万圣节文化英文短文章(汇总20篇)

A folk culture is a small isolated， cohesive， conservative， nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount， and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather， each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks， though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish， a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas， horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish＇s central religious concept of Demut "humility"， clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion， a variety of the Mennonite faith， provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.

By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order， and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts， "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent， usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced， is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.

万圣节是西方一个欢乐的节庆，许多人都会提着「杰克的灯笼」，你知道这个灯笼是怎么来的吗？还有许多关于此节庆的象征和游戏，现在就让我们通通告诉你。

1。 杰克的灯笼

相传在爱尔兰有个无恶不作的酒鬼叫杰克，他捉弄撒旦，骗他爬到树上摘苹果，然后在树上刻了一个十字，将他困在树里。杰克死了之后，由于他生前干尽坏事，天堂和地狱都不肯收留他。最后撒旦罚他永远提着灯笼，直到找回人间的路为止。美国人现在所提的杰克的灯笼，大多都是由南瓜雕刻而成的。

2。 黑猫

据说以前的人们相当害怕巫术，他们相信黑猫是女巫或巫师的化身。猫本身是个灵敏的动物，若再加上毛色是黑的，令人特别感到一股邪气，所以人们通常都认为黑猫会带来坏运，黑猫据说会跟巫婆一起骑着扫帚飞上天空。

3。 咬苹果游戏

在万圣节前夕，咬苹果是人们最喜欢玩的游戏之一，先将苹果漂浮在装满水的盆子里，孩子们不能用手拿苹果，必须用嘴巴去咬，先咬到的人就是优胜者。据说此游戏源自罗马人，他们在敬拜死者庆典的同时，也敬拜水果女神，据说她戴着苹果王冠，因此罗马人会在这一天玩着许多跟苹果有关的游戏，其中一个就是咬苹果，后来此游戏传到居尔特，最后传到美国，变成一个万圣节很受欢迎的传统游戏。

4。 Trick or treat活动

「不给糖就捣蛋」的由来源自于中世纪的欧洲习俗。十一月二日是天主教的全灵日，在这天，人们会挨家挨户地去要「灵魂蛋糕」，当他们得到蛋糕时，就会为施与者的祖先祈祷，反之，他们就会作弄那个人，因为他不关心他的祖先。

这就是万圣节的文化习俗。

Tiny ghost-like dolls hang from trees, big plastic spiders sit on rooftops and bloody plastic hands reach out from gravestonesAre you ready for the scariest night of the year? 树上到处悬挂着鬼怪小玩偶，屋顶盘踞着巨大的塑料蜘蛛，墓穴里伸出一双血淋淋的塑胶手一年之中最恐怖的夜晚到来了，你准备好了吗？

October 31 is Halloween, one of the most popular festivals in the US, Canada and Britain. The festival began as a day to remember the dead. But nowadays its all about the carnival atmosphere when people can enjoy dressing up and scaring each other.10月31日万圣节前夜是美国、加拿大和英国最受欢迎的节日之一。这个节日源起于对死者的纪念日。但现在它已经完全成为一场大狂欢，人们尽情享受着改装易容互相恐吓的乐趣。

Halloween is one of childrens favourite nights of the year. They dress up as monsters and go to their neighbourshouses. Knocking on the door they shout: Trick or treat! Of course, usually people give them treats － a like sweets and chocolates. But, if you dont, you can expect a prank such as having your car windows soaped or your garbage cans turned over.万圣节前夜还是一年之中孩子们最喜欢的一个夜晚。他们打扮成妖怪去邻居家，敲着门大喊：不给糖就捣蛋！当然，人们通常会给他们糖比如甜食或者巧克力。但如果你不给，那就等着一场恶作剧吧，你会发现你的车窗被涂上了肥皂，垃圾桶翻倒在地，等等。

[万圣节恐怖之夜英文作文

Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.

