初中英语说明文写作模板【精选20篇】

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

When the autumn comes, the weather will become cool and people can feel the

wind. In my hometown, there will be a famous contest, which is to fly kites.

People come to the field and bring their kites. What a lively scene. The

children are very active and excited. They run to the ground for many times, so

as to make their kites flying higher and higher. It has become a tradition. Some

people even will prepare for a long time. They want to prove that they are the

strong ones. It gives people a good chance to communicate with each other. I

like the atmosphere and enjoy the time with my friends.

如果说有谁真诚地陪我走过童年，走到现在 ，我会毫不犹豫地说，除了父母，便是书，书一直伴随着我成长。

打小，我就与书结下了不解之缘。起初，我只是阅读课本书中的内容，可随着年龄的不断增加，我对外面世界的好奇心也不断增强，在强烈的好奇心的“怂恿”，我不再局限于课本，而是开始阅读课外读物。

虽然一个三年级的学生，面对色图精美的课外书，总是兴味盎然，即使里面有许多生僻的字词不认识，也不理解，像一只只拦路虎，可还是阻挡不了我对读书的渴望，我找到了求助对象——字典，一边津津有味地读着，一边不厌其烦地查字典。就这样，我读了《格林童话》，《安徒生童话选》《爱丽丝漫游记》等等。

小小的我看着别人写的一篇篇优美动人、曲折离奇的故事，我心里萌发出一丝特殊“冲动”——我也要写文章！ 从此，我便开始了自己的“写作之路”。虽然每一次我都想着要把文章写得优美、感人，可却被老师批评说是太浮夸。原来，我只是一心追求语言上的美感，从未把自己的真实情感流露到自己的文章中，给人的印象就是太虚，不真切。知道了自己文章中的缺陷后，我努力的去改正，可却总是弥补不了。

在我一筹莫展时，我接触到了沈石溪的动物小说，它就像一束曙光，照亮了我的世界，去开辟自己从未到过的领域。 接触到沈石溪的动物小说，是一次偶然的机会。那是四年级的时候，学校邀请著名作家沈石溪来给我们做演讲。中年的沈石溪在台上回顾了自己插队的经历。他用幽默诙谐的语言，详细的描述了他从见到老鹰蛋到用母鸡养鹰的一段神奇的经历，用形象生动的比喻带领着我体验了边境傣族寨子里的一只老母鸡抚育小鹰的温情。他那真挚、朴实的语言打动了我，我在那一刻恍然大悟，原来真正感人肺腑的语言并不需要过多的修饰，只是简简单单的几句话，饱含着自己深厚情感。 沈石溪老师的讲座结束后，我当机立断就买了他的小说《再被狐狸骗一次》。当我读到书中的公狐狸为了让母狐狸能带着小狐狸安全转移，竟然不惜咬断自己的腿，一股暖流涌上心扉，或许这就是父爱的力量吧，动物世界的爱是多么深沉啊！

那个暑假里，我又订购阅读了沈石溪的其它动物小说，比如说《第七条猎狗》、《最后一头战象》，《戴银铃的长臂猿》、《白天鹅红珊瑚》等等。我的书架上已排满了沈石溪老师的书。每一次看沈石溪的小说，我心里都会有新的感悟。其实动物的内心世界很单纯，它们的心里只有自己的亲人，只有想保护好自己亲人的神圣使命。相比它们，人类竟然为了自己的利益去残害无辜，更自私更情吧！动物世界让我懂得了感恩，去感恩父母，感恩老师，感恩生赐与的一切……

如今的我虽然功课增多，但我依然乐此不疲地看书，在阳光明媚的午后，在温柔的灯光下，品杯茶，读一本书，细细地品味着书中的悲欢离合，酸甜苦辣。这是何等的惬意，这是何等的享受。读书对我来说并不单单是提高我的写作水平，更让我增长见识......在读书中我感受到了快乐，学会了感恩。书籍充实了我的生活！

[初中作文：我的读书与写作

初中英语作文大全：我的一天

【—：我的一天】下面是为大家介绍的关于我的一天，好好看看吧。

My Day（我的一天）

I get up early at six every day. After doing some morning exercises, I read English for twenty minutes. At seven I have breakfast. After breakfast I take my schoolbag and go to school. Our class begins at eight, and we have four classes in the morning. After lunch at 12 o’clock, I take a short rest in the classroom. We have three more classes in the afternoon.After school at five , I go back home. I often help my mother do some housework. Sometimes I watch TV. After dinner, I begin to do my homework. Then I take a shower. I go to bed at nine thirty.

