英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文【汇集20篇】

1、True mastery of any skill takes a lifetime.

对任何技能的掌握都需要一生的刻苦操练。

2、Sweat is the lubricant of success.

汗水是成功的润滑剂。

3、If you are doing your best,you will not have to worry about failure.

如果你竭尽全力，你就不用担心失败。

4、Energy and persistence conquer all things.

能量和坚持可以征服一切事情。

5、Bravery never goes out of fashion.

勇敢永远不过时!

6、Those who turn back never reach the summit.

回头的人永远到不了最高峰!

7、Proper preparation solves 80 percent of lifes problems.

适当的准备能解决生活中80%的问题。

8、Winners do what losers dont want to do.

胜利者做失败者不愿意做的事!

9、Every noble work is at first impossible.

每一个伟大的工程最初看起来都是不可能做到的!

10、We improve ourselves by victories over ourselves. There must be contests, and we must win.

我们通过战胜自己来改进自我。 那里一定有竞赛，我们一定要赢!

11、Speech is the image of actions.

语言是行动的反映。

12、It is always morning somewhere in the world.

世界上总是有某个地方可以看到阳光。

13、If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. ( Edison )

如果你年轻时不学会思考，那就永远不会。(爱迪生)

14、Anger begins with folly, and ends in repentance.

愤怒以愚蠢开始，以后悔告终。

15、Talents come from diligence, and knowledge is gained by accumulation.

天才在于勤奋，知识在于积累。

16、The greater the man, the more restrained his anger.

人越伟大，越能克制怒火。

17、If there were less sympathy in the world, there would be less trouble in the world. ( O. Wilde )

如果世界上少一些同情，世界上也就会少一些麻烦。(王尔德)

18、All lay load on the willing horse.

人善被人欺，马善被人骑。

19、Strike the iron while it is hot.

趁热打铁。

20、When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game.

鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis， she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light， turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is"或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel， which is written in three parts， told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call. 写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

一、日记书信体结构

一位学生在作文《校园生活剪影》中用酸、甜、苦、辣、咸为五个小标题，以日记体的形式记录了校园生活的丰富多彩。再比如，一位考生的作文《写给小蜜蜂的一封信》，就是一篇书信体的作文，作者用蜘蛛大哥给小蜜蜂回信的形式，展开想象，列举了梅花傲雪怒放，蝴蝶破茧而出的事例，有力地说明了幸福是通过辛勤劳动得来的观点。

二、题记式结构

在正文前引用名言或自撰几句富有意蕴的话，或展示主题内容，或阐述写作缘由，谓之题目记。

一位考生的作文《特殊拍卖会》中有这样一段题记：“如今，科技在不断发展，人们生活水平在不断提高，可是我们的生态环境却在不停地遭到破坏，照这样下去，一百年，一千年，一万年以后，地球会变成什么样呢?”正文则写了地球遭到严重污染，一瓶水拍卖到2亿元，一瓶空气拍卖到80亿元的故事，题记揭示了文章的主要内容，体现出与众不同的构思，结尾还有一段后记：“再见了，自食恶果的人类，再见了，可怜的地球!人类，好自为之吧!但愿地球不会在宇宙中消失，也愿你们能让地球恢复原有的青春。”这段后记点明文章的主旨，与题记遥相呼应，浑然一体。

三、戏剧影视式结构

有些作文以剧本分镜头的形式，设置一两个人物，两三处场景，有的还配以画外音，用集中的矛盾冲突个表现主题，如话题作文“善良”，有位考生采用话剧形式写的作文《善良归家》，作者以其丰富的想像力，编述了善良被抛弃又回到人间的故事，巧妙地设计了四个具体的场景，在这四个场景中情节和语言都富于变化。如刚开始面对金钱时，善良是“满怀希望地招着手”;两次被拒绝后，面对权力时，善良是“挥动着沉重地双手”。剧本写了金钱、地位、权力抛弃善良的结局、时光老人的言行，再加上画外音的巧妙运用深刻地表达出人们需要善良，善良是人世间最宝贵的这一主题。这比那些空喊口号的文章要深刻得多，立意也高远得多。特别是结束时，时光老人的话语和画外音的设计，可谓是画龙点睛，余味无穷。

四、说明广告文体结构

巧妙地化用应用文体，是结构创新的又一技巧。

“做人”这个话题，一般考生都写成记叙文或议论文，而一位考生却采用说明文的形式写成《“人生灵”使用说明书》，可谓独出心裁!文章从产品品格、配料、特点，保质期、使用方法到主要功能，还有注意事项等，全面阐释了作者对做人这一话题的观点。

还有的采用医生诊断书的形式如《患者吴诚信的就诊报告》，有的采用广告书形式，如《纯天然诚信口服液》，作者从广告的创作中受到启发，对于子虚乌有的“纯天然诚信口服液”，运用广告创意渲染包装，将其捧上天，而结尾则道明3个月后，厂家倒闭，，两者对比，意味深长。

五、引用古今文体结构

高考话题作文“心灵的选择”，有位考生独辟蹊径，套用古典诗词《孔雀东南飞》，写了一篇题为《孔雀西北飞》的古诗作文，全诗套用《孔雀东南飞》的句式，五字一句，表达了作者大学毕业后选择去西北支教的心理历程，这种旧瓶装新酒的形式令人耳目一新，该文成了当年高考满分作文。

再比如《孔二哥考大学》则套用鲁迅的小说《孔乙己》而作，虽是一篇游戏之作，作文只将几个词替换，整篇小说的风格却大相径庭，文章揭露了当今社会高考的弊端，让读者在笑过之余，悟出其中的道理。

总之，文章的结构多种多样，要不拘一格，根据实际情况灵活运用，使你的文章光彩夺目，出奇制胜。

一、引出开头

1. It is well-known to us that…(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned...就我所知……)

2.Recently the problem of… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over …(最近……问题引起了关注)

3.Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)

4.Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)

5.With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…(随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……)

6.It is a common belief that…==It is commonly believed that…(人们一般认为……)

7.A lot of people seem to think that…(很多人似乎认为……)

8.It is universally acknowledged that +句子(全世界都知道……)

二、表达不同观点

1.Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that…However, others believe that…(人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)

2.People may have different opinions on…(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)

3.Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)

4：There are different opinions among people as to…(对于……人们的观点大不相同)

三、表示结尾

1.In short, it can be said that…(总之，他的意思是……)

2.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that…(从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……)

3.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that…(把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……)

4.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…(因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……)

5：There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点)

6.All in all, we cannot live without…, but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)

四、提出建议

1.It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)

2.There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…(毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视)

3.Obviously, if we want to do something … it is essential that…(显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……)

4.Only in this way can we …(只有这样，我们才能……)

5.Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

五、预示后果

1.Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that…will lead us in danger.(很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险)

2.No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that …(毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……)

3.It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)

六、表示论证

1.From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)

2.I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…(我无法完全同意这一观点)

3.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion, ...(就我来说……)

4.I sincerely believe that…==I am greatly convinced (that)子句。(我真诚地相信……)

5.Finally， to speak frankly， there is also a more practical reason why …(最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……)

七、给出原因

1.The reason why + 句子 ...is that + 句子(……的原因是……)

2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First, ... , Second, ... ,Third, ... . 这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三…

3.For one thing, ... For another thing, ... ==On the one hand, ... On the other hand…一方面……另一方面……

4.I quite agree with the statement that…The reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述，即……其主要原因如下。

八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法

1.The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

2.As far as something is concerned,…就某事而言，……

3.It is obvious that…很显然……

4.It may be true that…but it doesnt mean that…可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……

5.It is natural to believe that…but we shouldnt ignore that…认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……

6.There is no evidence to suggest that…没有证据表明……

九、表示好处和坏处

1.It has the following advantages.它有如下优势

2.It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处

3It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处

十、表示重要、方便、可能

1.It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……

2.It plays an important role in our life.

十一、采取措施

1.We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施

2.We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难

3.We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……

4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难。

十二、显示变化

1.Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2.Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3.It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从……增加/减少到……

4.The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%

十三、表明事实现状

1.We cannot ignore the fact that…我们不能忽略这个事实……

2.No one can deny the fact that…没人能否认这个事实……

3.This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 4：be closely related to ~~ (与……息息相关)

十四、进行比较

1.Compared with A, B……与A比较，B…

2.I prefer to read rather than watch TV.