《The Witches Caldron》

William Shakespeare

"Eye of newt, and toe of frog,

Wool of bat, and tongue of dog"

"Adders fork, and blind-worms sting,

Lizards leg, and owlets wing"

"For a charm of powerful trouble,

Like a hell-broth boil and babble"

"Double, double, toil and trouble,

Fire burn, and caldron bubble"

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林语堂先生一生著作等身，很多作品成为东西方文学界、文化界所推崇的经典名著，版本众多、流传甚广，他曾被美国文化界列为“二十世纪智慧人物”之一。林语堂提倡“以自我为中心，以闲适为格调”的小品文，成为论语派主要人物。1935年后，在美国用英文写《吾国与吾民》《风声鹤唳》《孔子的智慧》《生活的艺术》，在法国写《京华烟云》等文化著作和长篇小说。他将孔孟老庄哲学和陶渊明、李白、苏东坡、曹雪芹等人的文学作品英译推介海外。林语堂是第一位以英文书写扬名海外的中国作家，也是集语言学家、哲学家、文学家于一身的著名学者。林语堂一生曾3次被提名诺贝尔文学奖候选人。他的《生活的艺术》在美国被重印40次，并被译成英、法、意、荷等国文字，成为欧美各阶层的“枕边书”。同时他本人也是发明家，曾发明过打字机，获得了美国专利。

林语堂把自己的书房命名为“有不为斋”。他受儒家“有为”的思想影响，也欣赏道家的“无为”;生活态度是以“有为”为中心，但也往往有“不为”的事。他为自己写了一副对联：“两脚踏东西文化，一心评宇宙文章。”林语堂自称，成功的秘诀是写的东西必须是心得之言，有见地，有力量。鲁迅在世时，常把林语堂骂得狗血喷头。可在鲁迅去世以后，林语堂这样写道：“鲁迅顾我，我喜相知;鲁迅弃我，我亦无悔。”

林语堂的两个姐姐因家庭困难只好过早地辍学，回乡嫁人。林语堂后来回忆说，他离家去上海读书时，二姐送给他四毛钱，并对他说：“和乐，你到上海要好好念书，做个好人，做个名人，我们是没有希望了。”这种真情厚望，林语堂终身没有忘记。

在《生活的艺术》中，他写道：让我和草木为友，和土壤相亲，我便已觉得心满意足。我的灵魂很舒服地在泥土里蠕动，觉得很快乐。当一个人优闲陶醉于土地上时，他的心灵似乎那么轻松，好像在天堂一般。事实上，他那六尺之躯，何尝离开土壤一寸一分呢?

一个富有良知、担当道义的作家，应在著作里展示美好与希望，创造更多诗意的生活和空间，犹如他在长篇小说《京华烟云》里，塑造的道家女子形象姚木兰那样，身在乱世，始终“正直自持，则外邪不能侵”。就是说，如果外部世界是邪恶的，只要自身周正，也能够安然度过灾患。

林语堂先生有这样一段关于文学阅读的精彩感悟：“一个人如果没有自己所喜爱的作家，即等于一个飘荡的灵魂，他始终是一个不成胎的卵子，不结子的雄蕊。所喜爱的作家或文学爱人，就是他灵魂的花粉。”那么你有喜爱的作家吗?你有“文学爱人”吗?你的灵魂在飘荡吗?你的精神家园在哪里?

●多维解读

1.生活的艺术

林语堂把吾国吾民，看得何其之“艺术”!他说：“我觉得艺术、诗歌和宗教的存在，其目的，是辅助我们恢复新鲜的视觉、富于感情的吸引力和一种更健全的人生意识。”林语堂作为主流价值之外的边缘“智者”，其思想情怀和人生态度启示着人文领域的现代知识分子与世界“对话”的方式。林语堂引领着我们在儒、道、佛、基督教世界中游历跋涉，在物质、精神、科学、人文的海洋中沉浮，智慧之火花频频闪烁，妙语叠出，精彩纷呈。