以上就是关于我的一天的介绍，同学们你的一天是怎样的，也来介绍一下吧，相信你的一天会更充实的。

初中英语语法之副词

【—语法之副词】下面是对英语中副词的用法知识讲解学习，同学们我们一起来分享下面的知识吧。

副词的用法

(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。

He studies very hard. (作状语)

Life here is full of joy. (作定语)

When will you be back? (作表语)

副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：

1)时间副词

时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：

He often comes to school late.

What are we going to do tomorrow?

He is never been to Beijing.

2)地点副词

地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：

I met an old friend of mine on my way home.

He went upstairs.

Put down your name here.

3)方式副词

方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：

The old man walked home slowly.

Please listen to the teacher carefully.

The birds are flying high.

He runs very fast.

4)程度副词

程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：

Her pronunciation is very good.

She sings 初中数学 quite well.

I can hardly agree with you.

5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：

How are you getting along with your studies?

Where were you yesterday?

Why did you do that?

(2)副词在句中的位置

1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：

Mr Smith works very hard.

She speaks English well.

2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：

He usually gets up early.

I’ve never heard him singing.

She is seldom ill.

3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：

It is a rather difficult job.

He runs very fast.

He didn’t work hard enough.

4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：

On my way home, I met my uncle.

The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.

(3)部分常用副词的用法

1) very, much

这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：

She is a very nice girl

I’m feeling much better now.

初中英语作文大全之自然灾害

【—之自然灾害】下面老师就为同学们带来一篇关于自然灾害的范文，供同学们写作参考。

Natural Disasters

In the past hundred years, there have heen frequent natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, mud-rock flows, seismic sea waves, earthquakes, windstorms and the stretching of new deserts.

The disasters have killed millions upon millions of people, destroyed countless homes, and wiped out numerous pieces of fertile land. Now more and more people become aware that those disasters have much to do with what we have done to the earth. We have cut down too many trees in the forests,we have badly polluted the environment, we have shocked our own home-planet time and again with tremendously powerful explosions of nuclear bombs. As a result, climates have become abnormal, rainwater rushes down hillsides angrily, and the underground energy goes up to revenge itself on us.

The earth is our only home-planet. It is urgent for us to stop damaging it, and to do our best to protect it and make it a lovely place suitable to live in, for we have nowhere to go and survive except where we are now.

自然灾害在现今社会已经发生的越来越平凡了，是什么造成了今天的地步呢？同学们想想原因看看吧！

初中英语作文大全之初中暑假英语日记

【—之初中暑假英语日记】下面老师就为同学们带来一篇关于初中暑假英语日记，供同学们写作参考。

I often go to see my grandma and grandpa during my summer vacation.They are both seventy years old and live in the country happily. Summer view of the countryside is very beautiful. I can do many interesting things there. I am used to getting up early in the morning breathing the fresh airlistening to the birds singing and enjoying the green trees red flowers and the river. I like fishing with my friends.

When night comes I sit under the tree with my grandma listening to her telling me many funny stories. And I tell her some new things happening in the city. When I have to go backI am always reluctant to go. I really feel happy living in the country.

