英语写作教学方法推荐四篇 作文题目（合集20篇）

导语：怎样把动物写活？许多同学很喜欢动物，有的还亲自饲养动物，可是，有的同学一写起动物来一点儿也不生动形象。怎样让动物栩栩如生地跃然纸上，把动物写“活”呢?当然不是像神笔马良那样笔下人物会活奔乱跳的出现啊，好啦，跟着小编一起去学习吧~

一、仔细观察写活。

我们要做生活的有心人，平时多接触各类动物。如家禽家畜：鸡、鸭、鹅、牛、马、羊、猪……有条件的可以精心饲养这些动物，留心观察这些动物的外形特点、颜色、生活习性。“下马观花”，做好观察笔记，才能对某种动物了如指掌，胸有成竹。

二、抓住外形特点写活。

动物的外形，包括动物的头、眼睛、嘴巴、颜色等特征。抓住了它的外形、颜色的特点，就能给读者留下深刻的印象。如《我和企鹅》中“最漂亮的是金企鹅，嘴是金红色的，头部有两块白毛，又叫花脸企鹅。”这里作者抓住了金企鹅嘴、头部颜色的特点，写得生动、具体，突出了金企鹅的可爱。

三、抓住生活习性写活。

动物很多，每种动物都有各自的特点、生活习性。如猫喜爱夜间活动，抓老鼠;翠鸟喜欢停在水边苇杆上，注视着水中鱼的动静，爱贴着水面疾飞;燕子喜欢在屋檐下做窝……抓住了动物的生活习性，才能把动物写得活灵活现，令人神往。

四、运用动词写活。

如《翠鸟》中，“翠鸟蹬开苇杆，像箭一样飞过去，叼起小鱼，贴着水面往远处飞走了。”这里作者运用了“蹬开”、“叼起”、“贴着”、“飞走”的动词，把翠鸟写得栩栩如生，惹人喜爱。

五、运用修辞手法写活。

如《我和企鹅中》“还有一种企鹅颈部有一圈黑毛，好像系帽子的带儿，叫帽带儿企鹅。”用“系帽子的带儿”来比喻企鹅“颈部有一圈黑毛”，是多么生动得体啊!又如《富饶的西沙群岛》中，用“有的……有的……有的……”排比句来描写西沙群岛海里的鱼多，突出了西沙群岛的物产丰富。

写作是可以通过日常的积累以及训练，从而达到写作水平的提高的，下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于提高你的写作技巧的方法，希望可以帮助到大家！

阅读优秀的作品

这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

尽可能多的写

每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

随时随地记下你的灵感

随身带一本小笔记本（纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片），当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

专门的写作时间

每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

随便涂鸦

面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧！先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

集中精神

写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏（没有其他软件得干扰）的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

先计划，再写

这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴；然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲；等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

创新

你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

修改

你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

简明扼要

这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

富于感染力的句子

在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

获取别人的反馈

闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜

就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

采用对话式的文体

多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅（没有叹生词）。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则（就像我的前一句那样）。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

好开头和结尾

开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

很多同学怕写作文，常常为此苦恼。究其原因，主要表现在三个方面：有的苦于没有东西写，有的不知道怎样串成文章，有的担心写不具体。

我认为，高中生要想提高写作能力，必须从积累材料和训练表达这两方面入手。

古人云："不积跬步，无以致千里，不积小流，无以成江河。"要写好作文，语言材料和生活感悟的积累是基础。只有厚积，才能薄发。同学们积累材料，主要有以下途径：

一，阅读与摘记

这里的阅读不仅仅是指语文课内的阅读，更不等同于语文课本的学习，还包括大量的课外阅读。只凭借语文课内的阅读，是难以满足积累语言材料的需要的。早在50多年前，叶圣陶先生就指出："国文课本为了要供同学试去理解，试去揣摩，分量就不能太多，篇幅也不能太长;太多太长了，不适宜做细琢细摩的研讨工夫。但是要养成一种习惯，必须经过反复的历练。单凭一本语文书，是够不上说反复的历练的。所以必须在国文教本以外再看其他的书，越多越好。" 要进行大量的课外阅读，首先要有阅读的条件，同学们可在图书室借书，也可以自己订课外书，或者同学之间互相交流。对于一本好书，反复诵读，在读中自悟，在读中自得，记住其中的要点，自己的感受以及好词佳句，古诗名句和名人名言等，分门别类地摘在笔记本上。再对这本书其他内容进行快速的浏览，得到想要的要点或具体的信息，就停下来，把它们记下。读完全书以后，回顾全文内容，根据要点列成提纲，从而整体把握。而我校的读书笔记，这个时候是最能派上用场的了。

二，观察与思考

作文源于生活。我们身边每天都在发生着不计其数的新鲜事，可惜，有些同学对此视而不见，听而不闻。可见，无材可写的根源是不善于观察。同学们观察时应调动一切感官，充分运用视觉，听觉，触觉，味觉，嗅觉，进行细致的观察。对观察到的现象，要给自己多提几个问题，多问几个为什么，并勇于向别人请教，要进一步分析，综合，比较，判断，以获取更全面更深刻的认识，觉得很有收获的就记下来。 同学掌握了大量的语言材料与生活素材，就为写作做好了准备。剩下要做的，就是实践，实践，再实践，也就是反复多次地进行习作训练。

三，每日一忆，每周一记

坚持写日记确实能有效地提高同学的作文能力，但也会给同学造成较重的课业负担。"每日一忆"改"记"为"忆"，只要求同学在入睡前，把一天中经历的事回想一下，把有意义的事情挑选出来，想想可以写成什么作文。第二天在课堂上交流，比比谁是生活中的有心人，最有"慧眼"，最会发现。如果碰到自己特别感兴趣又有把握写好的素材，就写成周记。 同时还要注意，积累要持之以恒，锲而不舍。英国著名科幻小说作家儒勒·凡尔纳为了积累写作材料，曾写了几百本读书笔记，摘录了两万多张卡片。

四，作文的修改

作文自己改，进步更显著。好作文是改出来的，"改错先于求美"，作文之道总是"先求其通次求其美"，同学学会自改作文则更是有益一生的事。 写作上必须努力通过各种途径，培养同学的主体意识，提高同学自主作文的能力和创新能力。兴趣是最好的老师，同学一旦对作文产生了浓厚的兴趣，就会"乐此不疲"。自由是作文的生命，让同学敞开自己的心怀，拥抱自己的天空，写出感情，写出个性。通过写作，从现实走向未来，从未知走向已知。

I Learn English Like This

English is very important for us. Everyone wants to learn it well. My English is very good. How do I learn English?

First, I listen to the teacher and make notes carefully in class. I revise my old lessons and prepare my new lessons after class.

Second, I like speaking English withmy classmates, not only in classroom, but also on the playground. Its to improve my spoken English.

Third, I keep a diary every day to practise my written English.

Besides this, I often read English newspapers or magazines in order to enrich my knowledge on English culture.

英语对我们来说很重要，每个人都想学好英语。我的英语很好，那我是怎么学英语的呢?

首先，我上课认真听老师讲课，认真记笔记，课下我复习旧功课，预习新功课。

第二，我不仅在教室里，在操场上也一样喜欢和同学们说英语，这提高了我的口语。

第三，我坚持每天记日记来练习写作。

除此之外，我经常阅读英语报纸和杂志来丰富我的文化知识。

1、有效指导。缺乏精心指导，再多的训练也是徒劳的。这几乎是常识。说到底，一在于科学序列的建构，作文教学中仅复习过程就可精心设计诸如：读题训练、材料训练、构思训练、成文训练、修改训练、应变训练。如此细密的规划，匠心独运，更有利于大大提高学生的写作能力，终身受益。二在于有效的训练指导的落实。诸如审题、立意、谋篇等写作知识在新课改的“淡化”要求之下，教学实际中已经被忽略了，作文教学更显随意和无序。读懂文题是立意谋篇的第一步。审题不到位造成作文失败的例子并不鲜见。主题不鲜明、思路不清等等问题，与作文有效的规范训练不足有很大的关系。

2、善于选择。学生的作文缺乏生气，缺乏真情，缺乏典型的实例，是因为少了一份智慧的选择。智慧的选择需要教师智慧的引领。教师引领学生去梳理、归类属于自己的生活，引领学生去回味属于自己的那一瞬间的“怦然心动的感觉”，把这些生活细节、心灵感悟形成单元形成系列。我想，学生在整理归类中、在回味感悟中也是一种情感的升华意趣的提升。让学生用个人独特的视角去看自我，去看世界，作文自然有“真意”;学生对自己的生活有了深刻的感受，作文自然有“真情”。

3、真情实感。一定要用真实实例，使作文有血有肉。基于这些反思，我一直把作文教学引导当成了重头戏，也因为自己对写作的爱好吧。所以我看了许多作文教学的资料，也尝试了一些作文教学的方法。因为我觉得让学生写好作文，第一步先是让学生敢写作文，而要写的生动感人，就必须有真情实感，要有真实的生活实例，要有自己的真实感受，不是编造。基于这些思考，因此我的作文教学是从记叙文开始的，我列了几个专题训练学生如何能把身边的小事写细写得生动感人。这当然要借助一些方法，诸如语言、动作、心理、细节等描写方法。所以我的专题就是从这些开始的。

语言教师的长处就应该拥有教育引领学生学习和动手写作的智慧，使学生的作文做到凤头、猪肚、豹尾。为今后的人生道路走得更加宽广打下坚实的基础。

好的求职信名称的书写一定要根据应聘的部门职位来确定，比如说是经理的话的求，就这样写:：xxx经理职信！你也可以用你的名字来写，如xxx的求职信，应聘编辑：应聘xx编辑或者xx的求职信。

