英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文(汇集20篇)

下面是由语文网为大家整理的高分英语写作九大攻略，希望对你有帮助。

一、文章及段落起始常用的过渡词语

to begin with 首先

【例】To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas. 首先，在公共场合应该禁烟。

first of all 第一，首先

【例】First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty. 第一，在偏远地区许多人还生活在贫困中。

in the first place 首先

【例】In the first place, she can read at the rate of 100 words a minute. 首先，她能每分钟阅读100字。

generally speaking 总体上讲

【例】Generally speaking, the more you practice, the more skillfully you can write in English. 总体上讲，练习地越多，你用英文写作就越熟练。

二、文章及段落结尾常用的过渡词语

therefore, thus 因此

【例】Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind. Therefore, we can work more efficiently.

锻炼可以帮助我们增强体质及保持清醒的头脑。因此，我们能够更有效率地工作。

in conclusion 总之，最后

【例】In conclusion, people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage, protect the present water resources and explore potential ones scientifically.

最后，全世界人民都应该意识到水资源短缺的现状，保护现有水资源并科学地开发潜在资源。

in brief 简言之

【例】In brief, birth control is of vital importance in China.

简言之，计划生育对中国来说是十分重要的。

to sum up 总而言之

【例】To sum up, out of sight, out of mind.

总而言之，眼不见，心不烦。

in a word 总之

【例】In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film adapted from it.

总之，读原著胜过看基于它改编的电影。

三、常用表示先后次序的过渡词语

first 第一;second 第二;next 其次，然后;eventually 最后，最终;since then 自此以后;afterward 以后，随后;meanwhile 同时;therefore 因而;immediately 立刻;finally 最后，最终

四、常用表示因果关系的过渡词语

accordingly 于是;for this reason 由于这个原因;as a result of 作为……结果;in this way 这样;consequently 结果，因此;due to 由于……; therefore 因而;because of 因为;thus因为;thanks to 由于

【例】When playing sports, you need to judge your competitor’s strategy and revise yours accordingly. 参加体育活动时，你需要判断对手的策略并相应调整你的策略。

五、常用表示比较和对比的过渡词语

in contrast with 和……成对照;similarly 同样;whereas 然而;on the contrary 相反; different from与……不同;likewise同样; equally important 同样重要; on the other hand 另一方面;however 然而

【例】On the one hand, tonics will make us put on weight, which does harm to our health, but on the other hand, they can help refresh us.

一方面，补品会使我们变胖，这对我们健康不利。但另一方面，补品又能使我们有精神。

六、常用表示举例的过渡词语

a case in point 恰当的例子;for example 举例;namely( that is ) 即，这就是说;for instance 举例

【例】A case in point is the water control project along the Yangtze River.

一个恰当的例子就是长江沿线的水控项目。

七、有关描写图表的过渡词语

during this time 在此期间

【例】During this time, more women took various jobs. 在此期间，更多的妇女找到了各种各样的工作。

apart from 除了……之外

【例】Apart from the figures, the information below the table also suggests the growth of production. 除了数据之外，表格下面的信息同样也反应了生产量的增长。

compared with 与……相比较

【例】Compared with the percentage of the base year, it jumped by 15 percent. 与基准年相比，上升了百分之十五。

from the above table/ chart/ graph 根据上图 (表) 所示

【例】From the above chart, it can be seen that changes do occur in society. 从上面的图表来看社会确实发生了变化。

八、常用表示强调的过渡词语

furthermore 此外;moreover 而且;besides 此外;in fact 实际上;also 而且，也;indeed 的确;again 另外，还;in particular 尤其，特别;naturally 当然，自然，必然

