And there are many things to remember, which is hard for them. However, I have different opinions. If you are interested in it, you will find it would be much easier. I like the ancient history of our country most. Our country has a long history, so there are many interesting stories. In addition, my history teacher is funny and knowledgeable. He always makes the lesson vivid and interesting. I like his lesson very much.

我最喜欢的课程是历史因为历史故事很有趣。当我还是个小孩的时候，我爷爷经常告诉我历史中的大事件。初中的时候我们开设了历史课。我有些同学认为历史没有意思，而且又很多东西要记，这对于他们来说很困难。但是我对此有不同的看法。如果你对它感兴趣就会觉得它容易得多。我最喜欢的是中国古代历史。我们国家历史悠久因此有很多有趣的故事。此外，我的历史老师很有趣而且学识渊博。他总是能够使课堂生动有趣，我很喜欢上他的课。

通过对近些年英语作文出题的趋势来看，中考对英语写作的考察更偏重于交际情景设置和不同体裁的要求，但是由于客观和种种主观原因，很多同学的作文容易走入种种误区，这些误区主要体现在以下方面：

构思、准备不充分，匆忙下笔。任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。文新学堂教学专家提醒，很多学生目 前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，这也造成了作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。针对这种情况可以从以下几个方面予以解 决：

1、认真审题，审题的重点放在写作体裁、格式、字数方面，确保第一遍审题就能保证得到基本分。

2、确定文体和时态，因为不同的文体要求的写作格式也是 不同的

3、列提纲，打草稿，然后修改。这样可以保证错误降低至最少或者没有错误，同时也能保持卷面整洁。

中心重点不突出，切题不准确。英语写作不是语文散文(形散神不散)，写英语作文，尤其是在中考大压力下短时内写出高分作文一定要注意这一点。造 成这种情况的主要原因是动笔前并没有认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还 是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。

忽视文化差异。要时刻牢记一点，中英文表达方式有很大的差异，所以体现在作文表达上也常常会出现生硬的中国式作文表达，降低了作文质量。所以注重中英语言差异，并努力找到两者之间的表达方式上的共通点，并且有意识的运用就能避免类似的问题。

忽视细节，无谓失分。很多学生在写作文时常常感觉"下笔如有神"，但最终结果出来后大惑不解。这方面的问题主要体现在忽视标点、书写、段落安排、大小写的问题，所以只要更加注重细节，这些无谓失分就可以解决。

一、要抓住事物的特征

一篇说明文写得好不好，主要看它有没有抓住事物的特征，写出来是不是使读者得到具体而明确的认识。比如，你参观了动物园，要向小读者介绍长颈鹿。什么是长颈鹿的主要特征呢?跑得快，斑纹美丽，这些都不是长颈鹿独具的特点。长颈鹿最主要的特征是脖子长，它是世界上最高的动物，母鹿身高四米多，公鹿五米左右，最高的记录是五米七八。它有四条又细又长的腿，还长着一个特别长的脖子。令人惊奇的是，它的颈椎骨只有七块，数目和人的颈椎骨一样。长颈鹿的七块颈椎骨排起来，就是它的长脖子，每块颈椎骨的长度就可想而知了。只有把这些写清楚，才算抓住了长颈鹿的主要特征，称得上是一篇较好的说明文。否则，你就说不明白。

那么，怎样去抓特征呢?

首先，要细致观察。文章是客观事物的反映，只有深入细致观察，才能对事物了解得清楚。河南郑州市七中刘伟同学写了一篇介绍《粉蝶》的说明文，文中对粉蝶的种类、形态、生活习性，粉蝶为什么不能在清晨飞舞，以及它对农作物有哪些危害等等，都写得清清楚楚，有根有据。这篇说明文曾被一些学校选为教材。刘伟同学为什么能写出这样好的文章呢?这是因为他平时时生物就有浓厚的兴趣，并且能亲自实践，仔细观察。两年里，他制作了四百多个标本，光粉蝶标本就制了三百多个，共有五、六个种类。他在谈体会时写道：

“昆虫的个体很小，特别是头部构造很难观察。我就向老师借了一个放大镜，我观察的东西就广泛了，昆虫中有粉蝶、蜜蜂、蝗虫、蜻蜓、蚊子、苍蝇等等;植物叶子中有柳叶、梧桐叶、榆叶、槐叶等等，还有草叶和花木……我常把放大镜、笔、记录本带在身边，上下学路上，去公园游玩时抽空作些观察，并记下主要观察内容。”