十五、常用英语谚语

1.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩

2.All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子

3.All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马

4.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半

5.Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊

6.A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里

7.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母

8.Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母

9.It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老

10.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量

11.Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人

以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上区别的标志。下面是小编整理的说明文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、抓住事物的主要特征，把握说明中心。

所谓特征，就是这一事物区别于其它事物的标志。只有抓住了事物的特征来说事状物，明理显性，才能说得准确，说得深透。

如《苏州园林》一文中，作者紧抓住苏州园林之中有个共同点，就是“务必使浏览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画”。换句话说，“一切都要为构成完美图画而存在，决不容许有欠美伤美的败笔”。文章先从亭台轩榭的布局，假山池沼的配合，花草树木的映衬，近景远景的层次四个主要方面进行说明，同时又从角落的布置，门窗的雕琢，油漆的调配三个细微的方面进一步表现它的总的特征。可是要想扣住事物的特征，在介绍说明中，必须有选择，有重点。如果面面俱到，结果就会什么事情也说不清楚。

抓住了事物的本质特征，也就抓住了说明的中心。记叙文，议论文，往往带有作者强烈的思想倾向和明显的主观色彩，如茅盾的《白杨礼赞》以白杨枝干的挺拔，力争向上，象征中华民族奋发向上的精神，赞扬敌后军民不屈不挠的气慨。而作为说明文的《杨树》，它的中心是介绍其不同品种的形态、生态、用途和不同特点。由此看来，扣紧说明对象的特征以确保文章中心不偏移，这是说明的要领。写作时，不能凭主观感情作为褒贬事物的标准，而应客观地科学地去说明。

二、根据不同的说明对象，合理安排说明顺序。

说明文的结构方式，应视文明对象的具体情况而定。如《人民英雄纪念碑》就是以纪念碑的方位顺序来组织文章。作者从东西南北四个方位着手，逐面写来，不仅层次清楚，而且使读者获得了有关中国革命的历史知识。《故宫博物院》是以其组成部分的一定顺序安排结构的，作者从天安门写到太和门、神武门，依其建筑的顺序从前至后逐一写来，并重点介绍太和殿、养心殿，使读者对故宫的整体和各个重点建筑都有较明晰的了解。

对于比较深奥的科学原理或比较复杂的事物、现象，在安排说明结构时，可按照人们认识问题逐步深入的思路安排结构。如《向沙漠进军》这篇，就是采用人们认识它们的规律，由浅入深，由具体到抽象的办法，先从读者熟悉的具体事例说起，再追根溯源，讲清成因原理。

实用性说明文大都有固定的结构方式，一般不宜随便变动。而文艺性说明文的结构则灵活多变。如《蜘蛛》先从谜语说起，再从中引出解释的问题。《死海不死》则是先叙述生动的传说故事，然后再介绍死海的形成。无论采用哪一种结构方式，都必须条理清楚，层次分明，重点突出。

三、文字要准确简明，语言要通俗生动。

准确，就是选用恰当的词句，恰如其分地反映出事理的含义和客观事物的本来面目，使人看了明白。如解释“名词”：“表示人或事物的名称的词，叫做名词”。解释“固体”：“有一定体积、而且有一定形状的物体叫做固体”。读者在这里对“名词”、“固体”的概念就可以得到确切的了解。如《蜘蛛》一文中，在介绍蜘蛛腹内的五种腺体的名称(壶状腺、葡萄状腺、腹合腺、管状腺、梨状腺)及功能时，作者采用当时的研究成果，运用了生物学中有关术语，在介绍蜘蛛捕捉蛟、蚋等小虫时，指出它把小虫“咬在‘嘴’里”，这里的“嘴”，实际上是指蜘蛛的第一对附肢——螯肢，它的前端变钩状，很锐利，尖端有小孔，跟这对附肢基部的毒腺相通，毒腺能分泌毒液。许多蜘蛛就是用交叉的螯肢(毒牙)来咬 昆虫的;它并非通常意义上的嘴，所以用引号标明;而在介绍落网中甲虫的拼搏时，这样写道：“它的六条腿东一推，西一撑;蜘蛛好容易把这条腿缚住，那条腿又伸了出来”。准确、生动、传神地写出了甲虫与蜘蛛激烈抗争的场面。

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。

三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。

四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。

中考复习研讨会指导课件，极具价值。

关联词

1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both…and,

not only…but also, neither…nor;

2.表示选择: or, either…or;

3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all,

4.表示因果: because, so, therefore

5.表示条件: if , unless

6.表示对比: instead, not…but,

on the one hand…on the other hand;

7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as,

that is to say, in other words;

8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next,

later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;

9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually,

in fact,

10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word,generally speaking。

中学生作文尚处于模仿习作阶段，与作家创作有着根本的区别，因为唯有独创性才是创作，唯有形成独树一帜的风格才可称为作家。但这并不意味着，中学生的作文不需要创新。我们并不企望通过作文教学就能培养出一批作家，但在大力倡导培养学生的创新精神、实践能力的今天，在作文教学中培养学生的创新品质和创新精神，无疑具有特别的现实意义。既然是创新，那就没有现成的模式，我们只能根据自己的教学实情，包括教师的知识水平、学校的物质条件、学生的写作现状等诸多方面，来探索这一作文教学的新课题。但要想培养学生的创新精神，教师必须要有创新的教学思维和创新的教学手段，引导得法，自然会收到事半功倍之效。

一、积累遴选求创新

现在人们都提倡“大语文”教学的说法，就是要让学生走出课堂学语文，生活处处用语文。作文教学作为语文教学的一个重要组成部分，其教学活动也决不仅仅局限于每周的两节作文课。真正的作文教学功夫应该在课外，要指导学生用创新的眼光积累写作素材，精选写作题材。中学生的生活范围以学校、家庭为主，社会领域的接触相对较少，但从新课程标准对初中作文的教学要求和考查要求看，他们的生活积累是能够适应正常的写作要求的，因为初中生的作文范围也多以学校生活、家庭生活为背景，抒发亲情、友情、师生情，反映成长中的喜怒哀乐。但在作文教学实践中，为什么常会出现不少学生无“米”下锅的现象呢这就是因为他们不善于积累写作需要的素材，不善于发现生活中的问题。

学生积累素材要经历一个由量的积累到质的提高的过程。一开始要允许学生广种薄收，把生活中对自己有一点感触的事记下来，把书本中可能用得着的东西摘下来，做学习、生活的有心人。这样也不至于到写作时临事而迷，手足无措。例如初中生写议论文时最头痛的是找不到有力的论据，其实，我们初中语文教材和六本自读课本中就有大量的典型的理论和事例可以运用。如：要证明严谨治学的有竺可桢、伊林、藤野先生为例，要证明勤思善问的有哥白尼、戴震为例，要证明谦虚是美德的有牛顿为例，等等。在做了大量的积累的基础上，要引导学生对生活中的现象多提为什么，多想又如何。在不断的发问、求解、联想过程中，擦出创新的火花。例如见到大堤坍塌，探究其原因是蚁穴作祟，不禁会使人联想到“千里之堤，毁于蚁穴”的成语，联想到一个人良好品格的形成可能会因一时的意志不坚而前功尽弃，联想到****现象给社会主义事业带来的害……

二、命题立意求创新

我们曾做了一次半命题作文“××，我想对你说”，收到了很大的成功，原因就是这样的作文题给学生较广阔的思维空间，让学生有话可说，绝大多数同学在横线上填“老师”、“爸爸”、“妈妈”、“同桌”等谈自己成长的喜悦，生活的烦恼。但也有少部分同学大胆地填上了“日本首相”，和他谈侵华历史，谈日本右翼势力的无耻：填上了“克林顿”，和这位“****卫士”谈****，谈中国驻南联盟大使馆被炸；填上了“******”，和这位魔头谈科学，谈真理。如此等等。而其中不乏惊人之语，成功之作。

这件事启发了我们，只有我们以适当的形式，给学生一个恰当的话题，学生才会说真话，吐真情，才会说好话，作好文。题目会对学生具有很强的暗示性和诱导性，我们在作文教学时命题的形式要灵活多样，可全命题，可半命题，可自拟题。命题的范围既要不脱离学生生活，又要给学生广阔的思维空间，让每一类学生调动自己的生活积累都能写出作文来，不妨每次给学生２－３道深浅相当，体裁有变的题目，让学生自选。在思维训练的形式上，要努力打破传统的定向思维的模式，发散思维，收敛思维，逆向思维多种形式并举。要鼓励学生对传统的理论或说法大胆地提出质疑。例如从艺术美和生活美的区别的角度为“叶公好龙”中的叶公翻案；从遇险不慌、沉着机智、善于利用对方弱点保全自己的角度为“狐假虎威”中的狐狸翻案；从勇往直前、不怕牺牲的角度为“飞蛾扑火，自取灭亡”中的飞蛾翻案……当然，这一类的“反弹琵琶”式的作文，一定要引导学生用科学辨证的思想分析问题，要言之成理，切不可为了创新而钻“牛角尖”，那就成了诡辩了。

