英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文题目(精彩20篇)

People attend college or university for many different reasons. Why do you think people attend college or university？

People attend colleges or universities for a lot of different reasons. I believe that the three most common reasons are to prepare for a career， to have new experiences， and to increase their knowledge of themselves and the world around them.

Career preparation is becoming more and more important to young people. For many， this is the primary reason to go to college. They know that the job market is competitive. At college， they can learn new skill for careers with a lot of opportunities. This means careers， such as information technology， are expected to need a large workforce in the coming years.

Also， students go to colleges and universities to have new experiences. This often means having the opportunity to meet people different from those in their hometowns. For most students， going to college is the first time they have been away form home by themselves. In addition， this is the first time they have had to make decisions on their own. Making these decisions increases their knowledge of themselves.

Besides looking for self-knowledge， people also attend a university or college to expand their knowledge in subjects they find interesting. For many， this will be their last chance for a long time to learn about something that does not relate to their career.

现在许多的学生觉得作文难写，不知从何下手，下面是小编整理的中小学生作文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

作文，是语文综合水平的体现。但是，对于好多同学来说，总觉得作文很深奥，不好写。其实不然，我觉得，要写好作文，只要注意下面这几点，并持之以恒，经常练习写作，写出一手好作文也是不难的。

第一，就是词语积累。作文，要有佳词妙句才有文采，才能吸引人。一篇文章，假如没有佳词妙句，无论这件事情多么精彩，你写出来的文章也是平淡无味，怎么能够吸引人，让人去欣赏呢?你写的这篇文章也就等于白写。在平时的学习中，我们班的黎老师就很注重在这方面对我们的教育和引导。我在看文章、阅读时也很注意这点。

第二，就是注意留心观察。写作文，不是在屋子里憋出来的，而是要到实际生活中去观察、去体验。因为，生活是写作的源泉嘛!有些人，他是出去“观察”了，可是他只是走马观花，忽略了细节。所以写出来的作文只是条条纲纲，根本没有要点、细节。所以，在观察时要留心，要仔细，才能写出与众不同的好作文。记得外出时，爸爸经常会指这指那，问这问那，以引起我的注意与思考。

第三，就是多看课外书。这是积累词语的重要渠道，也是写作文的关键所在。包括家里订阅的书籍和书店的各种图书。只要有空，我就会到书店看看各种各样的课外书。当然，不是只看就能写出完美无缺的作文的，关键还要注意积累、牢记和运用。才能实现“人为我用”，这样在写作文时，才能做到随心所欲、挥笔自如。

一、作文要学会积累

“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，“巧妇难为无米之炊”古人这些总结，从正反两方面说明了“积累”在写作中的重要性。“平时靠积累，考场凭发挥”，这是考场学子的共同体会。

(一)语言方面要建立“语汇库”。语汇是文章的细胞。广义的语汇，不仅指词、短语的总汇，还包括句子、句群。建立“语汇库”途径有二：第一是阅读。平时要广泛阅读书籍、报刊，并做好读书笔记，把一些优美的词语、句子、语段摘录在特定的本子上，也可以制作读书卡片上。第二是生活。平时要捕捉大众口语中鲜活的语言，并把这些语言记在随身带的小本子或卡片上，这样日积月累、集腋成裘，说话就能出口成章，作文就会妙笔生花。

(二)要加强材料方面的积累。材料是文章的血肉。许多学生由于平时不注意积累素材，每到作文时就去搜肠挂肚，或者胡编或者抄袭。解决这一问题的方法是积累素材。平时有条件的可带着摄像机、录音机、深入观察生活、积极参与生活，并与写生 、写日记、写观察笔记等形式，及时记录家庭生活、校园生活、社会生活中的见闻。记录时要抓住细节，把握人、事、物、景的特征。这样，写出的文章就有血有肉。

(三)要加强思想方面的积累。观点是文章的灵魂。文章中心不明确，或立意不深刻，往往说明作者思想肤浅。因此，有必要建立“思想库”。方法有二：第一要善思。“多一份思考，多一份收获。”平时要深入思考，遇事多问问“为什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”。这样就能透过现象看本质。还要随时把思维的“火花”、思索的结论记录下来。第二要辑录，也就是要摘录名人名言，格言警句等。

总之，作文要加强积累，建立好“语汇库”、“素材库”、“思想库”这三大写作仓库，并要定期盘点、整理、分门别类，且要不断充实、扩容。

二、写好作文先学会观察

鲁迅先生在回答文学青年“如何才能写出好文章”的问题时强调了两点：一是多看，二是多练。这里的“多看”即指多观察。这就说明：要写好文章，要掌握娴熟的文章写作手法，就要多观察，学会观察，观察是写作的必要前提和基础。

俄国小说家契诃夫就这样谆谆告诫初学者：“作家务必要把自己锻炼成一个目光敏锐永不罢休的观察家!——要把自己锻炼到观察简直成习惯，仿佛变成第二个天性。”把观察锻炼成习惯，锻炼成第二天性，这是一种很需要时间去磨练的功夫，是很有作用，很了不起的功夫。

要留心观察身边的人、事、景、物，从中猎取你作文时所需要的材料：你要对一些看似不大实则很有意义的事情产生兴趣，注意观察起因、过程和结果;你要留意校园花坛里的植物一年四季如何变化它的颜色，学会刨根问底，弄清这些变化的来龙去脉;你要走向社会，同更多的人接触，观察他们的一言一行，要思索一些东西，随时将它们汇入自己思想的长河。这就是观察的过程，观察过程中要注意以下几点：

(一)观察决不要仅仅局限于“用眼看”。广义的更有实际意义的观察是指要将人的五官全部调动起来：用耳朵去聆听，用身体去感受，更重要的是要用心、用脑去思索，这样的观察才会更加细腻、深刻。

(二)观察过程中要注意运用好“烂笔头”。俗语说得好：好记性不如烂笔头。好多同学每天看到的挺多，思索的也挺多，但是不善于随时记下来，这样就会使观察到的材料付之东去，许多有价值的东西也会白白浪费掉。

(三)观察尤其要注意持之以恒。别犯“脑热病”，三分钟的热度对与写好作文是没有益处的，你要将观察生活、思索生活贯穿于你生活的每一天，这样你才会写出妙文佳作来。

学会观察对于写好作文有着巨大的奠基和推动作用，离开了观察，你往往会感到难以下笔。愿你学会观察，不断培养，提高赞成的观察能力，在写作实践中取得得大的进步。

三、意高则文胜

立意，就是确立文章的中心和意图。那么文章在立意时要注意哪些问题呢?

(一)立意要正确

正确是文章立意的第一要义，所谓正确就是要保证文章的感情和思想观点正确，符合客观事物的本质和规律，符合我国基本政治原则，符合人的基本道德要求，能给人以积极的启发。

(二)立意要专一

“作文之事，贵于专一，专则生巧，散乃人愚。”无论多么复杂的事情，主旨不能分散。一篇文章如果既想说明这个问题，又想阐述那个观点，东拉西扯，必然立意不明确。其实，想面面俱到肯定会面面不到位，况且一篇文章只能有一个中心，与其“贪多嚼不烂”，不如集中笔墨表现一个中心，即使是通过数件事来表现中心，也要做到紧帖中心行文，目标始终如一，着墨于材料与中心的结合点，使材料蕴涵的力量全部直指中心。

(三)立意要新颖

文章最忌随人后，人云亦云，新颖的角度是作文创新的核心。立意新颖要求跳出陈旧的框框、不按顺向思维、习惯思维或原有的心理定式进行立意构思，而是以独到的视角去审视题目中所蕴涵的另类内容，避开他人所常写，写别人所未写。即使同一写作对象，总是可以从许多角度切入，只要我们打破思维的定式，站在时代的高度，避“俗”求“异”，多角度、多侧面思考，或联想、或扩展、或类比、或逆向，发人之所未发，就能在五颜六色的天空里构筑属于你的最美的彩虹。