同学们在暑假时期是不是遇到很多有趣的事呢？尝试着写下来吧！

初中英语名词所有格语法大全

【—名词所有格】名词所有格也是在英语中是非常常见的一种现象，关于名词所有格，下面就是老师为同学们带来的名词所有格，供学生们学习参考。

1、名词所有格

名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式，意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式：

(1)一般情况下在词尾加"s"。例如：

Kates father Kate的爸爸

my mothers friend 我妈妈的朋友

(2)如果复数名词以s结尾，只加""。例如：

Teachers Day 教师节

The boys game 男孩们的游戏

(3)如果复数名词不以s结尾，仍加"s"。例如：

Childrens Day 儿童节

Womens Day 妇女节

(4)表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如：

Lucy and Lilys room Lucy 和Lily的房间

Kate and Jims father Kate 和Jim的爸爸

动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"s"，而常常用介词of的短语来表示。

a map of China 一幅中国地图

the name of her cat 她的猫的名字

a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片

the door of the bedroom 卧室的门

对于名词所有格的相关介绍，上面还是比较全面的，如果同学们还不是很了解的话，可以多多看看。

形容词ashamed的两个搭配

1. be ashamed of (doing) sth 对(做)某事感到羞愧或惭愧。如：

You really ought to be ashamed of that. 你实在应该对此感到惭愧。

He was ashamed of asking [having asked]such a simple question. 他由于问了这样简单的问题而感到难为情。

He is ashamed of his failure [having failed]. 他对自己的失败感到羞惭。

比较以下同义句型：

I am ashamed of that. / I am ashamed of myself for that. 我对此感到羞愧。

He is ashamed of being poor. / He is ashamed of himself for being poor. 他因为穷而感到羞惭。

2. be ashamed to do sth

(1) 因感到难为情或感到差耻而不愿某事。如：

I am ashamed to say so. 这样说我不好意思。

He was too ashamed to ask for help. 他不好意思请求帮助。

(2) 对做某事而感到羞愧或惭愧。如：

You should be ashamed to tell such lies. 撒这样的谎你应该感到羞愧。

He was ashamed to have made some careless mistakes. 他因出了些很粗心的差错而感到惭愧。

注：该用法有时可换成 that 从句。如上面最后一句也可说成：

He was ashamed that he had made some careless mistakes.

再比较：

他因说谎而感到羞惭。

正：He was ashamed of having lied.

正：He was ashamed to have lied.

正：He was ashamed that he had lied.

初中英语作文大全之当学生的好处

【—之当学生的好处】当学生有什么好处呢？下文老师为大家带来当学生的好处的英语范文，供同学们参考！

Good of Being a Student

Many students complain that its difficult to be a student because of the endless classes and examinations. Besides, we spend all our time in study so that we cant do what we really want to do. However, in my opinion, its good to be a student. Firstly, all we need to worry about is our study. As long as we want, we can study with our whole-heart and then play. Secondly, the pressure of a student is much less than to be a worker. After graduation, many things will change and the world seems so different from what we see in school. Finally, teachers are tolerant and patient. They are likely to teach us what we should do and what we cant do. And, if we make mistakes, teachers will help us correct them patiently. After graduation, few people would do these to us. In short, its good to be a student although we have endless homework and examinations.

很多学生抱怨当学生难，因为有无尽的课和考试。而且，我们花所有的时间在学习上以至于不能做我们真正想做的事。但是，在我看来，当学生是好的。首先，我们需要担心的只是我们的学习。只要我们想，我们就可以全心学习然后再玩。其次，学生的压力比工人的压力要少得多。毕业后，很多东西都变了，世界和我们在学校看到的是不一样的。最后，老师是有忍耐力和耐心的。他们会教会我们应该做什么和不能做什么。而且，如果我们犯了错误，老师会耐心地帮我们改正。毕业后，很少有人会对我们做这些。总之，尽管我们有很多作业和考试，当学生还是有好处的。

当学生的好处是否如上处所说的那样呢？同学们也将它的好处例举下来吧！

When the owner is not at home, the family may be messy mess, I want to

invent a robot it can help the owner of the dishes were washed clean, the bed

was neat, to sweep the spot, it will put Clothes washed clean, folded neatly,

into the closet, and then wait for the owner to check home! The following are

the same as the "

This robot is very hard, but if there is no electricity, this robot will be

hungry down, so I designed this robot as long as it kept moving, work, it will

automatically generate electricity. It can also housekeeping, to prevent theft.