一封成功的求职信可以从四个方面入手：

a:开头

开头一定要开门见山的写明你对公司有兴趣并想担任他们空缺的职位，以及你是如何得知该职位的招聘信息的。

例如：获知贵公司****年**月**日在******上招聘******的信息后，我寄上简历敬请斟酌。

b:推销自己

信的第二部分要简短地叙述自己所学的专业以及才能，特别是这些才能将满足公司的需要。没有必要具体陈述，详细内容引导对方查看你的简历。此外，推销时要适度，不能夸大其词。

c:联系方式

写清楚在求职信中给出你电话预约面试的可能时间范围，或表明你希望迅速得到回音，并标明与你联系的最佳方式。

d:收尾

感谢他们阅读并考虑你的应聘。

一、从图中场面及人物加以推测

看图写话要求中常常会问图上是什么时间，小朋友在观察图画时就要从图中现有的一些场面来推测。例如呈现一幅图，公园里人们在锻炼身体，有的在跑步，有的在打太极拳，还有的在打羽毛球。从哪里能看出时间呢?小朋友就要仔细观察人们身上穿了什么，如果人们都穿了短袖、还有女士穿裙子，就可以推测是夏天。如果人们穿着厚厚的衣服，还有人戴手套、戴帽子，就可以推测是冬天。

再看场地是在公园，人们都在锻炼身体，显然人们是在公园里晨练，从而知道图上画的是早晨。因此理清图意，仔细观察、认真思考以及合理推测很重要。

二、仔细推敲写话要求找出要素

看图写话，通常都会配有这样一段文字。“图上画的是什么时候，在什么地方?有哪些人在干什么?想一想他们会说什么?请用几句话把图上的意思连起来写一写。”这段文字很重要，小朋友千万不可一看而过，要细细推敲，这段文字就是对写话的要求，也提示我们如何写话。

写话要求通常提示我们观察图画要关注时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。因此在写话的时候你就要写上这幅图所告诉你的时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。只有这些要素都具备了，才是合格的写话。

三、对比前后图画的不同之处

理清图意需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考。例如给你两幅图，第一幅图呈现了一条小鱼在鱼缸里、一个猫站在鱼缸边上正朝着鱼缸看，第二幅图呈现了一个鱼缸和一只舔着嘴巴笑眯眯的猫。你在观察时，就要对比两幅图的不一样，细心的你会发现第二幅图中鱼缸里的鱼不见了，而猫正在舔着嘴巴。经过你的认真思考，你会想到鱼被猫吃了。图中省去了猫吃鱼的过程，就需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考，理清图的意思。

请看这篇佳作：“有一只小花猫看到一个鱼缸里面有一条金鱼，她想来想去：怎么能吃到这条金鱼呢?

小花猫伸出猫爪在鱼缸里抓鱼，小金鱼游得非常快，就像一道红色的闪电。小花猫怎么也抓不到它，急得满头大汗。小花猫抓抓脑袋想出了一个办法。她对小金鱼说：“你游泳的技术真棒，可是你会跳吗?”小鱼得意地说：“我当然会跳啦!”“那你跳几下给我看看，我就不吃你了。”小花猫刚说完，小金鱼就跳了起来，水花溅了一地。小花猫看准时机在空中抓住了小鱼塞进了嘴里。

小花猫闭上眼睛，舔着嘴巴，得意洋洋地走开了。”

四、发挥合理想象丰富语言

很多同学在写话的时候既表达了图意，也能够有条理地描写，但是语言很简单，仅仅是就图说图，缺乏合理的想象。其实想象可以使你的写话充满灵气和活力。

例如一幅图上呈现四个小朋友，他们有的扛着小树苗、有的提着水壶、有的拿着铁锹，很显然小朋友们是准备植树了。在小朋友的头顶上还有两只小鸟在飞。如果在写话的时候只是写你观察到的两只小鸟在小朋友的头顶上飞翔，就显得简单无趣。这时你就要展开合理的想象：小鸟可能在给小朋友们唱歌，小鸟可能在说：“太好了，我们又有新家啦!”这样的想象就比写小鸟在飞要生动有趣的多。

想象可以给你的作文添彩，但如果不根据图画进行合理想象，就会使你的作文变成“胡编乱造”。如果你想象图中的小鸟要去南方过冬、图中的小鸟正在觅食，就与四个小朋友去植树没有关联，背离了图意。

五、按顺序观察才能表达有序

看图写话训练的一个重点就是按顺序观察，只有按顺序观察了才能使你的表达有序，而不是杂乱无章。

按顺序观察常常出现在场面描写中，例如出示一幅图是小朋友们三两成群地在雪地里玩耍，有的打雪仗，有的堆雪人，有的滚雪球。小朋友在观察的时候可以按照从前到后、从后到前、从左到右或者从右到左的顺序观察，并按照这样的顺序进行描写，这样你的表达就显得条理清晰。

按顺序观察是前提，能详略得当地描写可以使你的作文更显张力。这就要求我们在观察的时候还要有所侧重。你可以重点观察小朋友是如何堆雪人的，雪人的眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴、手都是什么做成的。也可以重点观察小朋友是如何打雪仗的，他们的动作和表情怎样。重点观察后再写出来，那你的写话就更出彩了。

可以展现出您的长处，能增加获得面试的机会。只有能体现个人聪明才智的求职信，才能帮助你顺利地谋求到一份理想的工作。那么，专业有哪些呢？

写作思路 求职信也是交际的一种形式，它可以反映出一个人的专业水平，从用人单位的角度出发考虑问题是使求职信产生积极效果的重要方法。求职者应该采取换位思考的方法，通过分析用人单位提出的要求，了解他们的需要，然后有针对性地向他们提供自己的背景资料，表现出自己独到的智慧与才干，使他们从你的身上看到希望，并做出对你有利的决定。

写作原则 根据求职的目的来布局谋篇，把重要的内容放在篇首，对相同或相似的内容进行归类组合，段与段之间按逻辑顺序衔接，从阅信人的角度出发组织内容。信件要具个人特色、亲切且能体现出专业水平，意思表达要直接、简洁，书写要清晰、简单明了，内容、语气、用词的选择和对希望的表达要积极，充分显示出你是一个乐观、有责任心和有创造力的人。

求职信的诸多不宜 不宜太长，一封求职信不能多于一页。不宜有文字上的错讹，切忌有错字、别字、病句及文理欠通顺的现象发生。不宜是的翻版，应与履历分开，自成一体。

写求职信要坚持实事求是网络版的原则，用成就和事实代替华而不实的修饰语，恰如其分地对自己进行。要突出重点，针对某一单位的某一职位而求职，效果会更好。文字要顺畅，字迹要工整，求职信是用人单位对求职人的一次非正式的考核，用人单位可以通过信件了解求职者的语言修辞和文字表达能力，可以说求职信是用人单位对求职者取得第一印象的凭证。

求职信正确的写法 第一部分写明你要申请的职位和你是如何得知该职位的招聘信息的。第二部分说明你如何满足公司的要求，陈述个人技能和个性特征。第三部分表明你希望迅速得到回音，并标明与你联系的最佳方式。第四部分感谢对方阅读并考虑你的应聘。每封求职信应以针对适合雇主而精心设计，以此表明你明白该公司的需要。求职信还应包括与你所取得的成果及解决的问题的事例，这些事例与你所申请的工作类型相关。

求职信应是寄给有职位的某一特定的人， 使用高档纸书写，仔细校对，避免打字或语法方面的错误，要自存副本档案。

语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。小编收集了英语论文的格式与写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)

如何把作文写好一直困扰着各年级的学生，下面小编来给大家介绍写长辈作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

一、写长辈亲人的作文类型

1.写长辈亲人对自己的关心和爱护;

2.回忆长辈亲人对自己的关怀;

3.表达自己对长辈亲人的尊敬和怀念。

二、写长辈亲人的参考题目

1.《奶奶》

2.《记一个爱我的人》

3.《一个值得回忆的人》

4.《我家的骄傲》

5.《长辈》

6.《我的_____》(横线上填亲人称谓)

7.《外婆的故事》

8.《_____，您将深深留在我的记忆中》(横线上填亲人称谓)

9.《他教我怎样做人》

10.《清明忆故人》

三、写长辈亲人的参考开头

1.《我的_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的亲人当中，有一个人是我忘不了的，他就是已经离开我们整整三年的爷爷!

第二种开头：爷爷离开我已经三年了，可是我只要一看见他的照片，就会觉得他好像还活在人世，还在给我讲着《三国演义》的故事。

2.《他教我怎样做人》的两种开头

第一种开头：还在我上幼儿园的时候，外婆就对我说过一句话，那就是：“人穷志不穷。”

第二种开头：外婆是一个退休工人，没有多少文化，但她却懂得很多做人的知识，我从她那里学到了许多许多。

3.《长辈》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的长辈之中，最让我难忘的就是我的爷爷。

第二种开头：爷爷在三年前离开我们的时候，特地把我叫到医院，要见

我最后一面。

4.《_____，您将留在我的记忆里》的两种开头

第一种开头：外公，您现在在哪里呢?您还记得您的外孙吗?虽然您已经离开我们五年了，但您将永远留在我的记忆里!

第二种开头：五年前，我的外公不幸被罪恶的癌症夺去了宝贵的生命。五年过去了，外公的音容笑貌却依然存在，他，永远活在我的心里，留在我的记忆里!