(四)立意要深刻

立意的深刻是指确立的主题不是人所共知的肤浅的道理，而要透过现象看本质，挖掘出更深层的意蕴。

(五)立意要巧妙

在习作有限的文字内，要表现较为深刻的思想，就只能一粒沙里看世界，从生活中的一斑一点、一枝一叶去再现生活的全貌，从一个点、一个片段、一个瞬间、一个现象入手，对社会、对人生进行描述和深思，即立意要大处着眼，小处落笔，角度虽小，却能小中见大，平中见奇。

一、写建筑物的作文类型

通过描写或介绍一处建筑，表现劳动人民的聪明智慧，或展现现代化建设的新成就。

二、写建筑物的参考题目

略。

三、写建筑物的参考开头

略。

四、写建筑物的参考词句

错落有致/风格迥异/红墙碧瓦/拔地而起/小巧玲珑/气象万千/雄伟/干干净净/引人注目/富丽堂皇/讲究/天花板/精致/宽敞/张灯结彩/正中墙上/亭台楼阁/古色古香/明亮/高大雄伟/造型别致/玻璃幕墙/更加壮观/巍然屹立/高耸入云/鹤立鸡群/气势磅礴/小桥流水

1.地扫得干干净净的，炉子里的火还没有熄。

2.褪了色的红色薄棉衣，白底绣花的帐顶，发黄的藤靠椅，放在小桌子上绍兴式的茶壶套……一切都和当时一样。

3.我看见一棵树墩旁边安放着一口烧劈柴的铁炉，这大约就是他们烧水做饭的地方。

4.透过玻璃，可以看见客厅后面所种的竹子，碧绿可爱。

5.玻璃书柜里是一套套的精装的英文书，书柜的顶端摆着一盆翠绿的枝叶繁茂的文竹草。

6.到了夏季，白玉兰开花的时候，花儿散发出的香味，飘得满操场满校园都是。

7.一盏大红灯笼悬挂在教室的中央，一根根彩带，一串串纸花，把教室打扮得五彩缤纷，充满了节日的气氛。

8.树下摆着石凳，每逢休息的日子，石凳上总是坐满了人。

五、写建筑物的参考段落

1.新建的上海少年儿童浏河活动营地，就在我的家乡——唐行的浏河岛上。古色古香的活动楼、明亮宽敞的宿舍楼、小巧精致的食堂等构成了别具一格的建筑群，与幽静的白玉兰林、银杏林和香樟林，碧波荡漾的新浏河老浏河，组成了引人入胜的秀丽景色。

（写好建筑物也必须写好它的周围的环境，可以起到衬托的作用。）

2.喷泉真是各式各样，有拔地而起的水柱；有簇拥在水柱周围的菱形网状水帘；有腾起云雾状的水球，还伴随着悦耳、优美的乐曲声，随着声调的高低，颤动着二十四个喇叭型水花。

（用排比句来形容事物能够形成一定的气势，多角度地进行描绘，给人较深刻的印象。）

3.五亭桥是由五个亭子组成的，五亭相连，大亭端坐中央，四周的小亭对称地围绕着它。五亭桥下有十五个圆洞，圆洞相通，游船来往自如。中秋佳节，十五个圆洞中映着十五轮像玉盘似的月亮。远看，五亭桥像一座玲珑的水上宫殿；近看，五亭桥像是碧湖之上开了一朵巨大的莲花。

（远看和近看，小读者看起来很懂得描写的方法，一远一近，就把事物写清楚了，而且还有立体的感觉呢！）

4.苏州城里，有不少这样别致的小街小巷：长长的，瘦瘦的，曲曲又弯弯。石子路面，经过晚上的露水洒过，春雨洗过，显得光滑、闪亮。在它的旁边，往往躺着一条小河，同样是长长的，瘦瘦的，曲曲又弯弯。水面活溜溜的，风一吹，荡漾着轻柔的涟漪，就像是有什么人在悄悄抖动着碧绿的绸子。每隔二三十步，就有一座小桥。有耸肩驼背的小桥，有清秀玲珑的石板桥，也有小巧的砖砌桥和油漆栏杆的小木桥。

（细致的观察，同时加以分类，就能够把事物说明清楚。）

5.邮电大厦是一座庄严美丽的大厦。顶端是钟楼，钟楼上包着金属铜板，上面漆着绿漆。白底黑字的大自鸣钟高高地镶嵌在钟楼的上方。钟楼顶部是一根高耸的旗杆，旗杆上五星红旗迎风飘扬。站在那高耸入云的钟楼上可以俯视上海全景。钟楼下面便是一块题有“为人民服务”字样的匾额，在阳光下闪闪发光。十八根高大、粗壮、坚硬的花岗石棱柱支撑着屋檐，显得十分雄伟。

（从上到下，写作顺序很清楚。当然，我们读者读起来也就不会感到吃力了。）

6.再往前走，马路上下分开，中间的车道慢慢向下，伸向对面，从南到北，像彩虹一样，高高地架在天上。长桥的下面，每侧有12对水泥桥墩，像一个个巨人，叉开有力的双腿，守卫着大桥。拖着两条辫子的无轨电车在它的脚下飞跑。

（用打比方的方法来说明事物也是一个很好的手段。一打比方，别人不明白的也明白了。）

7.走进秦峰塔的底层塔门细看，门上的木条呈灰白色，上面布满了密密麻麻的芝麻大小的洞。门的两旁用方砖角砌成锯齿形。走进塔内，就听见啁啾的鸟叫声，鸟儿们在塔顶上嬉闹追逐。这里是鸟的乐园！抬头望，每层塔上都有断木。据说原先每层上都铺有木板，并有楼梯，人们能够爬到塔顶，俯览全镇风貌。如今，已是木去楼空，然而，塔身仍然坚不可摧，巍然屹立。这种精神，是我们所需要和发扬的呀！

（写建筑物，要写得形象生动，让人一下子就明白，打比方是一个很有用的方法。）

8.我们来到正桥，栏杆是乳白色的。在桥面矗立着十五根电杆，每杆安装四只杯形华灯，宛如倒扣的茶杯。乳白色的灯罩和蔚蓝的天空互相辉映，显得非常和谐。我想，到了夜晚，这些灯发出柔和的金色的光辉，一定会使大桥更加美丽，犹如披上了一层金纱。大桥有快车道和慢车道。快车道有十二米宽，可并排行驶四辆卡车。来往车辆从这里疾驰而过，奔向四方。桥两旁站立着威武的石狮子，它们像卫士一样，不管风吹雨打，忠实地守卫着大桥，又为大桥增添了几分雄姿。

（写建筑物，也需要想象。这位小作者是白天去参观的，所以他看不到夜晚的景色。但他觉得桥上的那些灯在晚上时一定很美丽，于是他就用“我想”这样的句式，开始了想象。文章也就变得丰富生动了。是不是大家都可以学学呢？）

9.居住在靖城的大人小孩都知道在东门菜场向北有一口稀奇的井。它是由四口小井组合在一起，所以人们都叫它“四眼井”。这四口小井的井口分布在一块正方形的石板上。人们经过这个地方都要特地走过去瞧瞧，觉得很新奇。井内水深不到二米，邻居们常常用吊桶去打水、淘米、洗衣服。天长日久，井圈上让绳子磨出了道道光滑的槽痕。我有时就喜欢伏在井圈上做着怪样子看着倒影，水中的倒影清清楚楚，我高兴得又跳又蹦。

（写井，先交待它的位置，怎样组成的，井水有多深，还特别写了井圈上的道道槽痕，给人历史久远的印象。然后再写我对这口井的喜爱。很有条理。其中写我伏在井圈上朝井内做怪样的事情，写得很有儿童的情趣。）