If no electricity the owner can also directly told him to serve the water, the

snack! The following are the same as the "

With such a robot can be really convenient!

Live with thankfulness

Do you know Thanksgiving Day? Do you know why human thankGod?

Thanksgivingfalls on the fourth Thursday of November, a different date everyyear. The President must proclaim that date as the officialcelebration.

Thanksgivingis a time for tradition and sharing. Even if they live far away,family members gather for a reunion at the house of an olderrelative. All give thanks together for the good things that theyhave.

In thisspirit of sharing, civic groups and charitable organizations offera traditional meal to those in need, particularly the homeless. Onmost tables throughout the United States, foods eaten at the firstthanksgiving have become traditional.

What shouldwe thank?

秋天，带着丝丝薄情，卷着瑟瑟萧风，似乎凉到心里去了，然而，秋凉，人心更凉...为何不让我们的暖意去温暖这个本不该萧瑟的秋？

——题记

那年，银杏甚好，如一把把金黄的罗扇，缀于小巷的银杏树上。淡色阳光洒在红砖瓦砌成的小巷上，显得柔和又不失温暖。斑驳的树影星星点点的洒落在地，如梦如幻。我吃过午饭，来到小巷，缓缓踱步，欣赏眼前的盛世美景，似有什么牵引着我一般，不由的沿着小巷，踏着绵绵的银杏叶，向前走着。抬头望着树上的金罗扇，余光不经意间撇到了哪里......

一位大约七旬的老人，一件军绿色的大衣裹在身上，上面打着不计其数的补丁。大衣将老人干瘦如枯木的身体严实的包住，更显瘦弱。老人面上布满皱纹，一道一道，在他脸上划上岁月的痕迹，半眯着的眼眸浑浊不堪。老人面前站着一位穿着时尚，耳戴耳机的年轻小伙，一脸不耐烦的表情。老人似乎下了很大的决心，将那枯枝般的手伸向小伙，拽住他的裤脚，干涩沙哑的嗓音：“行行好，给我点钱可以吗......”可是换来的却是小伙冰冷的话语：“死乞丐，滚远点......”和头也不回的背影。

我看到老人，心中有些许不忍，却又没有勇气去帮助他。这时，似为我的懦弱不齿一般，一阵秋风挂过，瑟瑟的凉意。我恍然大悟，秋天是一个凉意萧瑟的季节，竟然如此，又怎么能让人心在凉薄呢？木心先生说过:有些事没做过，却一定要去做。我想这便是一件了。

那片银杏叶至今还在我的书中，它时时刻刻提醒着我，世间万物皆可凉薄，但人心不可。只有人心不凉薄，才能使这个萧瑟的秋天暖意洋洋。谁说秋天必定萧瑟？只要每个人心中都怀揣着温暖，那这个秋天必定不会萧瑟！

[初中一年级作文写作

Mothers Day

Mothers Day comes on the second Sunday in May each year. On that day this year, I bought a sweater and some flowers for my mother to thank her for her hard work for me. Receiving my gift, my mother was very happy.

作文翻译：

母亲节是五月的第二个星期日。今年母亲节那天，我为母亲买了一件毛衣和一束鲜花作为礼物，感谢母亲为我付出的辛苦。母亲收到礼物后，非常高兴。

对于考研英语的应用文写作来说，考生平时复习时不仅要注意应用文写作特点、格式要求，还要有意识的掌握各类应用文的写作方法。考研辅导专家建议广大考生不要简单认为应用文的复习就是复习相应的格式，格式只是应用文写作的最起码要求，除了应用文特定的格式外，还要背诵一些经典的套话，在平时的写作训练中培养迅速构思成篇的能力，注意词句的多样性和准确性训练。下面，我们就针对应用文写作中的私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告几种形式介绍一下写作技巧。