三、布局谋篇求创新

“文似看山喜不平”，作文贵在能尺水兴波，这就是布局谋篇上的功夫了。明代画家唐伯虎曾作诗戏弄一位向他索画为母祝寿的富翁，他画成了《蟠桃献寿》之后，在画上题诗，第一句：“这个妇人不是人”，举座皆惊，第二句“九天仙女下凡尘”，人们转惊为喜；第三句“儿孙个个都是贼”，富翁怒目圆睁，第四句“偷得蟠桃献大人”人们才长舒一口气，连连赞许。这就是打破一般的布局思维习惯，富有创意，别具一格。

再看范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》，当写到“前人之述备矣”时，文章似乎到了“山重水复疑无路”的绝境，高明的作家却从“览物”之“异”情，而独辟蹊径，使文章“柳暗花明又一村”。但当抒写“感极而悲者”和“喜洋洋者”两种不同的览物之情后，作者却以“或异二者之为”，引出了“不以物喜，不以已悲”这一高尚的生活情操，使文章别有洞天，再登胜境。对教材中这样巧妙布局以收尺水兴波之效的典范之作，教师要引导学生多揣摩，以便有写作时借鉴。对学生作文的结构布局，我们要坚持“抓两端，补中间”。即要认真推敲开头，以收先声夺人之效，对不同的文体，要研究不同的开头形式，如《谁是最可爱的人》、《石壕吏》等；结尾要干脆有力，以收余音不绝之效，充分地在读者面前展示一个广阔的艺术思维的空间；如《荔枝蜜》、《枣核》等；中间部分连贯自然，巧设悬念，引人入胜。如《驿路梨花》、《最后一课》等文无不如此。

四、语言表达求创新

语言表达的创新，实际早就为古代名家所重视，在文学史上，因炼一字而全篇生辉的例子屡见不鲜。“推敲”的典故就是一例；王安石的“春风又绿江南岸”，“两山排闼送青来”堪称语言创新的上乘之作；朱自清的《春》中“小草儿也青得逼你的眼”中的“逼”也颇有化静为动，变平淡为神奇之效。当然，初中学生作文语言表达的要求首先是连贯、流畅、简洁、得体。我们并不是要求学生象王安石那样去炼定，但作为我们语文教师来说，不仅要允许学生遣词造句有创新表现，而且要善于发现学生语言表述中的创新点，以鼓励激发学生的创新意识，新大纲就提出“鼓励有创意的表达”。当然，这种语言表述的创新是以符合基本的语言规范为前提的。创新，是一个新鲜的话题。培养学生的创新精神，是一个迫切而又艰巨的工程。作文教学作为语文教学的主页，是学生语文知识综合运用能力、创新能力的最集中体现，我们只有从课内到课外的各个环节中有意识的注重创新教育，才能适应新形势下的语文教学，才能完成新课程标准中“注重培养创新精神”这一教学目标。

想要写好英语作文平常肯定少不了积累，下面是语文迷网整理的关于中考英语作文的句子素材，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

1.议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体，它通过摆事实，讲道理的方式来辩明是非曲折，从而表达出作者的观点。它常由论点，论据和论证三部分构成。

2. 在近几年的高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式是以表格式和提纲式来呈现写作材料的。

3. 它要求语言必须简练，准确，要尽可能避免使用口语，多用书面语，可适当使用名言警句;以议论为主，辅之以叙述，说明和描写等手法。

4. 写作时要围绕中心论点展开议论，即论据和论证要围绕论点展开。根据题目要求，有时需要从正反两面来论述，可增强论证的力度。最后，可得出结论，照应开头，形成一个有机的整体。

5. 写作时常以三段式的形式展开议论。

写作典例：

暑假即将来临，你班同学就假期计划进行讨论，提出了不同看法，请根据提示写一篇英语短文，并谈谈你的看法。

优点

缺点

呆在家中

花费少，舒适方便

不能亲自了解外界

外出旅游

增长知识，开阔眼界。

花费多，旅途不便

注意：1。词数120左右(不含已写好部分)

2.短文必须包括表中所列要点，可根据内容分段表述;

3.可适当增加细节以使行文连贯;

4.参考词汇：眼界horizon(view)

案例分析

这是一篇典型的议论文体的写作，它以表格的形式提出了论点(呆在家中的优点和缺点以及外出旅游的优点和缺点)和论据，还以文字提示形式提出了话题(假期计划)及需要考生自由发挥的部分(你的看法)，自己的看法可选择上述中的任何一种，并就此发表个人的见解。本文的重点是表格中两种方式的优，缺点，根据题目的特点，以三段式的形式来写作比较好。

根据内容，尽管讨论已经发生，但它是就一般的暑假假期计划而进行的讨论，没有特定的时间界定，因而考生应以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。相当一部分考生用一般过去时进行论述，这会失掉较多的分数。从题目所给的开头可知应用第一人称来写。

范文：

The summer holiday is coming. Our class have a discussion about what to do during the holiday.

Some are in favor of staying at home. They think it’s both convenient and comfortable. What’s more, they can save money for other purposes. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world. However, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will spend more money and meet some difficulties while traveling.

In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home, for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework.

议论文的写作，总体上来讲，可能它的难度显得要比记叙文大一点。上句下句之间有一种什么逻辑联系呀?材料跟观点之间是不是有个严密的因果关系呀?好多同学这一方面好像水平不太高，注意得不够。议论文很需要语言的连贯，一句接一句，一句接一句，语气很流畅地下去，把一个理讲了，才能服人，但是不少同学那个语言疙疙瘩瘩的，不是很好。

议论文要以理服人，那么以理服人，人家怎么服你呀?觉得你这个理对他才服你，没理搅理谁服你?怎么才能让人觉得你的理对?你要用材料证明你的观点，你的材料跟你的观点之间必须有一种很严密的因果关系。你在用每一个材料甚至于你在写每一句话的时候，你都要考虑：这个是不是能得出那个果来呀?因为什么什么所以什么啊，要考虑这个;我写的这个跟因果关系能搭得上吗?你要琢磨这个。打个简单的比方，证明两个三角形全等，或者两边加一角，或者两角加一边，角A等于角AP，角B等于角BP，AB等于AB，所以两个三角形全等。你写了这个，对证明这个结论就管用。我发现有的同学写作文，我仍然用这个比方，角A36度，角BP71度，这玩意跟三角形全等有什么关系?没关系，没关系你写它干嘛?咱们这个注意得不够。议论文里面，这是一个问题。

咱们许多同学写作文有一个习惯，给我一个观点我立刻一个例子、两个例子、三个例子，还有什么理吗?没了。有的同学再多，四个例子五个例子，只是写成了证明文，没有写成议论文。论证论证，要论要证，你不论哪行?当然事实论证是一种方法，但是，仅仅是一种啊，你只用这个，不大容易使人服。我们有的同学一到写艰苦朴素，张三艰苦朴素，李四艰苦朴素，王五艰苦朴素，所以我们要艰苦朴素。为什么所以我们要啊?你这个文章能让人服吗?要学会讲理就是要变单纯举例为就例说理。就例说理，就是结合着这个例子，就着这个例子我来讲一点理。咱们要学会掌握这种方法，例子举完了，然后马上我紧接着这个例子我来讲一点理，使得这个例子更好地为证明观点服务。而我讲这个分析这个例子说的话，也是更好地为观点服务，把这个例和理拴得紧紧的。要做到这一点，或者，我换句话来说，你们不是以例代理吗?用例子代替道理吗?怎样就例说理。第一种方法，叫做假言因果法。就是说，用假设性的语言，把事物之间的因果关系讲出来，使得人们服你。先说一个例子，你听一听。欧立西为了发明一种新药，坚持进行实验，失败了，总结教训再干，一直实验了606次，才获得了成功，制出了以实验次数命名的新药606。我们有的同学写到这儿可能底下就来，“由此看来，坚持到底就是胜利”。应当说这个例子是能说，证明这个道理，但是觉得不够。你为什么不对这个例子再进行一点分析呢?好，大家接着往下听。“新药的问世是坚持的结果。假如欧立西仅仅实验一次，失败后就撒手不干了，新药当然不会问世。就是他实验了605次，失败了以后不再坚持，也绝不可能有新药的制成;正是因为他坚持到了最后，才获得了最后的胜利。所以，可以说，坚持到底就是胜利。”