10.一走进小书亭，首先映入眼帘的是靠正面那座镶着透明玻璃的书柜。柜里整齐地放着书刊，有文学书，科技书，企业管理书，少儿书，真是应有尽有。有适合儿童看的，也有适合青年、老人看的，还有小说出租呢。各类书籍排得整整齐齐，最上层是专业书籍，第二层是政治读物，中间两层是少年儿童读物，底下几层是医药卫生等读物。在营业员旁边，还有条理地堆放着一些报纸书刊。

（写建筑物和写别的东西一样，要注意顺序，不能想到写什么就写什么，眉毛胡子一把抓。这一段虽然很简单，但却很有次序，一点不乱。）

六、写建筑物的参考题材

略。

一、换用笼统词

词大体可分为两类：笼统词和具体词。笼统词的特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强。虽然它们独自不能精确表达一个动作，但在构成词组以后可替代很多具体词。写作中遇到一些具体词写不出来的时候，用笼统词取代，能收到异曲同工之妙。最常用的笼统词有 have，take等。

例：迈克经历了一个极其艰苦的时代。M ike experienced a terrible hard time.写作时，若忘记了experience可用笼统词have代替，写成M ike had a terrible hard time.同样能收到预期效果。

再看几例：Are you married?= Do you have a wife /husband?

Do you understand my meaning?=Do you take my meaning?

She will subscribeto Chi- na Today.=She will take China To- day.

二、换用同义词、反义词

遇到未曾学过的词或一时想不起的词时，可采用发散性思维，发挥想象力，尽可能想出与之有关的同义词、反义词，利用语言的内在联系、多层次、多角度地运用语言，使单词受阻现象得以解决。

例：昨晚李雷做了一场恶梦。

Li Lei had a nightmare last night.因nightmare使用率不高，不易记住。但其同义词bad dream易记。上句可换译为：Li Lei had a bad dream last night.

第一步以本为据，总结写作方法。课本是范本，课文是范文，每次作文指导，细心的老师要从课文中寻找出切合学生实际的写作方法，作为科学依据，文本结合让学生效仿训练。第二步出示“下水”范文，进一步印证课文中的写作方法，让学生明白运用这种写作方法并不难，很容易掌握。第三步点拨指导，让学生明确应用这种写作技能最容易出现的几种毛病，进一步加深印象，进而掌握这种写作方法。第四步当堂作文，强调学生实际运用新的写作方法，这样就有效地避免了学生抄袭他人习作的现象。第五步习作改评，紧扣指导重点，凡能正确运用新的写作方法作文的学生，尽可能给予满分鼓励。当然，这种教学模式不一定科学，大家可以根据各自的教学实际，总结出既合学生实际，又有个性特点的教学规律来指导作文的实际教学，小学三年级作文《三年级作文教学反思》。

导语：要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文指导，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

古人说过：“好的结尾，有如咀嚼干果，品尝香茗，令人回味再三。”与开头一样，结尾也很重要。以下是小编给大家整理的中考作文结尾的写作方法的内容，欢迎大家查看。

如果一篇主题鲜明，角度新颖的文章，读到最后，却被一个不妙的结尾扫了兴，岂不可惜!结尾除了要服务于文章的内容和中心外，还得受“开头”的制约，这样说来，结尾就更难写了。人们称好的文章的结尾为“豹尾”，从中考作文来看，虽然不一定要求篇篇文章的结尾都是“豹尾”，但也要求结尾简练、生动、恰到好处。

一般说来，同学们的作文结尾易犯的毛病有：①画蛇添足。即全文已结束，本可耐人寻味，但作者仍不放心，偏要哆嗦几句，把无需交待的人物下落一一交待，把本可悟出的含义一语捅破。②空喊口号。在结尾处为表明自己的立场、态度，大喊着与文章内容无关的口喊，这种结尾大煞主题。③拖泥带水。结尾意思已经明了，却迟迟不肯收尾，冲突了文章的主题。下面介绍几种作文结尾方法：

1、祝愿法

文章的结尾，表达作者的祝愿、愿望，如朱德的《回忆我的母亲》的结尾：“愿母亲在地下安息!”就是这样。

2、评议法

记叙文结尾，篇末往往有个简短的评议或评述。例如臧克家的《闻一多先生的说和做》就有这样的结尾：

闻一多先生，是卓越的学者，热情潮湃的优秀诗人，大勇的革命烈士。

他，是口的巨人。他，是行的高标。

3、扣题法

文章的结句与标题呼应相扣，例如老舍的《济南的冬天》的结尾，就用了这样手法。请看：这块水晶里，包着红屋顶，黄草山，象地毯上的小团花的小灰色树影，这就是冬天的济南。

4、道具法

文章始终贯穿着某一件事物，并以这件事物作为故事的终结。例如江耀辉的《红军鞋》：

“幸好除了子弹打的那个洞以外，别处还没有破，我赶忙把它脱下来，磕掉泥巴，又挂在腰上。”这个结尾就以贯穿文章始终的红军鞋作为故事的终结。

5、终结法

文章的结尾，把故事的终结交代给读者，以此来作为故事的结尾。如罗广斌、刘德彬、杨益京三人写的《挺进报》的结尾就是这样：

“革命同志以无比的机智战胜了敌人，保全了党组织。”这个结尾就交代了故事的终结。

6、直抒胸臆法

文章结尾，作者毫不掩饰地把自己的希望和内心感情直接写出来。如碧野的《天山景物记》就是这样结尾的：

“朋友，天山的丰美景物何止这些，天山绵延几千里，不论高山、深谷，不论草原、森林，不论溪流、湖泊，处处有奇丽的美景，你要我说可真说不完。如果哪一天你有豪情去游天山，临行前别忘了通知我一声，也许我能给你当一个不很出色的向导。不过当向导在我只是一个漂亮的借口，其实我私心里很想找个机会去重游天山。”这个结尾就表达了作者的希望。

7、烘托法

结尾把环境气氛加以烘托，给人更强烈更深刻的印象。如杨沫的《坚强的战士》就是这样结尾的：

声音开始是林红一个人的，以后变成几个人的，再以后变成几十个、几百个人的了。这口号声越来越洪大，越壮烈，越激昂，好象整个宇宙充满了这高亢的呼声。

8、推测法

文章结尾时，对文中所写的人和物想作个交代，但又没有确凿根据，或者就是为了制造一种悬念，于是就用了推测法。例如《孔乙己》的结尾：

“我到现在终于没有见–大约孔乙己的确死了。”句子的“大约”二字即说明是推测了。

9、对比法

结尾时，把人物或事件的几个方面进行对比，使之更加鲜明突出。例如马克?吐温的《竞选州长》的结尾：

“你的忠实的朋友–从前是个正派人，可是现在成了伪证犯、小偷、盗尸犯、酒疯子、舞弊分子诡讹诈专家的马克?吐温。”

10、绘景法

以描写景物作为结尾。如杜鹏程的《夜走灵官峡》：风，更猛了。雪，更大了。

11、时空法

结尾处点明时间或地点。如《海市》：那真实的海市并非别处，就是庙岛群岛。

12、怀念法

文章结尾处表达出深厚的怀念之情，给人们留下不尽之思。如方纪的《挥手之间》就在结尾处表达了这种感情：

十几年来，延安机场上送行的情景常常出现在眼前：主席站在飞机舱口，用坚定的目光望着送行的人群，用宽大的手掌握住那顶深灰色的盔式帽，慢慢举起，举起，然后用力一挥，停在空中在他面前，无数的战士正朝着他所指的方向奋勇前进。

13、意外法

文章结尾，使人感到出乎意料。如莫泊桑的《项链》：

唉!我可怜的玛蒂尔德!可是我那一挂是假的，至多值五百法郎

14、总结法

文章结尾处把全文内容作个总结，有的还把全文的中心思想归纳出来。如马识途的《我们打了一个大胜仗–四川抗洪救灾记事》的结尾：

四川的党政军民，在这次抗洪救灾向自然作斗争的总体战中，为了抢救国家物资和人民的生命财产，他们公而忘私，国而忘家，置个人安危于不顾，充分发挥了人定胜天的无比威力，打了一个大胜仗!

