英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文题目推荐20篇

In order to let me have a full and happy summer vacation,I made a plan for

the summer vacation.

Every day,I will go to exercise for an hour,it can let me have a strong

healthy body.I will arrange two hours to do the teacher the assignment.Reading

for an hour,reading can let me know a lot of extra-curricular knowledge,to the

all-round development.We will accumulate some good word,when reading a book to

improve my writing.

Except,I will also let the parents give me quote some interest groups,let

me batteries.Floods and other disasters in learning to swim,to save his life.To

learn the piano,can develop around the brain,flexible with your fingers.Learn

how to dance,to be able to make the body soft and build the temperament of your

high school.Pen calligraphy,three grade for me to use a ball-point pen to write

a good foundation.

Read thousands of books,not equal to view.This summer,mom and dad will take

me to different places let me open mind.We are going to go to

England,Beijing,Inner Mongolia,xinjiang,Taiwan,sichuan,hubei,hunan.Because to

place a lot,so I want to strive,to finish the homework earlier.

毕业时，一份认真的，实事求是的毕业自我鉴定是对自己学业最好的总结。都是哪些鉴定内容呢？以下为您提供几点大学毕业生自我鉴定样板，仅供参考。

一、毕业生的自我鉴定的主要内容：

（一）思想道德素质方面：

1、对党的领导和党的路线、方针、政策等方面的理解和认识，参加学校组织的各项思想政治教育活动及政治表现；

2、遵守国家、学校的各种法规和制度的表现；

3、参加集体活动，团结同学，主动为大家服务方面的情况；

4、参加社会实践及学校组织的各种有益活动的情况；

5、参加政治理论、形势政策等思想道德修养类课程的学习情况。

（二）专业素质方面：

1、学习态度和学习自觉性方面的表现；

2、学习成绩和专业知识的掌握程度；

3、科学研究活动成果及创新能力方面的表现。

（三）身心素质方面：

1、参加校、院、系和班级组织的各项体育活动情况；

2、体育课成绩及体育特长、体育达标情况；

3、身体健康状况；

4、心理健康水平状况。

（四）专业能力方面：

1、根据社会的需要，对自己的能力做一个较全面的基本估计；

2、自己的专长和特点。

（五）存在的主要缺点和今后的努力方向。

二、具体要求：

1、毕业生写好自我鉴定首先应认真听取老师和同学的意见。老师对学生的学业和品德比较了解，同学之间朝夕相处，也比较熟悉，注意听取他们的意见，有助于写好自我鉴定；其次，自我鉴定必须写实，要本着实事求是的原则，成绩找够，缺点找准，恰如其份地做出总结鉴定，以利于用人单位较全面、客观了解毕业生，从而有针对性地培养和帮助毕业生更好地开展工作。

2、在毕业生登记表发放前各院系要召开动员大会，对毕业生自我鉴定、班主任（导师）鉴定意见的撰写切实加强指导，做到严肃认真、准确、诚实。填写时字迹要清楚，表述要确切，用水笔或毛笔填写。毕业生自我鉴定字数不得少于800字。

3、没有按照要求填写的毕业生登记表不能进档，个人档案将不给寄送。

要做到短期内拿下雅思小作文

一、寻觅小作文需要表达的重点

见到图形表达题，你心中就需要思考这个图形题需要表述的重点在哪里。作答时先说明再梳理数据。切不可将文章写成账本式的文字，否则，你就会得到很低的分数。

例如：The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000. Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km to around 3,000 km in the year 2000.

文章的主句应该对文章要表达的趋势，量的大小作出说明，相关的数据则补充在后面。雅思小作文考察的精髓还是查看考生的英文表达能力，精简凝练。你的描述要让阅卷者脑海中浮现出图形的样本，数量和趋势等等相关变量。如果你能达到以上这些要求，那么小作文本身也就基本上合格了。

二、了解图形的分类规律

图形描述题，按照标准图形来分，可以分为line graph (curve), bar chart, pie chart以及table，按照表达重点来分，分为趋势类和大小类，分类依据于题中的时间列表。一般来说，出现时间段的图形题都是以描述数据变化趋势为主。

三、准备必要的表达方式

1. 与趋势有关的词语：

上升(动词)：increase, rise, climb, ascend, surge, shoot up

下降(动词)：decrease, decline, drop, fall, descend, plunge

持平(动词)：remain stable, keep constant, level o第一文库网ff, flatten out

波动(动词)：fluctuate, wave, go up and down

快速(形容词/副词)：considerable/considerably, significant/significantly,substantial/substantially,remarkable/remarkably, dramatic/dramatically

稳步(形容词/副词)：steady/steadily, stable/stably, moderate/moderately, modest/modestly

缓慢(形容词/副词)：slight/slightly, minimal/minimally, marginal/marginally

顶点(名词 /动词)：peak

趋势 (名词)：trend/ tendency

2. 与大小相关的词语：

Outnumber (动词)：在数量上超过The demonstrators were outnumbered by the police

Exceed (动词)：在数量上超过

Triple (动词)：变成三倍The figure has tripled.

Double (动词)：变成两倍The price of houses has virtually doubled over the past few years.

Mount to (动词)：达到

Counterpart (名词)：对应的另一方，比较的另一方 this product is better than its counterparts

此外，建议考生还应考虑一下题中数据和百分比有没有联系，如果有的话还应添加一些数据所占百分比的语句。

3. 相关词语：

百分比(名词)：proportion, rate, percentage, share

占据 (动词)：occupy, comprise, constitute, account for, represent.

数字：number, amount, data, figure

比例：rate, proportion, percentage, share

大约：roughly, about, nearly, approximately, a little less than, slightly more than

各自地：respectively, for each，severally

四、注重连词的使用

连词在语句中起着承上启下的作用，添加连词，可以增加文章的逻辑感，使得文章更加严谨，同时，文章中连词的使用也要讲究一定的形式，我们在文章中一般称之为形连。

五、Integrity and Perfection

文章有了恰当的表达方式，还需要进行一些细节方面的修饰，添加数据时，形式要整齐划一，有不随便删除和添加数量单位，增加连词的使用，加强文章的严谨度，采用一些多样化的数据添加方式，是文章看起来有理有据，中心思想贯穿全文。

主要数据添加方式有：

1. 利用标点，如括号和破折号

2. 利用介词，如with, at, to, by等

3. 利用分词或从句，倒装句

考生在备战雅思小作文的过程中，考生应按照以上的基础因此分析相关的真题和范文，多多总结经验，找出思想上的共性和有亮点的语句，并且进行模仿练习。我们有理由相信，同学们通过专门的训练，一定能在雅思小作文写作中取得好成绩。

我们在写作文是，一般都能写的好，但想要拿高分就很难了，下面是小编整理的提高写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