其次，要查阅资料。我们不能事事亲身经历，而说明文又要求特征准确，材料翔实，这就需要查阅有关的资料，靠前人总结出来的经验来印证。比如，有个在长沙读书的中学生，到北京旅游，参观了故宫，很想向同学们进行介绍。于是，他不但记下了参观的印象，还买了一张《故宫旅游图》和一本《北京十大名胜》，从中了解故宫的历史、地理位置和建筑特点。这样，他就知道：“故宫又名紫禁城，是我国明朝和清朝两代的皇宫，有五百多年的历史。整个宫城呈长方形，占地七十二万平方米，有大小宫殿七十多座、房屋九千多间。周围环绕着十多米高的城墙，墙外是五十多米宽的护城河。城墙的四角上，各有一个玲珑奇巧的角楼。故宫建筑群规模宏大，布局统一。我国明朝初年，为了修建这座宫城，曾经‘役使十万工匠和百万夫役。’故宫是我国古代劳动人民血汗和智慧的结晶。”上面说的这些具体数字、建筑特点，不查阅必要的资料，自然很难掌握。

最后，还要学会比较。世界上的事物千差万别，不同的事物有不同的特点，即使是一类事物，也各具特征。世界上没有绝对相同的两片树叶。孪生兄弟，长得再相似，也能区别出来。抓住事物的特征，就是抓住这个事物区别于其他事物的不同特点，从共性中发现个性，从一般中找到特殊。事物的特征往往在同别的事物相比较中显示出来。比如，要说明中国是一个大国，这个“大”字就很有学问。你可以直接说，中国的面积有九百六十万平方公里，也可以用比较的方法来说明。中国的面积，与法国比，有十七个法国大;与日本比，有二十五个日本大;与英国比，有三十九个英国大;我们祖国的面积，相当于整个欧洲。这样一比较，既具体，又生动，很有说服力。

总之，要抓住说明对象的特征，一方面靠亲身实践，细致观察，另一方面又要善于向书本和有经验的人学习，同时还要周密思考。学会比较，努力去熟悉所要说明的事物。

二、说明要有条理

要想写好一篇说明文，除了要抓住事物的特征外，还要掌握事物本身的条理。依据事物本身的条理来说明，就是要从复杂情况中理出头绪，把事物的特征，事物各部分的关系说清楚，所谓说明有条理，就是行文线索要清楚，层次要分明，不能想到哪里，写到哪里。如果颠来倒去地写，文章的头绪紊乱，同样也会说不明，道不白。叶圣陶先生写过一篇《景泰蓝的制作》的说明文，十分注意文章的条理性。作者抓住“做胎”“掐丝”、“涂色”、“烧制”、“打磨”五道关键的工序，对每道工序的制作和原理都做了详细的说明。结构严紧，条理清楚。

说明文有两种，一种是说明具体事物，如介绍一种新品种;一种是说明抽象事物，如“什么是世界?”。但是无论是具体事物还是抽象事物，都有其特征，都有它的构造和结构，只要我们遵循事物的规律，按照一定顺序加以说明，条理也就清楚了。

说明具体事物的文章，可以由上到下，由前到后，由外到内，由主到次地写，使读者容易了解各部分的相互关系。例如，你们学过的《第比利斯地下印刷所》一文，作者茅盾是这样介绍这个普通小院的结构的：

“这个院子跟附近的许多院子没有什么差别，周围是半人高的木栅栏;左边是一间独立的小屋，屋里有一口井;右边是两间正屋，每间大约一丈见方，前面有走廊;正屋的下面是个地下室，半截露在地面，是做厨房用的，从一边小梯子走下去。

——这样一个院子，在当年是第比利斯小市民住宅的标准样式。

读了这段文章，我们对这个地下印刷所的方位、构造和样式一目了然，就是因为作者按照这样的顺序来说明——由外到内，由左到右，由上到下。

有的同学在介绍具体事物的时候，没有事先根据这些事物的相互关系理清脉络，归纳分类，结果往往容易出现关系凌乱、层次不清的毛病。例如，有一篇介绍商品的文章是这样写的：

“青年食品商店出售各种罐头、干果、香烟和名酒。有菠萝罐头、桔子罐头!荔枝干，有中华牌香烟、牡丹牌香烟、前门牌香烟;有桂元干、葡萄干，有汾酒、竹叶青，还有清蒸元鱼罐头以及闻名世界的茅台酒等等，花色多样，品种齐全。”

这段话中所列举的商品，既有种概念，又有属概念，既有并列的关系，又有从属的关系。作者没有按照这些商品之间的内在关系归纳说明，而是想到哪里写到哪里，层次不清，条理不明。这段话应该改为：

“青年食品商店出售各种罐头、干果、香烟和名酒。罐头有菠萝罐头、桔子罐头、清蒸元鱼罐头等;干果有桂元干、葡萄干、荔枝干等、香烟有中华牌、牡丹牌、前门牌等;名酒有茅台酒、汾酒、竹叶青等。花色多样，品种齐全。”