【例】Naturally, he denied that he had committed the crime. 他必然不承认自己犯罪了。

九、逻辑连接词语

先后次序关系：second; last but not the least; seeing …

原因、结果关系：so …; as a result of this; consequently; in consequence

转折关系：even though; though; regardless of

并列关系：also; as well as; either…or…

递进关系：not only…but also…; in order to do it …; accordingly

比较关系：when in fact …; similarly; compared with

对比关系：on the contrary; contrary to; conversely

举例关系：as he explains; like; put it simply; for one thing … for another …

强调关系：particularly; to be true; other things being equal

条件关系：if so; if possible; provide that

归纳总结关系：in brief; in short; the conclusion can be drawn that …

教学目标 ：

1 、通过训练，让学生进一步学会写人记事的记叙文的写法；

2 、启发引导学生在 写人记事 中，用心去体会所写人和事中所蕴含 的情感。

教学重点 ：交代清楚记叙的要素。

教学难点 ：详略得当，突出中心思想。

教 具 ：胶片。

课时安排 ：本次作文训练分两个课时，其中辅导、堂上写作各一课时。

教学过程 ：

一、创设作文情境 ，让学生产生一种 内驱力 。可尝试用下列的方法去激发。（ 8` ）

▲让学生自主地回忆最近所遇到的值得一说的人或事，以激发学生的情趣。

二、学生结合第一单元所学的四篇课文，谈谈记叙文的六要素在具体的文章中的体现和运用 。（ 20` ）

教师在学生充分自由地发表意见的基础上，总结下列一些规律性的知识和方法：

▲事情是由人在一定的时间、地点做出来的，事情本身有它的起因，经过和结果，因此，记事应把六个要素交代清楚；

▲交代要素要根据情况灵活掌握，一般说来，记叙真实的重要的事情，六个要素都要交代清楚。不需要作者交代，读者就明白的，可以省略；

▲在记叙的几个要素中，事情的起因、经过和结果构成记叙文的主要内容，这部分要着重写，写具体，写充实，以突出中凡思想。

▲记叙的要素，要详略得当，突出中心。（含盖前三点）

三、学生先朗读课文第 33-35 页中的例文 《我们的国土到处都是一样》，然后简述事情的起因、结果和发展过程，以进一步让学生弄清和学会

要素

在文章中的体现和运用。（ 15` ）

然后教师明确：

事情的起因 -- 闲聊《可爱的浙江》征文比赛

事情的发展 -- 各人谈及自己的 所爱

事情的结果 -- 我们的国土到处都是一样

四、教师出示 5 个作文题，以便让学生有自由发挥的空间 ( 胶片 ) （ 2` ）

1 ．我的小伙伴。

2 ．童年的一件趣事。

3 ．上中学后遇到的一件事。

4 ．根据下边提出的情况，写一篇文章，记叙这件事。

体育课前，王勇同学没做准备活动就 跳山羊 ，结果把脚给崴了。

5 ．逛集市或花市。

作文要求：

①将六个要素交代清楚，且做到详略得当。

②中心突出。

③字数不少于 500 字。

④书写工整。

附 1 ：说课精要：

本次作文训练的重点就是 交代清楚记叙要素 。由于学生从开始接触写作以来就是 写话 ，也往往就是 小小记叙文 ，但也许正是由于这样，又会疏忽或轻视，因此教师不仅仅只保留在让学生知道 什么是记叙的要求 ，而且更重要的是通过学生回顾分析课文，尝试分析范例的方法让学生学会 交代清楚记叙要素 这一要求在写作实践中的运用，在其中，同时也弄清并非硬是要面面俱到，而是要详略得当，有重点，这样难点也就迎刃而解了。一句话，在阅读尝试中去体会，在写作实践中去运用，读写结合。

【摘要】考研英语作文的评分，首先关注的就是单词、句子、格式的正确性。因此，在作文的复习中，不能只关注高端句型，正确的格式也是不容忽视的。

写作格式错误主要包括题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。

题目的写法

题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次，要注意题目的大小写，实词的首字母一定要大写。其它虚词如冠词、连词（但如连词的字母多于5个时则大写)和介词首字母不需要大写。比如：

跳动的心（例子）

误：Attitudes Toward Money

正：Attitudes toward Money

文章的格式

1、四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。

2、空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格（一般缩进4-6个字节）。

大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：

1、大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母

如：He said,He is going to Shanghai next week.

