高一英语作文三篇 作文模板（汇总20篇）

suppose someone gave you a pen - a sealed, solid-colored pen. you couldnt see how much ink it had. it might run dry after the first few tentative words or last just long enough to create a masterpiece (or several) that would last forever and make a difference in the scheme of things. you dont know before you begin. under the rules of the game, you really never know. you have to take a chance!

actually, no rule of the game states you must do anything. instead of picking up and using the pen, you could leave it on a shelf or in a drawer where it will dry up, unused. but if you do decide to use it, what would you do with it? how would you play the game? would you plan and plan before you ever wrote a word? would your plans be so extensive that you never even got to the writing? or would you take the pen in hand, plunge right in and just do it, struggling to keep up with the twists and turns of the torrents of words that take you where they take you? would you write cautiously and carefully, as if the pen might run dry the next moment, or would you pretend to believe that the pen will write forever and proceed accordingly?

and of what would you write: of love? hatred? fun? misery? life? death? nothing? or everything? would you write to please just yourself, or others, or yourself by writing for others? would your strokes be tremblingly timid or brilliantly bold? fancy with a flourish or plain? would you even write? once you have the pen, no rule says you have to write. would you sketch? scribble? doodle or draw? would you stay in or on the lines, or see no lines at all, even if they were there? or are they? theres a lot to think about here, isnt there?

Speaking of reading, thats and I have a deep love! In reading, I learned a lot of knowledge, understand a lot of truth. I have benefited a lot from!

When I was a child, no matter I like it or not, my mother always told me before you go to bed a bedtime story ", and "reading" with me. Gradually, I will love the book, Ive always wanted to own to read a book.

Slowly, I have reached the age of the kindergarten. This time, I began to try to read some picture books, at this time, I understand a lot of sense from the picture books, learned a lot of knowledge. Also, my mother gave me booked child illustrated, I always look fondle admiringly. Once, I was watching the childrens illustrated, mother cried, I eat dinner, but I did not even hear listen to, continue to see their childrens illustrated, after a while, mother cant wait, came over and asked me to eat, I just dream again wake up, go to the dinner table.

Pretty soon, I was in primary school, my mother is in the post office gave me a book "we love science", "small Copernicus", "scientific inquiry" and other books, also borrowed a lot of books in the library, also bought me a lot of good books online! For me, I also often habitually study good books in the home, soon, I will put a lot of books to drill through, during this period, I have mastered a lot of knowledge, such as the nature of the book: I know the growth of the tree is to start from the top, paper, up to seven times, the candles in the water also can burn, friction in the application of life, etc.; The history books: let me know the history of five thousand years of Chinese civilization, know the four great inventions in ancient China, and know a lot of celebrity anecdotes, know the "water can carry the boat, also swallows" profound truth; Read literature books: let me understand a lot of human reason, be kind, be love, be grateful, be tolerant to others, to persevere, be brave.

Because a lot of reading, but also let me learn better. Math, I can quickly understand the question, seize the key points, clever problem solving; Do Chinese reading questions, because of the large amount of reading, I rarely lose points on it. Composition is my strengths, my composition is often happy, as my class! When writing blog, because of large amount of reading, writing articles is often recommended.

Now, I have become a veritable little bookworm, reading, nature will grow with me.

说起阅读，那可是和我有着很深的缘分呢!在阅读中，我学到了很多知识，懂得了很多道理。使我受益匪浅!

小时候，不管我喜欢不喜欢，妈妈总会在睡觉前给我讲一个“睡前故事”，还和我一起“读书”。渐渐的，我就喜欢上了书本，一直想自己去看书。

慢慢地，我已经到了上幼儿园的年龄了。这个时候，我开始尝试着去读一些绘本了，这个时候的我，从绘本中明白了很多道理，懂了很多知识。而且，妈妈还给我订了《幼儿画报》，我看起来总是爱不释手。有一次，我正在看《幼儿画报》，妈妈大声喊我吃饭，我却连听都没听见，继续看自己的《幼儿画报》，过了一会儿，妈妈等不及了，走过来让我去吃饭，我这才梦如初醒般的，走到了饭桌上。