四、写长辈亲人的参考词句

白发苍苍/须发斑白/身板硬朗/老当益壮/精神矍铄/清瘦/年逾花甲/年

近古稀/与世长辞/德高望重/童心犹在/欢度晚年/坎坷一生/饱经风霜/孤苦

伶仃/大展宏图/事业正旺/前途远大/慈眉善眼/和蔼可亲/重病在身1.他头发苍白，脸色红润，走起路来像一阵风。

2.爷爷的岁数大了，连眉毛都白了，就像是圣诞老人。

3.外公两鬓斑白，头顶中间光秃秃的，周围只剩下了几绺儿稀疏的灰发。

4.爷爷一边用手拈着长长的银须，一边眯着眼睛笑。

5.叔叔秀气的鼻梁上，架着一副金边眼镜，显得文质彬彬，英俊潇洒。

6.她总是穿着一身蓝布衣，说起话来慢条斯理。

7.老人年近七旬，两鬓早已斑白，但瘦削的脸上，两只眼睛却炯炯有神。

8.奶奶的脚是裹过的，枯瘦的小脚，脚趾已经被摧残得面目全非了。

9.奶奶将黑红色的皮鞋穿在脚上，慢慢地站了起来，我突然发现，奶奶年轻多了。

10.奶奶70多岁了，满脸皱纹，前额长了两块褐色的斑，她的耳朵有点失灵，小声说话她就听不见。

11.马叔叔窘得脸红脖子粗，像是抹了红似的。

12.舅舅黑红的脸上洋溢着笑容，我知道，那是胜利后自豪的微笑。

13.那明亮的眼睛里流露出对我们的关切之情，脸上笑吟吟的，令人感到亲切和温暖。

14.只见他一弯腰，再一挺身，一担沉甸甸的泥土就挑起来了。

15.外婆着急地问：“扎手了没有?”“没……没有。”我迟迟疑疑地说。

五、写长辈亲人的参考段落

1.我的外公已经六十多岁了，两鬓斑白，头顶中间光秃秃的，像个足球场。周围是稀稀的几绺儿头发，脸庞圆圆的，整天笑眯眯的。肚子挺得高高的，像个弥勒佛。他整天离不开一只小茶壶，走路的时候捧着，看报的时候摸着，就连睡觉的时候也要把茶壶放在枕边，好像怕人偷走似的。

(像个足球场、像个弥勒佛、好像怕人偷走似的，这些“像”字句用在文章中，会使文章变得很生动，很形象，很有趣味。)

2.舅舅四十多岁了，还是个单身汉。他是个园艺师，人很魁梧。外婆说，他是读书读傻了，给花花草草弄呆了。他一点不急，外婆倒为他急呢。有一回，外婆写信给在苏州教书的小姨，给舅舅找一个对象，外婆不知怎么，将“找”字写成了“抓”字，惹得外公一阵大笑。

(外婆说的话为什么不加双引号?因为这不是外婆的原话，而是外婆说话的大概意思，所以就不用加双引号了。)

3.爷爷接到翻译任务后，不分昼夜地干了起来。早晨天不亮，他的房间里已经透出灯光;中午，爷爷匆匆吃完饭，稍微休息一下就接着翻译;夜里要忙到一点多钟才睡觉。由于坐的时间长，连脚都浮肿了。经过夜以继日的努力，爷爷终于圆满地翻译完了这些资料，为冰箱厂与外商谈判赢得了主动权。

(怎样写爷爷的勤奋和辛苦呢?小作者就写爷爷早晨、中午和晚上分别是怎样完成翻译工作的。这样写很聪明，也把爷爷的工作很具体地表现出来了。)

4.去年暑假，爸爸带我到广西梧州开会。一天，我在走廊看见一位戴眼镜的白发老人。老人中等个儿，圆圆的脸，高高的额头，白白的头发，长长的眉毛，两眼炯炯有神。后来我才知道，他是秦牧爷爷，一位著名的大作家，写过很多书。

(圆圆、高高、白白、长长，这些叠词用在文章之中，反映出了小作者对秦牧爷爷的衷心敬爱。)

5.每逢外婆到上海我家来，我都感到特别高兴。外婆虽然上了年纪，但还经常参加田间劳动，还几次被评为先进呢。所以每次外婆来，妈妈总要她休息休息，常常把要洗的衣服都收藏起来。可是等妈妈一上班，外婆就忙起来了，不但把衣服洗得干干净净，而且还把已经破了的地方补得平平整整，一双手说什么也闲不住。

(写外婆的勤劳，写得很成功，特别是“还把已经破了的地方补得平平整整”这个细小的材料，更突出了外婆的特点。)

6.电影院门口，一位满头白发的老婆婆正急急忙忙地收拾摊子，汗水不断地从她的脸上淌下来。忽然，一只苹果滑落在地上，她转身弯腰准备去捡，不料，身子碰着了小车子，把车上的一筐苹果也碰翻了下来。这一下可糟了，一只只又红又大的苹果，就像是一个个调皮的小娃娃，骨碌碌地滚得满地都是。

(把落在地上的苹果比作调皮的小娃娃，真是太形象准确了。如果比作是上课的学生，那就不合适了，想想，为什么呢?)

7.我开始教外公了。开始时，外公跳迪斯科很滑稽，音乐节奏跟不上，手脚又很不灵便。我嘴里喊着“一、二、三、四”，双手推动着外公的身体，从学“擦地板、洗脸、擦窗”等较容易的动作学起，随着节奏一节一节地反复练习，我和外公每次都累得满头大汗。外公学得很认真，脸上也露出了笑容。没过多久，外公终于能跳一套完整的老年迪斯科了。

(“擦地板、洗脸和擦窗”这些动作其实是形象的说法，是说外公跳的动作像擦地板，像洗脸，像擦窗。)

8.爷爷戴上了老花眼镜，仔仔细细地量尺寸，裁布料，然后一针一线地缝。我呢，就拿着“金箍棒”在院子里玩。过了一会儿，我就进去问：“爷爷，小军装做好了没有?”爷爷笑着说：

“不要急，不要急!”到了第二天的晚上，一套小军装终于做好了。可是发现少了红领章，爷爷翻箱倒柜找红布，都没有找到。正在没有办法的时候，他看到了那条红被面，灵机一动，从被面的边上剪下两小块，把它们缝到领子上。一会儿，我就穿起了新军装，爷爷看着我的神气样儿，摸着胡子笑了。

(爷爷帮孙儿做衣服，真是不容易!)

9.我的外婆已经退休了，可还是那么精神抖擞，走起路来健步如飞，连我都跟不上。她的性格开朗，脸上总挂着亲切的笑容。我呀，特别喜欢和外婆在一起。她不但给我做花花衣，而且自己也打扮得漂漂亮亮的，经常对着镜子又是抹口红，又是涂胭脂。夏天还会穿上花连衣裙，高兴起来就拉着我一起跳“迪斯科”。大家都说外婆越活越年轻了。

(写出一个年老而不服老，性格开朗乐观的老人形象，令人敬佩!)

10.我的外公六十多岁了，耳朵边的头发全白了，头顶中间光秃秃的，像个小球场，周围是稀稀落落的几根头发。他的脸圆圆的，整天笑眯眯的。外公的肚子挺得高高的，像个弥勒佛。他整天离不开一只小茶壶，走路的时候捧着，看报的时候摸着，就连睡觉的时候也要把茶壶放在枕头边，好像怕人偷走似的。

(文中有三个“像”字句，是不是都是比喻呢?前两个是的，而最后一个就不是了。它只是一种猜测。这三句“像”字句都很成功。)

六、写长辈亲人的参考题材

1.爷爷退休了还在工作，为一个工厂出谋划策;

2.外婆每天早晨都要去进行早锻炼，她说，生命在于运动;

3.奶奶退休以后，自己办了一个家庭托儿所，为家庭有困难的女职工解决带小孩问题;

4.外公到一个小学担任了校外辅导员的工作，给学生讲做人的道理;

(以上表现长辈们退休之后继续工作，为社会作贡献)

5.爷爷喜欢养花种草，在他的家里，满院子都是花花草草，一片春光;

6.奶奶喜欢看书看报，每天都关心国家大事;

7.舅舅将自己做生意赚来的钱，捐献给社会福利院和盲童学校;

8.外婆喜欢剪纸，她说，这是民间艺术，她要把它发扬光大;

9.外公喜欢唱京戏，经常自拉自唱，自得其乐;

10.阿姨做导游工作，一次她拣到了一只皮包，立即交给了上级领导，及时地交还给了失主，受到了外宾的称赞;

(以上表现长辈亲人的高雅爱好和做人美德)

11.爷爷把他当兵时的一支钢笔送给了我，希望我发扬革命传统，好好学习本领;

12.在我生日之时，叔叔在电台为我点歌，勉励我多学多问，成长为一个对社会有用的人;

13.外婆怕我冷，连夜为我打了一副毛线手套，还亲自送到我的学校;

14.舅舅送给我一套我最喜欢的《十万个为什么》，还写了一段话，希望我多读书，读好书。

一、常写自由作文

常写自由作文， 文字表达能力就会渐渐增强，常看书看报，视野就会渐渐开阔；写立意明确，结构精巧，细节描写，景物描写都应与立意结合，文史哲知识引转，名人哲理都应恰到好处，的起承转合或先抑后扬，或开门见山，或借物说理都应在巧上下功夫。不管写啥样题材的都离不开布局谋篇，遣词用语所以常写是最好的方法。

二、巧用名言警句

利用名句 打造凤头开篇动人。唐诗宋词中的名句运用的恰到处，可以有意蕴，文采。

比如下面一个考生的《早》的开头

谁不期待那东方欲晓喷薄欲出的朝日？谁不渴望草色遥看近却无的欣喜？谁不想消除“草色烟光残照里的哀怨？这一切都源自对早的向往。有了早就能欣赏到”鸡声芦店月，人迹板桥霜“的孤寂美，有了早就能领略到”岭上晴云披絮帽，树到初日挂铜征的奇异，有了早，就能抒发“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”