一、细观察

细致观察是提高写作水平的金钥匙。文章是客观事物在作者头及中反映的产物，要反映客,不必须对客观事物作仔细的观察。只有仔细地观察，才能从生活现象的矿藏中发现碎金璞玉，于泥沙混杂中攫取闪光的宝物。不掌握，“观察”这把开门的金钥匙，作文的“铁门限”是决然跨不进去的。

二、多阅读

广泛阅读是提高作文水平的前提条件。要写出好文章，就必须多读书。“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”“熟读唐诗三首，不会作诗会吟。”鲁迅先生也提倡多读书，“必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了。”我们强调既要多读，又要选择地读，更要读进去，理解所读文章的结构技艺，语言特点，从中掌握作文定得深刻些，变化多一些。

三、巧选材

精心选择是提高作文水平的加速器。选材的要求是要新颖，所谓新颖，就是批要选择一般人没有接触过的，或熟视无睹崦实含表深刻意义的。一经作者笔之于书，就会发人深思令人感奋的材料。选材角度要小，要以小见大，写人人眼中有，人人笔下无的材料。为此，必须在头脑中把各种材料比较、分析、综合，进行去粗取精，改造加工，只有这样，才能使材料新颖。而这种积极思考、反复推敲的选析工夫，对提高作文水平很有帮助。

四、常练笔

经常练笔是提高作文水平的关键。要想入作文的大门，并求得不断进步，更重要的是多练。谚语说的好：“文章读十篇，不如写一篇。”这就道出了作文实践出真知的道理。我们学习了一篇文章之后，弄懂了文章的结构方法，弄清了文章的写作特色，就要学着运用这些知识与方法去实践，去练习，使之变成自身的作文能力。实际上，我们第学习一篇课文后都可以进行练笔。而片断练习是练笔的一种好方式，片断练习所花的时间不长，又达到了练笔的目的。写日记也是一种有效的练笔方式，天天坚持写日记，以后俄文就有了坚实的基础。

五、勤修改

反复修改是提高作文水平的催化剂。修改是作文必不可少的步骤，是提高作文质量的有效措施。前人说的好，“文章不厌百回改。”“文章是改出来的。”曹雪芹写《红楼梦》“披阅十载，增删五次，”托尔斯秦的《战争与和平》反复修改了七次;鲁迅先生主张“定完后至少看两遍，竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去，毫不可惜。”可见，文章修改，一般是指从初稿写出来到最后定稿的加工过程。修时要做到五看：看用词是否通顺，看主题是否鲜明，看结构是否紧凑，看语言是否优美。总之，“文章是改出来的。”一般来说文章总是越改越好的，我们要在“修改”上下工夫。

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。以下内容是小编为您精心整理的初中作文写作方法概括，欢迎参考！

初中作文写作方法概括

技巧一:作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

在作文考试中有些学生的作文卷面脏乱、字迹潦草。这样会直接影响学生的作文成绩。同样一篇作文用不同的字迹去誊写。得出的作文分数也是截然不同的。书写美观、卷面整洁的作文会赢得2-3分的卷面分，而潦草马虎的字迹只能让人痛心地扣掉1-3分了。要知道整洁的卷面不仅是对阅卷老师的尊重，更是对自己的负责，同时有利于作文成绩的整体提高。

如何保证一个好的卷面呢？除了平时养成良好的书写习惯外，还要注意以下几点：首先打好腹稿，理清行文的思路，避免大面积的删改。其次，要使用规范的修改符号，不能将不要的部分随意划掉，并涂抹。再者不要频繁使用涂改液，个别地方可用透明胶带不露痕迹地粘去。

技巧二：考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。

技巧三：开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了忌八九行的行文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半，顶多不能超过三行半。视觉会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

技巧五：动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能依葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

技巧六：作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出亮点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢？如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

作文六要素

你拍一，我拍一，要写时间莫忘记；

你拍二，我拍二，要写地点记在心；

你拍三，我拍三，写好人物是关键；

你拍四，我拍四，事情经过些具体；

你拍五，我拍五，什么原因写清楚；

你拍六，我拍六，什么结果不能丢；

好词好句多积累，写作文时好运用；

技巧七：动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细些，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，提纲就要简练些。

技巧八：想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了。

技巧九：适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来，可以分别背个三五句。譬如，前年有奥运，去年是新中国成立60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

技巧十：篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，中考高考作文要求都不低于600—800字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右。譬如中考作文不低于600字，试卷给的卷面多是800字左右，那么，你争取写到780字，留下最后一两行。

语文写作复习方法，就是要通过检视自己写作中的不足进行改进，来提高写作能力。下面这些指导，希望对同学们有帮助。

一、结合复习课文，纠正自己的作文弊病

不少同学复习课文，往往是孤立地记忆课文中的字词句和听老师讲解时写下的课堂笔记，不能把课文跟自己的作文挂起钩来。这样复习是不利于提高自己的写作能力的。如何把课文跟作文挂起钩来呢?

1、对比法

复习课文跟学新课文不同，因为课文都是熟的，每读一篇都很容易想到和它体裁相同、写法相似的其他题目。因而我们不妨把课本原先排列次序打乱，把类似的课文连到一起复习。这样便于对类似课文进行仔细比较，从而掌握这类文章的基本写作要领。再用这些课文跟自己的同类文章认真比较，就容易纠正自己文章的弊病，缩短自己作文跟范文的差距。

2、设想法

读课文，感到某个地方写得很好，就设想一下，假若让我写这篇文章，这个地方我将怎样处理呢?这样一边读，一边联系着自己的写作实际想法就会从范文中学到更多的东西。

当然，复习课文并非全为了提高作文能力，还有个学习有关知识，提高阅读能力的任务。这些就不具体说了。

二、系统总结自己作文中的经验教训

作文复习并非无本本作依据。都是在老师指导下写的，有些还是由老师认真批改、讲评过的。从这些作文中，大家既能总结自己的成功经验，又能总结出自己的失败教训。如果你时间充足，还可以挑选其中写得较好的文章，进行认真修改，编成一本自己写的“作文选”。这是很有意义的。由于回顾以往自己作文练习走过来的路子，从自己作文实践中把写各种常见文章的经验整理一遍，临场应考无论碰到哪种类型的题目，都容易中心有底，思考有路，这比猜题碰运气好多了。同时，升学之后继续练习作文，也容易提高的快。

三、归类整理自己作文中的错字病句

别看同学们作文每篇都有错字病句，但归纳起来无非下列几种类型：错字，有因增笔、减笔、误笔写错的。有因辨别不清而写成与之形相近、音相同、义相似的另一个字的;病句，有成分残缺的、重复罗索的、用词不当不合事理的，等等。这些错字病句，平日老师在批改、讲评中屡次指出过，但是有的同学硬是不注意。如能借总复习之机，把这些错字、病句一一抄出，按不同类型归并起来，容易引起自己的警惕，查明其产生的原因，防止它们再次出现。

英语作文一般都是15-20分，你想指导你的分数被扣在哪些地方了吗?