很快，我上小学了，妈妈就在邮局给我订了《我们爱科学》、《小哥白尼》、《科学探索》等书，也在图书馆里借了很多书，还在网上给我买了很多好书!我呢，也经常习惯性地钻研家里的好书，很快，我就把很多书都钻了个透，在这期间，我掌握了大量的知识，比如看科普类的书：我知道了树是由顶端开始生长的、纸张最多可以折七次、蜡烛在水里也可以燃烧、摩擦力在生活中的应用等;看历史方面的书：让我知道了中华五千年的文明历史、知道了我国古代的四大发明、知道了很多的名人趣事、知道了“水可载舟，亦可覆舟”的深刻道理;看文学方面的书：让我懂得了很多做人的道理、做人要善良、要有爱心、要懂得感恩、对他人要宽容、做事要持之以恒、要勇敢等。

因为大量的阅读，还让我的学习更优秀。做数学题时，我能很快的读懂题意，抓住关键点，巧妙解题;做语文的阅读题时，由于阅读量大，我很少在这上面失分。作文就更是我的强项，我的作文常被作为班里范文呢!在写博客的时候，因为阅读量大，写出的文章时常被推荐。

现在，我已经成为了一只名副其实的小书虫，阅读呢，自然将伴着我成长。

Mothers Day is a celebration honoring mothers and celebrating

motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society.Its a day to

showthanks to mothers.This festival first appeared in ancient Greece and

modernMothers Day originated in the United States which usually falls on the

secondSunday of May each year.Mothers usually receive gifts on this day

andcarnation is regarded as the flower for mother.In China, the flower formother

is day lily，also known as Nepenthe(忘忧草).In addition, cleaning upthe room, doing

housework and a big dinner are considered to be the bestMothers Day gifts.

There is nothing complicated about eating a proper diet. For good health,

eat a variety of foods. Do not eat the same foods day after day! Foods should be

selected everyday from each of basic four. They are the four groups of food

essential to proper nutrition: the milk group, meat group, vegetable-fruit

group, and bread- cereal group, Your body will then be supplied with all the

nutrients it requires; they are water, minerals, carbohydrate, fats and oils,

proteins, and vitamins. A persons diet is determined by his attitudes, likes

and dislikes. If you eat foods from each of the basic four groups each day, you

will have a balanced diet.

During the winter vacation, nothing is different for my life. I wake up 11 oclock Am everyday, after a washing, I have a good lunch with my parents. Next I play computer games till the time to have supper. After have dinner. I go on playing till 2 oclock Am, and then go to sleep with tired. This is one dull day of my winter vacation.

But I havent bored all the time. Sometimes I read the books, sometime I listen to the music or the radio in the bed, because it was very cold outside and snowy all the day. And I also meat some of my good friends during the vacation, we have a very long talk about the life of each other in the past year and play table tennis tegether. And I watched the spring festival party of the CCTV in the last seconds of the 2004 year! I think this is the thing most people of china doing at that time.

Thats all, all my dull, coldly and snowy winter vacation.

Trees are very useful to people. They provide us with wood and other

products. They give us shade and they help to prevent drought and floods.

Unfortunately， in many parts of our country， people havent realized the

importance of trees. They cut them down at will. They are usually too lazy or

too careless to plant and look after new trees. As a result， the forests

continue to disappear.

Where there are no trees the rain falls on the surface， causing floods， and

carries away with the rich topsoil， in which crops grow so well. When all the

topsoil is gone， nothing remains but worthless deserted.

The big floods of 1998， in parts of China， have already taught us a good

lesson. So every one of us must love trees， protect forests， and keep on

planting trees each year.

Today was the first day of my new life. I looked at my new books and

checked everything for the new school year. I was excited as well as

worried.

Entering new school, I was curious about everything, new classrooms, new

teachers, new classmates etc. It would be a new start for each student. And what

I was worried about is that I had no friends here. I wondered if no liked to

play with me. Were the teachers strict with students?

I fell relaxed when the teacher asked me, What else could I help you,

freshman?". I found that the teachers were kind and polite, and the classmates

around me were friendly. While I was thinking about how to get on well with my

classmates, my desk mate showed me his favorite Ipad4s. He wanted to play with

me, but I didnt know how to play, so he taught me patiently, and we played

happily.

