请假条英语作文万能模板【汇总20篇】

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that …

= (It is)needless to say(that)…

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours。

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …，… /= Of all the …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports，I like jogging in particular。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion，…

= In my mind，…

= As far as I am concerned，…

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion，playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health。

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population，…

随着科技的进步……With the advance of science and technology，…

例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy，a lot of social problems have come to pass。

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary(for sb。)to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential(for sb。)to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper(for sb。)to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent(for sb。)to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean。

It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean。

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

示例一：

Dear____,

There will a _____(内容) at/in______(地点) on____(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us.

The occasion will start at _______(具体时间). This will be followed by a ____(进一步的安排). At around______(时间)，__________(另一个安排)

I really hope you can make it. RSVP before ______(通知你的最后期限)

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

1.至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____。

2.总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future。

3.但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______。

4.就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______。

5.随着社会的发展，……因此，迫切需要……如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it“s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better。

6.至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____。

7.对我来说，我认为有必要……原因如下：第一，……; 第二，……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______。

8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______。

9.综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____。

10.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____。

In recent years, internet voting has become increasingly popular in China.

People not only cast on-line votes themselves, but also urge others to vote for

competitions like the “Most Beautiful Teacher” and the “ Cutest Baby”.

Li Jiang, a high school student, is invited to vote in the “ Best Police

Officer 冶 competition, organized by the local government to let the public have

a better understanding of police officers’ daily work. Li Jiang visits the

website and reads all the stories. He is deeply moved by their glorious deeds.

He is already thinking of becoming a policeman himself in the future.

Su Hua is invited by his uncle to vote for his cousin in the “ Future

Singer冶 competition. He has already received three similar invitations this

week. His uncle tells him that if his cousin wins the competition, the family

will win an oversea s tour for free. Su Hua likes his cousin very much, but he

finds other singers perform even better. To vote, or not to vote This is a

question that troubles him very much.

Scientists

believe an animal source is "the most likely primary source" but that some

human-to-human transmission has occurred.

科学家认为动物是“最有可能的初始感染源”，不过，也有一些人传人的病例。

Signs

of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and

breathing difficulties.

感染症状包括：呼吸道症状，发烧，咳嗽，呼吸短促，呼吸困难等。

2019-nCoV,

as its been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has

not previously been identified in humans.

这种新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)此前未在人类身上发现过。

Coronaviruses

are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven)

are known to infect people.

冠状病毒是一个庞大的病毒家族，目前已知会感染人类的有六种(新发现的这种是第七种)。

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径：

１．问题现状

２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

To: John Smith, Supervisor

From: George Chen, Accounting Department Date: March 11, 2001

Subject: Casual Leave of Absence

John, I would like to know if I could ask for a casual leave of absence from March 23 to 27.

Yesterday I received a letter from my parents, who are both over 70, telling me that a big flood took place at my home village, causing serious damage to my house. As the only son of my parents, I should of back to assess the situation, and help them to get over these difficulties. Though I cannot stay at home for too long a time, I should at least make arrangements for repair work. I believe my relatives in the village and my neighbors will also come to help. Financially I have no difficulties.

I will call you at 1:30p.m. or you can call me at any time.

1、Thank you very much for ....

十分感谢...

2、Many thanks for your ...

非常感谢您...

3、Please accept my sincere appreciation for ...

请接受我对...真挚的感谢

4、I am truly grateful to you for ...

为了...，我真心感激您

5、It was good (thoughtful) of you ...

承蒙好意(关心)...

6、You were so kind to send ...

承蒙好意送来...

7、Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon.

再次感谢您的盛情款待，并期待不久见到您

8、I find an ordinary "thank-you" entirely inadequate to tell you how much...

我觉得一般的感谢的字眼完全不足以表达我对您多么地...

9、I sincerely appreciate ...

我衷心地感谢...

10、I wish to express my profound appreciation for ...

我对..深表谢意

11、Many thanks for you generous cooperation

would rather (not) do.

一、常用谚语

1. Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩?

2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真朋友?

3. A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半?

4. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成?

5. All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马?

6. Easier said than done. 说起来容易,做起来难?

7. Easy come, easy go. 来得快,去得快?

8. Every man has his weak side. 人人都有缺点?

9. Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母?

10. Look before you leap. 三思而后行?

11. Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人?

12. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人若无友,就如同生命中没有太阳?

13. All things are difficult before they are easy. 万事开头难?

14. Always prepare for a rainy day. 未雨绸缪?

15. As you sow, so shall you reap. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆?

16. I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort. 成功要靠三件事才能赢得:努力,努力,再努力?

17. Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 有事莫推明天?

18. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧?

19. Bad news has wings. 好事不出门,坏事传千里?

20. Honesty is the best policy. 做人以诚信为本?

21. You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success. 你必须相信自己,这是成功的关键?

22. Don’t judge a man by his looks. 不可以貌取人?

二、常用过渡语

23. 表起始的过渡语:first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, so far, as far as等?

24. 表时间的过渡语:first, at first, then, later, in the end, finally, afterwards, after that, since then, for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment, meanwhile, later on, soon, finally等?