15、呼吁法

文章结尾，向读者发出呼吁。如鲁迅先生的《狂人日记》：

没有吃过人的孩子或者还有?

救救孩子

16、照应法

文章结尾时，为了使前后呼应，中心明确，线索清楚，结构紧凑，常常要对前文加以照应。照应题目，照应开头，照应线索，照应主人公。如戈果理的《泼留希金》。结尾时就照应了主人公：

现在站在乞乞科夫面前的，就是这样的人!

《变色龙》的结尾就照应了开头：

“我早晚要收拾你!”奥楚蔑洛夫向他恐吓说，裹紧大衣，接着穿过市场的广场径自走了。

17、特写法

在结尾处，把文中所写的人物用“特写镜头”描写出来。如《草地晚餐》的结尾：

夕阳把草原映得更加光辉灿烂。总司令那稳健的身躯，犹如一株青松，在阳光照耀下，显得更加巍然高大。

摘要：小学生的作文毫无新意没有任何新颖的内容和亮点，出现套用多年前的事例来写作。本文分析作文教学现状，根据实际教学中出现的各种问题，提出一些作文教学的创新策略。

关键词：小学语文;作文教学;方法;创新

小学作文教学工作开展并不理想，教学效率低下，许多人认为小学作文训练不是一项简单的工作，小学生没有写作的动力，他们也没有养成良好的积累习惯，没有具体的写作材料可以组织，导致他们在写作时出现流水账式的叙述，没有明确的中心意思表达，语句表意重复繁琐，更谈不上层次清楚和详略得当。大多小学生的作文都存在着言辞干煸、或过于堆积华丽词汇、或语句不通畅不流畅、或脱离实际、天马行空等情况。长久以来，人们只关注教师应该用何种方式去教学生，却没有设身处地换位思考过，如果我是学生，我会不会接受这种方式，这种方式对我是否有用，这是不是我喜欢的方式。小学生处于的特殊的身心发展阶段，写作能力比较弱，需要教师的悉心指导和创新教学方式，需要让小学生的作文更加贴近现实生活，让学生能够把今天或以往发生过的什么有趣的事情叙述清楚。老师要引导学生在日常学习和生活中做个有心人，收集和整理一些写作可用的人和事，坚持写好日记和周记，让作文更真实、更具体、更有生活气息。

导语：不论从何种角度，环保都是当代世界发展不可忽视的一环。它也不再仅仅是一种措施和行动，而是一种经济行为，并带动了一系列相关的产业。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的说明中国发展环保经济的状况的英语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. While developing its economy， China will handle properly the relationship among the population， natural resources and the environment.

2. The Chinese government pays great attention to environmental problems arising from Chinas population growth and economic development.

3. China relies on improving supervision， management and technological progress to promote environmental protection.

4. Land， arable land in particular， should be used reasonably and economically. Strong measures will be taken to strengthen the building of the urban environmental infrastructure， regulate industrial structure and lay-out， shun the unpromising way of pollution first， treatment afterwards， and strengthen prevention and control of the pollution in major river valleys to ensure the security of the drinking water of the inhabitants.

【参考译文】

1、中国在发展经济的同时，将处理好的人口之间的关系，自然资源和环境。

2、中国政府高度关注中国人口增长和经济发展所带来的环境问题。

3、中国依靠强化监督管理和技术进步，促进环境保护。

4、土地，特别是耕地，应该合理和经济地使用。将采取强有力的措施来加强城市环境基础设施建设，调整产业结构和布局，避免“先污染，后治理的工作方式，加强预防和控制主要河流污染以确保居民饮用水安全。

审题：议论文的基本要求是250个字，高分大多在300字左右。建议完成时间是40分钟，图标作文完成时间是20分钟。确定读者对象，应当选用正式文体，措辞礼貌，不必使用专业词汇。注意文字要求，部分作文题目有：you should use your own ideas,knowledge and experience and support your agreements with examples and relevant evidence 的字样，意思为必须用自己的想法、知识体系、经验来支持你的论点。

在题目中出现多个问号的情况一般多为报告类作文，只需要按照问号顺序依次解答问题即可。还有一些作文题目中出现多个问号连续发问式，要求辨别问句之间的主从关系。一般以后一个问题为主，前一个问题为辅。

构思：思路

第一步：在纸上记录能想起来的与作文有关主体和方向有关的所有具体信息。

第二步：根据短时间内得到的信息，决定自己的写作方向。

第三步：从已经罗列出的信息，即正反方论据中总结自己的论点，并且进行加工和排列。

第四步：在具体写作的时候，根据论点的需要，在草稿纸上挑选适当的论据。

生活化细节联想，逆向思维联想。

在拓展思路时，一定避免定向的，大而空的思维模式，尽量把作文题目大处化小，小处化细，细处才可见真情。

在这个竞争日趋激烈的社会背景下，要想获得你梦想中的工作机会光有一份内容完整的 简历 还不足以打动老板的心，但若附加上一份引人注目的求职信正式介绍自己并展示你的价值就如虎添翼了，尤其是应聘外企的时候。开始动笔写英文 求职信 之前，有一些比较实用的建议提供给你以供参考。

明确你的目标

直入主题，解释你为什么写这封 求职信 并说清楚你感兴趣的职位头衔。还可以顺便提一下你是在哪儿获悉这份工作的，让对方对你的信息有一个整体了解："i am writing to express my interest in the sales manager position advertised on your web site. i have enclosed a copy of my resume for your review."

展示你的技能

求职信的关键目的在于向你的雇主证明你是最佳人选，因此确定该职位的技能要求是重要的第一步。然后，罗列出experiences make me an ideal candidate for this position." 你以前与之相关的工作经历，并最后以类似这样的话总结："i am confident that these combined

思路清晰，短小精悍

写求职信不是作文比赛，如果你的文笔一流，适当的修饰自然没错，但要避免华丽的口吻和冗长复杂的句子。思路清晰且短小精悍的句子最能直入人心。不要试图用你太过于复杂的句子来让人印象深刻，否则会让读者有疲劳和困惑感。

一个不想当将军的士兵不是好兵

永远记得你的任务是-推销自己!尽可能描绘你对胜任这份工作的信心与能力："i strongly believe i possess the right combination of skills and experience you are looking for"

说了这么多，最关键的一点就是要put yourself in the employers shoes — 假设你自己就是老板，从这个角度出发来进行最后的梳理与校对工作。

你可以借助微软的语法检查工具先从头至尾检查一遍拼写和语法错误，有可能的话，请你的知心好友帮你一起找找碴，总是有百益而无一害的。

做任何事情都要讲究门“门径”，门径便利，很快可以登堂入室。门径有新有旧，有巧有拙。只要行之有效，就是好方法。初学写作的中学生朋友要想很快进入作文的殿堂，无妨试试以下几种方法：

1、记日记。日记的内容广泛，学习生活中的所见、所闻、所感，都可以作为日记的内容，且形式自由，可长可短。因此，初学者坚持记日记，既能丰富自身的写作素材，又能提高自身的书面表达能力，还可以培养观察、辨析、审判能力。

2、写书评、影（视）评。我们看书、看^电.影（电视），难免会对书（影、视）中的情节、人物或作者的表示方法发表议论。假如能把这些议论记下来，久而久之，我们的写作能力和多篇能力便会得到迅速提高。