Worries have gone, and happiness is coming.

It has been over 100 years since the very first plane, invented by the Wright Brothers, flew into the sky. The first plane, which was made of wood, had only been able to fly for 12 seconds in the air, but it opened the door of the aviation world. I wonder how the Wright brothers would imagine such a magnificent idea. They must have some kind of dream----human beings like birds, flying freely in space----they attempted various kinds of material to make planes, finally making their dream come true, although only a short 12 seconds for the first flight! We students often have different dreams: to be scientists, engineers, doctors, etc. Like the Wright brothers when they were young, we should try our best to experience different things, for example, going out of doors to watch different animals, watching butterflies in the air, or watching fish in the water. With more knowledge in these fields, we can become biologists in the future. Generally speaking, we’d better make greater efforts in our studies. In this way, we can make our dreams come true, not only like the Wright brothers in the sky, but also like Yang Liwei in outer space.

它已经超过100年以来的第一架飞机，由莱特兄弟发明，飞入天空。第一架由木头制成的飞机，在空中飞行了12秒，但它打开了世界的门。我不知道莱特兄弟会怎样想象这样一个宏伟的想法。他们必须有某种梦想----人类就像鸟儿，自由地在太空中飞行----他们试图用各种材料制造飞机，最终使他们的梦想成真，虽然只有短短的12秒的第一次飞行！我们学生经常有不同的梦想：做科学家、工程师、医生等。就像莱特兄弟，他们年轻时，我们应该尽我们最大的努力去体验不同的东西，例如，走出门去看不同的动物，看蝴蝶在空中，或在水中看鱼。在这些领域里有更多的知识，我们可以成为未来的生物学家。一般而言，我们最好在我们的研究中作出更大的努力。这样，我们才能使我们的梦想成真，不仅像莱特兄弟的天空，而且还像杨利伟在外层空间。

[高一英语作文之梦想能够飞翔

As is shown in the picture, two men had a big dinner in a restaurant, but much of the food was left and some was even untouched at all. When the waitress asked them to pack the remaining food, they felt very surprised, thinking that it was unbelievable for them to do things like that with too much money in their pocket.

It is a pity that many people act like the two men in the picture. In my view, we should pack the leftovers when we have meals outside. As we all know, saving is a fine tradition for our Chinese people and therefore we shouldn’t waste a bit food. Also, there is not enough food in the world and there are many people starving. In addition, we students should form the habit of saving food and give away some to the people in need. Finally, we have the responsibility to help people around us realize the importance of saving.

Only in this way can we build up an economized society and live a happy and healthy life.

如图片所示,两个男人在一家餐馆吃了丰盛的晚饭,但是剩下的食物和一些甚至没有。当服务员问他们打包剩下的食物,他们感到很惊讶,以为他们是不可思议的事情,用太多的钱在他们的口袋里。

遗憾的是,很多人就像照片中的两人。在我看来,我们应该把剩饭剩菜,当我们在外面吃饭。我们都知道,节约是我们中国人的优良传统,因此我们不应该浪费食物。同样,世界上没有足够的食物,有很多人挨饿。此外,我们学生应养成节约粮食的习惯和放弃一些有需要的人。最后,我们有责任帮助我们周围的人们意识到节约的重要性。

只有用这种方法我们才能建立一个节约型社会,过幸福健康的生活。

I like teamwork because I can learn from others. Once, I was very shy and

did not know how to get along with other students, so everytime when the teacher

gave us the task and asked us to finish in the teamwork, I was very scared. Then

my classmates helped me, they gave me a lot opinion and they respected me,

making me the indispensable person. Then I became brave and gave my opinion, we

were in a group, every opinion meant so much. During these days, I was so

excited about the experiment, we shared our idea and talked happily. It was such

a happy moment, I liked cooperation.