说明抽象事物的文章，不但要说明事物是“这样的”，而且要进一步说明“为什么会这样的。”这就要按照人们认识事物的规律，步步深入地加以说明，或由浅入深，或由表及里，或由具体到抽象，或由原因到结果，或由现象到本质，或由数量到质量，或由特殊到一般等等。例如，鸟为什么会飞?人为什么会做梦?都属于这一类。如果是说明事物的变化发展过程，可以按照时间的顺序。如果属于介绍生产技术，可以按照生产的程序。只有按照事物本身的条理，来确定说明的顺序，文章才能写得眉目清楚。

当你读完这篇文章以后，请你不妨做做这样的练习：

假如你有一位在北京上学的朋友，暑假里，他想到韶山参观毛主席的故居(你住在韶山附近)，希望你陪他一起参观。但是，他不知道怎么走最方便，怎样才能顺利地找到你家。那么，请你写封信告诉他：你家的地址，从北京到长沙应该坐几次车，到了长沙，又怎样才能找到你的家，你家的四周有些什么可供辨认的特点和标志。要求使你的朋友看了你的信以后，在路上不必多打听就能顺利地找到你家。

三、说明文的语言要确切、简洁、通俗

确切：说明文内容的科学性和专业性都比较强，它要求语言要确切，不能夸大和缩小。比如，有个同学知道他们学校种了很多树，绿化搞得不错，他在《我们的校园》一文中写道：“我们学校的绿化面积在全市中学居首位。”这样写就有不够准确的地方。如果有人问：“贵校的绿化面积到底有多少?你怎么知道别的学校都不如贵校呢?”这位同学恐怕就不好回答，因为他只知道本校绿化搞得好，还来不及进行一番仔细的调查研究。所以，这句话可以改为：“目前，我校的绿化是全市绿化搞得好的学校之一。”加上“目前”二字，不包括“过去”和“未来”;加上“之一”，就不是“唯一”。这样就比较确切了。

语言确切，首先是用词准确。说明文最忌含糊其词，什么“大概”、“差不多”、“可能”……模棱两可，该肯定不肯定，该否定不否定，用来说明事物就不容易做到恰如其分。《中国石拱桥》一文中有这样一段话：“赵州桥横跨在洨河上……修建于公元六○五年左右，到现在已经一千三百多年了，还保持着原来的雄姿……赵州桥非常雄伟，全长五十点八二米，两端宽约九点六米，中部略窄，宽约九米。”

这段话中的数字，有的是约数，有的是确数。因为赵州桥在哪年建成，史书上已经找不到确凿的记载，所以只能说个约数;而赵州桥的长度，却精确到小数点后两位，这不但要说明实有其桥，而且从这些具体精确的数字，可以看出我国古代劳动人民的智慧。写说明文，一定要下功夫选取“最恰当的”、“最精确的”语言来表达。

简洁：语言简洁，就是精炼，干净利落，用尽可能少的话，把事物说清楚，不要罗嗦重复、拖泥带水。比如“大雪把铁路淹没无踪”，“下水游泳应注意些什么”，这两句话中的“无踪”和“下水”都是重复多余的话，应该删去。

为了做到说明文的语言简洁，还要防止不必要的“引伸”和“寓义”。有些同学习惯于写记叙文，喜欢形容和描写，初学写说明文，有时也要来一番“引伸”和“寓义”。比如，有一篇介绍《松树和柳树》的说明文，结尾是这样写的：

“我们既要学习松树坚强不屈的品格，又要学习柳树栽在哪里，就在哪里生根的精神。”

记事抒情的文章，自然可以这样写，说明文就没有必要了，写了反而“画蛇添足”，不简洁了。

通俗：语言通俗，就是运用群众中明白通顺的话，把本来是抽象的概念说得具体生动，把本来深奥的道理说得浅显易懂。下面，让我们看看这段说明：

几千年来，劳动人民注意了草木荣枯，候鸟去来等自然现象同气候的关系，据以安排农事。杏花开了，就好象大自然在传语要赶快耕地;桃花开了，又好象在暗示要赶快种谷子，布谷鸟开始唱歌，劳动人民懂得它在唱什么：“阿公阿婆，割麦插木。”这样看来，花香鸟语，草长莺飞，都是大自然的语言。

这些自然现象，我们古代劳动人民称它为物候。

以上一例，是关于什么是物候的说明。作者使用的语言通俗，说明具体而生动。它把气候变化和动物活动、植物生长、农业生产的关系都说清楚了。

说明文的语言要通俗，并不是不要生动、有趣。叶圣陶先生在《文章例话》中说：“说明文不一定就是板起面孔来说话，说明文未尝不可带一点风趣。”有些说明文运用拟人、比喻、引用等修辞手法，写得很有趣昧。例如：