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

一、四好战略是前提

1.一个好的标题

题目是文章的眼睛。一个亮丽的题目，往往给人赏心悦目的感觉。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。一个醒目鲜活的文题，往往是内容的高度概括。它可以总领全文，不但会照亮整篇作文，还会照亮阅卷者的心灵。而拟题的技巧多种多样，有修辞法、公式法、字母符号法等。而修辞法则是最能使题目异彩飞扬的一种。如《在我指头跳跃的阳光》、《人生若只如初见》、《流泪的紫水晶》、《海棠依旧?绿肥红瘦?》等，看到这样的文题。阅卷老师的眼睛怎不会为之一亮?心灵怎不会为之一震?

2.一个好的开头

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题。使读者一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，使读者心灵产生共振。哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。开头的方法有很多如：趣事，引人人胜;引用名句，起点高远;排比句，气势磅礴;设问句，发人深思。高考作文，由于受时间字数的限制，最好是“开门见山”，直奔主题。

3.一个好的结尾

古人云，结句当如撞钟，清音有余，结尾是文章结构的有机组成部分，是文章的收笔处和落脚点，是全文的归宿。任何虎头蛇尾的文章，都很难引起读者的审美情感，很难获取高分。结尾的方法也很多：培训搜培训网px.wangxiao.so提示您:总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力，当然，最好要首尾呼应，整合一体。

4.一手好字

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。中小学辅导网wangxiao.so/提示您:三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了!

二、新鲜的素材，完善的知识储备是关键

同学们都想做到作文见解新颖，材料新鲜，给读者以耳目一新的冲击力和震憾力。这就要求同学们不断感知和体验。有意识地在生活实践和课外阅读中仔细观察自然、观察社会，尤其是多观察各种各样的人，深入细致地体验生活、体验“喜怒哀乐忧”等各种情感，并把自己拥有的新鲜材料激活。

从阅读和生活中尽可能开阔视野，拓展知识、增加积累、提高自身的素养和知识面的深度，深入体验，才可能做到临场发挥“左右逢源”、“为我所用”。作文，追求和表现自己的个性，有了新鲜的材料，还要下功夫联系自己思想实际和生活实际来立意，做到这一点，写出自己的真情实感和真知灼见就很容易了。

三、反复锤炼语言是关键

语言是为内容服务的，但是，运用的语言鲜活而富有个性风格，就会使文章大放异彩。写作训练中要学会反复锤炼，努力做到词语生动、句式灵活，修辞方法恰当。概念化的、抽象的、生涩的词语尽可能少用，多用富有色彩、动感和情绪体验，能诉诸人的感官，调动人的形象思维，撞击人的情感世界的词语，学会用近义词和反义词来体现事物细微的差异和鲜明的对比。学会灵活得体地交替使用长句和短句、主动句和被动句等。

锤炼语言，要学着恰当引用诗词佳句来增添文章的文字情趣，增添新意。可妙引经典句式，以此来优化文章语言，增强语言的表达效果。如“不必说 也不必说 单是 就 ”、“没有 就没有 更没有 ”等经典句式。还可以妙引流行词句，增添语言情趣。如广告词“没有最好的，只有更好的”、“快乐，你懂得”等。学着巧用修辞。多用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞方法，使句子生动形象，耐人咀嚼。如此一来，整篇文章也就有了生命力了!

“腹有诗书气自华”、“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写来也会吟”，有了丰富的文化底蕴，再加上写作上的技巧，何愁不能“妙笔生花”脱颖而出?

导语：要使得人物立起来，就必须注重细节描写，下面我们就来详细看看。

“人物”是文章的灵魂，但在学生的习作中常见的人物形象往往是千人一面，既无个性，又不生动，整篇文章显得干瘪乏味，缺少感染力。仔细阅读这些作品，就会发现这样一个共同的问题：往往只是一味地追求把某件事写完整，而忽略了进行生动具体、细致入微的细节描写。

细节描写的范围很宽广，它的作用也是多方面的，但主要还是刻画人物性格，塑造人物形象。一个个传神的细节，犹如人体身上的细胞，没有了它，人就失去了生命;文章少了细节，人物形象就失去了血肉和神采。作家李准说：“一个细节在揭示人物的性格特征的作用上，有时和一个情节、一场戏肩着同样的作用。”正如平常所谓的“于细微处见精神”。

文学大师的创作，就非常重视对细节的描绘。鲁迅的《阿Q正传》中有一段阿Q刑前画押的细节描写：“要画圆圈了，那手捏着笔只是抖，于是那人将纸铺在地上，阿Q伏下去，使尽平生的力画圆圈。他生怕被人笑话，立志要画得圆，但这可恶的笔不但很沉重，并且不听话，刚刚一抖一抖的几乎合缝，却又向外一耸，成了瓜子模样了。”这个行为细节，具体、形象、生动地反映了阿Q的性格特点──直到死还恪守着自欺欺人的“精神胜利法”。当人们读到这一细节描写时，谁又能不觉得阿Q的可笑、可悲、可怜?又怎么会不“哀其不幸，怒其不争”，进而深思国民劣根性?

不仅中国作家如此，外国作家亦然。如巴尔扎克的《欧也妮·葛朗台》中写葛朗台死前，当神甫把镀金的十字架送到他唇边让他亲吻基督的圣像时，“他却作一个骇人的姿势想把十字架抓在手里，这一下最后的努力送了他的命”，只这一细枝末节就活画出了这个守财奴贪婪成性、至死不变的丑恶形象。正是细节描写，使人物有血有肉，性格鲜明，形象栩栩如生;有了鲜活的人物，整篇文章因之而充满生机，产生强烈的感染力。

当然，并不是所有生活上的细节都具有价值，也不是只要写得“细”就可以了。好的细节描写必须是有用的、真实的、典型的。它必须为展示人物的精神风貌和深化文章的主题服务，它必须符合人物的性格特点，符合现实生活的实际，应最能突出人物的个性特征。

细节从哪里来?文学来源于生活，细节就在丰富多彩的生活之中。做个生活的有心人，时时处处留心观察身边的人和事，特别是自己的描写对象。绍兴街头，咸亨酒店，鲁迅潜心观察短衣帮与长衫客，才“画出沉默的国民的灵魂”。都柏林阴暗的咖啡室，乔伊斯冷峻地打量着游荡的女、骗子、精神病患者、乞丐和富人，酝酿着震惊世界的《尤利西斯》。古往今来，伟大的作家，总是终生用心捕捉那些使灵魂颤栗的人和事，熔铸成千古流传的篇章。捕捉细节、运用细节，让这一把金钥匙为你所用，使你的文章散发出熠熠光彩!