25. 表空间的过渡语:on the right/left, to the right/left of, on one side of… on the other side of…, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of, next to, far from, in front of等?

26. 表因果的过渡语:for, because of, one reason is that… another reason is that…, thus, so, as a result (of)等?

27. 表转折的过渡语:but, yet, however, after all, in fact, while, on the contrary, instead of, unlike, although, otherwise,nevertheless, in spite of, after all等?

28. 表列举的过渡语:for example, such as, that is, like, as follows, in other words, and so on等?

29. 表推进的过渡语:what’s more, on one hand… on the other hand…, in addition to, as well, still, also, in other words, not only…but also…, besides, furthermore, moreover等?

30. 表总结的过渡语:in short, in a word, in general, in brief, in all, on the whole等?

一、假条的上方应该按照正式的格式写上如下信息：

To：假条是递给谁的

From：请假人

Date：写假条的日期(注意不是请假的日期)

Subject：写上请假字样

例如：

To: Peter Stone,

From: Lynn Chen, Financial Department

Date: April 2nd, 2006

Subject: Casual Leave of Absence

二、在您的请假信第一段，应该开门见山但是有礼貌地提出请假。第一段要中心明确，写清您要请假的日期。

第一段范例如下：

Peter, I would like to know if I could ask for a casual leave of absence for one day on April 4th, this Wednesday.

第二段范例如下：

This morning I received a telephone call from my dentist, urging me to come to his practice for immediate treatment of my teeth. I have been experiencing a stinging pain, depriving me of my sleep during the past fortnight. The situation could worsen, should infection occur.

Concerning my workload: As Wednesday is not as busy as the other weekdays, I think a one-day leave this Wednesday may be the best solution. I apologize for the inconvenience my absence from work may cause.

在假条的最后一段，应写上您希望获得准假的句子，或者具体等候答复的时间。

最后一段范例如下：

Thanks. I will call you at 1:30p.m. or you can call me at any time.

最后成文：

To: Peter Stone,

From: Lynn Chen, Financial Department

Date: April 2nd, 2006

Subject: Casual Leave of Absence

Peter, I would like to know if I could ask for a casual leave of absence for one day on April 4th, this Wednesday.

This morning I received a telephone call from my dentist, urging me to come to his practice for immediate treatment of my teeth. I have been experiencing a stinging pain, depriving me of my sleep during the past fortnight. The situation could worsen, should infection occur.

Concerning my workload: As Wednesday is not as busy as the other weekdays, I think a one-day leave this Wednesday may be the best solution. I apologize for the inconvenience my absence from work may cause.

Thanks. I will call you at 1:30p.m. or you can call me at any time.

【参考范文】

Sep.28

Dear Miss Gao,

Im sorry I can’t go to school today. I helped the farmers pick apples with my  classmates on the farm yesterday. Unluckily, I fell off the ladder and hurt my leg, but I wasnt badly hurt. The doctor asked me to stay in bed and have a good rest. So I ask  for leave for two days.

Your student,

Wang Li

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

人们对的观点因人而异。有些人认为，然而其他人却认为。小编收集了英语万能句子，欢迎阅读。

1、it must be realized that。

我们必须意识到。

2、all in all， we cannot live without but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise。总之，我们没有是无法生活的。英语万能句子。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

3、i sincerely believe that。

我真诚地相信。

4、it is natural to believe that ， but we shouldnt ignore that。

认为是很自然的，但我们不应忽视。

5、obviously， if we dont control the problem， the chances are that will lead us in danger。

很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险。英语万能句子。

6、obviously， if we want to do something ， it is essential that。

显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是。

7、only in this way can we。

只有这样，我们才能。

8、recently，http://tongxiehui.net/by/7321.html the problem of has aroused peoples concern。

最近，问题已引起人们的关注。

9、the best way to solve the troubles is。

解决这些麻烦的最好办法是。

10、no doubt， unless we take effective measures， it is very likely that。

毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，很可能会。

11、it is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on the improvement of。

该是采纳的建议，并对的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

12、people have figured out many ways to solve this problem。

人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题。

13、here are some suggestions for handling。

这是如何处理某事的一些建议。

14、there are different opinions among people as to。

关于，人们的观点大不相同。

15、many people insist that。

很多人坚持认为。

16、nowadays， (overpopulation) has bee a problem we have to face。

如今，(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。

17、personally， i am standing on the side of。

就个人而言，我站在的一边。

18、peoples views on vary from person to person。 some hold that 。 however， others believe that。

人们对的观点因人而异。有些人认为，然而其他人却认为。

19、from my point of view， it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second。

在我看来，支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。

20、it is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation。

很紧迫的是，应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。

21、different people hold different attitudes toward (failure)。

对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。

22、it may be true that ， but it doesnt mean that。

可能是对的，但这并不意味着。

23、as far as something is concerned。

就某事而言。

24、hence/therefore， wed better e to the conclusion that。

因此，我们最好得出这样的结论。

25、it is monly believed that / it is a mon belief that。

人们一般认为。

26、attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person。

人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异。

27、taking into account all these factors， we may reasonably e to the conclusion that。

考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论。

28、there is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits。

毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。

29、i cannot entirely agree with the idea that。

我无法完全同意这一观点。

30、it is high time that we put an end to the (trend)。

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。

31、with the development of science and technology， more and more people believe that。

随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为。

32、there is no evidence to suggest that。

没有证据表明。

33、taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally e to the conclusion that。

把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论。

34、a lot of people seem to think that。

很多人似乎认为。

35、people may have different opinions on。

人们对可能会有不同的见解。

36、there is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of。

毫无疑问，对问题应予以足够的重视。

37、in my opinion， it is more advisable to do than to do 。

在我个人看来，做比做更明智。

38、the inter has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life。 it has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well。

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。

on the whole总的来说

On the whole the outlook appeared bright .