(1)庄稼有了化学朋友，就不怕生物界敌人的进攻了。

(2)蜻蜓被誉为昆虫里的“飞行之王”。在闷热的夏季，暴雨将至或骤雨初歇，蜻蜓常常三五成群在空中飞舞。它好似一架飞机，而飞行技巧却远远高超于飞机之上。

(3)“白露早，寒露迟，秋分种麦正当时。”这是华北中部地区流行的一句农谚。这句农谚说明种庄稼要看节气。

例①运用拟人写法，读来颇有情趣。例②把蜻蜓和飞机相比，贴切生动，使被说明的事物变得浅显易懂。例③引用农谚，通俗地讲解了节气与种庄稼的关系。

My school is very beautiful. It is Nanhai Experimental School. There are

three tall buildings in our school. They all have five floors. In the teaching

building， the P.E.room is on the first floor. The library is on the second

floor. The science rooms are on the third floor. The computer rooms are on the

third floor and the fourth floor. The music rooms are on the third floor and the

fourth floor. My class room is on the fifth floor. I am in Class9， Grade 6.

There are five gardens in our school. In the gardens there are many beautiful

flowers， grass and trees. There is a big playground in my school.

I like my school， because my school is very beautiful.

Third, I have been standing at a fork mouth of life. Looking back, looking at the footprints of your own growth, it does mean something. Love is Xin Qijis "ugly girl", his first words as we age children from small to large portrait.

"The young do not sorrow taste". Childhood, from just remember to middle school, always feel carefree. Hungry, looking forward to dinner; thirsty, looking forward to drinking water; scared, looking forward to Mom coming; frightened, looking forward to Dads side. These, call it, or just show it with tears and cry, will be able to get satisfactory results. Childhood is so simple, and it is so real. A little bigger, become a teenager, looking forward to be praised by the teacher, looking forward to the applause of the students, looking forward to full marks. When I was praised, like psychological flow with honey; whenever there is out, it went to the jubilant mom and dad to show off a beam with joy. At that time, how simple and innocent.

Now, the childhood in my mind has become an eternal memory, the dream of the flower season is also like a distant landscape, childhood wind like, feel, but can not see, can not touch, there are countless ways of life before, I have to walk with heavy steps wandering. Just like the taste of sorrow now". So, what about the future? Is it to open up life or to enjoy life? Yue Feis sake, Gou hardships, let me dance, father chose the former; comfortable air conditioning, cola fun, crispy potato chips, the excitement of the game so I choose the latter. Both steady stand in the balance at both ends, not the severity of the conflict scale blocking my schedule. Secondary education in less than a year will end after nine years of baptism we have strong body, sucking countless knowledge in the motherland to defeat in the mighty wave crashing on a sandy shore,? No, can not, the process of growth is painful, "enjoy life" although intoxicating, but if our youth long drunk, do not laugh for people?

Therefore, in the face of growth, we must bravely overcome the idea of ease in mind, and open up a perfect life course.

Today I was sad because I was blamed. The day before yesterday, my father gave me a tast. He told me to finish math exercises and he would check today. I have to days to finish them. But I did not, because there was a football game yesterday. I was so tired, so I forgot them. Today, my father wanted to check my exercises. He found I did not finish, so he scolded me. He was angry and he do not let me play football anymore. I am afraid I cant play football anymore.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

When I was very young, my grandma was often ill. She often went to see the

doctor. But it could not help her to get well. That was a problem. So I wanted

to be a doctor to let my grandma be healthy.

Now Im 15 years old. Im studying in Wangcun Middle School in Jiangshan.

My favourite person is Florence Nightingale. She is a famous nurse. And I like

Henrry Norman Bethune,too. Im sure I can be a famous doctor like them when I

grow up.

I will be 20 years old. Im going to work in a big and famous hospital.

Then when I am 30 ,Ill have a hospital of my own. So I can help more people

like my grandma get well all over the world. Im sure I will,believe me!

英语说明文的写作技巧说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等;也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等;说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

Students, we hope that the motherland can become pure and quiet sunshine, fresh air, such a beautiful and desirable country. How we need such air, how much we love the environment! However, boys and girls, do you know that we live on earth, good environment is destroyed, the forest on the decrease, soil and water erosion, rivers in become turbid, desert in the extension, noise increased, the population growth and the air is polluted, many share the rare animals are endangered because of this, all this will bring us endless disaster.

As a new generation of Chinese people, we should always cultivate environmental awareness and worry about our country. Some students, however, do not cherish the paper, only to tear up several sheets of paper at the beginning of a composition. Trash and see if there is an opportunity to the school, where two-thirds of all kinds of waste paper, in order to make the paper, we paid a heavy price, consumes large forests. Schoolmates, when we light this pile of paper, our hands shake, and through the light of the fire, we see a piece of green wood.