3、办手抄报。手抄报的内容可以是自身写的，也可以是从报刊上摘录来的有价值的文章。定期办手抄报可以提高自身的写作兴趣，能从摘录的过程中学到写法，从写的过程中得以练笔。同时又能培养自身的组稿、绘画、版面设计、书写能力。办好的手抄报又便于保管。

4、读后写。所谓“读后写”，就是选择一篇有价值有意义的文章，读过一两遍后，不看文章，凭记忆，把文章的内容具体地写出来。可以用文中的原句，也可用自身的语言，还可进行补充加工。写完后，与原文对照一下，看哪些语句没有把原文的内容充沛地表达出来，哪些语句使原文的内容更加丰富，更加感人。经常做这种练习，能不时地学习到写作的方法，同时又锻炼了自身的比较、记忆和发明能力，空虚自身的“语言仓库”。 以上四种训练方式，在培养作文能力的同时，又使其他方面的能力得以提高。喜好写作的初学者无妨一试。

如何提高信息的产出率、命中率，这是每位组工干部所关注的。现结合自身工作实践与学习体会，就如何写好组工信息，与大家共同进行探讨和交流。不当之处，敬请各位批评指正。

一、信息的概念、特点和作用

信息就是反映工作的文稿，是有价值的、客观情况的反映。层次高的信息是对原始信息的归纳、综合，是各级领导科学决策的重要依据。

信息的特点，主要表现在三个方面。一是具有宏观性。信息主要是为领导决策提供服务的，它所产生的效应直接或间接体现在决策方面。要求撰写信息人员围绕工作主题、单位工作中心工作抓大问题，抓有碍全局的实际问题，抓政策性问题，抓重要的监管动态以及重大的社情民意，而不是摄取小镜头，捕捉小花絮。二是具有真实性。与新闻报道不同，新闻报道要注重政治影响，而信息则要求实事求是。不管是喜是忧，都必须如实报告。一就是一，二就是二，决不允许在数字上来大概加估计。三是具有权威性。信息必须经过本级领导审查后方可报出，应该是具有严肃性的官方消息，决不是不加约束混淆视听的小道消息。

信息具有四个方面的作用，简单讲就是，宣传、协调、交流和引导。

二、信息的采编技巧

(一)要学会取材。有的同志反映，身边眼前都是平平常常的业务工作，哪有那么多具有价值的信息呢？信息从哪里来呢？通过积累和实践摸索，有14条采集信息的途径可以利用，用言简意赅的98个字加以概括，那就是：文件堆里挖；翻阅材料筛；讲话稿中捡；领导口中理；联系上下摸；会议之中捕；参与活动追；重大事件抢；深入基层拾；关注新闻抓；掌握规律掏；情况反馈传；跟踪问效知；利用网络选。信息就在我们的实际工作中，只要我们勤奋加刻苦，敏锐而深入，还会拓展出更多的渠道来，也一定会发现信息取之不尽，用之不竭。

(二)要注重时效。信息就像山里的药材，适时是宝，过时是草。要勤写快报，准确性中求快，新中求活，实中求深，是提高信息产出率的高招实招。同样一件事，你抢先一步，可能被录用，如果滞缓半拍，很可能被打入冷宫。

（三）要体现特色。条条块块承担的职能不同，信息的产生势必各有侧重。只有注重挖掘工作中的亮点，聚焦工作中的难点，采集领导关注的热点，信息工作才能源头活水滚滚来。

（四）要实事求是。编撰信息必须树立实事求是的文风，不做假大空的文章。不乱提诸如战略、战役、战术、方略等过高的口号。语言要求准确、朴实、精练、明快、提神，避免客套话和空话。

（五）要对号入座。要根据信息层次不同，需求不同，量体裁衣，看菜吃饭，适合于哪一级信息刊物用的就报给哪一级，内外有别。各有侧重，不搞一刀切，一锅煮。

三、信息的写法

(一)细琢鲜明标题。标题是信息内容的统帅、纲领。题常意要新，意常题要新，这是对标题较高的要求。如何写好标题：是题文一致。标题必须与内容一致，不能用一些不适当的副词、形容词，以免华而不实、故弄玄虚。同时，标题的观点在信息中要有充分的依据，语言精准，让人想看下去。内容准确，少不了时间，地点、人物、事件、效果等。

二是选择句式的艺术。陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句是汉语的四种基本句式。陈述句是将所要叙述的事情直接陈列表述出来。信息标题大量使用的是陈述句，并且多用主谓型结构。

1、注意平时积累，做生活的有心人。

生活的积累是写作的源泉，就像罗丹所说的“美是到处都有的。对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而缺少发现。”因此，我们要培养学生做生活的有心人，善于留心观察身边的事物，到大自然中去陶冶美的性情，到社会生活中去发现美的事物。只有生活丰富多彩、热爱生活的人，思想才会活跃，感情才会丰富，才可能写出感人的文章。

2、留心观察，善于捕捉事物特征。

正如指出的：“一棵树的叶子，看上去是大体相同的，但仔细一看，每片叶子都有不同。有共性，也有个性，有相同的方面，也有相异的方面。”因此，要注意培养学生细心观察的习惯，使他们在细心观察的基础上善于找出同类事物千差万别的个性和特征。

3、注重阅读，丰富间接生活积累。

生活的直接积累对写作是十分重要和有意义的，但受着时间、空间的限制，人的精力和经验总是有限的，不可能任何生活都直接参与、直接体验。因此，要培养学生善于阅读的好习惯，因为大量的知识要从书本中来获得。同时，使学生养成写阅读笔记的学习习惯。俗话说：“好记性不如烂笔头。”只要大量阅读，善于积累，同样可以从中获得对生活的丰富感受，提高生活的认识。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

重视作者的全面修养，从根本上增强写作主体对于客体的理解、把握能力。

在写作活动中，作者对于客观事物的反映总是能动的、积极的。一篇文章的思想内容和艺术特色，不仅是作者某种写作意图和写作能力的直接体现，也是他整个人的思想、感情、阅历、个性特征、文化水平和个人风格的折光。所以人们常用“文如其人”来说明作者和文章写作的关系。加强作者自身的修养，全面地锻炼自己正是学好写作的根本条件。

首先，要锻炼思想，陶冶感情。鲁迅先生早在20年代就指出：“我以为根本问题是在作者可是一个’革命人’，倘是的，则无论写的是什么事件，用的是什么材料，即都是’革命文学’。从喷泉里出来的都是水，从血管里流出的都是血。”这就是说，作者的理想、情操和审美眼光，对文章的特色和价值是起决定作用的。对我们初学者来说，首先应该认真学习马克思列宁主义、毛主席思想和邓爷爷理论，树立科学的世界观和崇高的人生理想，积极自觉地参加各种有益于国家、集体或他人的实践活动，在广阔的社会生活中锻炼思想，陶冶感情，更好地增强自己的写作激情以及发现新事物、看出新问题的能力。

其次要积累生活，拓展知识。文章是客观事物的反映，生活是文章写作的源泉。文章的内容及其表达，和作者的生活知识储备有着密切的关系。生活阅历浅，知识贫乏，很难写出好文章。丰富的生活经验和广博的知识，不仅给作者提供了大量的写作信息，而且可以激发作者的写作欲望，充分调动作者的创造力和想象力，使文章写得更充实，更准确，更生动，更优美。我们要积极地投身生活，在生活的感知中积累经验，拓展知识，不断更新自己的知识结构，充实自己的头脑，为灵感的触发和文思的活跃提供更多的水源或燃料。