这次作文课要求学生图文并茂，可以通过画图和作文来说明要写的内容。作文的题目是“我的梦中小屋”。我们作文时不受钱、时间、地点等任何外界条件的限制，任凭我们自由发挥想象作文。

作为老师，该如何组织好本次习作教学，帮助学生克服畏难情绪呢？结合班级实际，经过深思熟虑，我决定以“谈谈自己的梦中小屋”和“评评同学的梦中小屋”为本次习作教学的话题，通过谈关于房子方面的亭、台、楼、榭等单词入手，引导学生发挥想象。在我的引导下，同学们经过思考琢磨后，开始动笔画的画，写的写。课后同学们全都积极的把作文交了上来。

同学们描述的“梦中小屋”美妙绝伦，他们想象丰富，无论是图画还是作文都令人感觉舒适、安逸、有趣和奇特。

[学写景作文教学反思

一些小学生总是觉得作文难写，那是他们没有掌握作文写作方法，下面是小编收集了小学生作文写作方法10种，欢迎阅读。

1、第一人称叙事法

【特点】

由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

2、第三人称叙事法

【特点】

用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制，可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

3、顺叙法

【特点】

顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。

4、倒叙法

【特点】倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出;二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙;三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

5、插叙法

【特点】

插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙;有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

6、补叙法

【特点】

补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

7、分叙法

【特点】

分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情，写得眉目清楚，不条不紊。分叙可以先叙一件，再叙另一件，也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索，还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。

8、详叙法

【特点】

9、略叙法

【特点】

略叙的作用是在于交代事件发生发展过程中不可缺少但又不必详叙的内容。它与详叙相结合，便整个叙述有详有略，疏密相间，形成叙述的起伏。略叙一般用于文章的开头和结尾;与中心思想关系一般的部分;人所共知的部分。

10、直接抒情法

【特点】

直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。

1。

You are an university student who are living in the accommodation at the campus。

One day you find something wrong with your accommodation。

So you write a letter to the House Officer to tell them what happened， the reason you think， what you decide to do， and whether if it is right。

2。

It is wrong that our government pay more money to the artist projects， for instance， there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places， because there are more important thing to do。

Whats you opinion？ Do you agree or disagree with it？

3。

writing to an English speaking college about qualification， accommodation， fee， what courses do you want to choose and why。

4。

Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical condition and social development。

5。

You have left college。

But you didnt say goodbye to your friend who live in the room with you because he had a course at that time。

Write a letter to him to appology and tell hem how you spend that days before you leave and how you get home。

Then invite him to visit you。

6。

Some people say the parents should except school to conduct their childrens behavior and tell them what is right or wrong。

Others say schools should take this responsibility。

Please give your point about it。

7。

Write to the agency officer and complain about the rent car which has sth wrong。

Tell them the problems of the car you rent from the agency and your requiring。

8。

As the developing countries and the third world countries， there are a funds， how to use it？ Invest in the basic education or in the high－technology， for instance， computer？ Whats your opinion？

9。

You are a foreign student。

Write to the Student Union， introduce your hobbies and interests and ask information of clubs and societies。

You want to join a club or society enjoy your time when you study there。

10。

Fast food is developing more and more popular。

It replaces other traditional food。

Some people think it is good， some people disagree with it。

Whats your opinion about it。

Give some reason of your opinion。

11。

A friend will visit Beijing。

You will meet him at airport。

But for some reason， you have to be late。

Explain the reason。

Since you havent meet each other， tell the friend where you will meet and how to recognize each other。

12。

More and more childrens writing math ability are affected by computers and calculators。

We should limit the use of those tools。

Disagree or agree。

13。

you have broke your leg and have to stayed in hospital。

you received many cards and letters from your classmates。

write a letter to tell them your detail of your position and thank them at the same time。

14。

some people say that it is impossible for women to be an effective women and to be a good mother in home at the same time。

they also suggest that the government should give the salary to mothers who stay at home to take care of their children。

15。

Your friend write to you and tell you that he is hesitating to chose computer or history as his major in university。

Write to him and tell him your opinion。

16。

Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical conditions and social development。

17。

You live in a room in college which you share with another student。

You find it very difficult to work there because he or she always has friends visiting。

They have parties in the room and sometimes borrow your things without asking you。

Write a letter to the Accommodation officer at the college and ask for a new room nest term。

You would prefer a single room。

Explain your reason。

18。

Who has responsible for our old people？

19。

Write to the agency officer to complain about a rent house by them。

Tell them the problems of the house and your requiring。

20。

You read an ad about a sale of a shop in the local newspaper， when you came to buy the goods you wanted， you find the sale had ended。

Write to the shop manager and complain about this。

Require for the compensation。

(一)通过一件事来写人

通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，对所写人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。但是，从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映此人某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的小中见大。

(二)通过几件事写人

可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质;二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件(起因、经过、结果)，一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写;有的事略写;有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。

(三)学会刻画人物

写人的文章要会在叙事的过程中，对最能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。

1.也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象;通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份;通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界;通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。

总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。

2.语言描写有对话和独白两种。

对话是两个人或几个人的谈话;独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到闻其言，见其人的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中;二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号;说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号;前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号;只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。

3.动作描写

是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓听其言，观其行，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写活的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢?

首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。

其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写活。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。

4.心理描写

心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据;人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理;心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务;在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。

小学生作文时，大多采用第一人称(我活我们)，采用这种人称作文，就不能用他想的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为我不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式--在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。