How should we protect the environment?

First, love nature and be the little leader and little propagandist who protects nature. We should love the grass and trees of the campus and the streets, and strive to be the guardians of the garden. We should not only understand the natural balance of nature. We should also promote the environmental protection of natural environment to students, society and families.

Secondly, starting from me, from now on, protect the surrounding sanitation. Do not spit, pick flowers, do not destroy trees, forests, waste paper, etc. Although our strength is limited, if everyone can start from me and start from now, then our environment can be improved.

Thirdly, we should study the knowledge of culture and science carefully, and make a great effort to protect nature from m. We in the primary school to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, grow up, with our wisdom and hands control waste water, waste gas, waste residue, mountains and desert to governance, to improve soil and water quality. I believe that our home will be better in that time.

Students, for the better of our homeland, make a move!

英文写作是一种综合能力训练，临阵磨枪是不能取得好成绩的，也是不可取的，应该重视平时的英语作文训练。下面是小编帮大家整理的英语写作教学方法，希望大家喜欢。

高考英语作文占25分，有着不可忽视的比重，它足可以说明写作教学在高中英语教学中占有相当重要的位置。然而高考现状却不乐观，部分学生由于平时缺乏足够的训练，所以对英语写作要么感到无从下手，充满畏难情绪，胡乱写些英语单词或不着边际的句子充当字数，权作心理慰藉；要么用词不当，构句无章，错误频出，行文不流畅，表达不地道，无写作质量可言。如何提高学生的写作水平和促进写作教学呢？笔者认为应注意下列几个问题：

一、注重写作教学的基本训练阶段

语言教学最高层次是应用。英语属于结构语言，它有自己的基本句型、固定搭配、固定短语等，这些都是不可变的，要想在写作中用上它们，用好它们，必须加强这方面的基本训练。首先，加强五种基本句型结构教学。几乎所有的英语句型都是五种句型的扩大、延伸或变化，因此训练学生“写”就要抓住五种基本句型的训练，让他们把这五种基本句型记牢，不断运用。五种基本句型是：

(1)S＋V；

(2)S＋V＋O；

(3)S＋V＋O＋O；

(4)S＋V＋P；

(5)S＋V＋O＋C。

五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但无法比较自由地表达思想，因此还必须对学生进一步进行扩句训练，在课堂上充分发挥学生的想像力，进行扩句练习。其次，加强句型教学，要对一些句子进行分析，增强他们利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。再次，充分利用新教材中“巩固语言的练习，”对学生进行基本语感的训练。

二、注重写作训练的多样化

听、说、读、写四种技能是相互依赖的，说的能力有赖于听的能力，进而有助于写作。听是理解和吸收口头信息的手段。听和读是输入，只有达到足够的输入量，才能保证学生具有较好的说和写的输出能力。因此，在日常的教学中要注重写作训练的多样化。

首先，在Dialogue的教学中，除了听录音、对话、表演和编写相似的对话外，还要求学生把对话改写成一段短文，这样就要求学生在变成短文的过程中，注意时态、语态、人称和前后的逻辑关系，从而为写作打下基础。

其次，在Reading教学中，回答问题时要求学生必须用自己的语言，且人称、时态要做相应的变化，这样既能搞懂本意，又能用同义句表达，提高了表达能力。还要让学生用课文中的词组进行复述，学生复述课文不是件容易的事，既要把握课文中的重点，逻辑关系，又要用自己的语言把主要内容表达出来。这样既锻炼了他们组织篇章结构、句子与句子之间逻辑关系的能力，又提高了语言的精炼度，使自己的写作能力有了很快地提高。

再次，在“Listening”教学中，除了让学生听懂做完听力练习之外，还让他们把练习作为guide进行复述听力材料，有时还让他们写在作文本上。

三、注重写作训练的规范化

高中起始阶段的写作训练，培养学生的写作模式是非常重要的。我按教师用书上说明的写作步骤，即：①构思(讨论题目)；②写提纲(理顺思想的逻辑关系)；③起草(打草稿)；④校订(检查错误，重新安排内容)；⑤修改(定稿)。对学生进行写作模式的训练。这样看起来比较麻烦，但避免了反复，养成了好的写作习惯。再就是书写和文体格式要规范。严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子，注意大小写和标点符号，养成良好的书写习惯。。同时对各种文体特点、格式要讲清楚，使学生熟悉规范的书面表达形式，用正确的标准评析和规范自己的书面表达。