再次，要训练思维，提高智能。文章是客观事物的反映，但要根据客观事物制作成文章，还需要有多方面的智能。比如在认识和摄取客观事物时，作者需要有观察能力，发现能力，采集能力;在构思过程中，需要有综合、分析能力，筛选加工能力，想象能力和创造能力;在表达时，需要有结构能力，语言运用能力和修改能力。写作还需要有一定的技巧，技巧也是能力的体现。整个写作，要靠诸种智能和技巧的综合运用。在运用各种智能和技能的过程中，思维贯串于始终。写作正是以思维为核心组织各种能力和技巧的一种综合性智力活动。没有积极而富有创造性的思维，诸种智能和技巧难以发挥，写作对象也主很难如意地转化成理想的文章形式。为此，培养和发展思维品质，提高思维能力，正是发展智能、开拓思路、写好文章的重要一环，也是作者全面修养的一个重要组成方面。

多读、多写、多改，“在游泳中学会游泳”。

1、博览，精读，从范文和例文中体会和学习各种写法。

写作和阅读不可分割。读写结合，从范文中借鉴，极有助于提高写作能力。古人说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”，“劳于读书，逸于作文”，这些经验之谈，是有道理的。

阅读对于写作的作用是多方面的。首先，博览群书，可以开阔思维，活跃文思。陆机说：“伫中区以玄览，颐情志于典坟。”他认为观察事物可激发文思，研读古籍也可以丰富文思。有些人写文章如行云流水，笔到之处，文意丰富，言辞自然，这和他读书多有极大关系。其次，阅读还可以吸取和丰富写作材料。从根本上说，写作中的材料都是取自社会生活，但一个人的阅历有限，不可能对宇宙间过去和现在的所有事物都去直接观察和感受。广泛阅读，则可以帮助我们了解自己不可能亲自去接触、认知的生活和知识，从而丰富自己的写作材料。第三，阅读又是掌握写作规律、学习写作方法的有效途径。别人的好文章读得多了，耳濡目染，便会懂得文章作法。鲁迅先生也特别提倡这一点。他说：“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着‘应该怎样写’。”他称这为“实物教授法”。熟读名篇佳作，往往会从写法上加以效仿。读多了，效仿的次数多了，慢慢主会变成自己的方法，并能有所改进和创造。第四，阅读又可以丰富我们的词汇，提高运用语言的能力。一切古今中外名著，都是语言巨匠用提炼加工而成成的规范化的语言写成的，阅读名作，可以帮助我们更好地丰富语汇，了解更多的句式和修辞手法掌握运用评议的基本规律，提高运用评议的技巧。

2、多写多练，勇于实践，不断摸索

写作方法和技巧的掌握，最主要的途径还是要靠自己的实践。凡是有成就的作者在谈写作经验时，没有一个不强调“做”字。清人唐彪对

此有一段精辟的论述，他说：“学人只喜多读文章，不喜多做文章;不知多读乃藉人之功夫，多做乃切实求已功夫，其曾益相去远也。人之不乐多做者，大抵因艰难费力之故;不知艰难费力者，由于手笔不熟也。若荒蔬之后作文艰难，每日即一篇半篇无不可;渐演至熟，自然易矣。”他在另一段话里又说：“谚云，’读十篇不如作一篇’。盖常做则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽易，为之则难。沈虹野云：’文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不做。’”这些话讲得都是极为中肯的。

练习写作，要端正态度，防止和克服一些不正确的思想。首先要有信心。初学写作，可能写不好，如同小孩子学走路，开始时总是要摔跤的，但走着走着，也就学会了。写作也是一样，开始写不好是正常的，关键是不要因此失掉信心。只要持之以恒，慢慢就会上路。一些写作上很有成就的文章家、作家，他们的文化程度原来并不高，开始时也写不好。但他们不怕失败，不怕别人讥笑，能从实践中总结经验教训，不断摸索，终而取得成功。

练习写作，要防止自卑或自负心理。有些人开始时劲头很大，但写一段之后就停下来，不是由于失败而自卑，就是由于自满而止步。这些都是提高写作能力的大障碍。鲁迅先生就：“一个作者，’自卑’固然不好，’自负’也不好;容易停滞。我想，顶好是不要自馁，总是干，但也不可自满，仍旧总是用功。”写作是一种相当复杂的精神劳动，想要一蹴而就，一下子就写出好文章是不可能的。“自卑”和“自负”都容易停滞、倒退，只有总是“用功”，不停的“干”，才能有所长进。

初学写作往往还有一种急躁情绪，一下子就想写长篇大作，而不注重基本功的训练。殊不知做任何事情都要注意打基础和练基本功。基础不牢，功底不厚，事情就很难办好，只有脚踏实地，由小到大，由简至繁，由粗到精，才能逐步掌握写作要领，真正有所成就。

3、多听意见，深入思考，反复修改

文章是客观事物的反映。客观事物是复杂的，人们对客观事物的认识也要有个过程。只有深入思考，反复加工，才能正确、恰当地反映客观实际，表达好自己的思想感情。

修改是写作中的一个重要环节，是保证文章质量、提高写作水平的重要途径。有些人信奉所谓“一挥而就，文不加点”，写完后自己不看，不改，也不请教别人，这样就很难发现问题，更谈不到精益求精。有人是为了怕麻烦，写完了事，至于写得如何，他就不管了，这是一种不负责任的表现。它们都是提高写作水平的拦路虎、绊脚石。

修改文章，还要虚心求教，多听别人的意见。因为一个人的认识和能力总是有限的，只有躬身求教，博采众长，文章方能长进。古今中外许多大作家，不但善于向作家学习，还能向师友以及一般读者求教。相传唐代大诗人白居易“每作诗，令老妪解之，问曰：’解否？’妪曰：’解’，则录之，’不解’，则又复易之。”法国大作家莫里哀常把自己的作品读给女仆吃后悔药，每读完一部新作，女仆都称赞说写得好，莫里哀以为她文化低，是有意讨好主人。有一次，莫里哀故意把写失败了的剧本念给她听，结果女仆瞪大眼睛说：“这不是先生写的。”莫里哀听后非常震惊。可见文化低的人同样也能够鉴别文章的好坏。这里的关键是虚心，要有群众观点，放得下架子，才能得到有益的帮助。

重视写作基础理论知识的学习，提高以理论指导写作的自觉性，减少盲目性。

前面说过，写作是文章作者创造性的精神活动，也是社会性的文化现象。一篇文章的得失好坏，不仅决定于作者自身的个性、禀赋或努力程度，也和他对这一精神活动的客观规律以及与此相应的规范性要求的理解、把握程度有关。所谓写作理论，主要就是对于这些规律规范的概括和阐释。

有的同志轻视写作理念知识对于写作实践的指导作用，认为不学理念也可以写出文章，其根据是有的作家没有学习写作理念知识，也写出了很好的作品。这个看法是片面的。事实上，所有会写文章的人，都是自觉或不自觉地通过不同途径，在写作的规律性知识方面积累了较高理论素养或丰富的经验性体会的。有些人由于种种原因未能系统地学习写作理论知识，但他在练习写作的过程中，一定也阅读过许多范文，在这些范文中，就蕴含某些写作原理和规律，所以他也等于是在学习借鉴前人的写作实践中掌握了他们。毛主席同志在《实践论》中说过：“感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解

了的东西才更深广地感觉它。”系统的理论学习和具体的经验积累之较高的理论修养，自己在实践中就能自学地扬长避短，阅读别人作品也能更好地分辨精华、糟粕，对于写作能力的提高自然会有更大的帮助。

学习知识和理论，目的是指导实践，要在能力的转化上多下功夫。即使是对知识、理论掌握程度的考核，也就在把重点话如何运用知识、理念来分析问题、说明问题上面，而不以单纯地复述、背诵要领或条条为满足。再说，知识和理论的作用，主要在于说明写作活动自身的矛盾运动及其变化规律，帮助习作者端正学习态度，改进学习方法，而不可能提供什么一试就灵的仙丹妙药或是照搬不误的万能模式。