你看看假如他仅仅实验一次就停下来了，是不是假设，进行假设性的分析?那么，进行假设性的分析，它当然有一个最基本的要求，大家要注意：进行假设性的分析，就是你举的例子是正面的，那么你就从反面来假设分析;你举的例子是反面例子，你就从正面来进行假设。基本要求，因为它是假设性的，所以叫做假言因果法。是吧，用假设性的语言，这是第一个办法。

第二个办法叫做论据引申法。你举了一个例子，是吧?这个例子是不是论据呀?由这个论据里面你可能看到了一定的苗头，看到了某种苗头，然后你就就着这个苗头你给它引申出去，这是看出苗头来了。而你由这个事例里面，你可以设想出某种结果，你就往那个方向引申一下。那么它跟假言因果有什么不同呢，或者说区别在哪儿呢?就是这个例子里面，它已经有某种苗头可以看出来了，刚才那个是不是完全假设，是不是?人家没有停过，第一次没停，到605次人家也没停。下面要讲的就是这个例子里面它有一种苗头，好，现在先把这个例子说一说。

缪贤心胸开阔，他发现蔺相如的才德，并不因为他出生卑贱而瞧不起他，而是不怕群臣嘲笑，把蔺相如推荐给赵王，得以出使秦国。蔺相如此去吉凶难料，虽然他有勇有才，但未必能旗开得胜，若是此去非但没有换回秦国的城池，连“天下所共传宝”的和氏璧也被秦国夺走了，辱没了赵国的威名，那么赵王一怒之下，恐怕不只是杀了蔺相如一个了事，连缪贤也将因推荐庸才之过而受到牵连。但缪贤并不惧怕这些，他识才敢用，非常信任蔺相如，置个人安危于不顾，毅然把蔺相如推荐到赵王面前。若非出于对国事的关心，是难以做到的。

好了，这个例子，请看从这儿开始，“若是此去非但没有换回秦国的城池，连天下所共传宝的和氏璧也被秦王夺走”，这个是不是出现苗头了?这个璧丢了就不是假设吧?差一点丢，苗头出现了，就此我来引申。假如这个璧丢了，倒霉的恐怕不只是蔺相如了，是不是?你这个缪贤怎么把这个大草包推荐给我呀?必然除了蔺相如要被杀，缪贤也要倒霉。缪贤没有顾虑，是吧?推荐人才要出于公心，从国家利益出发，不要考虑个人，一引申把这个道理是不是讲得很清楚了?更能服人了，是吧?所以，第二种方法我把它叫做论据引申，就是它是有这个苗头的，有这种可能性。

第三个方法，叫做例后解说法。这个例后解说法，怎么用?用在哪儿?要提醒大家。你举了一个例子，当这个例子比较长的时候，可能你有一个担心：对于这个事例的中心，别人认识会不会和我不一样呢?你把它解说一下;二，同样你举的那个例子比较长了，可能你会有一个考虑，我这个例子跟观点是个什么关系，别人会不会跟我认识不太一样?或者觉得我这个例子跟我要讲的观点关系不那么密切。这个时候你来把这个例子解说一下，这个例子或者解说它的中心是什么，或者解说这个例子跟中心有什么关系，在这个范围内你解说一下。同样用一个事例来说话。

从前有一种病，这种病使人食欲不振，最后导致人死亡，在当时几乎是不治之症。有一位化学家，也得了这种病。有一天他路过一个村子，村里的人听说他有这个病，于是乎告诉他，我们这个村里面有一种神水，一口井里的水，能治你的病。化学家听了，照办了，就去喝那个水，结果病好了。病好了以后，化学家就想：为什么这个水能救我啊?结果就是这么一个村子里的人们从来不曾想过的问题，促使化学家去研究，最后化学家发现水里含有芒硝，芒硝救了他，因此他发现了芒硝的药用作用。

大家听到这个故事了，这故事的中心是什么，你清楚吗?也许你想到一点。用这个想证明哪个观点呢?好，下面往下听，正所谓“于不疑处有疑，方是进矣”(宋代张载语)古人的话，在别人没有产生疑问的地方，你产生疑问了，你这就是比别人前进了一步了。村里的人就知道能治病，想了没有，从来不想;化学家想了，发现芒硝了，说什么，正所谓“于不疑处有疑，方是进矣”(宋代张载语)。“疑”是发现矛盾的钥匙，“思”与“学”是解决矛盾的方法，发现矛盾是解决矛盾的开端，“疑”便是“思”与“学”的“端”和“始”了。

一个人要善于质疑，善于质疑你才会去学，才会去思，最终可能才能解决问题。这儿讲什么，善于质疑和学、思的关系，因为你善于质疑了，你才会去学，才会去思，还暗含着一个才可能得出一个最终结果。解说一下目的是为了说明这个。好了，这样子这个例子就能很好地为中心服务了。

第四个方法，我把它叫做正反对比法。这个正反对比可不像学生那个作文里面，一个正面的例子，一个反面的例子，还是两例子往这放在一块。当然，免不了要举例，因为我这说了正反对比，两种情况。一种情况是我可能一个正面的例子，一个反面的例子搁在这里。但是，并不是搁在这儿就算数了，要对这个例子还要进一步进行分析。或者，举一个例子，这个例子里面含有正反两种因素，这个例子举完了，从正反两个方面来加以对照性分析，重在分析，不是例子。跟你们说举一个例子、举两个例子一对比就完了不是一回事。好，用一段文章来告诉你们。

孙膑与庞涓同出于鬼谷子门下。他们二人可说是精于谋略，都是不可多得的人才。但是当孙膑来到庞涓任职的魏国时，庞涓嫉妒他的才能，表面恭敬，内心狠毒，多次向魏王进谗言，以致使孙膑被挖去膝盖骨，不得展其才志。而，转到另外一个方面。而齐王听说孙膑之才，不惜费尽心力，将孙膑请到齐国，委以重任。齐军终于有了马陵道之胜。例子是不是完了?想说什么，想说“好集体不会埋没人才”?但是人家没有就此而止，下面做对比性分析。要害在这儿呢。

同是孙膑，为何落得两种境遇呢?就是因为他效劳于优劣不同的两个统治集团。在魏国，庞涓只为私利，妒贤嫉能，魏王昏庸，偏听偏信，而且缺乏识别千里马的伯乐眼光。试想孙膑在这么一个集体中，如何施展大志呢?而齐王任贤用能，身边的臣子也不像庞涓那样谋私，因而上下齐心，孙膑在此，可说计出即行，正得以充分发挥作用。可见，好集体不会埋没人才。你看看，如果仅仅是刚才这个例子，跟多了这个对于事例的对比性分析，你觉得效果怎么样?是不是多了分析，说服力就更强了?议论文，议论文，你要议论，这就是议论。

顺便再介绍另一种方法，这个不叫事例分析。同学们写作文，还有一个习惯，喜欢引用名言名句。某某某说得好，说什么什么，说的正是这个意思，就完了。某某某这么这么说，他的这个说法不是证明了这个道理吗，这就证明道理了。那么你要不要对某某某的话分析一下呢?要分析，不能简单地引一下就完。简单地引一下就完效果不好。给大家举个例子说说。这个例子干嘛?告诉你，这个方法叫做披文示意。披露一段文字解释它的含义。披露文字解释含义在解释含义过程当中，使得这一段话更有说服力，更能证明观点。当然解释意思本身也是在证明观点，我给大家读一个你听一听。

“常见有这种人，遇事总是自惭形秽。我认为，做人还是不要妄自菲薄。”观点出来了没有?出来了。“俄国作家契诃夫曾经说过：“有大狗，有小狗，但小狗无需因大狗的存在而惶惑”。我们有的同学写作文，到了这儿，契诃夫说的就是这个意思啊，完了。你能有说服力吗?不行。好，你听下面，人家有一句话过渡了一下，“天下人也是如此这般。“有大狗，有小狗”就如人世间存在有能力、有风度、有才华的人们，也存在各方面略有些不足的人。天下事纷繁复杂，天下人更是多种多样，这是自然选择的结果。“但小狗无需因大狗的存在而惶惑”。是的，小狗的存在自有其价值，自有其自然选择的位置，何必因为“小”就在“大”者面前惶惑不安呢?大狗是小狗长成的，如果小狗们自轻自贱，纵使长成大狗，也会在自卑的压迫下碌碌无为。何况，小狗的娇媚，表演技能的高超，也是大狗们望尘莫及的。”