四、注重教师的指导作用

教师批改是写作教学的有机组成部分，批改过程中，教师的指导作用就在于肯定学生的成绩，指出错误，给学生以恰当的评价。但在批改过程中，如果抓住学生的错误不放，有错必纠，改到最后，就变成了教师自己的作品；如果对错误视而不见，写得再多也收效甚微。我根据教学实践，对于新教材中的“有指导的写”的写作训练，规定学生限时写完，同桌、前后桌互相批改，重新行文，再上交。这样批改起来就非常轻松，而且典型错误，很容易找出，有利于讲评。对于新教材中的“自由写作”训练，我指导学生弄清主题，抓住要点，组词造句，安排好顺序，过渡到段落形成短文，多用熟悉的单词和句型，多用五种基本句型表达。然后让学生共同研究，互相评论写好的草稿，以便最后写出修改的稿子来，这就有助于减轻教师修改作业的负担，也有利于学生写作水平的提高。

总之，英文写作是一个学生综合能力的书面体现，是一个长期复杂的训练过程。因此，培养学生的写作能力不能一蹴而就，而要在平时从学生的实际水平出发，有目的、有计划、有要求、有检查、有反馈地进行，由易到难，循序渐进。只有这样，到高考时才能做到厚积薄发、思如泉涌、下笔如有神。

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

Because the Spring Festival is the most solemn traditional festival of Chinese folk. In the first month of the summer calendar, also known as the lunar calendar, commonly known as "New Year", "New Year". Every year, the streets are covered with red lanterns and colorful flags. The mall is a sea of people, buying New Year goods, but lively. Grandma prepared a hearty meal, with a lot of "bam, bam, bam" on the outside, and the guns  . Every little friend put on a beautiful new dress, and the grown-ups smiled with satisfaction. Until dad bought me a lot of fireworks and firecrackers, in the evening, I will take out fireworks went downstairs and children put together, we play very happy, the party began, I was reluctant to go home, eat fruit while watching the party together with family, a good laugh at our wonderful performances, wish: I wish that every day is New Years day! I also like the double ninth festival.

在英语教学中，培养学生听、说、读、写的能力是相辅相成的。经常练习写作，可以巩固和发展听说能力 ，还可以促进阅读能力的提高。写作能促使学生勤复习、多思考。通过对一词一句反复推敲，有助于提高使用 语言的准确性。学习用英语写作是培养英语思维能力的重要途径之一，有了一定的英语思维能力，英语学习就 能产生一个相应的飞跃。因此，在高中阶段指导、培养学生写英语作文是不容等闲视之的。

用英语解释生词，为学生打好写作基础。教师应创造语言环境，通过耳濡目染、潜移默化，培养用英语思 维的习惯。在教每课的单词和词组时，要尽量用学生学过的单词、词组进行解释。刚开始时，可由教师用英语 解释生词，后来可让学生根据汉语释意，用自己学过的单词、词组解释。这样，经过一段时间的训练，学生的 英语思维能力就会有所提高，为英语写作打下较好的基础。在作文时，如果不知道某个东西的英语表达方式而 又无词典可查，这时学生就会用其释义来代替，如用“a person who nakes clothes”来代替“atailor”， 这虽不完全符合英语语言习惯，但对初学写作的高中生来说还是值得鼓励的。

通过缩写和改写课文，培养学生的英语概括能力。缩写课文会激励学生去认真钻研课文内容，有助于加深 学生对课文的理解，提高学生归纳总结和进行简要表达的能力。缩写课文允许改动原意，不允许删去主要内容 。缩写课文一般应该用自己的话来写，不能只停留在拼凑原文的词句上，也不要逐句、逐段照原文去改写。这 些均通过示例让学生明白和掌握，并在实践中让他们仔细加以体会。改写课文可以培养学生举一反三的语言表 达能力，熟练掌握英语表达方法，促使学生去钻研、去思考，调动学习的积极性，学生把学过的知识运用到实 际中去，这对于提高英语水平大有裨益。改写，除了我们通常所说的句子、段落的释义之外，还包括用其他体 裁改写整篇课文。如高中英语第一册第三课短剧“The Lost Necklace”可改写为记叙文。有的课文，如高中英 语第一册“The Blind Men And The Elephant”和第十课“At A Tailors Shop”等，就可以让学生改写成短 剧，并让他们在班上表演。有的课文故事是第三人称叙述的，如“The Footprint”，就可以让学生用第一人称 加以改写，使他们身临其境，自由发挥。这样可创造情景，促使他们“下笔如有神”。