------中学生要想提高作文的水平还需要积累，需要深厚的文史知识，深厚的生活底子，只读书不总结“死知识”只总结不应用“没灵气”只知用，不会用“书呆气”所以学习作文理论与实践相结合最为重要。

三、谈立意

写如同说话，是思想感情的真实流露，应该自然，大方，艺术深刻，内涵，意蕴。如果仅拘泥于优美的辞藻，完美的句式，精巧的结构来表达自怜自叹的个人哀怨的小资情调，而没有心系苍生悲天悯人的大爱情怀，那就相对浅薄，立意不高，没思想内涵很难让批改老师打出高分。当今社会处于转型，物欲横流，人情淡漠尤其是可恶的学案压得学生喘 不过气来“风声、雨声很难入耳，家事国事不易入心。在这样的背景写出高雅的时文不易，需要观察修养，需要下面浅谈个人的浅薄认识：

1、认真观察生活，感触世间真爱

人世间众缘和合，鱼水情手足情情相连，父母爱，山河爱，爱爱相通。一山一水有真情，一草一花有风景。只有细心体会生活，观世相，看人生，想未来积累素材就会逐渐丰富，逐渐内涵。

2、明白人情世故，正确认识世界。

人情世故是为人处事的道理和经验。有句老话说得好”世事洞明有学问，人情练达即”写不可生编硬造，应接触社会，感悟生活，多与人打交道多与人交往学会相处学会安排。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感、灵活的文学体裁。随着时间发展，散文的概念由广义向狭义转变，并受到西方文化的影响。小编收集了散文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

开头

①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

中间

一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

结尾

①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

抒情散文模式

开头

①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

中间

①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

结尾

巴金的部分散文创作历程

1929年到1937年中，创作了主要代表作长篇小说《激流三部曲》中的《家》，以及《海的梦》、《春天里的秋天》、《砂丁》、《萌芽》(《雪》)、《新生》、《爱情的三部曲》、(《雾》、《雨》、《电》)等中长篇小说，出版了《复仇》、《将军》，《神·鬼·人》等短篇小说集和《海行集记》、《忆》、《短简》等散文集。以其独特的风格和丰硕的创作令人瞩目，被鲁迅称为“一个有热情的有进步思想的作家，在屈指可数的好作家之列的作家”(《答徐懋庸并关于抗日统一战线问题》)。其间任文化生活出版社总编辑，主编有《文季月刊》等刊物和《文学丛刊》等从书……

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明， 正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我，“我是怎样一个人， 就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”， “反正我只是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。 朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事， 而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验， 再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

四、散文写作--构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考，再探索，再继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养、功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。

构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文，起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。

徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可以说明这个问题。

总之，一篇散文的谋篇、构思，不同的作家有不同的方法，因人而异，不可强求一律，更不能照猫画虎，每人应有每人的独特方法，但讲究构思，则对每一个作家而言，都是极重要的。

一篇优秀的散文，几乎难以离开联想。所谓联想，是指对事物由此及彼、由表及里的想象活动。由一事物过渡到另一事物的心理过程。当人们由当前事物回忆起有关的另一事物，或者由想起的一件事物又波及到另一件事物时，都离不开联想。在这种联想活动中，事物的特征和本质，更容易鲜明和突出，作者的思想认识也能不断提高和深化。一个作者的知识积累，储藏愈厚实，则对生活的感受愈敏锐，易于触类旁通，浮想联翩，文思泉涌。联想，在心理活动中占有重要地位。回忆常以联想的形式出现，联想还有助于举一反三的推理过程。特别是在散文创作及其它样式的文艺创作中，联想有着增强作品艺术魅力的功效。

散文家的灵感，看似偶然，实则必然，迁思妙得，得自长期积累。积累愈厚，愈发敏感。散文不是贵在触发吗?由此及彼是触发，对于目前所经历的事物，发现旁的意思，既是触发，也是联想。深厚的积累，有助于触发的深化。要将“诗魂”变为诗，要从触发达到构思，还必须发挥联想和想象。要将许多旧经验溶化、抽象、加以重新组织，假若没有一定生活积累做凭依，想象、联想的翅膀则是飞不起来的。客观事物总是相互联系的，具有各种不同联系的事物反映在作者的头脑中，便形成了各种不同的联想──有空间或时间上相接近的事物形成接近联想(如由水库想起水力发电机);有相似特点的事物形成的类似联想(如由鲁迅想起高尔基);有对立关系的事物形成对比联想(如由光明想起黑暗); 有因果关系的事物形成因果联想(如由火想到热)。

散文的联想，总是同精细的观察、细微的描述相结合。散文的画面，首先力求真实、具体，使人读之如身临其境，同时也要做到含蓄、深邃，使人读之能临境生情。作者给读者想象空间、回味余地愈大，则诗意的芬芳愈浓，这就离不开丰富而活跃的联想。 联想，实质上是观察的深化，是此时此地的观察，与彼时彼地观察的融会贯通。没有这种融会贯通，便没有感受的加深、思想的升华、诗意的结晶。如果说，精细的观察，为作者采集了丰富的矿石，那活跃的联想，则是对这些矿石的冶炼和加工。 联想不是凭着个人的闪念所得，漫无边际地胡思乱想。一个作家要想让联想的翅膀飞起来，没有广博的学识，不掌握事物之间内在的联系和底蕴，没有个人的创造性和激情，没有个人爱好的广大空间，思想和幻想、形式和内容的广大空间，是高飞不起来的。只能象蓬间雀那样在草稍上徘徊，而不能象大鹏那样展翅万里，海阔天空自由飞翔。

散文笔调的魅力，固然来自作家的真知、真见、真性、真情。但要将其化作文学和谐的色彩、自然的节奏、隽永的韵味，还必须依靠驾驭文字的娴熟，笔墨的高度净化。

文采，不在于文字的花哨和刻意雕饰，而在于表情达意，朴实真挚。如堆砌词藻，就象爱美而又不善于打扮的女人一样，以为涂脂抹粉，越浓越好，花花绿绿，越艳越好，其实俗不可耐，令人见了皱眉。

散文作者，要有特别敏锐的眼光和洞察力，能看到和发现别人所没有看到的事物，还需有异常严密而深厚的文字功夫。创作时，不能心浮气躁，要静下心来，挖空心思找到准确的词句，并把它们排列得能用很少的话表达较多的意思。这就是古人所说的“言简意繁”。要使语言能表现出一幅生动的画面，简洁地描绘出人物的音容笑貌和主要特征，让读者一下子就牢牢记住被描写人物的动作、步态和语气。

散文的语言美，作家们有不少独到精辟的见解。秦牧说：“文采，同样产生艺术魅力和文笔情趣。丰富的词汇，生动的口语，铿锵的音节，适当的偶句，色彩鲜明的描绘，精采的叠句……这些东西的配合，都会增加文笔的情趣。”佘树森说：“散文的语言，似乎比小说多几分浓密和雕饰，而又比诗歌多几分清淡和自然。它简洁而又潇洒，朴素而又优美，自然中透着情韵。可以说，它的美，恰恰就在这浓与淡、雕饰与自然之间。”

散文篇幅小，容量大，行文最忌拉拉杂杂，拖泥带水，容不得老王婆裹脚布，又长又臭。简洁，并不是简境，而是简笔;笔既简，而境不简，是一种高度准确的概括力。杜牧《阿房宫赋》开头写道：“六王毕，四海一。蜀山兀，阿房出。”仅仅十二字，就写出了六国王朝的覆灭。秦始皇统一了天下，把蜀山的树木砍光了，山顶上光秃秃的，就在这里，修建起阿房宫。短短十二个字，写出了这么丰富的历史内容，时空跨度又很大，真可谓“言简意繁”了。 潇洒，对人来说，是一种气质，一种风度。对散文来说，是语句变化多姿。短句，促而严;长句，舒而缓;偶句，匀称凝重;奇句，流美洒脱。这些句式的错落而谐调的配置，自然便构成散文语言特有的简洁而潇洒的美。

散文语言的朴素美，并不排斥华丽美，两者是相对成立的。在散文作品里，我们往往看到朴素和华丽两副笔墨并用。该浓墨重彩的地方，尽意渲染，如天边锦缎般的晚霞;该朴素的地方，轻描淡写，似清澈小溪涓涓流淌。朴素有如美女的“淡扫蛾眉”，华丽亦非丽词艳句的堆砌，而是精巧的艺术加工，不着斧凿的痕迹。但不论是朴素还是华丽，若不附属于真挚感情和崇高思想的美，就易于像无限的浮萍，变得苍白无力，流于玩弄技巧的文字游戏。

像生活的海洋一样，语言的海洋也是辽阔无边的。行文潇洒，不拘一格，鲜活的文气，新颖的语言，巧妙的比喻，迷人的情韵，精采的叠句，智慧的警语，优美的排比，隽永的格言，风趣的谚语，机智的幽默，含蓄的寓意，多种多样艺术技巧的自如运用，将使散文创作越发清新隽永，光彩照人。期刊——《散文》

《散文》创刊于1980年1月，是我国第一家专发散文作品的纯文学刊物。创刊之初，便确立了思想上追求高格调，艺术上追求高水准的办刊宗旨，二十年如一日的坚持，使得《散文》成为一份高雅纯净，独具品位的刊物，推出了包括贾平凹、赵丽宏、詹克明、李汉荣等在内的大批优秀散文作家及作品，得到了广大读者和社会的认可。