大家听出来了，是不是还是沿着契诃夫那个比喻的意思继续延伸比喻下去的，是不是?下面再告诉你一个例子，就这一段话引用完了，有的同学用比较直白的语言就说，不是用比喻了，把这个道理也说出来了。

契诃夫曾经说过：“有小狗，有大狗，但小狗无需因大狗的存在而惶惑”。小狗，比喻那些初出茅庐的青年人，大狗则比喻那些有名望的老前辈。青年人应该尊重老前辈，虚心向他们学习，但也不能妄自菲薄。正像契诃夫所说的：“小狗无需因大狗的存在而惶惑”。有些青年人把老前辈历年言语作为金科玉律，哪怕是错误的言论，也不敢加以评论。这种做法只能使他们的思想凝滞，缺乏创造性活力。这种现象在自然科学界和社会科学界尤其明显。老前辈的理论被奉为金科玉律，无人敢提出异议，而真正有作为的青年人向来是自信的，他们敢向科学权威挑战，在事业上取得了成就。因此，劝君不要妄自菲薄，应该有自己的主见。

你看这段是不是用比较直白的话，把道理说出来了，是吧?“不要自惭形秽，不要妄自菲薄，要有主见。”人家不只是说把名人的话一引就完。这种方法也该学一学，这会增加议论文的说服力。

第二个大题，变换一下思路求变求新。也就是说，改变一下习惯性思维。有的同学一看到这个试卷上给了一个材料，马上就想起了一个什么东西。但是呢，缺乏创新，习惯性思维起作用了。我们是不是能够改变改变思维的方向，一个材料一个话题，你是不是要想到许多相关的方面?

比方说这个成语，滥竽充数。你们是不是脑子里边马上反应到那个南郭先生不怎么样，凑数呢，不学无术，不求上进。但是仅仅想到这个行吗?还有新的方面可以想。齐王能不能想到，比方讲，齐王是不是冒充内行?他假如真正地懂音乐，一个乐队里面那个叽哩哇啦的声音他发现不了，他的听觉不敏锐，并不是很懂音乐，还是外行。好了，话题出来了，担任领导工作的人要尽量使自己成为内行，不要仅仅靠权力去领导，要靠学识去领导。这个话题是不是出来了?好了，上百人的乐队大家想一想看，是不是得有一个队长吧?这个队长为什么没有发现南郭先生那个声音吹得那么难听?好了，用人不当，这个话题是不是又找出来了?领导干部要把人放到适合他的位置上去，让他充分发挥作用，尤其不要让那种不大负责任的人去负责某项工作。这个话题是不是又出来了?用人不当，不是说用南郭先生。你这个队长不行，又有新话题了，比方说，从乐队的其他竽手那儿能不能找到话题?也能找到，他南郭先生身边的人是不是能听出南郭先生吹得不怎么样?好了，为什么不揭发?“报告队长，这位南郭同志不怎么样，混事呢。”不揭发，混下去了，好了，老好人要不得，是吧?又有话题来了。我们需要的就是这个，要向多向去想去，去联想。这个材料里边能看出这个来，能看出那个来，你能看出来，看到一个新的，你这个作文绝对有新意了。但是同学们有的时候缺乏这个，从新角度去考虑。

第三个问题叫做不要端着金饭碗讨饭。有好多同学手里端着金饭碗，这个金饭碗多值钱，但是他却讨饭：“老爷爷给点吧，太太给点吧。”你那么富有。这里说的富有是什么?许多同学手里有理，没有自觉地想到用。“老师，怎么说理呀?我不会，我哪来那么多理?”其实你手中理有的是。因此，怎么改变端着金饭碗讨饭的现象?建议你把你手头掌握的理，梳梳辫子，整理整理看看你有哪些方面的理，到考场上根据需要你来用。下面，举几个例子来说说，你手头有哪些理。

比方量变和质变的理，内因和外因的理，原因和结果的理，现象和本质的理，目的和手段的理……你们手头掌握这么多理，梳理梳理，把它梳成辫子。到考场上，讲这个事的时候，要说个什么理，讲那个事的时候我要讲个什么理，哪几种理可以用上。

下面是小编为大家整理的是说明文的写作指导，欢迎阅读!

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它主要有以下特点：

1、具有科学性与知识性。

因为人们阅读说明文的目的是为了更好地认识事物，明白事理，因此，说明文的内容应该是十分科学的，来不得半点虚假。由于说明文是为了给人以知识，所以，对科学原理、物品等方面的介绍重在抓住特征。

2、具有说明性。

所以要实事求是地介绍客观事物的性质、特点、内容、成因、功用等，要突出一个"明"字。所谓"明"，就是要在解说时要言之有序，条理分明。

3、具有实用性。

根据读者和用户的需要、实际生活的需要来确定说明文的写法。

说明文就其内容来看可以分为实物说明文、程序说明文和事理说明文。

实物说明文，指的是说明具有一定的形体，人们可以通过感官知道具体物品。例如，某一建筑物，家庭的某些物品以及动植物等。过去我们学过的课文《中国石拱桥》、《人民英雄纪念碑》等。

程序说明文，指的是介绍某一行动的程序的说明文它。用来说明制作程序、使用程序等。例如《景泰蓝的制作》、《怎样使用高压锅》等。前者是按照制作程序来写的，后者是按照使用程序来写的。

事理说明文，指的是说明某些事物的成因、关系、方法、原理等的说明文。例如《眼睛与仿生学》、《语言的演变》等。事理说明文重在说明事物的规律，分析事物的因果关系。

难点解析：

主要问题：整体结构不合理，说明的顺序杂乱

解决方法：方法一：通过比较，说明特征。说明文要抓住说明对象的本质特征。

方法二：依循联系 说明规律。

方法三：整体把握，了解结构。

写说明文，掌握结构十分重要。如果我们了解了它的结构就等于拿到了入门的钥匙。经过训练，我们就会形成写作说明文的思路。说明文的结构主要有以下几种：

1."总--分--总"结构形式。这是说明文最主要的结构形式。

总，是指开头提出要说明的对象或者点明说明的中心。

分，指的是在中间部分对说明的对象作具体说明。这部分说明的顺序可以按照时间先后的顺序、空间顺序以及逻辑顺序、制作程序的等顺序进行。

总，是对说明的内容进行归纳总结。

2."是什么--为什么--怎样做"的结构形式

这种结构形式，是事理说明文常常用的。"是什么"，就是先下定义，或对说明对象进行诠释;"为什么"，是说明对象的种种原因，要素等;"怎样做"，是指怎样正确的处理它，对待它。这是一种纵向结构的形式。

例如，我们曾经学过的课文《向沙漠进军》就是这样一篇文章。它的结构是"沙漠的危害是什么--为什么会危害人类--怎样抵御沙漠的危害"这样三个部分。

3.中间部分的主要写法

事理说明文在写第二部分的时候，一般采用逻辑顺序。因为这种说明文重在分析事物间的因果关系，说明事物的发展规律，因而常常采用从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从整体到部分、从主要到次要、从概括到具体等顺序。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

环境污染问题已然是严重的问题了，我们要重视保护环境，保护我们赖以生存的地球。

阅读下面的文字，按要求作文。

环境保护与经济发展应该是并驾齐驱的。没有经济的发展，环境保护就无法实施;而只顾经济发展，不注意环保，对人类来说无疑是一种自杀行为。当某一天，曾经很蓝的天，曾经无比清澈的河水，曾经满山绿色汇成的一片无边的海洋都远离我们而去……我们才觉得今天对自然掠夺式的的索取所导致的资源枯竭，环境恶化是一种犯罪?我们应该清醒地认识到，破坏环境，不注重环保，到时候，不但经济不能发展，就是人类的人类小命也难保全了。