一、私人和公务信函

信函是很重要的一种应用文。私人和公务信函是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具，与同学们的生活、学习比较密切，也是以后工作中用的最多的一种沟通方式。所谓私人信函就是给家人、朋友或者同学等写信，谈事情的同时又交流感情，是四级考试(专业课历年考研试卷)中常见的一种信函，研究生英语考试(专业课历年考研试卷)中常考的是公共信函。所谓公务信函就是给亲朋好友之外的人写信，主要是为了办事，比方说给老板或是客户写信都属于公共信函。

信函一般都是由写信时间、信内地址、称呼、信的主要内容和信尾几个主要部分组成。收信人地址要写在左上角，寄信人地址要写在右上角，寄信人地址也可以不写，姓名写在地址上面，地址排列顺序依次为门牌号、街区名、城市和国名。在信的开头人名前一定要加Mr.,Mrs.,Dear等比较尊敬的称呼，信的结尾注意使用常用的客套话如：sincerelyyours,faithfullyyours或者yourssincerely,yoursfaithfully。英文书信写作要遵循五个原则，即正确、清晰、简洁、礼貌和体贴。

正确是指信中所谈的事情要准确、具体，不用含糊抽象的词如：本月、明天等。清晰要求的是主题要明确，层次要清楚，让读者看后了然于心。简洁是现代英语发展的一大趋势。书信写作要做到行文简洁流畅，避免迂回冗长的长句，使书信尽可能写得明白清晰。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人，因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多多使用would,could,may,please等词，要自然得体，彬彬有礼。体谅对方也是写书信时要注意的一个原则，不能以自己为中心，要尊重对方的习俗爱好，即便是拒绝，也要委婉而不失去友谊。书信的写作也要注意格式，避免语法、拼写、标点错误，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。

二、备忘录

备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。包括书端、收文人的姓名、头衔、地址，称呼，事因，正文，结束语，和署名，备忘录上一定要说明什么时间，谁写的？写给谁？什么事？并且正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。

三、摘要

接着谈谈摘要。摘要分成两种，一种是文章摘要，一种是论文摘要。

文章摘要就是给一篇文章让写一个摘要，文章摘要是对文章主要内容的简练概括，内容上要涵盖全文，语言上要尽量简练。写摘要前一定要仔细阅读全文，弄懂文章大意；摘要涵盖原文的主要观点并与原文的观点保持一致；摘要应该简明扼要，字数在规定的字数范围内；摘要最好不要照搬原文，应该用自己的话概括原文的主要观点；并且注意千万不要照抄，也千万不要评论，只需要写出中心思想或者段落大意即可。

第二种摘要是论文摘要。比方说是大家写一篇学术论文，硕士博士论文需要写一个英文的摘要。相对来讲我们认为考论文摘要的可能性稍微大一点。写这种摘要时要注意时态和语态。叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时；说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。摘要中多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态。英文摘要有一些常用句型，比如表示研究目的，可以用Inorderto……Thispaperdescribes……Thepurposeofthisstudyis……，表示表示结论、观点或建议可以用Theauthors[suggest/conclude/consider]that……。

四、报告

最后一种是报告。报告其实也分为两种，第一种是读书报告。比如读一本书或者看一本小说写一个读书报告。读书报告中首先要交代背景知识，比如作者生平，时代简介等，接下来对书的内容做一个简单的概括，与摘要不同的是读书报告最后一段可以发表评论。与摘要相同，读书报告也要注意时态，比如像科普类的知识应该用现在式。另一种报告就是书面报告，书面报告考试(专业课历年考研试卷)的可行性和可能性更大一些。书面报告与备忘录的写法很类似，所不同的就是书面报告一般是下级写给上级，它也需要交代清楚四件事：什么时间？谁写的？写给谁？什么事？

当然，应用文写作能力的提高必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在复习阶段，首先要熟悉不同类型的应用文写作格式，注意事项，写作特点等。其次要背诵大量的优秀范文，要整段整段的背，不仅是背会而且要脱口而出，并且转换成自己的语言，写作时可以随心所欲支配。再次，是要多动手写作，要写出属于自己的文章，多动手写作才能快速写出好文章来。写好的文章要注意检查，看有无语法错误，有无用词不当，能否用其他的句式表达相同的意思，可以让同学帮忙检查，让同学提一些宝贵的意见和建议。总的来说，虽然大家对应用文的写作还比较陌生，但是只要认真对待，只要花时间背范文了，花时间写文章了，就一定能取得理想成绩。