2.快乐的真谛

古希腊哲学家伊壁鸠鲁认为：以道德、教养为规范的享乐是人生至善之境。快乐是一种美德，因为它不但表现自己对世界的欣赏与赞美，也给周围的人带来温暖和轻快。快乐就是幸福，一个人能从日常平凡的生活中发现快乐，就比别人幸福。快乐是幸福生活的开始和终结，林语堂这位哈佛博士快乐、智慧的生活态度在如今喧嚣的尘世里更加显得有趣、可贵，也似乎更加让人难以企及。

【适用话题】

灵魂、尊重、文化交流、人生趣味、精神家园、生活的艺术、科学和人文、文科与理科、快乐的真谛、万物静观皆自得、活出幸福的感觉……

American culture, in a sense, is an extension of European culture, because the language of the Americans, demographic composition and her spirit of the foundation are from Europe. On the other hand, American culture with Europe, because European immigrants in the North American continent to drive away after taking the Indians, in a barren wilderness land to create a stunning is the splendid civilization. Therefore, in the United States talk about cultural practices and social propriety, it is necessary to take account of the same culture of Europe and the United States, but also pay attention to both of the opposite sex. Cultural practices is a wide scope and complexity of the topic, people involved in social life and relations In all aspects.

Of tolerance.

The United States is a country of immigrants, the ancestors from around the world. People emigrated to the United States, not only in the location to move on, but also in their country and customs of the council to a new place of residence. As miscellaneous, people their differences very obvious because the differences are very common, people do not particularly pay attention to unity. In time, the cultural practices of the Americans formed a higher level of tolerance (tolerance), the different cultures and different appraisals on tolerance, an acceptable attitude. At this point, the U.S. society feasible than the custom of other countries in the world more broadly.

From a political perspective, this tolerance of performance in the pursuit of freedom and the right to freedom of maintenance. From the religious that it reflected in the harmonious coexistence of different faiths. From the viewpoint of life, and it appeared in different communities, different ethnic communities live in peace. In a nutshell, in the United States, each person can basically arbitrary choice of different ideas, beliefs, traditions and customs and way of life; people can also keep a considerable extent, their customs and instrument. For example, Jews can celebrate their religious festivals, and Christians are to their Christmas and Easter. For example, again, the United States by Chinese in Chinatown Chinese live and work; the same token, the Vietnamese immigrants in their "little Saigon" according to Vietnams way of doing business and engaged in various activities.

Americans of tolerance, in addition to the above United States is a country that factors other than immigration, and the frequent movement of the Americans. As everyone knows, the history of the United States in the development of an important part of her history of the development of the western region. At that time, the United States Blazers or hiking, horseback or car, from east to west, from north to south, wherever there are opportunities, there Jiuwang resettlement. The frequent migration and continuous replacement of the Habitat so that people will always be in the "mobile", and the occasional different facing the phenomenon of tolerance and more easily accepted. Moreover, the current migration also can help people expand the field of vision, known more widely know, the different practices with sympathy, understanding, and gradually formed diversity rather than uniformity of the openness of the concept.

As the Americans tolerant of stronger, so very few Americans to impose its will on other people, with China Confucius "by the others do not want to, not to impose on" the very Guxun like. For example, a husband may be a Republican, but he must not support the Democratic Party forced his wife to change political stance. Similarly, perhaps the mother is a Catholic, but she must not have forced her into a Muslim convert son to change religion. In their daily lives and habits of business in normal times, this spirit of tolerance is a common occurrence, commonplace.