多年来，《散文》的发行量一直居全国同类刊物之冠，影响遍及海内外华人世界。曾获历年省市级优秀期刊奖，首届及第三届“中国期刊奖”。2005年的《散文》，将一如既往地坚持自己的艺术追求，并在此基础上进一步加大内容的丰富性和风格的多样性.“格高境阔，文洁意新;继承传统，发展创新”这是我们始终坚持的十六个字。所有照亮黑暗启迪心智的思考，都值得我们收藏;所有为丰富汉语写作形式上可能性的努力，都值得我们珍视。我们从来不以绯闻、逸事和低级趣味来吸引读者;以平常心为平常人办刊，关怀人生、贴近灵魂是我们靠近读者的方式，而这一切的实现，又不以牺牲文学性和原创性为代价。我们相信，中国需要《散文》，这就好比人生需要艺术的因子一样。我们认为，一本好的刊物，它当然要尊重人的日常欲望，但更为重要的它理应对破坏爱、善与和谐的力量表示自己的不妥协。正是在这个意义上，《散文》呈现了一种罕见的沉思的品质和悲悯情怀。薪火相传，

为了让记叙生动，在写记叙文的时候，还需要辅之以描写表达方式;为了让记叙过程流露感情色彩，还需要辅之以抒情表达方式;小编收集了描写记叙文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

(一)确定一个好的主题

每篇文章都有主题,它是作者对文章所记写的内容的总的看法或评价。在文章中,它是统率一切的灵魂,是贯穿全篇的红线,文章的选材、剪裁、结构、语言、表达等等,都要以此为据,自觉受其约束。

衡量文章主题确立是否够好的标准是:

1.正确指所确立的主题符合客观事物的本质规律,符合正确、高尚的审美观与价值观。

2.鲜明指文章的主题必须明确表示作者对所记写事物的理性判断和感情倾向。

3.集中一篇文章只能有一个主题,全部的记叙都必须围绕它展开。有些材料的运用看似旁逸斜出,其实它们一般都是为了深化或升华主题。

(二)精心选择材料

记叙文的写作,无论是记人、叙事,还是写景、状物,首先要解决的是内容问题,为此,作者必须尽可能深地熟悉反映的对象,尽可能多地占有材料。而作者所掌握的材料能否成为文章中的有用部分,关键在于选择和取舍,对此,著名作家茅盾形象地说“要像关卡的税吏们的百般挑剔”。具体说来,这“挑剔”的标准就是:

1.围绕和突出主题所有占有、积累的素材,以文章的立意为标准,只有能说明和突出中心的,才可选而用之。反之,与中心无关,则应舍而弃之。

2.真实而典型真实指生活中确有其人其事,而非虚构或杜撰(这是记叙文和文学作品的根本区别)。但真实的材料只有能反映事物本质,具有代表性和说服力,才能恰当地表达主题,这就是“典型”的要求。

3.新颖而别致指选择别人未发现、未使用的材料,或者赋予别人已发现、已使用的材料以新意。

(三)谋定恰当的表现方法

记叙文的表现方法,就是行文的具体技巧。具体包括:

1.线索安排一篇记叙文,哪怕只是记叙一件具体的事情,也应有一条把材料贯穿起来的线索,如果所使用的材料较多,线索的作用更显得重要。记叙文的线索在具体的文章中可以表现为多种形态,如时间线索、感情线索、逻辑事理线索等。

2.详略剪裁文中使用众多的材料,最忌半斤对八两式的平均用力。一般说来,只有那些最能表现文章中心、最能表现人物个性、最能揭示事物本质的内容,才应详细具体地展示,而那些在记叙中只起交代或衔接作用的内容,则应略写或省写。

3.结构和内容的调度相对于议论文等文体,记叙文的结构安排更加灵活自由,但如何开篇即引人入胜,结尾让人回味无穷,在结构安排上,是大有讲究的。比如,在记叙顺序上,我们就可以使用倒叙、插叙等手段,使文章波澜起伏,摇曳生姿。

“文似看山不喜平”,记叙展开的过程讲求波澜起伏、摇曳生姿。

对初中生来说,记叙文写作已有一定基础了,但在写作中,存在着一些问题。下面就谈谈自己的一些看法。

常见问题及原因分析

(一)首尾不入题目

文章的开头、结尾入题,才能使文章结构严谨、内容集中、中心突出,给读者留下眉目清楚、主题鲜明的感觉。但许多同学在写作中却往往不注意这一点,入题的意识很差,常常是想怎么写就怎么写,缺乏认真思考。这里特别值得提出的是,有些同学不明确倒叙式开头的记叙文,开头一般得入题,并且结尾要回到现实中来;顺叙式的记叙文,开头可入题也可不入,而结尾部分是必须入题的。

(二)记人和记事的记叙文不分

有些同学不讲究记人和记事的记叙文在写法上的区别,常常是看到一个题目就没头没脑地写下去,结果把一篇文章写得非牛非马,成了个“四不像”。原因在于他们不明确记人为主的记叙文,开头结尾应该突出强调的是人;记事为主的记叙文,开头结尾突出强调的才是事。另外,记人为主的记叙文也要记事,通过事件的叙述、描写突出人物的性格(记事为记人服务);记事为主的记叙文也要写到人,目的是通过人物的交代和细节的描写使事件的记叙更具体、更完整,深刻地揭示事件意义,表现文章主题。

(三)选材不典型,重点不突出

选材不典型是部分同学写作中存在的通病,许多同学愿意写别人的材料,不愿写自己的材料。事实上随着年级的升高,作文命题越来越倾向于写自己熟悉的生活。而不善于运用自己生活中的材料,不理解、不认识自己熟悉的生活是很难完成写作任务的。

例如,《生活告诉我》一文,许多同学不选自己亲身经历过的材料,特别是自己的生活材料,却去写别人的事迹材料,全篇罗列张海迪、女排姑娘或别的英雄人物的事迹等等,而自己的事迹、感受一点也没涉及。另外,重点不突出也是部分同学在写作表达上常犯的毛病。例如,《感动》一文,有些同学把部分笔墨集中于此,只习惯于在主体部分中完整记叙事件的过程,最后,在结尾处用一句话简单概括:“这就是令我感动的一件事”,觉得这样就可以了,文中很难看到习作者深受感动的情景或感动的心理活动描写,也就是说没明确揭示“感动”的原因。

(四)写法上,概括叙述多,细致描写少

许多同学习惯于对人物的活动、事件的过程作概括的叙述,而不愿意,或者不善于作具体细致的描写。究其原因,概括的叙述较之具体细致的描写,要简单省劲一些,这些情况经常出现在一些有惰性的同学的写作中。

(五)语文表达差

其中原因有如下几点:1.生活单调,集体性的活动少。许多同学对单调的生活认识理解不足,写起文章生拖硬拉,没有真情实感;2.平时写文不善动脑,只是照搬照抄,一旦脱离了作文选而独立成文,便出现文不从字不顺的现象;3.个别同学语文基础太差,语言不通的现象也存在。

常见问题的纠正指导

针对初中同学写作中出现的上述几方面问题,现在集中谈谈对其纠正过程中应着重注意的几方面问题。

(一)审题与选材

记叙文写作中出现的选材不当、写作重点不突出、记人记事不分,其主要原因是审题不当、对标题把握不准。审题通常指的是,审体裁、审范围、审重点(题眼)、审人称等。不少同学常常忽略的其中审重点和审范围。例如,《变化在我身边》写作的重点是我身边的变化而不是我本身的变化,《一句名言鼓舞着我》重点不是一句名言的内容及由来,而我在名言鼓舞下的思想和行为,《值得回忆的一个人》写作的重点是主人公之所以值得回忆的思想和言行。

为了突出重点,表现中心,选用的材料必须典型。选用的材料可根据标题酌情安排。例如,写整体(像《温暖的班集体》)选材力求点、面结合;写个人,则或选一件典型事例,或写某人2—3个生活片断。

(二)开头与结尾

记叙文的结构,通常有“凤头”、“猪肚”、“豹尾”之说。所谓凤头,指的是文章开头应给人以美感;猎肚,指的是内容充实;豹尾指的是文章结尾要圆滑有力。这里只说说写好文章的开头和结尾。

俗话说,“好的开端是成功的一半”,写好了文章开头对整篇文章的成功至关重要。因为开头是给人留下的第一印象。自古至今,许多文学家都十分重视写好文章的开头,我们学写记叙文也必须千方百计地写好开头。无论是倒叙式还是顺叙文,都务必写得优美而有吸引力,不写那些与标题无关或距题目太远的话。

文章结尾是给人留下的最后一个印象,它对决定文章的圆满成功也起了重要作用。俗言道:“编筐编篓,重在收口。”我们也务必用功写好文章的结尾。文章结尾要做到紧扣标题或文章中心,不得跑题。力求使结尾写得自然、简练、耐人寻味,给人启迪。

(三)表达与语言

记叙文的表达方式以记叙、描写为主,兼以议论和抒情。文章的主体部分,在表达上必须紧紧围绕并突出本文的中心。写一件事则要重点突出、层次清楚,写几个生活片断则要求详略安排得当,避免平均用力;具体表达中要注意写到细处去,通过人物或事件的细节描写,表现人物性格或事件中心;语言方面,力求生动、形象、灵活,使文章形象精彩。

(四)借鉴与改造

鉴于目前的实际情况,要坚决杜绝照搬抄作文选的做法。初学者可以仿写,但必须弄明白作文选中的作文在立意、选材、结构、语言诸方面的优点,逐渐独立成文。还可以参考优秀作文的选材、结构安排和表达技巧,但必须经过改造,使之为我所用。我们坚决反对不分青红皂白胡乱搬用精彩选段或整篇文章的行为,因为标题变了,写作重点必然变,相应的表达方式方法也得变。

When the autumn comes, the weather will become cool and people can feel the

wind. In my hometown, there will be a famous contest, which is to fly kites.