以多题材、多形式的自由作文训练，加强意念功能的培养。经过一段时间的缩写和改写的笔头训练之后， 学生对写作有了一定的基础和兴趣，就可以放手让他们进行多种题材的自由作文训练，使学生在自由表达思想 和内心感受中，加强意念功能培养。(1) 练习写周记日记是培养学生英语自由写作能力的第一步。写周记日记 ，学生不受内容和经验的限制，可就熟悉的题材，充分发挥自己的想象力，自由表达。(2) 看图作文新颖活泼 ，能激发学生英语写作的积极性。可以用流传较广的传说、故事作图，让学生写记叙文。比如画几幅老鼠商议 给猫挂铃铛的图，让学生以“The cat and the bell”作文。也可画一幅漫画，让学生写简易议论文。如画一 幅之人向三个方向划一条小船，让学生写出情景加以评论，并命题。(3) 作文可由教师统一命题，也可由学生 自由命题。命题作文要注意先易后难，开始让学生写一些自己熟悉、易于表达的题材。如：“Our School”、 “My Family”、“A Letter To Somebody”、“ARepectable Teacher”、“Life In Summer Vacation”等。 在此基础上，提高一步，写一些较难的题目。如:My Idea, Money And Happiness等。刚开始练习命题作文写作 时，可让学生课外完成，规定交作文日期即可。经过一段时间后，可要求他们在课堂上完成，借以培养他们的 思考能力，提高快速写作的能力。

通过讲评帮助学生逐步掌握写作要领。作文批阅应与课堂讲评相结合，一方面在班上朗诵优秀作文，说明 其好在哪里。另一方面要分析各种典型错误，尤其是汉式英语，务必通过讲译，使学生进一步了解错误产生的 原因，以及如何纠正。为了加深印象，避免讲评中烦琐指点，最好对各种错误进行分类整理，教师应注意分类 的合理性和系统性。

He always rose early to enjoy at least two hours of solitude in the house

and garden before the rest of the family came down In winter he spent most of

the time reading and writing. In sum mer he liked to get out of doors to work in

the kitchen garden or to take the dog for a walk in the neighbouring woods and

fields Whatever the weather, there was plenty to occupy him.

Although he was a creature of habit, there seemed to be an infinite variety

in his pursuits. He wrote book reviews regularly for two of the national

weeklies. He worked conscientiously his special subject, Indian History, and was

thus one of the world authorities on it;

he collected modern abstract paintings and so had a circle of friends

amongst artists and sculptors; there was hardly anything he did not know about

traditional jazz and he often entertained both British and America n jazz

musicians He was a superb cook and knew a lot about French and German food.

His family adored him and in a sense he was spoiled by them. At first

glance you would have taken him for a retired army officer-his bearing was

erect, his hair was cut short, he was fussy about his clothes, which were always

neat, clean and conventional. He liked to keep fit, and this was reflected in

his clear, steady blue eyes and healthy suntanned complexion. He hardly ever

watched TV, but enjoyed a good film and an occasional evening at the

theatre.

Therearesomephotosonthewall.They’reverybeautiful.

Inthemiddleoftheroom,thereismybed.It’snotsobig,butit’svery

comfortable.Everynight,Ilayonthebedandhaveagooddream.Ontherightofthebed,thereismydeskandchair.They’reinfrontofthewindow.Mycomputerisonthedesk.Thereisalamponthedesk,too.Icandomyhomeworkhereandplaycomputergames.

Mybookshelfisontheleftofthebed.Therearealotofstorybooksandpicturebooksintheshelf.Ilikethemverymuch.

Noteveryonehasabedroom.I’mverylucky,becauseIhaveaverybeautifulbedroom.I’lltrymybesttokeepitcleanandtidy.

1.OurSchool

Ourschoolisinthewestofthecity.Itisverybigwithatallteachingbuilding.Therearethirtyclassrooms,amodernlibrary,adinninghallandagym.Thereisabigplaygroundwhereweoftenhavesports.Therearelotsoftreesandflowersbesidetheplayground.Therearemorethanfivehundredstudentsandteachersinourschoolandweallworkhard.Ourschoolissobeautifulthatwealllikeitverymuch.

2.Howdidyouspendyoursummervacation

Ihadabusyandinterestingsummervacation.IdidmyhomeworkeverydaysoIfinisheddoingmyhomeworktendaysbeforethenewterm.Ialsoplayedtabletennisandbasketballwithmyfriendseveryday.Isometimeswent

moviesandwenttotheparkswithmyfriends.Isurfedtheinternet,readbooksandwatchedTVeveryevening.Ivisitedmygrandparentsandhelpedthemwiththehousework,too.Ihelpedmyparentscleantheroomandcookmeals.ThemostimportantwasthatmyparentsandIwenttoHannanIslandandspentaweekthere.