一、写自己事情的作文类型

1.写自己遇到的一件事，表现社会的新风尚；

2.写自己个人的一件事，写出自己从中所受到的教育；

3.写自己的一件事，表达自己的一种感情，表明自己的一种愿望；

4.写自己遇到的一次挫折，说明自己从中所得到的一种启示；

5.写自己的一件事，说明自己已经长大懂事了；6.写自己的爱好和追求；

7.写自己的业余生活；

8.回忆自己童年生活的一件事，写出童年的可爱与美好。

二、写自己事情的参考题目

1.《这件事给了我教育》

2.《我学会了____》

3.《我做了一件傻事》

4.《我从中得到了快乐》

5.《我为此而自豪》

6.《我养成了一个好习惯》

7.《我尝到了动脑筋的甜头》

8.《老师夸奖了我》

9.《当我被误解的时候》

10.《我的爱好》

11.《我第一次______》

12.《学习中的一次教训》

13.《我心中的一个小秘密》

14.《我在假日里》

15.《我的星期天》

16.《玩得最开心的一次》

17.《我的心事》

18.《我的烦恼》

19.《想起这件事就____》

20.《我爱_______》

21.《童年趣事》

22.《我长大了》

23.《关怀》

24.《留在照片上的记忆》

25.《雨中情》

26.《______见闻》

五、写自己事情的参考段落

1.预备，跳！一声令下，我立即摆开双臂快速摇动绳子，双脚轮换踩着。才跳了一会儿，真怪，平时跳惯的绳子，今天显得特别重，跳步也慢了。我瞄了一下对面王港队的选手，她跳得多快，多轻松呀！猛然间，耳畔响起教练常说的跳绳要领：别慌，脚步要踩稳，速度要平均，作好呼吸。我照着要领跳着，跳着。时间一分一分地过去了，我大口大口地喘着气，额角的汗珠向下滑，手也慢慢不听使唤，渐渐地向下垂。我暗暗地责怪自己：真没用，才这么一会儿就挺不住了，这样怎能为校争光？时间不多了，一定要作最后的冲刺！我咬紧牙关，又一次地加快了速度，心中只有一个念头：跳得快些，跳得再快些到！突然一声令下，我停了下来，深深地吸了一口气，绳子也从手中滑了下去。这时我顾不得擦汗，忙转到裁判员身后，一瞧，啊，一分半钟我竟跳了340下！这是我有史以来最好的成绩呀！

（跳绳本来是应该全神贯注的事情，但小作者却写了好几处的心理活动。这些描写应该还是可信的。它放在文章中，能够使得内容丰富，把人物写活。划一划，哪些是描写人物心理活动的？）

2.轮到我跳了，我想，我也露一手给你们看看，让你们也知道我的厉害。也许太大意了，也许是太小心了，不知怎么的，我连第一局也没有跳下来就被罚了下来。过了一会儿，又轮到我了，这次我稳定了情绪，跳的时候稍微放松了一点儿。果然跳得顺利了，皮筋一个劲儿地上升，眼看就要超过孙丽了。我得意地看了孙丽一眼，谁想到就在这时，脚下误踩了皮筋，真倒霉！

（以第一人称为写作方式的作文，看起来描写心里的想法是很重要的。你看，这一段又有不少心理描写。）

3.第二天，我仍在校门口值日，左等右等不见陈老师来。我心里暗暗庆幸，也许陈老师早就进去了，用不着我再为难了。正当我关上校门时，一辆自行车飞驰而来。我定睛一看，正是陈老师。我有些慌乱，放还是拦？两个念头同时撞击着我的脑袋，我又犹豫了。我看见站在对面的严鹤正注视着我，好像在说：班主任老师来了，你敢拦车吗？但想到陈老师那爱蹙起的川字眉头，我又畏缩了。我头一低，看见了胸前的红领巾，想起了值日员的职责，便鼓起勇气，上前一步，叫了一声：陈老师早！接着便结结巴巴地说：陈老师，请您下车，推车进校门。我说得很轻，说完，又偷偷地看了他一眼。陈老师脸一红，点了下头，一句话也没说，下了车，推着车走进了校门。

（写作文一定要选择那些新鲜有趣的材料，很少有人写过的。这一段可以说是一个很好的例子。）

4.这天下午，一个难忘的时刻来到了！从主席台上传来了会议主持人的声音：请三年级一班周瑜上台发表竞选演说！我从座位上站了起来，心扑通扑通地跳着，走到台前，举起右手，行了个队礼。接着，大声地向大会发表竞选演说：我叫周瑜，原来是三年级一班的大队委员，我平时学习成绩优良，一、二年级时分别获得语文和数学的年级第一名发言快要结束的时候，我不禁停了停，心里想，那句话是说还是不说呢？我脑子里闪过一个念头：想什么就说什么吧！最后，我给大家念了一首我发表在《中国儿童报》的小诗《望天空》。下台时还说了一句：请大家投我一票！谢谢大家！

（选材的确很重要，有了较好的材料，才能写出较高质量的文章。你看，这一段写我的一件难忘的事，是不是与众不同呢？）

5.中午，大家正在玩，胡光突然叫了起来：俺岳元帅来了！大家都笑了起来。他悄悄告诉我：喂，我们想选你当演员。演谁？我问。我不告诉你，你看我做个动作，再猜一猜。说完，他两手放在腰间，一扭一扭地学着老太太过马路的样子。我一下明白了，他要我演岳老夫人呀！徐一鸣见了，忙对我说：啊，这下我们的胡光要叫你母亲大人了。演岳云的李宾要叫你奶奶了！说完，他调皮地在我面前跪了下来，说：拜见岳老夫人！引起大家哈哈大笑。我却难为情地低下了头。

（文章中的谁写得最成功？是胡光还是徐一鸣？读读他们的对话和行动就知道了。）

6.在沉思的时候，我们不知不觉地进入了大森林。老师的坟墓到了。上面是新土，还挺湿的。我们围着坟墓席地而坐，摆上老师爱吃的水果，唱起老师生前喜爱的歌：鸽子啊，在蓝天中飞翔一曲唱完，大家抱头痛哭。哭声是那么悲伤，连天上的小鸟，周围哗哗作响的树林，山中的小草，都静了下来。

（把老师喜爱的一首歌的歌词摘录在里面，是非常感人的。所以，在自己文章中，如果需要，适当地引用一些歌词呀，诗歌呀等等，能够增加你的文章的文采。）

7.我推开病房的弹簧门，他被惊动了。抬起头，他一眼便看见了我。只见他惊讶得嘴巴张得老大老大的，眼睛也瞪得滚圆滚圆的。我笑着走上前，说：怎么，不欢迎我吗？他半晌才醒悟过来，低着脑袋，用蚊子一样的低声说：啊，欢迎，欢迎，请坐！我在他床前坐下，笑着问了他的病情，告诉他学校里的一些新闻，让他告诉我病房里的一些新闻。我俩谈得还挺投机的。最后，我对他说：你开始很惊奇，我怎么会来看你，对吗？我来的目的，就是要破破你们不理女同学的规矩。为什么我们男女同学之间的界线要划得那么清？你们那个封建的思想呀，得好好改改了！他摸着脑袋瓜，不好意思地笑了。

（写男同学的羞涩非常传神，你看其中的描写：低着脑袋，用蚊子一样的声音等，让人读了以后就好像见到那位男同学一样。）

8.我看到这情景，马上对老奶奶说：老奶奶，您受骗了，其实他称的时候做了手脚，您这里不足两斤。老奶奶还没醒悟过来，那小贩可就急了，他看我是小孩子，以为可欺，就气势汹汹地对我说：你小孩子家懂什么？不要管闲事！我赶紧把我亲眼目睹的情形对老奶奶说了一遍，老奶奶半信半疑地走到那儿，让他再称称。小贩不肯称。我问他：你刚才称时，为什么用小指头先压秤盘呢？小贩一时不知怎么回答才好，他找了个可笑的理由，说他这把秤是从外地买来的，称东西时，一定要先压一下秤盘。我知道他在强词夺理，就叫他和老奶奶一起到公平秤上去称。到了公平秤那里，我亲自掌秤，那2斤草莓，在公平秤上只称出了1斤7两。老奶奶这时才知道自己上了当。这时市场管理处的同志也来了，叫小贩给老奶奶补上了三两草莓，还对小贩做了罚款处理。