假如兔子当了官，从古到今对兔子的一切思想评说，都将彻底颠覆!为什么呢?我们来看看：

1、摒弃“兔子不吃窝边草”的陈腐观点。破旧立新、与时俱进，鼓吹以食为天、讲究实惠的法则，哪里有草哪里吃，跑到哪里吃到哪里，不管是野地草还是窝边草。所谓“狡兔三窟”的典故，是对芸芸众生的友谊提示：须多多建立自己的安乐窝!本地要有，境外也要有;多一个窝，多一份安全。

2、提倡“兔子尾巴长不了”的生存理念。当今时代，飞机坠落，大楼爆炸，轮船亲嘴，车轮上天，谁能保证小命长寿呢?因此，理应及时行乐、快哉人生：今日有草今日吃，不管明天是与非。每到一地，连吃带拿，既然“长不了”，何不潇洒走几回呢?必须的。

3、总结“兔死狗烹”的惨痛历史教训。天天讲月月讲年年讲，讲和平讲团结讲稳定，让狗儿为自己过去的行为深深忏悔!诱导狗儿今后不但不能狂奔追撵兔子，还要屁颠屁颠尾随而行，默认和遵守江湖的潜规则：确保兔子的生命安全，狗狗才不会被屠宰进锅煮。

4、揭穿“兔龟赛跑故事”的大骗局。说兔子太骄傲了所以落在乌龟的后面，是无聊文人无中生有、瞎编乱造、欺世盗名的经典伪作!要是有金牌、有奖金、有大把的钞票在前方摆着，保证无须鼓掌加油，快如闪电的一定是兔子。就算豺狼虎豹之辈纷纷踊跃参赛，兔子一样轻松夺冠!

5、批判“狼心兔子胆”的歪门邪说。栅栏里的老虎恹恹歪歪像病猫，高枝上的麻雀唧唧喳喳笑凤凰，盖因身处境地不同也——权大则胆大，权小则胆小。只要兔子在衙门里行走，什么大灰狼、花狐狸、大笨熊，哪个见了也会一口一个“兔儿爷”地媚叫。兔子生气了，后果很严重。

6、痛斥“兔死狐悲”的世纪谎言。兔子死了，狐狸掉泪，闹得地球人都知道!这是狐狸大忽悠的经典实例，一场假惺惺的悲情秀罢了!实际上是狐狸因为爪下没有活擒的兔子，无法在进膳中享受逗着玩的快乐而揪心痛哭。别看兔子是弱小动物，一旦加官进爵，有了一言九鼎的话语权，就能进行一次完美的华丽转身——从生存竞争活动的被动参与者，成为丛林游戏规则的制定者和裁判者!不但可将几千年来强加在自己身上的不妙之词通通推翻或重新释义，还可充分展示一个很有文化的兔子形象。官文化就是这样，哪怕是一只兔子……

Halloween is known to be trick-or-treating. But do you know what kind of clothes children wear when they go to beg for sugar? If you think youre wearing your clothes to ask for sugar, youre mistaken.

Halloween costumes originated from pranks, and adults took their children out of the house (usually the adults were driving on the side of the road, and the child said, "trick or treat." The adults ask the child to only go to the door at the door to have the festive decorations and lights of the family, otherwise dont disturb. In addition, you must always stand at the gate and wait in front of the gate. You must not enter the house, but you must also give it to an adult to check the sugar. The people who receive the children also ask not to make their own food, or to the unpacked food.

Halloween costumes, millions of phases, not just the drab big ghost. Make the simplest ghost suit with a white sheet top on the head, pick two holes to leave the eyes; To play the magician, put on black pants and a black hat, and hide a fluffy rabbit between the top of the hat and the top of the head. The child put on white pants, and then tied a flashlight behind his back to dress up as a little angel; There are parents who dress up their children as their favorite cartoon characters.

Its hell lot of fun when Im with you! Happy Halloween to you!

My Halloweens happy when I freak out with you! Happy Halloween to you ...my friend!

Trick or treat what it will be? Wishing you a happy Halloween!

You never know what might happen on Halloween. Wait until dark for some spooky surprises. The creatures of the night are waiting. To my dear pal, have a howling Halloween!

Thank you for your very special wish. Happy Halloween!

Hope your Halloween is masked with spooky fun ... just as mine.

Its hell lot of fun when Im with you! Happy Halloween to you!

My Halloweens happy when I freak out with you! Happy Halloween to you ...my friend!

Its Halloween ... time to dress up in your spookiest best and grab all the fun! Hope its lit up with smiles for you! Happy Halloween!