请以“环保”为话题写一篇文章。

要求：(1)自定立意。(2)自拟题目。(3)自选体裁。(4)不少于600字。

【写作导引】

环保，是当今社会叫得最响亮、在各种媒体出现频率最高的一个词语，也这是摆在当今世界各国人民面前的一个最沉重的话题，环保与发展，更是人们关心的焦点和热点。

伴随着社会的进步、工业的发展，环境破坏日益严重，各种污染更是越演越剧，已经严重的威胁着人类的生存，制约着未来的发展。环保与发展密不可分，正如话题导语所说：“环境保护与经济发展应该是并驾齐驱的。没有经济的发展，环境保护就无法实施;而只顾经济发展，不注意环保，对人类来说无疑是一种自杀行为。”我们不是说要保持经济的高增长吗?必须实施可持续发展的战略吗?那就必须让环境保护与经济发展这两架马车并驾齐驱，切不可以厚此薄彼，顾此失彼，倚轻倚重，有所偏废。

写作这个话题，不但能够考查同学们对现实生活的关心程度、队事物的观察能力，而且能够培养同学们对环境保护的意识，对社会责任的良知。只要同学们平时关心时事，善于思考，注意环保与发展信息的收集，就不愁无话可说。

话题的导语说得很警醒。不但阐明了环境保护与经济发展的关系，而且深刻地指明了不注意环境保护会带来的恶果，并告诫人们，必须注意环保，否则“不但经济不能发展，就是人类的人类小命也难保全”。循此，我们就不难早准作文的重点、立意的关键、选材的范围、写作的方向了。

例如，我们可以驰骋想象，将地球比喻为“地球村”，采用对比手法，回忆过去，审视当今。想当年，我们走进森林，可以看到花草树木、飞禽走兽的欢愉;走进溪流，我可以分享到鱼翔浅底、水流湍急的乐趣;走入大山，可以领略到高山青翠、奇石嶙峋的壮美，而今呢?欢愉在逐渐消逝，乐趣在不断锐减，壮美在不断黯然，以此来唤醒每个“村民”保护地球、保护环境的意识和责任。我们还可以从“可持续发展”的眼光出发，阐明环保的重要，阐明环保与发展密不可分的关系。为了人类长久的发展和福利，我们必须处理好与自然的关系。

总之，只要我们开阔思维，善于思考，紧扣话题，就不愁造不到灵感，造不到素材。

夺命的雾霾作文

2013年，如果要问哪个词最吸引人们的眼球，当属雾霾二字。它就像坐火箭似的迅速窜红起来，走进人们的视野和生活中去，它太火热了，火热得让人整天提心吊胆，生怕哪天躺进医院。

每天早晨，爸爸骑着电动车驮着我上学，我爷儿俩时常在灰雾笼罩的天气中，穿行于被堵塞在马路上排着长龙的汽车，虽然我戴着口罩，仍然抵挡不住众多汽车尾部散发出浓烈的废气味道。好不容易品尝过汽车废气味，我又迎来路边一个个敝开的建筑工地，那工地上随风卷起的灰尘，向空气中飘散，灰尘毫不留情向我的眼睛灌去，狡滑灰尘颗粒“躲”进眼里就是不出来，害得我用手直揉眼晴，泪水夺眶而出，跟个小泪人似的。

最让我难忘的是今年四月的一天，从天气预报得知，这本是一个阳光明媚的日子，可早晨上学出门，天空大雾弥漫，此时的太阳不知害羞地躲到哪里‘闭门谢客’了。无奈，我还是像往常一样，把自己裹得严严实实，当爸爸骑车带着我骑车经过一个路口时，一起车祸发生了，一辆轿车驾驶员由于前方视线不清，将一位正常骑车送孙子上学的老人碰了，老人和孩子裁到在地，老人顾不得还在流血的脚，爬到孙子面前一边抱到满脸是血的孙子，一边向路人求助，原本打电话报警的驾驶员，在路人先救孩子的喊声中缓过神，他赶紧抱着受伤孩子，拦下一辆出租车将孩子送往医院。目睹车祸的一位骑车市民感叹道，这雾霾该死的天气。我至今不知那天在雾霾中受伤爷孙伤势如何，衷心祝愿他俩早点康复。

今年放暑假，妈妈带着我一趟乡下外婆家，虽然，乡下的交通不方便，也没有什么好玩的地方，夏天晚上的蚊子特多，但是，我还是喜欢乡下，每天早上呼吸着带有泥土芳香清新空气，望着远处的青山绿水，让久住城市饱受雾霾的人，顿时充满一种心旷神怡的感受。有一次，外婆曾经问我，什么是雾霾。在没有多少文化水平的外婆面前，我装起秀才摇头晃脑，把平常自己在网上看的有关雾霾知识道了一遍，雾和霾两个本不相干的兄弟聚到了一起，对大气造成空前的破坏，雾霾里面却含有各种酸、碱、盐、胺、酚、尘埃、病原微生物等有害物质，其含量是普通大气水滴的几十倍，对人体健康构成巨大威胁，尢其对人体呼吸系统伤害最大，可以引起急性上呼吸道感染、急性气管炎、支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘发作等疾病。面对我的这番解释，外婆听得云里雾里，最终外婆摸着我的头说，我听明白一点的就是雾霾对人体有害，你有时间就多到乡下来住，远离这害人雾霾。

离开外婆家，我又回到城市，面对这座自己生活和学习的城市，我要呐喊，夺命的雾霾，请你离我们生活远点，我们需要的是清新的空气，绿色的家园。为此，我们要让污杂工厂搬出城区，城区不要再出现裸露工地，倡导环保出行，减少汽车尾部排放。

点评：作者深受雾霾之害，因此能用文字来反映自己的所见所感，这对那些总感觉写作无素材的同学来说，应该是个很好的启发，让我们都拿出笔来写自己的生活吧!作者善于对比，行文自然，描写很有功力，能让人对雾霾之害深有体会。

1)We have (take) pleasure in informing you that......

兹欣告你方......

2)We have the pleasure of informing you that......

兹欣告你方.....

3)We are pleased (glad) to inform you that......

兹欣告你方......

4)Further to our letter of yesterday, we now have (the) pleasure in informing you that......

续谈我方昨日函, 现告你方......

5)We confirm telegrams/fax messages recently exchanged between us and are pleased to say that......

我方确认近来双方往来电报/传真,并欣告......

6)We confirm cables exchanged as per copies (cable confirmation) herewith attached.

我方确认往来电报,参见所附文本.

7)We learn from Messrs......that you are interested and well experienced in ......business, and would like to establish business relationship with us.

我方从...公司获悉,你方对...业务感兴趣且颇有经验,意欲与我方建立业务关系.

8)Although no communication has been exchanged between us for a long time, we trust that you are doing well in business.

虽然久未通讯,谅你方生意兴隆.

9)Although we have not heard from you for quite some time, we hope your business is progressing satisfactorily.

虽然好久没接到你方来信,谅业务进展顺利.

10)We have pleasure in sending you our catalog, which gives full information about our various products.

欣寄我方目录,提供我方各类产品的详细情况。

11)We are pleased to send you by parcel post a package containing...

很高兴寄你一邮包内装...

12)We have the pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your letter dated...

欣获你方...月...日来信.

13)We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of...

谢谢你方...月...日来信.

14)We have duly received your letter of ...

刚刚收悉你方...月...日来信.

15)We thank you for your letter of ...contents of which have been noted.

谢谢你方...月...日来信,内容已悉.

16) Refering to your letter of ......we are pleased to ....

关于你方...月...日来信,我们很高兴...

17) Reverting to your letter of ...we wish to say that...

再洽你方...月...日来信,令通知...

18)In reply to your letter of ...,we...

兹复你方...月...日来函,我方...

19) We wish to refer to your letter of ...concerning

现复你方...月...日关于...的来信

20) In compliance with the request in your letter of ... we...

按你方...月...日来函要求,我方...