（写事情的经过，写老奶奶的变化过程，都很清楚，一点也不乱。）

9.妈妈面带微笑，坐在我的对面讲我小时候的事，她说：小时候的你特别可爱，稀稀的微微带黄的头发，有趣得很。每当妈妈下班，总会先看到你的头露出大门，一双大眼睛盯着远处，寻找妈妈的身影，当我走近，你便会跑过来，我就一把搂住你，亲你光滑的小脸。有一次，你错把一位妇女当成是妈妈，又跑过去。可当你看清不是妈妈时，你的小脸泛红了，一溜烟跑回家去了。听了妈妈的讲述，我不好意思地把脸靠在了妈妈身上。

（妈妈讲述我小时候的事情，让我对妈妈生出无限的爱意。最后一句话写得很深情，也很含蓄。）

10.想到这里，我便踮着脚，小心翼翼地把奶粉罐头捧了下来，舀了几勺，放在了已经准备好的鞋子里，一本正经地拿了一把刷子，坐在一张小凳子上，放了一点水，便开始刷了起来，刷子和奶粉粘住了，刷起来很困难。我以为是水放得少了一点，于是我又放了满满一鞋子的水。正在准备刷的时候，妈妈回来了。看了我这个样子，她不解地问：你在干什么呀？我把前后的经过说了一下，妈妈笑得前俯后仰，把我弄得怪不好意思的。妈妈笑完后，对我说：你呀，你呀！真是个小傻瓜！奶粉怎么能当肥皂粉洗鞋子呢！听了妈妈的话，我难为情地低下了头。

（好笑好笑真好笑，奶粉洗鞋水中泡。童年的故事真是幼稚而又可笑。）

11.我一本正经地走到讲台前，拿出小卡片，带着他们朗读拼音，不一会儿，教室里响起了琅琅的读书声。听着悦耳的读书声，我真高兴啊！正当我暗暗得意的时候，情况却大有变化。自习课上我叫他们读书，他们硬是不听，来到教室以后，有的追追打打，有的大吵大闹。唉，怎么办呢？一抬头，我看到了教室里比一比，赛一赛的评比表，心里顿时豁然开朗。于是我拿起粉笔在黑板上写了一、二、三、四、五、六、七，代表七个小组，看看哪个小组纪律好，就在上面加一个五角星。我刚写完，咦？身后怎么一点声音也没有了？哦，原来是这些小家伙都想为小组争光呢！只见他们一个个拿出书本，坐得端端正正的，好像突然都变了一个人似的。看着这情景，我长长地吐了一口气。

（一个小小的招法，使班级的纪律安静了下来；一个小小的曲折，也使得这个小故事富有变化，增加了读者阅读的趣味。）

12.各就各位，预备，跑！我一听到口令，撒腿就跑。跑了不久，我就被抛在了最后。这时，我并不气馁。过了好一会儿，别的运动员可能是感到力气不够了，他们开始减速了，而我倒觉得浑身仿佛有无穷的力气。不知不觉，已经跑了七圈了，终点就在前面。我开始加速。我屏住了气，咬紧牙，直冲终点。在离终点还有几步路的时候，我和第二位同学肩擦着肩，几乎同时往终点冲。就在最后半步的时候，我猛地把身子往上一纵，腾空跃过了终点！哈，我得了第一名！

（最后一句话的几个词语用得很准确，比如，往上一纵、腾空跃入。）

13.我抓住菱桶的边缘，小心地侧着身子，看准一个大菱叶，伸手去抓，可是菱桶倾斜起来，吓得我倒在姐姐身上。姐姐看见我这狼狈样，不由得笑了起来。顿时，我脸涨得通红。姐姐鼓励我说：不要紧，再试试看。我暗暗为自己鼓劲，别怕，别怕！我小心翼翼地伸出了手，学着姐姐的样，抓起了菱叶，用力一折，几只红艳艳的水菱，落到了我的手里，我高兴极了，举起了菱，兴奋地说：瞧，姐姐，我也采到菱了！随手拿起一个，剥去壳，咬了一口，好清甜好爽口。

（由害怕到不害怕，由不会采摘到学会采摘，这个过程写得很具体完整。最后写菱的味道，实际上是在衬托我的喜悦之情。不过，采菱这种事还是由大人来干比较好，小孩子太危险了。）

14.看着眼前的这只生西瓜，我一下子泄了气。妈妈笑了笑说：没关系，再开一只。说着，她拿起第二只西瓜，丝的一声，瓜成了两半。哈，太好了！我高兴地喊道。看！那鲜红的爪瓤，黑黝黝的瓜子，还是薄皮的呢！妈妈绽开了笑脸，说：怎么样？这下满意了吧！接着，她把西瓜一块一块地切成了小船儿。我迫不及待地拿起一块最大的，尝了一口，哈，真是比蜜糖还甜！那鲜红的瓜瓤里不住地渗出汁水来，我一抹嘴角，说声味道好极了，又大口地吃了起来。

我正想拿起第二块的时候，忽然看到妈妈正在吃那只生的白瓤西瓜，我的脸唰地一下红了

（小作者运用比喻的能力很强，通过一块一块切成了‘小船儿’这句话可以看出来；而且，他也很懂事，这在哪里可以看出来？）

15.我情不自禁地蹲下了身子，轻轻地抚摸着小麻雀零乱的羽毛，我正想把它抱起来，这时候我听见了汪汪汪的狗叫声。我倒退几步，抬头一看，一条强壮的大黑狗正对着我狂叫，吐出血红的舌头，好像要马上扑上来咬我一口似的。我吓坏了，扔下小麻雀，赶紧跑开了。当我跑得远远的，再转过身来看时，那可恶的大黑狗已经把小麻雀咬在了嘴里！我真想冲上去，可我又不敢。我好像看到了小麻雀的那双眼睛，似乎正向我发出求救！我哇地大哭起来，心里难受极了！我眼睁睁地看着大黑狗吃掉了小麻雀。

（在生活里，像文章中这样让人悔恨的事情是很多的。只要我们培养自己丰富的感情，经常地了解和接触生活，我们写起文章来，就不会有没啥好写的感觉。特别是自己的事情，那是最最熟悉的。只要在写作前加以回忆，就一定会把许多真实的事情和许多真切的想法都写出来。）