Welcome to my room ,it is not very big but it is very nice and clean ,there

are many things in my room ,near the wall is my bed ,under the bed is my

soccer,my desk is beside the window ,there are many books and a tablelight on

the desk ,the chair is under the desk ,there are many pictures on the wall ,they

are all my favorite actors and movie stars,I like their movies ,there is a book

shelf in my room ,on the shelf are my favorite books ,i like them best ,I

usually read books when I am free,I like my room very much .

In my life I have met many people who are really worth mentioning.But perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever known is my English Teacher.

It is his special quality that is always kept in my memory.

For one thing,I was attracked by his wide range of knowledge.I remember that we students always attended his class with great eaherness because his lectures were humourously delivered,and he never failed to give us valuable advice.Nothing seemed difficult to learn after his explanation.

For another,I was deeply impressed by the respect he showed for us.As he treated us like friends rather than students,we all liked to visit his home for social activities as well as for advice.

Although it is over a year now since I attended his last class,he is the talk of our old classmates,and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.

I went the park near my school with my family on Sunday. This park was holding a interesting garden party, where was crowded by many people. When sunday, the park was always very crowded. There was a lot of old men doing morning exercises, and many children going with their parents. During our around walking, I saw my classmate XX boating there. I said hello to her, and she asked me to enjoy boating with her. So I took the boat, and speaked with XX for a while. Then we pulled the boat over, where planted a few lilies,which was my faverate flower. I used my digital camera taking several picture. At that time, my cellphone was ringing. That is my mother, she call me for going back.

[初中英语作文：公园的星期天

Mobile phones are useful and popular. But they are also bad for us

students. On the one hand, some of us like playing the games, they will forget

the time to rest. If they dont get enough rest, they will feel sleepy in class.

And even they are having a class, they always think about the games. They are

not good for our study. On the other hand, there are a lot of students who like

reading e-books on a mobile phone. Its good to read. But reading on a mobile

phone for a long time is not good for our eyes.

The new term is coming and I will be carefully . Because I will learn more

konwlege .

I will listen carefully in class . I will do more sports , such as running

, volleyball . Sports are really interesting . I will read more English books to

improve my English . I will solve more difficult maths problems and be

interested in them . English is important and I will spend more time on it . I

will get up early . I will read book loudly everyday .

Of all the colors, I love white best. White is the color of snow and cloud.

Snow in winter is clean,pure and holy. When it is melted, it moistens everything

and the whole earth. White clouds are hanging on the blue sky. We can dream a

lot on such a nice day. White is a color of purity and calmness. It can make a

harmony picture with any other colors. This is white, a selfless color.

The annual Chinese New Year came in 2008, the Spring Festival has come exceptionally busy, it is accompanied by the festive sound of firecrackers, sky in full bloom, and colorful fireworks came. The ancients as "firecrackers of the year" to commemorate Chinese New Year. The return of fireworks and firecrackers, so that the ancient city of Beijing is full of a thick smell of years, sound of firecrackers brings us endless joy, filled with a wonderful interesting traditional festivals.

As a girl, I do not like to put those little on the "crackling" sound of Mei Wan and loud firecrackers. I like those colorful light emitted after, four run around fireworks. There is a called channeling smallpox, a carefully ed in the ground began to release, and later on the secure enough to put in the hand grip, lit "squeak" is heard, a group with a small ball of fire flew up into the sky, screaming, "pit" Suddenly the sky on a flower in full bloom out, quite exciting. My favorite is called Setaria fireworks in one hand and a lit continuously emitted after the bright, constantly changing colors of the fireworks. My hands turned, arms on the emergence of two very nice Ring of Fire; my arms open, 4 running, I became a "Firebird." I have a another one to lying, I cried, ran, happy with ... ...