这是一篇典型的新材料作文题，所供材料是一则寓言故事。可供选择的立意角度也很多。

1、从鹦鹉的角度立意：可以从感恩的角度立意，如：懂得感恩 、学会感恩、要知恩图报等。也可以从尽力的角度立意，如：凡事尽力而为方可无怨无悔无憾、勿以善小而不为、知其不可为而为之等;

还可以从爱心的角度立意等。

2、从天神的角度立意：学会感动、支持善行等。

3、从飞禽走兽的角度立意：善有善报、付出就有回报、助人者人助之等。

4、从材料整体角度立意：友爱的力量 、情义无价等。

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

你可曾发现，其实很多事情不是我们不懂，不是我们看不清形势，不是我们不听劝，不是我们不肯做，也不是我们不需要周围的人给我们帮助，只是我们心里有答案，有选择，有种坚持，需要有人支持而已，仅仅需要的是一句温暖的话，表达关心的话，而并非一再的分析形势。但是，太多的人，给我们评价，对我们下判断，用自己的思维去左右我们。

每次的感动都不在于谁给了我重要的指导意见，都仅仅是因为一句话，一句表达他们关心的话，比如“我们只是不想你受到伤害”，再比如“勇敢点”，“我顶你”，“突然有种牵挂你的感觉”……

还记得每次考试，很多父母都会唠唠叨叨的说一大堆注意事项，或者许诺，或者威胁，而我的妈妈，只在我临出门的时候跟我说一句：“祝你好运!”，这话给我的是信心，减轻的是负担。

我真的不需要谁为我做出多大的动静，帮我多大一个忙，人最缺少的，就是在关键的时候，需要关心的时候，收到一种力量，可以是一句话，一个拥抱，紧握的双手，依靠的肩膀，借着这种精神上的力量，去面对即将或者已经发生的事情。

别人的世界，我们有太多的不了解，所以没有权利给别人任何意见，除非是他说需要你帮他分析，但也只能是分析而已，千万不要帮别人做选择或者决定，不要去评判他现在所做的事如何如何，更不要强求别人一定按你的思维模式出牌，即使你是好心。

可能是我的职业习惯吧，更多的愿意倾听，而非表达。总是习惯在听完一堆抱怨或者说陈述之后，看对方是否需要我给予分析。很多时候，往往都是对方说完，

自己就已经很清醒了，他们不缺脑子，缺的是时间，或者说是一个人，愿意听完他所有的思想和情感，有时候，他们只要宣泄而已，并非真的不知道要做什么来改变现状。心理咨询其实是个很美妙的过程，给予及时的反馈而非评判，让来访者前所未有的感到被无条件的接纳，到现在我才真的明白这一点是多么多么多么的重要。

人生很多的道理，到了这个年纪我们都明白了，看过了，经历了，即使没有历经，也有起码的判断力了。我们更渴望的，是得到点点滴滴的小关爱，慢慢渗透的，恰到好处的，日积月累的，绵长的情愫。就是正对红心，那一下柔软的touch!

一篇好的作文，不仅需要良好的素材，充沛的感情，同时也需要一定的写作技巧进行适当处理。在实际教学过程中，教师也应该指导学生掌握一些基本的写作技巧，为自己的作文加分。比如，在文章的开头如果比较有新意，往往会给阅卷老师眼前一亮的感觉，可以增加第一印象。同样，如果文章的结尾有一个漂亮的总结，为整篇文章划上一个完美的句号，也可以为整篇作文加分。因此，学生在写作时，应在开头、结尾的地方多花点心思。

综上所述，作文教学在高中语文教学中占有极其重要的地位，对于提高学生的文学素质和综合素养具有极其重要的作用。新时期下，教师应转变教学理念，加强和学生之间的有效互动，激发学生的写作兴趣。同时应引导学生多阅读，积累素材，并且传授学生一些必要的写作技巧，全面提高作文教学有效性。

中国民间的传统节日，在夏历五月初五，也叫“端阳”、“蒲节”、“天中节”、“大长节”、“沐兰节”、“女儿节”、“小儿节”。它是汉族的传统节日之一此外，端午节还有许多别称，如：午日节、重五节，五月节、浴兰节、女儿节，天中节、地腊、诗人节、龙日、艾节、端五、夏节、重午、午日等等。虽然名称不同，但总体上说，各地人民过节的习俗还是同多于异的。 时至今日，端午节仍是中国人民中一个十分盛行的隆重节日。

A traditional Chinese Folk Festival, in the fifth day of the fifth lunar month lunar calendar in May, also called the "Dragon Boat Festival", "Dragon Boat Festival", "day day", "long day", "Mu Lan day", "daughter Festival", "childrens day". It is one of the Chinese traditional festival the Dragon Boat Festival and many another name, such as: Good afternoon, section, section five, May Festival, bath Festival, daughter of festival, festival days, to LA, poet Festival, dragon day, AI Festival, at the end of five, the summer festival, afternoon, afternoon and so on. Although the names are different, but generally speaking, people around the custom of the feast or more than the same. Today, the Dragon Boat Festival is the Chinese people is still a very popular in the grand festival.

端午节是全年四大节之一。五月是毒月，五日是毒日，五日的中午又是毒时，居三毒之端。端午节又叫“五月端”。五月是整个热天的开端，五毒蛇开始活跃，鬼魅魍魉也会猖獗，这些都会给人特别是会给无所顾忌又无抵抗能力的孩子带来灾难，必须在五月端这天集中地为孩子消灾防毒，因此，人们又把五月端午节说成是“小孩节”或“娃娃节”。

The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the four major festivals throughout the year. May is the month of five days is poison, poison, five noon is poison, poison ranks three in the end. The Dragon Boat Festival is also called "the end of the May". May is the beginning of summer, the beginning of the five active snakes, ghosts and monsters are rampant, these will give people in particular will give no children and no resistance to bring disaster, must focus on that day in May at the end of anti disaster for the children, therefore, the people and the Dragon Boat Festival in May as a "childrens Day" or "doll festival".

过端午节，是中国人二千多年来的传统习惯，由于地域广大，民族众多，部分蒙古、回、藏、苗、彝、壮、布依、朝鲜、侗、瑶、白、土家、哈尼、畲、拉祜、水、纳西族、达斡尔、仫佬、羌、仡佬、锡伯族、普米、鄂温克、裕固、鄂伦春等少数民族也过此节，加上许多故事传说，于是不仅产生了众多相异的节名，而且各地也有着不尽相同的习俗。其内容主要有：女儿回娘家，挂钟馗像，迎鬼船、躲午，帖午叶符，悬挂菖蒲、艾草，游百病，佩香囊，备牲醴，赛龙舟，比武，击球，荡秋千，给小孩涂雄黄，饮用雄黄酒、菖蒲酒，吃五毒饼、咸蛋、粽子和时令鲜果等，除了有迷信色彩的活动渐已消失外，其余至今流传中国各地及邻近诸国。有些活动，如赛龙舟等，已得到新的发展，突破了时间、地域界线，成为了国际性的体育赛事。

The Dragon Boat Festival, is a traditional Chinese habits of more than two thousand years, because of the vast territory, numerous nationalities, part of Mongolia, Hui and Tibetan, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Bai, North Korea, Tujia, Hani, Yu, Lahu, water, Naxi, Daur, Mulao, Qiang, Gelao, Xibe, Pumi, Ewenki, Yugur, E Lunchun and other ethnic minorities also have this day, plus many stories, not only have so many different section, but also has the same throughout. The main contents are: his daughter back home, the clock up like, welcome the ghost ship, hide afternoon, with midday leaf character, hang calamus, wormwood, travel sickness, Sachet, prepared sweet wine offerings, dragon boat race, tournament, batting, swing, give the child Tu Xionghuang, drinking realgar wine, sweet wine, eat a cake, salted eggs, dumplings and seasonal fruits, in addition to a superstitious activities have gradually disappear, the other has spread throughout China and neighboring countries. Some activities, such as dragon boat racing, has been the development of new, breakthrough time and geographical boundaries, become an international sporting event.

端午祭正式被韩国申请为非物质文化遗产，并已获得成功，这对我们中国人本国文化遗产的保护也是一次深刻的教训。

The Dragon Boat Festival was officially apply for non-material cultural heritage of Korea, and has been successful, which is the Chinese people to protect their cultural heritage is also a profound lesson.