三、写自己事情的参考开头

1.《老师夸奖我》的两种开头

第一种开头：张兵同学在这次全年级的体育比赛中，获得了跳高第一名的好成绩，在这里，我向他表示祝贺！在班级晨会上，周老师用喜悦的语调对我进行了表扬。我当时心里真是高兴得像喝了蜜糖一样。第二种开头：周老师从来也没有夸奖过我，只因为我平时的表现太差劲了。可这次，她却在全班大声地表扬了我，这真是让我高兴坏了！

2.《我第一次_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：还记得我第一次学溜冰的情景，一下子我竟摔了八个跟头！

第二种开头：双休日，表弟来约我溜冰。溜冰？我又好奇又害怕，但最后还是禁不住表弟的广告宣传，来到了设在第一百货公司五楼的奇妙溜冰场。

3.《我心中的一个小秘密》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我心中，有一个谁也不知道的小秘密，这就是我想在妈妈生日的那一天，为妈妈买一双皮手套。

第二种开头：妈妈是我们家最辛苦的人，只要看看她手上的老茧就知道了。每次看到妈妈的手，我就悄悄地想：妈妈，等我有了钱，我一定要为你买上一副皮手套。

4.《当我被误解的时候》的两种开头

第一种开头：我怎么也没有想到王红会这样看我，把我的一片好心全理解错了！事情是这样的：

第二种开头：早晨，我一到学校，王红就走上来，指着我的鼻子说：刘莹，我认识你了，以后再也不会睬你了！我当时莫名其妙，等到我明白过来，气得怎么也说不出话来了。

5.《童年趣事》的两种开头

第一种开头：我记得在我三年级那阵子，我特别馋，只要看见人家吃东西，嘴里就忍不住要淌口水。

第二种开头：在我的童年中，有许多难忘的事情，但最让我好笑的还是小时候我把奶粉当作洗衣粉的那件傻事。

6.《我养成了一个好习惯》的两种开头

第一种开头：原来我在早晨起床之后，是从来也不叠被子的。自从学校里开展了五自活动之后，我终于养成了早晨起床叠被子的好习惯。

第二种开头：星期六，我照老规矩，睡了一个懒觉，起床后，又照老规矩把被子一掀，就去刷牙洗脸了。

7.《雨中情》的两种开头

第一种开头：春雨，淅淅沥沥地下着，我因为没有带伞，就只好在雨中淋着。

第二种开头：看了看外面越下越大的春雨，我犹豫了一下，最后还是走进了雨中。

8.《_____见闻》的两种开头

第一种开头：来来来，芹菜五角钱一斤！便宜啦，便宜啦！毛豆一块！毛豆一块！新鲜啦，新鲜啦！刚上市的豌豆苗！又嫩又补，是绿色蔬菜啊！一踏进小菜场，满耳朵就是这些叫卖的声音。

第二种开头：双休日，妈妈对我说：走，跟妈妈去学买菜！也随便到小菜场看看。我一听就高兴地跟妈妈去了。

四、写自己事情的参考词句

勤奋学习/专心致志/死记硬背/熟能生巧/七嘴八舌/新鲜空气/透过窗户/目送/恨不得/把我乐坏了/融洽/若无其事/无处倾诉/阵阵笑声/凉透了/羞愧/吓唬吓唬/津津有味/倒吸一口冷气/得意起来/灰溜溜/园溜溜/眼花缭乱/目不暇接/奇异风景/潺潺的流水声/呼噜呼噜/碧玉似的明镜/一辈子

1.我一时呆住了，真有点丈二和尚摸不着头脑。

2.我疑团大解，真想不到一两个字也有这么大的学问呢。

3.我心里像喝了蜜汁一样甜。

4.陈老师一把把王俊拖出了门外，我吓得大气也不敢出。

5.我这时有点害怕，举手吧，我还不太会背，不举吧，老师批评我怎么办？

6.谢老师望着我，眼睛里闪烁着鼓励和期待的光。

7.悔恨的泪水模糊了我的双眼，老师严厉的指责我没有听见，同学们小声的议论我也没有听见。

8.望着显示器上的程序，我兴奋得从座位上跳了起来。

9.我连忙把手藏到背后，身子直往后缩。

10.我万万没有想到郭老师竟会有这样严厉的举动，只觉得是针对我来的，脸上阵阵发烧，大滴大滴的泪水涌出了眼眶。

11.回到家，趁妈妈不注意，我赶紧把皱和惹写在小纸条上，沾上点水，握在左右两只手里，藏在背后，大模大样地走进厨房，用肩扛了扛忙着做饭的妈妈。

12.我有点不知所措地抓了一块抹布，大把大把地擦了起来，由于用力过猛，墨汁溅得到处都是。

13.尽管大雨浇湿了我的衣服，冷得我直哆嗦，可我心里却热乎乎的。

14.但是我的脚却像灌了铅一样的提不起来，速度比以前慢了许多。

15.我的两只脚站也站不稳，身子轻飘飘的，像是一只漂在水里的大皮球。

六、写自己事情的参考题材

1.自己原先学习不太认真，后来因为受到了一件事情的教育，终于改变了认识，提高了学习的自觉性；

2.晚上做题目，遇到了一个难题，心里想算了吧，但一想到这是考验自己的意志，就咬紧牙关，继续做了下去；

3.自己的一个同桌是个学习比较差的学生，自己在期中考试前，放弃休息时间，帮助他补课，终于使他的考试成绩有了较大的提高；

4.妈妈因为工作的需要，她决心学习英语，我便开始当上了她的小老师；

5.我拒绝了一位同学让我帮助他作弊的要求，虽然我失去了一位所谓的朋友，但我捍卫了自己的尊严；

6.我改变了原先上课从来也不举手发言的习惯，因为我开始认识到一个人具有口头表达能力的重要；

（以上可以作为写自己个人事情的参考题材。）

7.我开始认识到爸妈工作的辛苦，开始珍惜他们给我的爱；

8.在妈妈生日的这一天，我特地去买了一件小礼物送给她，还给她写上一段深情的话语；

9.在爸妈结婚纪念这一天，我在广播电台里点了一首歌，祝愿他们幸福快乐，白头到老，爸妈非常激动；

10.有个同学在班级里伤害了我，但当我知道她的妈妈不在了的时候，我就从内心里深深地同情她，当然也原谅了她；

11.我最近从一本书里看到一些做人的道理，我联系自己的生活，觉得很有道理；

（以上可以作为写自己感情经历的作文题材。）

12.我喜欢溜冰，还喜欢看足球，有时晚上也要起来看；

13.我有收藏游览门券的习惯，我觉得这是一个很好的爱好，能够增长知识，不出家门，就能游览到祖国的大好河山；

14.我喜欢散步，一边走走，一边看看，既能看到景色，又能得到休息；

15.我喜欢逛街，每次跟妈妈去逛街，我总能得到不少的商品信息，也更加能够感到我们国家的大好形势；

16.我喜欢养小鸟，每次我养小鸟的时候，我的心情就特别高兴，我养的小鸟都好像认识我，能跟我对话似的。

（以上可以作为写自己业余生活的题材。）

在记叙文我们一定要理清思绪，下面是小编整理的叙事文具体写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，安排好记叙的顺序，不然就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么我们要怎么写才能让文章条理清楚呢