Your smile lights up our world! Wishing you a Halloween bright and glowing as you are!

Thank you for making my cauldrons full of fun! Happy Halloween!

Thank you for making my Halloween so special.

Thank you for your very special wish. Happy Halloween!

Hope your Halloween is masked with spooky fun ... just as mine.

它的地狱很多有趣的我与你在一起时!祝你万圣节快乐!

我的万圣节快乐当我发疯!祝你万圣节快乐……我的朋友!

不给糖就捣蛋这将是什么?祝你万圣节快乐!

你永远不知道会发生什么在万圣节。等到黑暗幽灵般的惊喜。等待晚上的生物。亲爱的朋友,有一个万圣节咆哮!

谢谢你的非常特殊的愿望。万圣节快乐!

希望你的万圣节是掩盖了令人毛骨悚然的乐趣……就像我的。

它的地狱很多有趣的我与你在一起时!祝你万圣节快乐!

我的万圣节快乐当我发疯!祝你万圣节快乐……我的朋友!

万圣节…时间在你害怕的最好的装扮,抓住所有的乐趣!希望与微笑照亮你!万圣节快乐!

你的微笑点亮我们的世界!祝你万圣节明亮发光的你!

谢谢你使我坩埚充满乐趣!万圣节快乐!

感谢您使我的万圣节特别。

谢谢你的非常特殊的愿望。万圣节快乐!

希望你的万圣节是掩盖了令人毛骨悚然的乐趣……就像我的。

中西文化的差异不仅包括人文地理和民俗风情方面的不同，而且包括了中英文语言运用习惯的诸多不同。在平时的教学中，我们就必须根据教材，适时渗透一些西方文化知识，让学生尝试了解相关的文化背景等。

例如，在写“My favorite festival”一文时，很多学生都写到“Christmas Day”，对这个节日了解较多的学生，他们准备着笔的内容就比其他同学丰富多了。让学生尝试了解相关的文化背景既开阔了学生语言学习的视野，也为他们日后写作提供了一些文化素材。

Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins. Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put a burning candle inside. It looks as if there were a person looking out of the pumpkin! These lights are called jack-o-lanterns, which means "Jack of the lantern".

The children also put on strange masks and frightening costumes every Halloween. Some children paint their faces to look like monsters. Then they carry boxes or bags from house to house. Every time they come to a new house, they say,"Trick or treat! Money or eat!" The grown-ups put treat-money or candy in their bags.

Days and days past, Im not a child any longer. But I still remember that Halloween, 31st October 2001. That was Saturday. I went to study English with an American girl named Debby as usual. We had 5 students altogether. Before that week, Debby had already told us to learn something about Halloween ourselves. On that day, Debby spent an hour describing this American festival for us, such as “trick or cheat”, pumpkin and even, she took a pumpkin with her. First she took out a finished pumpkin lantern. That was really beautiful and ugly, we liked it so much. Then she taught us how to make a pumpkin lantern by ourselves. We each held a small knife, learnt to cut and draw something on that pumpkin.

Finally, we made it and put a short candle into it. That was truly happy. And the most surprising thing was that the lantern was a present for that days super student. Who will that be? My god! That was me! Do you know how excited I was then? I held it, jumping and shouting. That was the most unforgettable day to me. And I will not forget it, never!

样板戏 model opera

地雷战 The Mine Warfare

霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine

群英会 Gathering of Heroes

借东风 East Wind

将相和 General and Premier Make Up

凤阳花鼓 Flower Drum Dance

醒世恒言 Lasting Words to Awaken the World

梁祝（小提琴协奏曲）Butterfly Love

红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber

桃花扇 The Peach Blossom Fan

儒林外史 The Scholars

京剧 Peking Opera

炎黄子孙 Chinese descent

五行 five elements

观音菩萨 Avalokitesvara

菩萨 Boddhisattva

清真寺 mosque

道士 Taoist

和尚 monk

尼姑 nun

罗汉 arhat

财神爷 the God of Wealth

阎王爷 King of Hell

炉火神 the Fire God

佛经 Buddhist scriptures

七十二般变化 seventy-two different forms

弼马温 the Protector of the Horses

八卦炉 Eight Trigrams Furnace

金 metal

木 wood

水 water

火 fire

土 earth

灶王爷 the Kitchen God

halloween

halloween is an autumn holiday that americans celebrate every year. it means "holy evening," and it comes every october 31, the evening before all saints‘ day. however, it is not really a church holiday, it is a holiday for children mainly.