正因为如此，我们在重视学习科学的理论知识与前人成功经验的同时，还须与发挥自己独立的创造精神有机地结合起来。古人云：“文有大法无定法。观前人之法而自为之，而自立其法……不死，文自新而法无穷矣。”又说：“所谓法者，行所不得不行，止所不得不止……自神明变化于其中。若泥定此处应如何，彼处应如何，不以意运法，转以意从法，刚死法也。”今天我们同样需要有这样的学习态度和写作态度。

小学是学生学写作文的基础阶段，小学生以学习写记叙文为主，而写好记叙文的关键之一就是要写好人物。因此，小学作文教学应从写好人物抓起。本文浅谈作文教学中的人物描写方法，欢迎阅读了解。

在教学实践中，根据学生的实际情况，采取多种形式，加强人物描写的训练，收到了较好的效果。

《小学语文教学大纲》指出：小学作文教学应该从说到写，由易到难，由简到繁，循序渐进。在一、二年级说通顺话，写通顺句子的基础上为重点教学。中年级着重进行人物描写，片段训练。高年级重在写个人的成篇作文。这就为指导了学生描写人物指导了方向。如何指导小学生写人，现将自己在作文教学中的点滴体会浅谈如下。

一、以读促写，学会观察，描写人物

在阅读教学中，根据儿童模仿力强的特点，引导学生学习课文中作者观察人物。分析人物的方法。指导学生把阅读教学中的基本功运用到自己的作文中去，做到以读促写。

如《我的弟弟》一文中写到：“弟弟长得脑袋大，身子小，面黄肌瘦，难友们都疼爱地叫他小萝卜头。”寥寥几笔刻画出弟弟的长相特点。借此教学生学习作者观察方法和描写方法。即描写人物外貌时，一定要注意发现他们细微之处，抓住人物最突出，最特别的外貌特征。切忌眉毛胡子一把抓。其次是按一定顺序去观察，去描写。请看：

小外甥可淘气了，每次从外面回来，蓬乱的头发上总沾着些沙粒，汗顺着脸颊流下来，脸蛋上东一道，西一道的泥水印儿，小嘴四周黑乎乎的像长了胡子，衣服的领子总是向上翘着，第三个扣子系到第二个扣眼上，这模样让人看了既好笑又好气。这段人物描写作者先写了小外甥的头、面部特点。再写了他的衣着特点。最后写出了作者的感受。在教学中，小学生对人物的外貌描写产生了浓厚的兴趣。积极举手，要求尝试。我趁机设计了人物外貌描写的片段作文教学目标。以《我的***》为题，就写本班自己最熟悉的人，要求按顺序去观察，抓住他与别人不同的外貌特点去写。比比看谁速度快，特点抓得准，老师看了你的作文，只要能猜出他是谁？准给你得“优”。这下可热闹了，大家互相观察着，议论着。努力寻找对方突出的特征，结果令人满意，每个同学都能抓住对方的突出特征，避免了千人一面，千篇一律的写法。

要写一个人，只要描写人物的外貌是远远不够的。这要求我们从各方面刻画人物，才能反映人物的精神品质，如神态描写，语言描写，动作描写，但对小学生来说可是件难事。为此，我采用分析法指导学生分别写人物的动作神态语言。心理活动等片段作文训练，在教学语言描写时，我以《院子里的悄悄话》，《陶罐和铁罐》等典型课文为范文，学生分角色朗读铁罐的傲满，陶罐的谦虚，扣人心弦的对话，幽默风趣的提示语，极大地调动了小学生学习语言的兴趣，需掌握提示语在前，在中间，在后，省略提示语等，我又以语言描写为训练为目标，让学生走向社会，走进家庭，细心观察，选择最佳对话，小记茶余饭后，家庭谈天等。随后又教学生分别掌握了动作神态，心理活动等片段描写。

二、从典型事例中集中表现人物的品质

举例仿佛一面镜子，可以映照出人物的性格特点，精神面貌等。写好事例。就可以使人物形象更丰满。充满活力，这就要求小学生深入生活，留心观察，认真思考，根据表达的需要。捕捉生活中表现力最强的典型事例来展示人物形象。可以写出自己“最熟悉的人”和“最真实的事”。怎样在事中表现人，在人物语言，动作等片段训练的基础上，我又以《罗盛教》《少年闰土》等为范文，教会学生抓住特点观察。《罗盛教》一文使学生明白，只有按事情发展的顺序写，才能把事情写完整，但必须仔细观察和描写出在事情发展中人物的语言，动作神态特点。合理推测人物的心理。如《罗盛教》一文中，作者紧紧抓住罗盛教救崔莹时“站，甩，冲，钻”等一连串的动作特点，生动形象地刻画罗盛教舍己救人的高大形象。学生逐渐掌握了事情发展中性不同方面综合描写人物的写作方法。我又设计了《记一个人》的成篇作文教学目标。指导学生以《我的爸爸》《我的妈妈》《我的老师》等为题。仔细观察人物的外貌，性格，语言动作，神态描写等特点，列举具体事例，进行描写，起初教会学生通过一件事情表现人物，慢慢地学会通过两件事情或三件事情再现人物的形象，这样，学生就笔下有物，言之有序，很快一个活生生的人物形象展现在读者面前。

三、沟通情感、有情感可发、有话可写

“感人心者莫过于情”。我在指导学生写作文时，要求他们写出真情实感，只有真实，才能使作文描写人物显得有生命力，适时与老师，家长，学生等互相沟通心灵。心理学家认为，赞扬、勉励可鼓舞学生士气，提高描写人物的信心，融洽和谐的师生关系，父（母）子、（女）关系，同学关系，可使学生无忧无虑的学习和生活，这其中，教师是“爱”的集大成者，师生之间没有血缘关系，然而人类主要靠师生相承，才创作出人物美好的品行世界。前苏联著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基说：“教师不仅要成为一个教导者，而且要成为学生的朋友。和他们一起克服困难，一起享受欢乐和忧愁。”这不正说明了教师是爱的化身，爱的使者吗？只要对学生倾注一份爱心，学生就能敞开心扉，说出，写出自己心中的偶像人物特征，写出了自己对教师的敬爱，如有这样一篇作文，文章写到：“又是一个教师节了，我留恋在琳琅满目的贺年卡长摊前，寻找着，寻找着……”蓦的，一张素雅的贺年卡映入我的眼帘，淡蓝的夜空笼罩着一望无际的沙滩，一轮圆月将慈祥的目光洒在波涛起伏的海上。下面有一行小字，我想作一次飞行，去寻找老师描绘的那片神奇的土地。刹那间，我仿佛站在蓝天下的沙滩中，看到我永远忘不了的我的班主任叶老师……。”还写到：“那天，残阳如雪，叶老师带领我们全体同学在教学楼后栽了一株小杏树，这棵小树的成长，象征着集体的力量，凝聚着师生间深深的爱”。在她的内心深处，她真心祝愿她的老师能过一个快乐的教师节，她用一篇作文表达了师生之间浓浓的情意。

四、强化写作训练，反馈作文信息

实践证明，只有加强作文小练笔，才能提高小学生的作文水平，在教学中，我鼓励学生面向社会，仔细观察，发现积累素材，多看、多写、多练。写日记、写周记、写小作文、一周写一次大作文。以命题作文如《我的自画像》或半命题作文《记一个……的老师》等为题。开展多种形式的作文兴趣，同时，严把作文质量关，认真批改好每一篇作文，及时发现作文中存在的问题，表扬并张贴优秀作文，重视面向全体进行作文讲评，力求做到“精”和“广”。“精”就是对共性问题提出来大家分析，评论，让学生评定，“广”就是扩大讲评篇数，举一反三，将自己作文与优秀作文比较，看看自己的习作是否达到训练目标，大大地提高了学生的作文水平。

万丈高楼平地起，作文教学必须从小抓起，循序渐进，人物描写即从学会人物的外貌，语言，动作，心理等片断训练到完整地写一个人的成篇作文训练，随着年级的升高逐渐提出新的作文教学目标，功夫不负有心人，只要平时加强阅读，强化作文训练，那么一篇篇如见其人，如闻其声的优秀作文就会展现在读者面前，使人耳目一新。