travel is a very good means of broadening a persons perspective。 it makes you come into contact with different cultures， meet people of different colors and go through peculiar rites and ceremonies。 travelling much， you will not only enrich your knowledge and eperiences， but also be aware of the vastness of nature。

travel may also relieve person of boredom and gloom。 travel brings you enjoyment and attraction。 it gives you a pleasant eperience， which will disperse your boredom and make you forget whatever annoys you。 travel broadens your mind and leaves you good memories。 later， you may go over these memories and enjoy your past eperiences， thus keeping a fresh and sunny mind。

the fields his study， nature was his book。

travelers can choose different modes of transportation which have advantages and disadvantages。 airplanes are the fastest but also the most epensive。 buses and trains are less epensive， but they soon make you feel cramped and uncomfortable。 ships provide you with comfort unless you get seasick。 most people can afford traveling by bicycle， which， although slow， can limber up your muscles and get you closer to nature。

写作练习：旅游活动（中段考范文）

【单元财富运用】

假定你是李华，上周末和家人开车去大角湾度假。请你根据以下要点，给你的美国朋友Tom介绍你的旅游经历。

1. 出发时间：周六早上7点；

2. 准备物品：零食、衣服、相机等；

3. 旅游活动：游泳，欣赏海水、海滩、日出和日落等美景，吃海鲜，买纪念品；

4. 你的感受。

【注意】：1. 词数100；

2. 开头已给出，但不计入总词数；

3. 可以适当增加节，以使行文连贯。

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

步骤1：认真审题，提炼要点。

一定体裁：记叙文，记叙一次旅游活动

二定时态：旅游发生在过去，因此描述旅游前的准备和过程都应该采用一般过去

时；而感想则可以用一般现在时或现在完成时。

三定要点：结合写作内容，整理和罗列要点。

表达旅游活动的常用词汇：

步骤2：整合信息，连词成句。

1. 星期六早上7点开车出发。

_____________________________________________________________________

2. 准备好零食、衣服、相机等。

__________________________________________________________________

3. 在海滩游泳，欣赏海水日出和日落等美景。

__________________________________________________________________

4. 吃海鲜，买纪念品；

___________________________________________________________________

5. 谈感受。

___________________________________________________________________

步骤3：连句成段，用上适当的关联词。

not only…but also…, where, what’s more /besides / in addition, then, because…..

【我的作文】

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

As a student, I expect the winter holiday very much, because I don’t have

to go to school every day. So I can sleep and get up late. But this winter

holiday, I am not very happy. I didn’t do well in the final exam. It makes my

parents disappointed. I feel sorry to them. Besides, I got ill the whole winter

holiday. I caught a cold at first and then had a fever. I had to see a doctor

every day. My parents worried much about me. Because of the illness, I didn’t

have a good time during the New Year. Now, I am a little better. I hope I could

be well soon, because the new term is beginning. I don’t want to go to school

with illness.

I think everyone likes weekend. Because it’s time for relax and fun. Now I

want to talk about my weekend.

I often spend Saturday for fun. Such as playing basketball with my friends,

watching movies and TV shows, having a trip with family and so on. And I always

spend Sunday for homework and have some rest. Sometimes I visit my grandparents

with my parents. It’s very interesting to visit them.

Happy Fathers Day

Today is the fathers day,I want to buy a gift for my dad .

今天是父亲节，我想为爸爸买个礼物。

I was at the shopping mall and I spent a lot of time reading the Fathers Day cards. They all had a special message that in some way or another reflected how I feel about you. Yet as I selected and read, and selected and read again, it occurred to me that not a single card said what I really want to say to you.

今天我在商场的时候, 我读了好长时间的有关“父亲节”的贺卡。那些卡片上面的文字很特别，也或多或少地表达出了我对您的感受。我挑选读过一次后，又挑选读了一遍，但那并不是一张贺卡所能表达出我想对您说的话的。

Youll soon be 42 years old, Dad, and you and I will have had 55 Fathers Days together. I havent always been with you on Fathers Day nor have I been with you for all of your birthdays. It wasnt because I didnt want to be with you. Ive always been with you in my heart but sometimes life gets in the way.

爸爸，很快您就要42岁了，您和我也将度过这第55个“父亲节”。“父亲节”的那天，我总是不能和您在一起，连您过生日的时候我也是这样，但这并不是因为我不想陪在您身边。其实，在我心里，我总是和您在一起。不过，有的时候，生活也会有差错。

Happy Fathers Day,my dear dad.

父亲节快乐，我亲爱的爸爸。

It was the second day of our winter holiday. I felt good. I felt I’m free. I had a lot of time to do things I like. My parents are in Beijing. So I live alone but I don’t feel lonely. But I didn’t do something special. I stayed at home and watched TV.