People come to the field and bring their kites. What a lively scene. The

children are very active and excited. They run to the ground for many times, so

as to make their kites flying higher and higher. It has become a tradition. Some

people even will prepare for a long time. They want to prove that they are the

strong ones. It gives people a good chance to communicate with each other. I

like the atmosphere and enjoy the time with my friends.

书写求职信的技巧：

1.表现自我的个性及特质——建议使用积极正面的陈述方式。

2.文章不可冗长——控制在总共四段、每段五行以内。

3.前瞻性的气魄——具有勇于突破与开创气质的人是外商公司的最爱。因此并不需要对之前辞职的原委做太多的解释。

4.少用第一人称——为了避免流于自大与主观的缺点，尽量少用第一人称。

求职信中的主要内容：

第一、说明你从何处得知这个工作机会

这是最基本的部份。一般来说会将媒体广告的名称改用别的字体书写或用底线加以标记。

第二、自己的学历、工作经历。

这是为了补充简历介绍的缺点，更具体的介绍自己的特点、能力。

第三、自己的工作能力能够胜任这份工作

这里要重点写，自己可以根据求才广告的内容，将自己的能力及特点体现出来。但不要太过吹嘘，这样到面试时一样会被否认掉。

第四、最后的感谢语

在最后的一段要写对公司或面试官的感谢语，体现你的真诚与修养。让面试官和招聘公司对你留下好的印象。，自荐信写作方法

员工提出辞职，一般情况下，是需要向单位递交正式的辞职信的。辞职信本身，作为员工的一种结束与单位之间劳动关系的意思表示，是具有法律效力，并且会对劳动关系结束的性质、双方责任的划分产生最有决定性的影响。因此，员工在写辞职信时，是需要慎重思考，绝对有必要三思而后行的。

为了使员工能够更好地保护自己的权利，我们从实践中碰到的员工因为提出辞职而利益受损的几个案例，总结出以下需要注意的方面，供想辞职的员工参考：

1、了解辞职权利的性质；

作为一名员工，在写辞职信之前，不要仓促行为，也不要意气用事。想辞职时，就先要想清楚，你想行使的是哪一种辞职的权利，这种性质的判断，是需要一定的法律基础的。

员工辞职的权利，共计有三种，其一是与单位协商，这是不需要员工单独拟写辞职信的；其二是员工提前三十日提出辞职，这种辞职的权利是一种预告解除劳动合同的权利，在现实中还是受到一些限制的，而且有可能会承担向单位支付违约金的责任，因此，在行使这种权利时，作为员工，应当深思一下；其三是即时辞职权利，这种辞职权利，员工是不需要向单位承担任何赔偿或者违约责任的，但是这种辞职需要法定的理由。

2、寻找合适的辞职理由；

在想清楚辞职权利的前提下，员工需要确定自己选择哪一种性质的辞职，并且在确定之后，寻找合适的辞职理由。协商解除，只需要双方同意即可，不需要特别的理由；预告解除，只需要提前三十日通知即可，也不需要特别的理由；即时辞职，需要特别的理由，其理由形式主要为单位不依法缴纳社保或者拖欠工资或者不付加班费等诸种情形。

3、措词温和，不可激化矛盾；

找到合适的理由之后，在具体行文时，不可语气过于生硬，不可因辞职信本身而与单位激化矛盾。但是更不可过于委曲求全，不敢宣告理由而使自己被动。

4、顺利取得相应的证据；

员工对于自己辞职的行为本身、辞职的理由负有举证责任。因此员工在辞职前、辞职时就应当有意识地保留相应的证据。比如领导签过字的辞职申请，自己写的辞职信，单位发的工资条等各种证据，需要切记的是，证据需要是原件。

5、作好仲裁或者诉讼的心理准备。

如果你与单位之间的劳动合同中约定了违约金的话，就要做好单位可能会向你索要的心理准备；如果你的档案存在单位的话，就要做好单位可能会扣留档案的心理准备；如果你的社保关系在单位的话，也要做好单位不给你办转的心理准备吧。

总之，辞职跳槽本身对于员工来说，是一个有风险的行为。在做出这个行为之前，需要深思并做好承担风险的心理准备，并且需要储备相应的法律常识来保存对自己有利的证据，必要时，也需要求助于专业律师为妥。

A couple of years ago, individuals can only take courses at real schools. In other words, only when they go out to schools by themselves will they have lessons which they want to have. However in recent years, with the development of internet and education mode, online teaching has become increasingly common. This kind of teaching mode means that a student just needs to have classes sitting in front of a computer at home, which appealing to lots of people.

It is widely acknowledged that online teaching has its apparent merits. First and foremost, shared resources online are accessible to all people, which costs a little at the same time. This feature brings about significant benefits especially to those who fail to afford that many courses at real schools. Secondly, online teaching makes it come a reality that one is able to study at the best pace suitable for him according to his own schedule. Last but not least, studying at home without going out is much more comfortable as well as convenient to busy people in contemporary society.

Meanwhile, there is no denying that online teaching also has demerits that cannot be dismissed. For one thing, online teaching, not like face-to-face teaching, lacks interaction between teachers and students, causing teachers not to receive feedbacks from students in time. For

another thing, for people who are poor at self-discipline, learning online at home will be a less effective way since they are easier to be distracted by other things. Besides, all of online teaching courses are ready-made rather than custom-made, that is to say, it is troublesome to be flexible when changes are needed.

巧用过度句能使整个文章看起来结构更加清晰，表达的更清楚，成为一个整体。下面是语文迷网整理的过渡句，希望对你有帮助。

1)To prevent this phenomenon/trend from worsening/running wide/To guide the matter/situation to the best advantage， it is necessary/important to……(可用于分析建议类、原因分析类等议论文)

2)In the face of……some people take the position that……/some people come to believe that……， to which I cant attach/add my consent.(可用于批驳分析类议论文)

或：In the face of……people retain/take/show/assume different attitudes/position s/standpoints.(可用于各抒己见类议论文)

或：In the face of……many people have come up with……(可用于对比分析类议论文和知识性说明文等)

3)But many people feel puzzled about/perplexed at/over whelmed with……(the changes/situation)， so this essay is intended to……(可用于批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

4)Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend， I still set my heart on……(可用于理由陈述类议论文)

5)To get a sense of how……we must turn first to causes for it/to what benefit(harm/problems/difference)it has brought to our society.(可用于分析建议和原因分析类议论文)

6)This is a(n)favorable/unfavorable/unhealthy/essential/marked/grateful change/tendency/situation， but factors/causes/reasons for it are not hard to find(或but its appearance/existence derives from a variety of factors)。(用于原因分析类议论文)

7)The progress/improvement/change(s)in……is(are)really tremendous/remarkable/prodigious/marvelous， so it is necessary to understand(see)what it(they)illustrate(s)/prove(s)/account(s)for.(用于原因分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

8)A comparison between these changes may be a good way to learn more about……(可用于对比说明文)

9)More insight/inspiration/truth/thought can be deduced from these changes.(可用于知识性说明文)

10)This situation/phenomenon/trend/tendency is rather distressing/disturb ing/depressing/heart-rending， for the opposite of it is just in line with our wishes/just what is to be expected.(可用于分析建议、批驳分析和原因分析等议论文)

11)In that case， however， I prefer to……rather than……(用于理由陈述、比较分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

12)This is what we are unwilling to see， so some way must be found out to……(可用于分析建议、对比分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

13)Fortunately， however， more and more people come/begin to realize that……(可用于分析建议、对比分析和各抒己见类议论文)

14)Unfortunately， things have worsened/come/developed to the point where……(用于分析建议、原因分析、批驳分析、各抒己见类议论文和知识性说明文)

15)But have you ever stopped to think what/how/why……?(可用于除理由陈述之外的各种议论文和知识性说明文)

16)If we take a further/colder/closer look at this problem/matter， however， more secrets/grounds/chances/ways will be found out for……

(e.g.……putting it right/taking action against it/improving it)(可用于分析建议、对比分析、原因分析等议论文和知识性说明文)

17)But this(dis)agreement ceases to exist as soon as……(用于各抒己见、批驳分析、对比分析等议论文和对比说明文)

18)A further/deeper analysis/study/exposure of……/A further comparison between……can reveal more about……/can show us more ways to……(how to……)可用于分析建议、原因分析、对比分析、批驳分析等议论文和对比说明文及知识性说明文)

19)If you push the analysis/study/argument/comparison/exposure further， you will see that……(用于分析建议、对比分析、批驳分析、各抒己见类议论文和对比说明文及知识性说明文)

20)The same is true of many cases in life.(用于举例说明文)

21)Now， lets see what would happen to……in this case/light(或in different conditions/circumstances)。(用于分析建议类议论文和对比说明文)

22)Perhaps， it is ideal/high/ripe time for us to tackle/handle/answer/take up the question in no half-hearted manner.(用于分析建议、原因分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

23)To be frank， I have turned the question over and over in my mind， but found no reason to sidestep it;so here are my ways to……/my reasons for……(用于理由陈述类议论文和知识性说明文)

24)I was once cursed/perplexed/seized with this question， but I have forged/made my own way out of it.(用于知识性说明文)

25)People from different backgrounds， however， put different interpretations on the same thing.(用于各抒己见类议论文和展开式界说性说明文)

26)But different people hold completely different views as to its nature.(用于各抒己见类议论文和界说性说明文)

27)If/When adopted to account for/define/expose……， it can come in different meanings.(用于具体定义说明文)

28)If it is intended for……， however， the divergence of outlook on it ceases to continue while a new meaning to it begins to stand out.(用于归纳性定义说明文)

29)Our life abounds with examples in point.(或The truth in the definition goes for/is applicable to many cases in our life.)(用于举例说明文)