every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins. then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put a burning candle inside. it looks as if there were a person looking out of the pumpkin! these lights are called jack-o‘-lanterns, which means "jack of the lantern".

the children also put on strange masks and frightening costumes every halloween. some children paint their faces to look like monsters. then they carry boxes or bags from house to house. every time they come to a new house, they say,"trick or treat! money or eat!" the grown-ups put treat-money or candy in their bags.

not only children, but most grown-ups also love halloween and halloween parties because on this day,they can disguise themselves as personages or ghost as their imaginations will lead them. this bring them the satisfaction of being young.

万圣节前夕

万圣节前夕是美国人年年都会庆祝的秋季节日。它的意思是“神圣的夜晚”，在每年的10月31日，也就是万圣节前夜。但实际上这不是一个真正的宗教节日，而主要是孩子们的节日。

每年秋天蔬菜成熟可以食用的时候，孩子们就会挑出大个儿的橙色南瓜。然后在南瓜上刻上一张脸，把一根点燃的蜡烛放在里面。看起来就好像有人在向南瓜外面张望。这些灯就叫做“iack-o‘-lantems”，意思也就是“杰克的灯”。

每年万圣节前夕孩子们还戴上奇怪的面具，穿上吓人的服装。有些孩子把脸刷成怪物。然后他们拿着盒子或袋子挨家挨户串门。每来到一个新房子他们就说：“不款待就捣乱!给钱还是吃的!”大人们就会把用来招待的钱或糖放在他们的袋子里了。

不仅孩子，许多成年人也喜欢万圣节前夕和万圣节前夕晚会。因为这一天他们可以根据自己的想象把自己装扮成名流或幽灵。这会带给他们年轻的快感。

Halloween always falls on 31 October. It is a holiday for children. On that day, children always wear fancy clothes and masks. And then, they go from house to house to say "Trick or Treat", so that people will treat them with candies. If they don’t receive any candies, theyll play a trick on people. But sometimes if the people are going out, when the children come, theyll put the candies in a carved pumpkin lanterns. Children will take the candies themselves. All of the children enjoy this holiday very much.

商业和文化的接触增多会导致一个国家特征的丧失：

影响文化：文化不是静态的，而是动态的（not static, but dynamic)；—种文化的改变主要是由 于社会环境(social environment)发生了变化。比如说，人们的饮食习惯发生了改变，这是学习 夕卜界文化的结果(Peoples eating habits have been changed as the result of learned behaviour.)； 快餐文化源自美国，有些人将此作为财富的象征(symbols of wealth),从而喜欢快餐；另外， 本地的饮食文化会改变，以适应外国人的口味（suit the tastes of visitors);

影响生活方式：进口商品的增多，对外国产品的喜好（preference for imports);人们更加熟悉 他国的文化，而忘记自身的特点（sense of identity)，社会的团结也有所损害（an erosion of social solidarity);服装、饮食、娱乐等等都被两化了 （westernized),比如说，西装现在是流行 的男性服装(the suit is the most popular outfit for men)；

欠发达国家在技术革新中起到的作用甚微(play a small role in the technological revolution),所 以需要"出卖"自己国家的主权或者利益来获得国际的帮助（concede sovereignty and interests to other countries for aid)；贫富差距加大(widening gap between the richest and poorest parts of the world)；