记叙文以叙事为主， 记叙文以叙事为主，我们要把事情发 生的经过， 生的经过，时间、 时间、地点、 地点、人物写清楚。 人物写清楚。

还有就是对这些事情的态度和看法。

还有就是对这些事情的态度和看法。

写谁(作文对象) 发生在活动场 写谁(作文对象)：发生在活动场 地的竞赛、劳动、爬山等事情。 地的竞赛、劳动、爬山等事情。

写什 竞赛 等事情 么(作文目的)：反映作者对这些事情 作文目的) 的态度和看法。 的态度和看法。

怎样写： 怎样写：通过一件事或几件事说 明作文的目的。 明作文的目的。

写法：叙述事件，还可以在事件 写法：叙述事件， 中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 中进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、动 肖像 作、细节描写。

注意事项：作文过程 细节描写。注意事项： 中，必须坚持始终要与所写这些事情 的态度和看法相联系。 的态度和看法相联系。

一、交代清楚事件发生的时间、 交代清楚事件发生的时间、 地点、人物、起因、经过和结果， 地点、人物、起因、经过和结果，即 六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素 六要素。一件事总离不开这六要素， 把这方面写清楚了， 把这方面写清楚了，才能使读者了解 事件的来龙去脉。 事件的来龙去脉。

二、要围绕作文的中心选择事 件，要选择最能表现作文中心思想的 事件做为材料， 事件做为材料，生活中有不少新鲜有 趣和激动人心的事。因此， 趣和激动人心的事。因此，我们平日 要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。 要多观察，多想生活中遇到的事。选 材要新颖，在别人的作文中常出现的 材要新颖， 事要少写或不写， 事要少写或不写，这样写出来的作文 才有吸引力，有新鲜感。 才有吸引力，有新鲜感。

三、事件的主要部分要写具体。 事件的主要部分要写具体。 每件事都有起因、 每件事都有起因、经过和结果这样一 个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚， 个过程，只有把这个过程写清楚，给 读者的印象才能完整而深刻。

读者的印象才能完整而深刻。在事件 中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 中要进行有效的肖像、语言、心理、 动作、细节描写，这一点很重要， 动作、细节描写，这一点很重要，这 样写出来的作文才生动。 样写出来的作文才生动。要突出中 心，详略得当，与主题无关的事不写 详略得当。

例文： 一次难忘的经历

那天是我的生日，爸妈带我去购 天是我的生日礼物。出来的时候看到几十个人围在路边，天生喜欢看热闹的我便不自觉挤 到了人群中—— 到了人群中—— 啊，原来是一位乞讨者。

她衣衫褴褛，满头银丝，她露在嘴唇外面牙齿参差不齐的裸 露在嘴唇外面，左眼失去了光彩。跪在地上，嘴中呢喃着，仿佛在说：求求你们可怜可怜我， 给我几块钱 吧，我已经好几天没吃东西了。

我已经好几天没吃东西了。 看到这里我毫不犹豫地拿出十块钱，刚要给她，手却又收了回来， 十块钱，刚要给她，手却又收了回来， 因为我看到她面前的铁罐里只有几毛钱。看看围观的人群，人们无动于衷毛钱。看看围观的人群，人们无动于衷观看的人群，只是好奇地看着她，并且指指点 只是好奇地看着她，指指点点议论纷纷，好可怜啊， “指指点点议论纷纷 ，好可怜啊， 快点救救 她啊! 她啊! ”“给她些钱吧! 给她些钱吧! ”

“ 甚至有几个年轻人说 Ho,my God! 好恐怖啊，快点走! ” 好恐怖啊，快点走!说给钱的却也不给钱，说走的却也不走，只是围在那里看着……我厌恶的看着这群围观的人，心里 鄙视他们： “ 鄙视他们：难道你们连一块钱也拿不出来吗?”却不知自己把钱收回的 那一刻，已经和他们一样了。

这时，挤进来一个小男孩，满脸的 天真稚气，摇着手，把一块钱硬币丢 入了她的钱盒里， 入了她的钱盒里，硬币与铁盒相撞发 出清脆的响声……这声音在人群中荡开去，人们不再议论纷纷，人群一下子安静下来，大家纷纷开始从身上掏钱……

我也掏出身上所有的钱悄悄放入铁盒 中……

感谢这个小男孩 ， 这清脆的响声，不经唤醒了麻木的人群，也涤荡了人们的灵魂，抚慰了人们即将冷漠 的心灵。

多长时间过去了这响声还时 常回荡在我耳边，激励着我： 常回荡在我耳边，心怀悲 悯，与人为善……

怎样写好文章 古人说： 凤头，猪肚，豹尾。 ( “ 古人说： 凤头，猪肚，豹尾。”

元 朝陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》 朝陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》中引乔梦符 的话)意思是要重视文章的开头， 的话)意思是要重视文章的开头，设 计一个好的开头会使文章增加色彩， 计一个好的开头会使文章增加色彩， “凤头”的意思是“美”。

要美，不 凤头”的意思是“ 要美， 能单纯认为就是词藻美，语句美， 能单纯认为就是词藻美，语句美，而 是能抓住读者， 引人入胜， 这也是美。 是能抓住读者， 引人入胜， 这也是美。

开头引入的要求是切题， “ 开头引入的要求是切题 ， 美 ” ， 吸引读者。 吸引读者。

渲染就是能用简要的语句 将其意突出，抓住读者， 将其意突出，抓住读者，正如李渔在 《闲情偶寄》中说“以奇句夺目，使 闲情偶寄》中说“以奇句夺目， 之一见而惊，不敢弃去。 之一见而惊 ，不敢弃去 。

当然这是 ” 写诗的要求， 写诗的要求，写文也如此， 写文也如此，不是“奇” 不是“ 而是真， 逼真” 如同在眼前。铺垫 而是真， 逼真” 如同在眼前。 “ ， 就是做些必要的铺陈和垫衬 引入、渲染、铺垫的方式很多， 引入、渲染、铺垫的方式很多， 如： 交待环境，引入人物、事件。 交待环境，引入人物、事件。

如 《孔乙己》 孔乙己》 点出所写的对象、 点出所写的对象、人、事。如《我 的老师》 的老师》 开门见山，点明题旨，交待写作开门见山，点明题旨， 动机。 《一件珍贵的衬衫 动机。如《背影》 一件珍贵的衬衫》 背影》 一件珍贵的衬衫》 《 解题，为全文奠定感情基调。 解题，为全文奠定感情基调。

如 《白杨礼赞》 白杨礼赞》 紧扣叙事，直抒胸臆。 紧扣叙事，直抒胸臆。如《谁是 最可爱的人》 最可爱的人》 描写环境，渲染气氛， 描写环境，渲染气氛，为情节发 展作铺垫， 如 多收了三五斗》 《故 、 展作铺垫， 《多收了三五斗》 《故 乡》 设置疑团， 制造悬念， 引人入胜。 设置疑团， 制造悬念， 引人入胜。

结尾要引出、照应、 升华， 结尾要引出 、 照应 、 升华 ， 就是 把读者从具体的事件、人物中引出， 把读者从具体的事件、人物中引出， 使记叙完整， 使记叙完整，并把读者引回更为广阔 的社会现实中， 的社会现实中 ， 引向更为深远的境 界 。古人说“豹尾” 就是结尾要有 古人说“ 豹尾” ， 画龙点睛” 有精神， 力 ，且 “画龙点睛 ” 有精神， 有神 ， 采，就是余味无穷，发人深思，给读 就是余味无穷，发人深思， 者以精神境界或思想认识上的飞跃 提高。这就是升华。 提高。这就是升华。 结尾引出、照应、升华的方式 结尾引出、照应、 很多， 很多，如：自然收束，回味无穷。

如 自然收束，回味无穷 《小桔灯》、《背影》 小桔灯》、《背影》 》、《背影富有感染力的抒情。 富有感染力的抒情。如《谁是 最可爱的人》 最可爱的人》 含蓄深刻带有启发式，发人深思。 含蓄深刻带有启发式，发人深思。 如《荔枝蜜》、《故乡》、《多收了 荔枝蜜》、《故乡》、《多收了 》、《故乡》、《 三五斗》 三五斗》 呼应开头，点明主题。

呼应开头，点明主题。如《一件 小事》、《一件珍贵的衬衫》 小事》、《一件珍贵的衬衫》 》、《一件珍贵的衬衫 古人讲究“首尾圆合”，“首句 标其目， 卒章显其志。 (白居易 ” 《新 乐府序》“标其目”就是揭示文章的 题旨。 “卒章”就是文章结尾。 “志” 就是主旨。 强调开头夺目， 结束升华。 清朝李渔《闲情偶寄》中“务使开门 见山，不当借帽覆顶”，形象地说明开头不应该把“山”，题旨遮挡住。 宋朝沈义父《乐府指迷》中强调“结 句须要放开， 含有余不尽之意。 “须 ” 要” 必须要放开， 结尾要 “长留余味” ， 要响亮，像唐朝白乐天《金针诗格》 中说 “落句欲似高山放石， 一去不回。

下面是由语文迷网整理的三类英语作文开头句型，希望对你有帮助。

一、常规开头句型

1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…

3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…

6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…

7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…

8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……

9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…

二、四级引出开头

1：It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)

2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)

3：Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)

4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)

5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……)

6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)

7：A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)

8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)

三、高考英语引出开头

Recently, the problem of … has aroused peoples concern. 最近,……问题已引起人们的关注.

The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题.

Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face.

如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了.

It is commonly believed that … / It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……

Many people insist that … 很多人坚持认为……

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……

A lot of people seem to think that … 很多人似乎认为……