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

其实写高考作文，和过去写八股文一样，一定要讲究方法，按照议论文固有的写作方法谋篇布局，不能自己想怎么写就怎么写，你是高兴了，你想过老师怎么判卷吗!平常要磨练一套议论文的常规的布局方法，考试就依葫芦画瓢。

第三：写来写去必须要“立德树人” 3: Write it to write "Lide Shi"

考题千千万万，其实就一个“德”?如何立德?而我们的回答，无非就是爱自己、爱亲人、爱社会、爱国家、爱我党，步步递进，层层向上，不管你怎么写，记住一点，落脚点一定是“高大上”，把自己和自己的思想，往圣人上写就行了。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：手抄报是一种可传阅、可观赏、也可张贴的报纸的另一种形式。在学校，手抄报是第二课堂的一种很好的活动形式，和黑板报一样，手抄报也是一种群众性的宣传工具！下面小编给大家分享有关手抄报的写作方法！

一、手抄报的总体构思

如何使一张手抄报在有限的空间内，既容纳一定的知识内容，版面设计又精彩美观呢?这是一个全神贯注、脑手并用的创造过程，是他的文化修养、生活情趣、精神风貌和艺术修养的综合体现。这对一个学生来说，无疑是发展个性才能的广阔天地。

办手抄报，从总体上考虑，首先要确立主题思想。一期手抄报，版面很有限，要办出特色，必须在内容上突出一个主题，做到主题突出，又丰富多彩。版面编排和美化设计，也要围绕着主题，根据主题和文章内容决定形式的严肃与活泼，做到形式与内容的统一。

二、手抄报的编排设计

手抄报的编排设计，总的要求是：主题明确，版面新颖美观。

1.版面划分

先把版面划分成两块，每块中还可以再分成片。划分文章块面时，要有横有竖，有大有小，有变化和有对称的美。报头要放在显著位置。

2.块面编排

如不符合原先的划分，就要将版面块面安排作必要的调整;如不能安排下文章，就利用移引、转版的形式等，并用字号、颜色、花边与邻近的文章块面相区别。

3.装饰设计

除报头按内容设计、绘制外，每篇文章的标题也要作总体考虑，按文章主次确定每篇文章标题的字体、字号、颜色及横、竖排位置。文章内容以横排为主，行距大于字距，篇与篇之间适应用些题花、插图、花边及尾花等穿插其中，起装饰、活泼片面的作用。

三、手抄报的书写

1.标题的书写

主要或重要的文章标题，应用较醒目、庄重的字样;文娱消息或次要文章，则可用轻松活泼的字体。同一期或同一版上的各篇文章标题，也应用不同的字体书写。标题字体应比文章内容字体大，色彩也应加重。标题多用美术字，以楷书、行书、魏书、隶书见多。

2.正文的书写

字体要清楚、美观大方，字行间要整齐，字体不宜太小，忌潦草、错字。

在日常生活中我们通常会用口头或者电话方式邀请别人做客，但是如果遇到比较正式的场合，例如商业聚会、正式晚餐或婚礼等场合，就需要我们发送正式的书面邀请函了。

无论您要举行什么样的正式聚会，在书写邀请函时应注意包含以下几点：

names of party hosts or sponsoring organization. 聚会主人或主办单位

type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.). 聚会活动

place. 地点

date. 日期

time. 时间

rsvp date and phone number. 回复日期及联系电话

any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits. 聚会着装要求

邀请函样本

尊敬的_______先生(女士)

我公司主要生产____ ____ ____等产品,现特邀请您到我公司生产车间及总部参观洽谈业务,望您在百忙之中抽空给予指导,我公司全体员工竭诚欢迎您的到来!

此致

敬礼!

_______公司 呈上

邀请函范文

同学聚会邀请函范文：

亲爱的老同学:

你们好!

光阴荏苒,岁月如梭，转眼间，我们从xx中学认识已是二十三年。

二十三年后的今天，我们已不再是豆蔻年华，不再青春年少。二十三年的梦里醒来，才惊觉：最难以忘怀和割舍不掉的依旧是那份同学情，这份情谊如同一坛老酒，越久就越香越浓，悠远而回味无穷;社中三年发生的故事，沉淀二十来年，依然让人感动，需要我们用一生去回忆、去收藏。

亲爱的同学们，来吧!让我们暂时抛开一切，远离尘世的喧嚣，相聚我们可爱的家乡——xx，共饮这坛收藏了二十年的美酒，忘却忧虑让心栖息;来吧!让我们一起重温青春的梦想，回归天真烂漫的赤子之心，找回我们渐行渐远的青春!相聚二十年，我们共期盼!记住，开心不是唯一的主题，同学情深，千万别忘了。

我们想：这样难得的欢聚，会因你的缺席而黯然失色，更令我们黯然神伤。盼望您早作安排，如期赴约。并请尽快给予回复。

祝您及全家身体健康，万事如意!并祝同学聚会圆满成功!

自我感觉良好。座右铭是：做与不做是一回事，做不做得到是另一回事儿。勇于拼搏，积极进取。觉得人生就像“马拉松”，跑完一程又一程，感受着追求的快感，不在乎结果，却讲究过程。

在档案里突然发现，我都已经不记得那时侯这么给自己评价的。但是我当时觉得我的人生可能就到此为颠峰了吧，那是我最快乐也是最有活力跟冲劲的时候。

曾经很想找回那时的感觉，最后发现不太可能。

但是我会想跑一程，跑起来就会觉的没有什么不可能的。

引用一个网友的心得：“很正常，一般人都无法想象，一个人在途中连续跑好几个小时，他脑子里会想些什么，他到底又为了什么。经历过的人会明白，那几个小时中，脑子里什么都想，喜怒哀乐，人生的一切，甚至包括对人生的迷茫和对生命的感悟，有激动，有欣喜，有孤单，有痛苦，有坚持，有希望……正如跑版那句耳熟能详的名言：人生就是一场马拉松，领先和落后都是暂时的，唯有拼搏向前才是永恒。我很庆幸，在马拉松，我找到了自己的精神支柱。”

我也很庆幸，我跑了那个1500。

为了那个1500，有几天早上不搭车就跑到学校，经常沿着江滩跑，可以看到城市日出，可以和晨练的老人聊上几句，可以感受一种祥和、平静，就象神在我左右。我闭上眼睛，屏住呼吸，小鸟就会自然落到我肩上，阳光也会照在我的侧脸。我就会很温暖，和周围空气一样温暖得可以融合到一起。这样就很幸福很满足了！

小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。