Oh! I wrote an English daily composition. It was my homework. Today, I have slept for 14 hours. I thought I was very tired. It was time for dinner. I must go! I am very hungry.

Everybody has his own ideal, my ideal is to be a qualified peoples teacher.

每个人都有自己的理想，我的理想是成为一名合格的人民教师。

The teacher can cultivate one many growing up can for the country the house contribute of person, call their knowledge, speak some how to get along with people, is that they know more knowledge and is a good student, good kid and have fine prospect after growing up, cultivate into many people all national useful talented person.

教师可以培育出许多长大能为国家做贡献的人，叫他们知识，讲一些如何与人相处，是他们懂得更多的知识，是一个好学生，长大后的好孩子，有良好的应用前景，许多人都培养成国家有用的人才。

The importance that still makes them should know science technique since the childhood, value science, had a passion for science.Develop to brave creative spirit, open ideal wing, modernize construction to contribute his/her own strength for motherland.Make them know what is illegal, what is commit crime;Want to know law in front everyone equal truth, the academic association is protected himself/herself with the law.

重要的是仍然让他们应该知道科学技术从小，价值的科学，有一个对科学的热情。发扬勇于创新的精神，张开理想的翅膀，现代化建设贡献自己的力量，为祖国。让他们知道什么是违法，什么是犯罪;想知道法律面前人人平等的道理，学会用法律保护自己。

In order to carry out one great ideal, I should good good study science cultural knowledge, actively thinking, be good at discovering, cultivated the spirit that the independence self-renewals since the childhood, do what matters had to have patience, unwilling fall behind, continuously make sure an enterprising target, a realization of target, a new point of departure in the knowledge growth process, overcome study up one and other difficulty.With own effort, must carry out great ideal.

为了执行一个伟大的理想，我应该好好学习科学文化知识，积极思考，善于发现，培育自立自强从小的精神，做什么事都要有耐心，不甘落后，不断确定进取的目标，一个目标的实现，一个新的知识成长过程中的出发点，克服学习上一个又一个困难。凭自己的努力，必须进行伟大的理想。

Spring Festival is a favorite of children a day, I was no exception. This year s Spring Festival, I am particularly pleased that you want to know why? It is better for me to tell you it! Danian Ye because, I must personally against the write affixed to the door. I hope that you hope that you and so on and so on, until at last the day. Good morning, my mother and breakfast, began to put the couplet.

I wrote a lot of the couplet, day by people Zengshou years, the Spring Fu Man on earth and the motherland spring, more than the well-being of the people. The election which piece? Her mother said: The days of the years by people Zengshou, the grandfather of this to be more appropriate, we have a home which you elected Grandpa to be more appropriate, we have a home where you decide the election.

I thought, elected on a couplet of this couplet on the Alliance are: good spring of the motherland; Xia Lian is: well-being of many people. Couplet selected, the mother began to put her in the upper right corner of the couplet , In the lower right corner, the upper left corner, a transparent plastic affixed with a lower left-hand corner. When I am in the side assistant, a short while couplet posted on it. www.haIqq.com

Couplet looked at the site, as if I saw the prosperity of the motherland, to see if the motherland is in the spring So vibrant, but also to see if the mother s life of the people happy, they are better today for the motherland and Acura. At this moment, I can not help Recitation of this couplet from: The motherland spring, more than the well-being of the people. Father then walked over, patted me on the shoulder and said: You write very well, I had more than once. Listening to Dad Dad, I m sweet, I think: this year s Spring Festival, it can be really interesting.

July 14th Wednesday rainy

Yesterday I came to the center of Chongqing with my mother. We came to a place named “toward the air door”. I think many people know it. The night view is so beautiful that we all don’t want to back to home. I have a photo here. In the nine, we had to go back home. I didn’t wash my face before I went to bed, I’m too tired.

July 12th Monday sunny

How tired am I! I went back from chongqing three hours ago. In the city I nearly lost the way. Thanks for the hot heart man and woman. They help us to find the way. Oh, don’t think so badly, I’m fine. Because of my hard, my homepage is more beautiful than before, I’m very happy to see it. I love make homepage, if you love it, please let me know, we can take hours talking about homepage. Thank you.