接受西方文化的人们成为一个国家新的统治阶级（new ruling class);人们摒弃传统的观念 (renounce traditionally-held beliefs),觉得传统观念是过时的和低人一等的（outdated and inferior);主流文化会取代老式的和各种各样的文化（A dominant culture takes over diverse cultures.),人们不再尊重传统文化（lose respect older cultures),而传统观念最终成为历史 {consigned to history)。

商业和文化的接触增多会加强一个国家的特征：

外来文化让人们意识到自己文化的特点，从而更加注意维持这种文化； 一种特殊文化会引起世界的关注，人们会更加注意保护。

One of the most conspicuous trends in the 21st century is a closer connection between countries, in both economic and cultural aspects. There is a widespread worry that this will lead to the gradual demise of countries’ identities. This issue should be viewed and analyzed from multiple perspectives.

When a country tends to develop a closer relationship with the rest of the world, it does not necessarily give up its culture. Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a country. An indigenous culture can distinguish one country from others, attracting foreign visitors and yielding high income. As most tourists travel abroad for learning different cultures and sampling different ways of life, such as Beijing opera in China, Japanese tea culture and Thai temples, many countries have responded with protecting and preserving their cultural identities, in an effort to keep themselves in the list of the most popular destinations. Increased tourism instills fresh life force into these countries, aiding theconservation of their features.

While tourism provides a driving force for cultural conversation, some components of a culture, such as traditions^ customs or taboos might die out over time. It seems that in some countries, the locals have become more accustomed to exotic cultures. It reflects the combined effects of the invasion of foreign cultures, either through media or through direct business interaction. For example, two decades ago, sex was a

taboo subject in China and most Chinese people felt embarrassed to talk openly about it. Over time the Western culture has permeated into the Chinese lifestyle, and the Chinese people have broken many of their time-honoured traditions. It occurs in the rest of the world as well.

As outlined above, increased interaction between countries in the domains of business and culture can either strengthen or undermine the identities of countries involved, To date there is no definite answer to this question.

1. conspicuous-noticeable=prominent=striking:显箸的，突出的

2. connection=linkage= relation=relationship:关系，联系

3. demise=disappearance=vanishing=fading:消失，死亡

4. multiple=manifold=numerous=various=many:不同的，很多的

5. disgrace=dishonour=shame=humiliation:耻辱

6. life force=soul=essence：生命力7. conservation=protection=preservation:保存，保护

8. exotic=bizarre=outlandish=from afar=mysteriously unusual: 外来的，奇异的

9.taboo=offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=dishonourable=humiliating:无礼的，侮辱性的；忌讳的

10. permeate=seep into=pervade=leak into:渗透

11. time-honoured=age-old=long-established ：历史悠久的

12. interaction=interplay=communication=relationship:相互作用

This Thursday is Thanksgiving Day. The writer O’Henry called it the one day that is purely American. Thanksgiving is not a religious holiday. But it has ritual meaning. Some Americans attend religious services on the day before Thanksgiving or on Thanksgiving morning. Others travel long distances to be with their families. They have a large dinner which is the main part of the celebration. For many Americans, Thanksgiving is the only time when all members of the family gather. The holiday is a time of family reunion. Thanksgiving week is generally one of the busiest travel times of the year. However, experts say this year probably will be different. On September 11th, thousands of people died when terrorists hijacked airplanes that struck buildings in Washington D.C. and New York City. Many people now say they are worried about flying on a plane. Travel experts say almost 6 percent fewer people will make long trips this Thanksgiving compared with last year. Many Americans who usually visit family and friends by plane are driving shorter distances instead this week. Some mental health experts say the attacks have frightened people. They say people feel safer and happier close to home. More than any other holiday, Thanksgiving is a celebration of family and home. Many people say that this year they are especially thankful for their families and friends and the good things in their lives. On Thanksgiving, people enjoy a long day of cooking, eating and talking. The traditional meal almost always includes the turkey with a bread mixture cooked inside. Other traditional Thanksgiving food served with turkey are sweet potatoes, cranberries and pumpkin pie. Stores are said to sell more food at Thanksgiving than at any other time of the year, and many people eat more food at Thanksgiving than at any other time of the year. Over the years, Americans have added new traditions to their Thanksgiving celebration. For example, a number off professional and university football games are played on Thanksgiving Day. Some of the games are broadcast on national television.