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

下面小编给大家推荐几个半命题作文写作的指导方法，欢迎阅读。

半命题作文，是指命题者只提供一个不完整的作文命题，由考生将题目缺略的部分补充完整后再进行写作的一种作文形式。半命题作文和命题作文一起，曾在相当长的一段历史时期内，扮演着我国中考考场作文的主要角色。随着材料作文和话题作文的流行，半命题作文一度退居于考场作文的一隅。然而近年来，随着中考形势的发展，半命题作文开始反弹，至2005年中考，全国各地作文命题中半命题作文的比重加大至25%左右，在命题作文、半命题作文、材料作文和话题作文这四大常见的考试作文样式中，半命题作文的地位已经仅次于话题作文。因此，对半命题作文，每一位中考考生都应给予足够的关注和重视。

(一)半命题作文的特点

半命题作文兼具命题作文和话题作文的优点，其开放性和限制性介于命题作文和话题作文之间。与限制过死的命题作文相比，半命题作文更多地尊重了考生的情感体验和自主选择的权力，为考生提供了更为广阔的思维空间，也给考生提供了更大的写作自由。

与过于灵活的话题作文相比，半命题作文在题目中设制了一定的限制，规定了大致的写作范围，因而写作的思维更为集中、更为明确、更易于考生操作。同时，多数半命题作文在题目中就隐藏着较为丰富的写作信息，考生只要用心思考，就不难写作。如2005年宁波卷文题二“____是一把双刃剑”，一看“双刃剑”这个词，考生马上可以断定：“双刃剑”应该是所写文章的“文眼”，写作时需运用辨证思维，从正反两个方面来写(审题);文章适合写议论文，写记叙文亦可(定体);既要写正面事例，也要写反面事例(选材);文章最好提出如何化“双刃剑”为“绕指柔”的见解(立意)。有的半命题作文，还直接给出了文章体裁。如2000年浙江题“我和____的故事”，命题者在提示语中明确规定考生写记叙文。这些或隐或显的信息暗示或提示，大大减轻了考生在拟题、定体、选材、立意等方面的思维负担。

然而，考生在半命题作文中拥有的“自由”只是一种“不完全自由”，因而这种作文形式也存在着一定的弊端。考生在补题、定体、选材、构思和立意时，均要受到一定限制，处理不当，“限制”往往会变成“桎梏”。譬如考生在补题时，若不独运匠心，便极易发生或拟题雷同，题材撞车;或题目空泛，大而无当;或填词随意，文不对题;或词性错误，语法不通等现象。对此类高发的“写作事故”，每一位考生朋友都应引起注意。

(二)半命题作文的补题类型

半命题作文的补题，要而言之，有两种类型：或命题中不作提示，由考生自由拟题，如2005年济南卷文题一“拥抱____”;或命题中列出几个词语，提供考生参考，如2004年河南卷文题一“我找回了____(自尊、自信、友谊、母爱等)”;总的来说，主要包括如下六种类型：

(1)补前半部分。如“____之乐”(2005年舟山卷文题二)、“____，触动了我的心灵”(2004年南昌题)、“____让我陶醉”(2004年盐城题)、“____需要我”(2004年北京题)、“____(懂得、学会)感谢”(2004年随州卷文题一)。

(2)补后半部分。如“十六岁，我多了一份____”(2005年温州题)、“家庭的____”(2005年重庆非课改区卷文题一)、“想起了 ____”(2005年金华卷文题二)、“精彩____”(2005年无锡题)、“学会____”(2005年兰州卷文题二)、“分享____” (2005年烟台题)。

(3)补中间部分。如“我与____(小草、春天、智者、母亲等)的对话”(2004年河南卷文题一)、“生活因____(音乐、读书、挫折、爱等)更精彩”(2003年湛江卷文题一)、“当____的时候”(2003年临沂卷文题一)、“发生在____的纠纷”(2001年广州题)、“我与 ____交朋友”(2000年北京宣武区题)。

(4)补前后两部分。如“____夸我____”(2004年宁德题)。

(5)补前、中或中、后部分。如“我想让____(自己、家庭、江河等)更____(成熟、和睦、洁净等)”(2000年北京海淀区题)。

(6)补正、副标题。如“请以‘——读xxx有感’为副标题，自拟题目，就自己读过的课外名著(或文章)谈一点体会和感想”(2003年无锡题)。

(三)、半命题作文的补题方法

补题是半命题作文至关重要的一步，补题质量的优劣直接影响到半命题作文水平的高低。具体来说，半命题作文的补题，应遵循如下几条原则：

(1)扬长避短，熟悉为先。

每个考生所擅长写作的文体往往是不同的，惟有扬长避短，方能奏凯考场。近年来各地的考场作文，对文体一般都不作限制，考生要充分利用这一点，补题时根据自己的文体特长，选填相宜的词语，将半命题化为自己最拿手文体的全命题来运营文思。

考场作文是一种“速成”作文，很难有充裕的时间来选材、构思。因此，考生在补题时，所选择的词语，应与自己平时库存较为丰富的生活经历相契合;所确定的内容，须是自己较为熟悉、感受较为深刻的生活事件或情感体验。因为只有写自己熟悉的人和事，才能有话可说、有情可抒、有感可发。如2001年河南题 “我深深感受到了____”，题目要求中列出的可供选填的词语有“成功的喜悦”、“失败的痛苦”、“集体的温暖”、“家庭的温馨”、“友谊的可贵、“诚实的可敬”、“虚伪的可鄙”等(也可不受以上词语限制，自行选词填补)，很显然，任何一位考生对上述诸种情感体验不可能有着同样程度的感知、拥有同样深刻的感受，这时他们就必须“趋熟避生”。

(2)创新求异，独树一帜。

为半命题作文补题，最易题目雷同、题材“撞车”，为避免这一点，考生在补题时，要充分运作求异思维。选词所表现的内容，最好是别人不曾经历过、不曾想到过、不曾抒写过，甚或根本遇不到、想不起、写不出的。为此，应尽量选择自己亲身经历过或是发生在自己身边的生活事件，尽量避开那些人人皆知的素材。如果考题没有强制一定要从提示语中选词，最好跳出提示，另选新词补题。如2004年河南卷文题一“我与____(小草、春天、智者、母亲等)的对话”，多数考生从提示语中选择“春天”、“智者”、“母亲”等词，但有一位考生却自出机杼，将文题补为“我和崇高的对话”，抒写自己一次真实而独特的心路历程，呼唤崇高人格的回归，充满情趣、理趣。

文有鲜腐之分，题有新俗之别。而题目的新俗在某种程度上决定着内容的鲜腐。半命题作文补题应打破惯有的思维定势，全方位、多角度地运动思维。思维发散得越开，联想和想像越奇特，则与其他考生的区分度就越高，内容就越新颖鲜活，文章就越能独树一帜。

(3)力避空泛，小处切入。

补题虚空浮泛、大而无当，是半命题作文又一高发的“写作事故”。中考作文，字数要求一般在600左右。要在如此短的篇幅中，写深写透一个主题，诚非易事。因此补题时就应“就实避空”，因为题目越空泛，相应地写作范围就越广，选材、组材的难度也就越大。半命题作文命题中设置的思维空白，为考生展开自由联想提供了一个广阔空间，可补入空白处的词语很多很多，一些考生往往就拿捏不准，如2005年无锡市作文题“精彩____(一幕、瞬间、人生等)”，按说以提示语中的“一幕”、“瞬间”入题，也非常不错，然而却有考生为了“创新”，将文题补成“精彩世界”、“精彩世纪”之类，范围越扩越大，文题越变越虚，最后写出来的文章大而空、虚而浮，事与愿违。

因此，要写好半命题作文，最好“小口径切入”，题目不要补得过大。如2005年济南卷文题一“拥抱____”，很多考生如此补题——“拥抱地球”、 “拥抱美德”、“拥抱生命”，等等。不是说这样的题目不可以写，而是说因为它们涵盖范围过大，写起来较难把握，容易流于泛泛而谈。如果将“地球”缩小为 “绿地”、将“美德”缩小为“宽容”、将“生命”缩小为“青春”之类，经营起来，可能难度会变得小一些。有一种以具体事物入题的补题方法，可有效地缩小写作范围。如2000年昆明题“我好想_____”，很多考生就采用此法，拟出了“我好想栽一棵苹果树”、“我好想去草原”、“我好想拥有一间书房”等范围具体的题目，降低了写作的难度系数。

(4)搭配得当，合乎逻辑。

选词补题，应注意词语之间搭配得当，合乎逻辑。首先，要合乎生活逻辑。如写作半命题作文“我第一次_____”，若补填“哭”、“淘气”、“做梦” 之类，就不符合生活事理。因为这些事情大都发生在人的婴幼儿时期，是难以界定“第一”的;而如果换成“领奖”、“说谎”、“远行”等词，则因为其在考生脑海留下的深刻印象，情理皆通。

其次，补题要前后照应，合乎题旨。如2001年唐山题“____谢谢你”，揣摩题旨，横线上所填内容当与“你”照应，应补填称呼或姓名，如“老师，谢谢你”、“对手，谢谢你”等。然而却有考生没有看出题目中的这种对应关系，填成了“辛苦了，谢谢你”、“再一次，谢谢你”等，明显与题旨相悖。相反，2005年厦门题“那一次，我读懂了____”，考场上一篇满分作文补的词语是“坦然”，文章写自己在与历经坎坷却豪迈依旧的大文豪李白、苏轼的对话中，领悟到笑对挫折的人生真谛。作者显然非常准确地破译出了命题者隐含在文题空白处的命题意图，所补词语，既切中题旨，又与文题中的修饰语“那一次”和动词谓语“读懂了”形成了和谐的搭配关系。