Chinese New Year fireworks is a traditional custom. Legend of the so-called "year" is an evil beast, people set fire to bamboo, the sound of bamboo bursting scared off "year", "years" away is the Chinese New Year in. I like fireworks, it made me able to live a traditional feature of the year. I think as long as we pay attention to safety, stressing civilization, this tradition will be able to have a wonderful New Year.

纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，

(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;

(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;

(3)正文部分;

(4)祝愿的话;

(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

Now the earth is yellow and the green is decreasing. Whats going on here? It turns out that people are cutting down trees, which not only causes the birds to lose their home, but also causes the collapse, the flood and so on. Without trees, our earth would seem to be missing a supporting beam.

Now each store all follow our hobby, mass production soda, and soda "appearance" is the jar and jar is a kind of pollution, the road, the park even schools have become their home. The cans are made of aluminum, which is also harmful to the human body.

You know what? Waste batteries contain a lot of heavy metal pollutants - chromium, lead, mercury, etc. The effects of pollution from used batteries are slow and profound. When they are mixed with ordinary household waste, under certain conditions, will produce a series of chemical reactions, slowly releasing toxic substances, these toxic substances atmospheric pollution when burned, seeping into the underground pollution of groundwater and rivers and lakes; Once in the soil water, it will enter the body through the food chain, damaging the nervous system, hematopoietic function, kidneys and bones. Therefore, it belongs to hazardous waste. Experiments show that a mercury battery pollutes more than one persons lifetime total.

Before the river bottom, can see Derek fisher, now the factory in order to improve the efficiency, they put the stream discharge sewage as a good place, river sewage got dirty, passing pedestrians were quickly leave.

To conserve water is to protect our environment, which is to save resources. We want to own practical action to protect the environment, the most simple is to start from oneself, pay attention to save water, such as: use after the tap turn off the tap at any time; Water the washing water with water, rinsing and flushing. Dont think that a few drops of water in a water bridle cant make a difference. A water bridle drops a drop of water every second, and a year is a waste of 36 square water. If a family saves one person per month, how much water is saved in a month?

Fortunately, people have learned the earth now to be polluted, everyone has to act, I hope people who didnt act, they bent and picked up the paper on the ground, a low back, let us tomorrow is more beautiful, neat!

[初中关于保护环境的英语作文

Thanksgiving Day is coming soon, it is on the fourth Thursday in December. Thanksgiving Day is very popular in western country, on that day, people will make a big turkey to eat. The day is to in honor of Indian people’s great kindness. A long time ago, some puritans took the boat May Flower to Americafor freedom, but they suffered from starvation and illness, the Indian people helped them, gave them food and treat them. The puritan planted something, they were eager to have good harvest, at last, they got it and felt very grateful to God and the Indian people, so they decided to make a day to remember this and show gratitude.

感恩节快到了，在十二月的第四个星期四。感恩节在西方国家很流行，在那一天，人们会做一个大火鸡吃。这一天是为了纪念印度人民的善良。很久以前，一些清教徒乘船可以花到美国的自由，但他们遭受饥饿和疾病，印第安人帮助了他们，给他们食物和对待他们。清教徒种植的东西，他们渴望有好的收获，最后，他们得到了它，觉得很感激上帝和印第安人，所以他们决定让一天记住和感恩。