3..AhappyDay

Itwassunnyandveryhottoday.Igotupearlyandhelpedmyparentscookbreakfast.ThenIwashedthedishesandcleanedtheroom.AfterashortrestIdidmyhomeworkinthemorning.IntheafternoonIwentswimminginthe

nearestswimmingpoolwithmyfriends.Itwasreallycooltoswiminsuchahotday.Isurfedtheinternetandreadastorybookintheevening.Ireallyhadabusyandhappyday.今天天气晴朗比较热。我起得很早，帮父母做早饭。然后我洗碗打扫屋子。休息一会后我上午做作业。下午我和朋友去我家最近的游泳池游泳。在如此炎热的夏天游泳的确很棒。晚上我上网、看故事书。我今天很忙过得很快乐。

4.给笔友的一封信

DearLucy

Iamverygladtohearfromyou.Nowletmeintroducemyselftoyou.MynameisLiLei.Iamelevenyearsold.Iamtallwithapairofglasses.NowIam

studyingatYuyingPrimarySchool.IaminClassOne，Grade5.Ilikesingingandplayingthepianoverymuch.IamgoodatEnglishandChinese.很高兴收到你的来信。现在让我介绍我自己。我叫李雷。11岁。我高个子、带眼镜。我在育英小学。我在五年级一班。我非常喜欢唱歌和弹钢琴。我数学和语文学得都很好。

6。暑假打算

Iwillhaveabusysummervacation.Iamgoingtodomyhomeworkeveryday.Iamgoingtothelibrarytoborrowsomebooksandgototheshopstobuysomebooks.Iamgoingtodosportssuchasplayingtabletennis,swimmingandsoon.Iamgoingtovisitmygrandparentsandstaythereforaweek.Iamgoingtohelpmyparentsdosomehousework.我暑假会很忙。我每天要写作业。我打算去图书馆去借书、去商店买书。我要做运动，如：打乒乓球、游泳等。我要去看爷爷奶奶并在那住一周。我要帮父母做家务。

7.自我介绍

Hello,everyone.MynameisKelly.Iamfriendlyandhonest.IamgoodatEnglishandmaths.Ilikesurfingtheinternet,playingcomputergames,watchingTVandtraveling.IalsolikeplayingtabletennisandIamgoodatit,too.Ioftenplaytabletenniswithmyfriendsonweekends.AndIwanttobeafamoustabletennisplayerwhenIgrowup.WhatIlikemostistoseethe

seagullsflyingfreelyintheskysoIoftengototheseainsummer.MyfavouritecolouriswhitebecauseIthinkwhiteissymbolizepurity.大家好我的名字叫KELLY.我很友好、诚实。我擅长英语和数学。我爱上网、玩电脑网络游戏、看电视和旅游。我也喜欢打乒乓球。我经常和朋友们在周末打乒乓球，长大了我想当一个乒乓球运动员。最喜欢在海边看着海鸥自由自在的飞翔，因此在夏天我经常去海边。白色是我的最爱。因为我觉得白色是纯洁的象征。

8.海南之旅

wenttoHainanIslandwithmyparentsforaholidyandwestayedthereforaweek.IttookusonlymorethanthreehourstogettoHaikouairport.Weenjoyedthewarmsunshineandthesoftwind.Wewalkedonthebeachandpickedupthebeautifulshells.Wealsosufedonthewavesanditwasreallyexciting.Weplayedballgamesonthebeachaswell.IbelievedHainanwasreallyanattractivecitywithfamousbeachandmountains.WereallyenjoyedthebeautifulsceneryofHainan.

9.AniceSunday

ItisSundayanditisafinedaytoday.WecometothePeopleParkwithourEnglishteacherwhocamefromCanada.Look!Tomandotherfiveboysareplayingfootball.Cinaandsomegirlstudentsareflyingkites.AliceandIaretakingphotosnearthepark.Aliceandweareveryhappy.AlicehelpsusalotwithourEnglish.

今天是星期天，天气晴朗。我们和来自Canada的英语老师Alice来到人民公园。瞧，Tom和五个男同学在踢球；Cina和一些女同学在放风筝；我和Alice正在公园附近拍照。Alice和我们都非常高兴。Alice在英语方面帮助了我们很多。

10.Thismorning,Iwokeupwithastart:myclockwasalarming.Unwillinglyopenedmyeyes,Ifounditwas6:30already.Nevertheless,theroomwasverygloomy,foritwasrainingoutside.Whatacoldday!HowcomfortableitwouldbeifIcouldstayinbedforthewholeday,readingafavouritebookinthe

soundofrain.But,Ididhavetogotowork.Thoughitwasarushhour,ontheway,therewerefewerpeoplethanusual.Manypeoplearduouslyheldanumbrellawhichwasalwaysblowndownbyablastofwind.Fortunately,Iwasdressedinaraincoat.Severalyardsaway,apolicemanwasguidingthetrafficintherain.Iwasfilledwithdeepesteemforhisseriousness.Ikeptthinkingoftodaysplanforashortwhileand,then,Iwasinmyoffice.Abusydayisbeginning……