(5)思想健康，拓深主题。

中考作文，对文章思想的健康性和主题的深刻性也有着相当的要求。考生在文章中，应该尽量展现当代青年积极进取、昂然向上的精神风貌，唱响时代的主旋律。这里所说的思想健康，并不是要考生喊口号、说大话、唱高调，而是说文章所表现的内容，必须体现文化和文明的正确走向，符合健康的价值观和审美观，反映建设“和谐社会”的时代潮流，力避消极、颓废、暴力和享乐主义思想。如2005年深圳题“_____的味道”，应该说这是一个蕴涵很深的半命题，完全可以补出夺人眼球的好题目。然而令人遗憾的是，竟有考生补填“打麻将”、“抽烟”、“自杀”等词语，显而易见，这样的题目，内容是消极的，思想是不健康的，与正确的主题背道而驰，犯了方向性错误。

半命题作文题目补填的词语不同，主题揭示的深刻度也会有所不同。考生要想从作文考场上披锦而归，还必须学会开动真情和想像的钻头，向思维深处钻探、挖掘。大凡文章的主题，都可分为浅、中、深三个不同的层次，开挖时切忌浅尝辄止。仍以深圳题“_____的味道”为例，此文补题若停留在“物”的层次或 “感官”的层次，补填“西瓜”、“咖啡”、“冰激凌”之类，就滋味写滋味，必然俗气浅薄;若紧扣“味道”的涵义，往深处开掘，进入“事”的层次或“体悟” 的层次，补填“得奖”、“挨批”、“失败”等词，虽仍然平淡无奇，毕竟深刻多了;若再掘一锄，进入“情”的层次或“想像”的层次，补填“母爱”、“阳光”、“飞翔”等内容，兴许就能别开洞天，胜人一筹。

文题补写好了，文章也就变成命题作文了，这时同学们就可以按照命题作文的要求，动笔写作了。

原文呈现

沉淀内心，收放自如

王馨宇

放者流为猖狂，入者收为寂寞，唯善操身心者，把柄在手，收放自如。

——题记

天下熙熙皆为利来，天下攘攘皆为利往。在光怪陆离的社会生活中，人们好像已经习惯了争名逐利，习惯于往自己的头上戴荣誉的光环。君不见打工皇帝唐骏造假学历，君不见明星个人资料上造假年龄……可是，这些面子工程真有那么重要吗？为什么那么多人为了名誉不惜迷失自我？

（此段中有两个“君不见”，从素材使用的角度，涵盖面有点狭小，最好再加一两个，构成排比，同时扩大社会领域，以期达到素材的广泛性。）

据报载，一个名为“中国校花大赛”活动的组织方在前往北大宣传推广时遭遇尴尬。两名女生鳖着牌子宣称“抵制校花，拒做花瓶”、“不做校花做自己”。在这样一个浮躁的社会，她们能做到沉淀内心，保持本真，实在难能可贵。

（此段为议论文的“由头”部分，应该在开头部分提出，放在此段有点晚。建议与上段换一下位置。）

诗人林希曾说：“土，浮沉在空间里．你是尘埃：沉淀在大地上，你是土壤。”人心亦如此。浮躁的内心除了能催生肤浅，什么也做不到。在人生的路途中，我们若是过于追名逐利，就如同一群人争夺一片浮云，总算费尽心机站了上去，还没有风光多久就被逐渐飘散的浮云摔到地上，好处没有得到，反倒得了一身伤痕。如此结果，于己何益？

学历、年龄、金钱，还有“校花”的美誉，正如朵朵浮云，乍一看洁白无瑕，很美丽，但只是商家牟取利益的手段，即使是friend最后也还是会end，lover最后也免不了over，更何况这飘渺不定的浮云？

（此段很有特点，但单独成一段有点突兀，它其实是用来修饰“浮云”的，所以与上段合在一起为好，并且应该想法去阐述“浮云”。）

古人云：我贵而人奉我，实非奉我，奉此峨冠大带也：我贱而人侮我，实非侮我，侮此布衣草履也，我胡为喜，我胡为怒？因此，我们不必在乎世人的眼光，像毕淑敏所说，“面朝大地，背负青天，快乐地活着”，就好。

（“我贵而人奉我……”这个素材实际上与主旨关系不大，因为本文的主旨是“沉淀内心，收放自如”，而素材主要说的是淡定面对别人的毁誉，联系并不是十分紧密。）

面对名利的诱惑，我们应当善操身心，保持平和的心态，因而才能把柄在手，收放自如。想想《倚天屠龙记》中小昭所唱的：“世情推物理，人生贵适意，想人间造物搬兴废。吉藏凶，凶藏吉。富贵哪能长富贵？……受用了一朝，一朝便宜。百岁光阴，七十者稀。急急流年，滔滔逝水…．

（“小昭”所唱的曲子非常精彩，但更适合表现“圆满与残缺”、“幸运与不幸”、“珍惜”、“知足”等话题，与“把柄在手，收放自如”还是有一定的区别的。）

名誉的光环终究是留不下的纪念碑，只有沉淀下来的心灵，才能为自己树立永恒不倒的丰碑！

（结尾讲究照应升华，结尾出现的“纪念碑”，“丰碑”前文没有出现过，既谈不上照应，更谈不上升华。）升格策略

这是一篇中规中矩的议论文，意在论述人在面对名利等各种诱惑时，要沉淀内心，保持本真。文章中心较为明确，素材也很丰富，但不足之处也很明显。

首先，文章结构不是十分合理。一般而言，议论文都需要有个“由头”，也就是所发议论的原由，就是具体的事件，这部分通常需要放在文章开头部分，这样才能快速入题。但本文先是发了一通议论，然后才摆出原由，切题失之于缓慢，不够快捷。建议作者将事件由头作为文章的开头。

其次，素材运用贵在精当，丈中素材虽然丰富、多样，但某些素材却有芜杂之嫌。比如，丈中有两个单独看来很不错的素材，就是“我贵而人奉我……”的名言和《倚天屠龙记》中小昭所唱的曲子，但可惜与本文主旨还是有一定的游离，建议作者忍痛割爱，更换成更能体现文章主旨的素材。这种情况许多同学都有，他们往往熟记一些精彩素材之后，在写作时总想将之用于文中，只是有时这些素材与所写作文主旨关系不大，即使勉强用上也属画蛇添足，甚至适得其反，不但不能为文章增色，反而会使文章减分。

另外，个别语句有离开事件去泛谈之嫌，这些都是需要修改的。

升格佳作

沉淀内心，收放自如

王馨字

放者流为猖狂，入者收为寂寞，唯善操身心者，把柄在手，收放自如。

——题记

据报载，一个名为“中国校花大赛”活动的组织方，在前往北大宣传推广时遭遇尴尬，有两名女生举着牌子宣称“抵制校花，拒做花瓶”、“不做校花做自己”。

（开篇先交代由头，正确。）

在这么一个浮躁的社会，她们能做到沉淀内心，保持本真，难道不值得我们赞叹吗？面对她们，那些成天汲汲于富贵、戚戚于贫贱的人不觉得汗颜吗？

（紧扣题目，过渡简洁。）

太史公曾日：天下熙熙，皆为利来：天下攘攘，皆为利往。在光怪陆离的社会生活中，人们好像已经习惯了争名逐利，习惯于往自己的头上戴荣誉的光环。君不见打工皇帝唐骏假造学历，君不见明星个人资料上谎报年龄，君不见某些女演员为求出名主动要求“潜规则”，君不见“官出数字，数字出官”之怪现状层出不穷……

（素材内涵富于变化，因此显得丰富而不单调。）

可是，这些“面子工程”真有那么重要吗？为什么那么多人为了这些外在的东西不惜迷失自我？

（独句成段，引起下丈。）

诗人林希曾说：“土，浮沉在空间里，你是尘埃；沉淀在大地上，你是土壤。”人心亦是如此，浮躁的内心除了能让人生肤浅，什么也做不到。在我看来，那些热衷于靠“选秀”、“选花”、“选革”而出名图利的人，就如同在争夺一片浮云，这浮云乍一看洁白无瑕，很美丽，但说到底只是商家牟取利益的手段，别忘了即使是friend最后也还是会end，lover最后也免不了over，更何况这飘渺不定的浮云？即使费尽心机站了上去，也会在须臾之间摔倒在地上，而像北大那两名能保持本真的女生，本来就立足于坚实的大地上，又怎会有摔落之虞呢？

（再次联系“北大两名女生”，表示没脱离材料）

所以，面对似乎很轻松就能到手的诱惑，保持警惕吧，特别是在你心浮气躁、意动血涌的时候，这时的我们，更应该沉淀内心，善操身心，保持平和、本真的心态，只有这样，才能把柄在手，收放自如，才不会被“某花”、“某草”之类的商业化炒作弄得晕头转向，才会找到自己真正的幸福生活。就像著名作家毕淑敏所说的——

枷锁一旦被打开，你就可以自由地呼吸了！

（引用名人名言强化论点，切题紧密。）

升格小结

文章在升格过程中，从结构的安捌到素材的选用，都进行了一些调整。首先，将作文由头放在开头部分，使文章更加符合常规议论文的形式。然后，将原文中“君不见”由两句扩充为四句，第一是为了在句式上形成排比句，第二是为了扩大素材覆盖范围，增加文章的说服力度。接着，将“即使是Friend最后也还是会end”一段与上一段合并，突出了名利的“浮云”特征。同时将名言“我贵而人奉我……”以及《倚天屠龙记>中小昭所唱的曲子删去，增加了一处紧扣材料的议论，起到一定的点示作用。整体读下来，可以看出，文章脉络较原文更加清晰，扣题更加紧密，素材虽然较原文稍减一点，但更加精当，更有表现力了。