我们能生活在这美好、精彩的世界上，是因为我们的父母养育了我们。那么关于感恩父母的作文怎么写呢？下面是小编整理的感恩父母作文的写作方法，希望对你有帮助！

1、审清题目

审清对象

看我们的作文要求，感恩父母，主题一定是要围绕父母。

审明范围

那么应该写点什么呢，其实无非就是一些父母对自己的好的事例，从而对父母表达感激之情

审准重点

这篇作文重在感恩，既要写父母亲对我们的好，同样要写出我们对父母亲的感激之情，以后怎样报答父母。如果只写父母，没写我们的感激之情，那么只是一片描写父母的文章，如果只写了对“我”的感激之情，只是表表决心，也是轻重倒置，重点不突出。

2、学会给文章起个好标题

要切合文章的思想内容，不要“题不对文”。

要具体，有内容，不要空泛，华而不实。

要醒目，有新意，能引人入胜，不要老一套，一般化，照抄照搬。

要精练，不要累赘。

3、学会刻画细节

我们平常接触的最多的人应该就是我们的父母了，对于他们我们应该是了若指掌的，我们可以从小着手，把生活中微小的细节描写出来，事小而情真，升华我们的主题

4、运用丰富词汇

做衣服要用布料，盖房子要用木料，说话、写文章也要有材料，这就是词汇。有的同学掌握的词汇很少，一提起笔来就觉得没词儿，腹中空空，肚子里什么货都没有，有的即使勉强写出来了，也是空洞洞、干巴巴的几条筋，颠来倒去总是那么几个词。

高考英语任务型写作训练练习（一）

读写任务（满分25分）

请阅读以下的短文，然后根据提供的任务说明和写作要求， 写一篇150字左右的英语短文。

（任务说明）

1.概括短文的内容要点（该部分的字数大约60-80）；

2.清楚地陈述你自己的看法；

3.提供具有一定说服力的论据或实例来支持你的观点，可以参照文中的内容，但不能抄袭文中的句子；

4.文章体裁不限，但必须结构合理，内容连贯，有条理性。

（阅读材料）

Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文

With the worldwide increase of population， more and more water is needed. Meanwhile，the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.

随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。

On a personal level， to solve the problem with fresh water， both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example， for the government， it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides， education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals， we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.

在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。

大凡传世之作，除文辞精美之外，恐怕更主要的就是在构思新颖、使人耳目一新上了。“文如观山不喜平”，讲的就是作文大忌——平淡无奇而缺少新意。文章怎样才能脱“平”而出“新”呢？其基本方法有以下四种。

一、违常情，背常理，转换角度，另辟蹊径。常情常理，往往成为人们的心理定势，束缚着人们的思维，如能从反面作文，不仅能给人乐趣，给人新知，令人爱读，更有标新立异，见地独到，发人深思，引人入胜，产生云中透日、奇峰突起的奇效。例如有这样一篇文章：《为各人自扫门前雪叫好》，作者一改前人对“各人自扫门前雪”的贬斥态度，而是振振有词、理直气壮地为“各人自扫门前雪”大唱赞歌，认为这就是承包制，要职责分明，责任到人。这种做法符合时代精神，紧跟改革的浪潮。这种思维方法，冲破了以往的思想樊篱，赋以新意，给人以启迪。

二、设疑点，造悬念，抑扬有致，波澜起伏。一篇文章，如看头而知尾，平直如线，一览无余，读者就会觉得如嚼一杯开水，寡而无味。若文中疑点重重，悬念环生，欲扬先抑，一波三折，就会使读者观文而入情，入情而忘返。例《枣核》一文就采用了这种方法。作者动身访美前，旧时同窗来信，再三托咐他带几颗生枣核，用途蹊跷，文章一开始就制造了一个悬念。到美后，和友人一见面，友人就殷切地问“带来了吗”？作者问他枣核的用途，友人却故弄玄虚地说，等会儿就知道了，从而再造悬念。到友人家，友人不是告诉作者枣核的用途，而是劈头问作者觉不觉得他的花园有点家乡味道。从而三设悬念，一抑而再抑，层层递进，环环相扣，既紧紧抓住了读者，急欲知道友人要作者给他带枣核的用途，也为情节高潮的到来蓄势。但是当友人说出枣核的用途之后，悬念释除，而友人这个久离故土的游子的思乡之情也就淋漓尽致地表现出来，从而突出了文章的主题。

三、制造矛盾，产生误会，推动情节，渲染气氛。这种方法影视、戏曲中常用，记叙文中也屡见不鲜。如《醉人的春夜》就用了这种方法。文中有这样的情节：夜深人静，小伙子骑车一掠而过，可又回来了，女青年陈静以为要加害自己，心里顿时紧张起来，以致语无伦次，不知所措。其实小伙子回来是要帮她修车，这是第一次误会。车无法修好，小伙子又问她家住多远，陈静以为他不怀好意，又没了主意，并下意识地往前紧走几步。实际上小伙子的想法是近则送一程，远则再想法把车修好，这是第二次误会。车修好后，陈静问小伙子要多少钱，小伙子说五块钱，陈静愕然，以为这是敲诈。实际上小伙子只是开个玩笑，这是第三次误会。作者这种制造矛盾、产生误会的方法，既增加了情节的曲折性，渲染了一种紧张、幽默、和谐的气氛，同时人物鲜明的性格，美好的心灵，以及文章深刻的主题也得到充分的展示。

四、设计巧合，前后呼应，合乎情理，出人意外。俗话说“无巧不成书”。在叙事性的作品中，常用这种方法。如《水浒·林教头风雪山神庙》就运用了这种方法。林冲被陷害发配沧州，身处他乡而举目无亲，可忽然耳听有人喊他，原来是酒生儿李小二在此地与恩人相遇，这是一巧。林冲的死对头陆虞候等人，奉高俅之命，前来沧州追杀林冲，他们在店中密谋，恰好被李小二听见，于是才有小二报信，林冲寻仇的情节，这是二巧。林冲为御寒而前去买酒，走后雪压屋塌，幸免于一死，这是三巧。林冲无处栖身，夜宿山神庙，陆虞候等人放火烧草料场，林冲再逃劫难，并在庙内听到陆虞候等人谋害他的始末缘由的议论，这是四巧。这些巧合的运用都前有伏笔，后有照应，乍看出人意料，细想入情入理，从而推动情节曲折发展，增强了表达效果。

作文如能善用以上四法，说理则可振聋发聩，发人深省，警醒世人；叙事则情节曲折，峰回路转，引人入胜，让人手不释卷。

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，下面是小编为大家整理的人物描写方法，希望能帮到您！

人物的描写是根据描写的对象，主要分为外貌（肖像、衣着、神态）、语言描写、动作描写、人物心理描写以及生活细节的描述。写人，可以直接写头发、画眼睛，使其栩栩如生，这叫直接描写；还有一种方法那就是间接描述，比如他人转述，通过别人来反衬，以景衬人等等。根据对对象的轻重，简略、着墨的浓淡，除此之外，人物描写还可归纳为白描、漫画式勾勒、浓墨重彩细描等等。

一、白描

利用言简意赅的文字，不加渲染烘托。不用色彩修饰，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，最大限度的少用形容词，单纯的描出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，胳膊下挟着一叠大小不一的书籍。”《藤野先生》——鲁迅

寥寥数语，变形象而又生动的描绘了他的简朴生活和对教学的治学严谨形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

用以极其夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，把人物塑造为形态各异、千奇百怪、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小；由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”（王润滋《卖蟹》）

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人；穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发；牙黄羽纱的长衫；隶体‘一’字似的胡须；左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”（阿累《一面》）

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。