It is hit by in the children eye , is is a festival being full of the mysterious color. The veil of night comes , colourful putting on makeup of the children field put on just too impatient to wait is accustomed to , puts on the exceedingly strange mask, mention previous "Jack light " running go out to play. And then "Jack light " appearance is very lovable , method of work is that Spanish gourd is hollowed out, outside engrave be all smiles the eye and big mouths, having ed a candle , it is ignited in melon, people just can see this charmingly naive smiling face in very distant place.

The portable child "Jack light " punishing the ready queen , disguising self as all sorts of evil-doers group, runs before the neighbour door of a house , intimidates as the field is shouting: "Ask a practical joke to still be to being entertained " ", given money to still being eaten".

公元前55年，罗马人入侵英国时，把纪念果树女神帕莫娜的果树节习俗溶入庆丰收的活动中。克尔特人的新年为11月1日，它标志着冬天的开始和死神统治的开始。克尔特人中的巫师召来魔力降妖。现在万圣节前夜出现鬼怪、妖精、巫婆、骷髅、黑猫、面具、篝火等均出自自这一习俗。

在万圣节前夜，人们还讲鬼故事，这一习俗也出自古代克尔特人的巫师之术。他们在高山上燃起大堆大堆的篝火，以感谢太阳神，同时也为了吓跑恶魔。他们坐在篝火旁，边观看通红的火苗，边讲述自己可怕的经历。巫婆们也占卦算命。黑猫被认为是巫婆带来的吉祥物，也有的认为是巫婆的化身。

现在的万圣节前夜习俗虽然欢快热闹而不枯燥无味，但却与古代的祭鬼习俗有着紧密的联系。孩子们穿鬼怪的服装，戴假而具，戴巫婆帽，咬悬挂的苹果，吃玉米糖，手提南瓜灯笼，边走边说：不给糖，要倒霉等，这些习俗都是早已消失的古代习俗的继续。

南瓜灯笼是万圣节前夜的最重要标志，它起源于爱尔兰。传说是这样的：有个叫杰克的人很是吝啬，被上帝赶出了天堂，但他又由于捉弄撤旦而被驱逐出地狱，罚他手提灯笼照路，永远行走在人间。在爱尔兰，灯笼是挖空了的大土豆和萝卜制成的，中间点燃极细的蜡烛。同样，不给糖，要倒霉的用语也出身爱尔兰。那时，孩子们以Muck Olla的名义挨家挨户乞讨食品，以供万圣节前夜的庆祝活动中食用。英格兰儿童则在万圣节前夜穿着别人的衣服，头戴面具，乞讨鬼魂糕。

Trick or treat. 不给糖就捣蛋

Give me something good to eat. 给我好吃的东西

Ghosts, witches, and goblins, too. 鬼、巫婆、小精灵

Are waiting in the dark for you. 正在黑暗中等着你

The witch is riding on a broomstick. 巫婆正骑在扫把上

She is warming up the big black kettle. 她正热着黑色的炉子

She is cooking small toads and spiders. 她正在煮蟾蜍和蜘蛛

She is feeding all the ghosts and goblins. 她正在喂所有的鬼和小精灵

We are all scared to death. 我们全部怕的要死

Trick or treat! Trick or treat! 不给糖就捣蛋、不给糖就捣蛋

Give me something good to eat! 给我好吃的东西

If you don’t.

Trick or treat! Trick or treat! 不给糖就捣蛋、不给糖就捣蛋

I want something good to eat! 我要好吃的东西

Trick or treat! Trick or treat! 不给糖就捣蛋、不给糖就捣蛋

Give me something nice and sweet. 给我好吃的东西

Give me candy and an apple, too. 给我糖果和苹果

And I won’t play a trick on you! 这样我就不会捉弄你

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