总的来说，前景看来是光明的。

in conclusion总之

In conclusion , education will spread more and more online .

总之，在线教育波及的范围会越来越广。

in a word一句话

In a word , practice is far more important than book knowledge .

一句话，实践远比书本知识重要。

to sum up总而言之

To sum up, success results from hard work .

总而言之，成功是艰苦努力的结果。

in brief简言之

In brief , the study claims that they improve mental sharpness .

简言之，该研究宣称甜食让你的头脑灵敏。

in summary总之

In summary , when leaving a position, keep your good-ayes short and sweet .

总的说来，离职的时候，要保持温馨而简短的告别。

to conclude最后

To conclude , city A is my preference for living , as it provides the comparably nicer surroundings and better safety .

总之，A城市是我选择居住的首要选择，因为相对来说环境更好，也更安全。

to summarize概括来说

To summarize my point: Not eating enough calories results inmuscle loss, dehydration, slower fat burning, and your bodywill always adapt to a lower calorie intake.

概括来说，不摄入足够的卡路里导致肌肉的减少，脱水，减缓脂肪燃烧，身体将总适应低卡路里摄入量。

in short 总之

In short , just because people have more choice does not mean they will opt for more obscure entertainments .

总之，正是因为人们有了更多的选择不意味着他们会选择更多的冷门娱乐产品。

[高考英语作文万能句整理

1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…

3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…

6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…

7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…

8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……

9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…

Dear___________,

I am terribly sorry to tell you that_________,and I am writing this letter to show my deep regret.Please accept my sincere apology with gratitude.I hope you will understand my situation and excuse me for___________.

The reason why__________is that__________.Under that circumstance,____________.Therefore,it was not my power to___________.

If possible,I would like to suggest that___________.I shall be obliged if you will kindly write and tell me___________.I am looking forward to seeing you again.

Yours,

________

1. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

2. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, …

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 不用说…… It goes without saying that … = (It is) needless to say (that) …

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

5. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …， … /= Of all the …， …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldnt spend too much time on something we arent interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I dont think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesnt think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

Dear Mr. Zhang, Because I have got a cold and high fever. The doctor adviced me to rest for several days. I will attend school as soon as possible. And you dont worry about my work, I will ask my classmates to help me with it once I am back.

I hope my absence will not cause you any inconvenience.

Sincerely,

xiao Li

这类作文时，注意以下几点：

审题时，除了要把握好图表的表层信息外， 还要分析图标的深层含义，如原因、根源、可能的发展趋势等。图表中所提供的说明文字往往是问题的切入点，一定要仔细分析。

描述数据时要抓住重点，为中心服务，不必面面俱到，切忌毫无目的地罗列图表中的数据。如果数据较多，抓住图表中的极端点(如最大或最小、最多或最少，最好或最差)和基本相同进行描述。

主题句应明确，最好放在文章的开头，这样会使重点突出，主题明了。

Dear Sir or Madam,

I beg to apply for two days’ leave/a week’s leave/7 days’ leave of absence （请假） from the 7th to 8th of this week. Because I was ill, I want to return/go home to see the doctor.

To support my application, I herewith/enclose the sick leave certificate.

I should be very much obliged if you will grant me my application. As regards the lesson to be missed during my absence, I will do my best to make them up as soon as I get back from leave.

Yours respectfully,

Li Min

Dear_________,

I am writing this letter to express my sincere gratitude for___________.Had it not been for your assistance in ___________,I fear that ___________may not have____________.I’d like you to know that your help __________.It not only____________,but also__________.I shall always remember__________.

I hope that I will have the opportunity of returning your hospitality by inviting you to ______.Will you kindly let me know whether you____________?I am looking forward to seeing you soon!

Again,I would like to express my thanks to .Please accept my appreciatin and pass my best wishes on to ____________.I hope to hear from you soon.

1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

People differ about____ .Some people hold that ____.

2.俗话说(常言道)……，它是老一辈人的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying that______. Its the experience of the older generation，however，it is still the case even today.

3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have done damage to our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people care for ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5.任何事物都是有两面，……也是如此。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and so does ____，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为……，在他们看来，……

People’s views about ______ vary from person to person. Some people think that ______.To them,_____.

7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Humans are now confronted with a big problem: ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8.……已成为人们担忧的事情，特别是在年青人当中，并且引发了激烈的辩论。

______ has become a public concern，especially among the young, and thus heated debates are stimulated.

9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ . Obviously，______，but whats the reason behind?