[感恩节_初中英语作文

考辅P42

1. I gave Tom the book. ／／

2. He bought his mother some flowers. ／／

3. The bridge was built by workers last year.／／

4. We have to finish the work today. ／／5. He will do his homework tomorrow. ／／

6. We clean the rooms every day. ／／7. The writer spent 3 years on the book. ／／

8. It is a book with a lot of beautiful pictures.／／

9. The book sold very well during the first week. ／／first week.

10. Mary was the only one in the office. ／／

11. She finished her work at 10 o’clock. ／／She didn’12. She had to take a taxi home because it was too late.

13. Liza and Mike arrived at the Great Wall in two hours.

14. They were happy to get to the top.／／

15. They enjoyed themselves on the Great Wall.／／

16. The postman sent Susan and Tommy a paper box.

17. They opened it and found a present from their friend.

18. They both liked the present and felt very happy.

19. Alice didn’t feel well today, so she went to the hospital.

20. The doctor asked her some questions. ／／

21. The doctor didn’t give her any medicine in the end.

（全真１）

1. The capital Airport has been in use for 20 years. ／／

2. The capital Airport is the largest one in China. ／／

3. I have never taken a plane. My friend Li Ping , either. ／／

（全真２）

1. Father gave $20 for me to buy some books. ／／

2. I was excited when I saw so many good books in the bookstore.

3. But some books would cost more than I have. ／／

But I didn’／／（全真3）

1. Many Chinese friends went to the party. 2. Tony was given a lot of presents by his friends. ／／Tony’

3. Seeing his Chinese teacher at the party made Tony very happy. ／／（全真4）

1. I want to eat something. ／／2. The refrigerator is empty.／／3. Bob spent fifteen yuan on the hamburger. ／／／（全真5）

1. Mr.Wang doesn’t work in that factory any longer. ／／

2. Mr. Wang left home earlier in order to catch the bus. 3. Mr. Wang finds it not easy to get along with that young guy. ／／（专家1）

1. Many people went shopping yesterday.

2. Jane spent 4 hours to buy New year gifts. ／／

3. She was so tired that she couldn’t walk any longer. ／／

（专家2）

1. My friends said to me, “Are you free?”

2. She wanted me to go shopping with her.

3. She thinks it a pleasure to go shopping with a friend.

初中英语日记（一）

there is no doubt that happiness is the most precious thing in the world. Without it, life will be empty and meaningless. If you wish to know how to get happiness, you must pay attention to the following two points.

First, health is the secret of happiness (the key to happiness). Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of life.

Secondly, happiness consists in contentment. A man who is dissatisfied with his present condition is always in distress.

无疑的快乐是世界上最宝贵的东西。没有它，人生将是空虚的而且毫无意义的。如果你希望知道如何获得快乐，你须注意下面两点。

健康是快乐的要诀。唯有身体强壮的人才能享受人生的乐趣。

初中英语日记（二）

As is well known, books teach us to learn life, truth, science and many other useful things. They increase our knowledge, broaden our minds and strengthen our character. In other words, they are our good teachers and wise friends. This is the reason why our parents always encourage us to read more books.

Reading is a good thing, but we must pay GREat attention to the choice of books. It is true that we can derive benefits from good books. However, bad books will do us more harm than good.

如众所周知，书籍教我们学习 人生，真理，科学以及其它许多有用的东西。它们增加我们的知识，扩大我们的心胸并加强我们的品格。换句话说，它们是我们的良师益友。这是为什么我们的父母终是鼓励我们要多读书的理由。

读书是一好事，但我们必须多加注意书的选择。不错，我们能从好书中获得益处。然而，坏书却对我们有害无益。

初中英语日记（三）

In my dream

Last night ,I dreamed I became a very beautiful brid.I dreamed that I was in a forest. In tht forest,there were a lot of animals.Then,an old bird told us,"we have a very beautiful forest,we should therefore protect it from pollution."All the animals agreed with him.

But the second day,people came into our forest.Many animals were caught.The people wanted to build house and parks in our forest.Many old trees were felled.And then suddenly,nothing was left standing.

I was so shocked and then I bursted out crying.I woke up at midnight.It was only a dream.

在梦中

昨晚我梦见我变成一只非常漂亮的鸟.我梦见我在一座森林,森林里有很多动物.然后有一只老鸟告诉我们,"我们有一座非常美丽的森林,

因此我们应该保护它,免受污染"所有的动物都赞成他.

但是第二天,人们进入我们的森林,许多动物被逮捕.这些人要在我们的森林地上建造房子和公园.许多年老的树木被砍下,然后,突然间,一切都被夷平了.

我很震惊,接着突然大哭起来.我在半夜醒来,原来只是个梦.