July 9th Friday sunny,

How happy I am. Yesterday I finished all the work very quick, so I have a lot of time to do myself. Sometimes finish work early is a good thing, we can have more interests to do the next work. Because of this, I write English dairy eight in the morning. But I wrote it in the evening in the pass day. Everyone, if you can finish the work quickly, not lazy, just try your best.

July 6th Tuesday cloudy;

Ah ha, when I get up, it was time for lunch. But I really have a lot of work to

do, I must write words and English dairy, then learned “Li yang” English, and then …… .

Oh, my god, if I do it in the afternoon, I will ready to dead. So I wrote words, and now

I’m writing my English dairy. Wish I could finish these works today. Bye!

July 5th Monday cloudy

Today I came back from a place named “he chuan”, it’s a good place. There has some nice view like chang jiang river. I came there in two days ago. Our aunt is here. We had a good time in there. But I also write English dairy too. Because of the wrong computer, the message didn’t here. I wish myself to live more better tomorrow.

Thanksgiving parents English composition

Everyone should have a life down on feelings - Thanksgiving, we have Thanksgiving life, family Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving life, the community Thanksgiving ... ...

If, like me to choose my first Thanksgiving to the parents. They let me come to this colorful world, and they spared no effort to support me grow up in their harvest success, I am pleased to join with me, and sow the tears of joy; they are in my frustration, I am encouraged by, I am inspired; loud voice exhort, and look forward to a report, the parents of the heart and blood flowing from time to time in my whole body.

If you only Thanksgiving parents may be too narrow. We would also like to live Thanksgiving. As long as grateful, then your life will be happier! Life is fair, she will not deceive you, as long as you pay, there will be a return. Despite the sometimes smooth, sometimes despite the numerous reefs; singing, even though at times laughing, even though at times sad depression. This is the life, gave us hot Suanku salt, gave us flowers and sunshine. No matter the kind of situation is that Thanksgiving should live, or where colorful? !

But also everyone around Thanksgiving. Grateful to those who encourage you, because he brought you to power; grateful for your help, because he told us what to give; spur thank you, because he removes your karma; grateful to those who have hurt you, because His temper your mind; to thank those who have deceived you, because he has enhanced your knowledge; to thank those who have abandoned you, because you have to teach him self-reliance; grateful for your trip, because he strengthens your ability to ... ...

Thanksgiving did not know how a person, not like a fish breathe, can not survive a moment;

Thanksgiving know a person, just like the flowers bees encounter, as encountered in the desert oasis, just like horses came face in the world so beautiful!

Lets hearts with gratitude, singing aloud in front of the world, the heart of Thanksgiving, thank you, with my life ...

Today, my mother and I went to Xiaohe Gou, and we had fun.

When we got there, we saw that the fish pond in Xiaohe ditch was covered with ice. I want to go down to play on the ice, so I decided to try the ice thickness first. Because there were no thick branches on the riverside, so I lifted a big stone and threw it all in to the ice. There was a huge hole in the ice, and the shadow of a small fish was hidden below. Fortunately, I didnt go down easily, otherwise...

We continue to move forward. Those fish ponds show their true colors: I have made the "mask people" one by one.

A small stream blocked our way further. I looked at what could be used without wood boards around. Because the water is very shallow, I move a piece of big stone, three lower five in addition to two set up a stone bridge, my mother and my mother passed the brook, and also helped people to pass a bridge.

After crossing the bridge, we began to move forward. We saw a vacant area in front of us, and it was scraped evenly by bulldozers. Mother said that it might have been a natural ancient granary. The center of the loess slope is a circular open space, which is transformed into a natural granary. Why do I think so good things should be leveled and destroyed? I ask mother, mother said that this is the conflict between modern civilization and ancient history, and now people have destroyed the historical relics left by their predecessors for their own existence. If I want to live in the air, I will not destroy so many precious and rare historical sites.

Im very happy to go out today. At the same time, I realized the importance of life to human beings, and realized that the development and construction of society could damage the civilization of ancient society. I think life is very important, but ancient civilization is also important. We should coordinate the relationship between the development of modern civilization and the preservation of ancient civilization.