2、大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是缩略形式

如：DrG .G . East

3、大写缩写字母

如：MPA ,MBA ,BBC

4、文章标题要大写

5、头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写

例如：Captain SmithSmith, the captain；Uncle GeorgeGeorge ,my uncle

标点符号

考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

三段式作文注意事项

1、作文卷面要保持整洁，不要连笔，不要涂改，这是获取印象分的重点。很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错，这是致命伤啊，会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了，所以平常要加强练笔！

2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句，最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文，所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句，这是获得高分的关键。

3、全文结构布局：全文分为三段，第一段3句，第二段5句，第三段4句，可根据具体情况调整。段落中，第一句是topic ，第二三句是detail ，第三句是conclusion 。

另外为了方便大家学习，提高复习的效率。小编为广大学子整理了考研技巧和考试大纲，更有历年真题提供测试等等。针对每一个科目进行深度的探讨和技巧挖掘。欢迎各位考研的同学进行了解和资讯。考研的痛苦是难免的,不要丧失信心,坚信苦尽甘来。预祝各位学子取得成功！

[考研英语作文常见的四个写作格式错误

(一)面对从未谋面的作文题目，如何正确审题?

◆多则材料类作文的五种类型及审题方法

◆高考作文审题技巧之寻找题眼法

◆高考作文审题之虚实结合法

◆添加因素，丰富思路——作文审题之添加因素法

◆思接千载，心鹜八极——作文审题之联想法

(二)题目是文章的眼睛，如何拟好标题?

◆浅论话题作文拟题方法

◆拟好题目为你的高考作文加分

◆高考作文如何编拟一个出彩的标题

◆拟题技巧让你的作文题目赢得阅卷者的青睐

(三)围绕题目，文章立意如何准确而新颖?

◆差之毫厘，谬以千里——高考作文切合题意的要领

◆高考作文该怎样避免偏离题意

◆准确把握题意——高考作文切题最为紧要

◆考生写作怎样巧妙诠释文题

◆高考寓言类的材料作文审题立意

◆作文立意求新奇方法浅谈

◆高考作文如何做到“切合题意”

(四)起笔写作，如何开头才能使人眼前一亮?

◆高考作文开头“十法”

◆高考作文开头十大禁忌

◆巧设凤头先声夺人——高考作文开头技法

◆未成曲调先有情——高考作文开头技法

◆高考满分作文开头的技巧

◆作文开头的五个经典句式

◆作文开篇如何吸引阅卷老师的眼球

(五)在引人入文后，如何使情节构思巧妙?

◆例谈考场作文的构思技巧

◆例谈记叙文快速构思之画面组合法

◆一种巧妙的结构作文的方法——同构相叠

◆高考作文常见的结构

◆高考议论文的八种模式

(六)在考场环境下，如何及时组织材料?

◆例谈考场作文应急选材三法

◆锦心表里巧妙扣合——高考作文材料的组材

◆裁得彩练当空舞——谈谈高考作文材料的调动

◆胸有三种“得意”材料——高考作文材料的储备

◆有叙有议引线穿针——高考作文材料的组材

◆高考作文记叙文如何选材

◆议论文写作中如何运用素材

◆高考作文：调动材料的艺术

(七)如何锤炼语言，才能彰显文章的魅力?

◆增强语言张力展现文章魅力

◆高考作文写作技巧：反复锤炼语言是重点

◆高考作文如何做到“用词贴切”

◆写作指津：语言纯真显魅力

(八)文章收束，如何结尾才能首尾圆合?

◆历届高考作文精彩结尾50例精选

◆高考作文巧结尾技巧

◆如何使文章结尾有力

◆怎样写好记叙文的结尾

一、 问题的提出

小学作文意在让学生把自己看到的、听到的、想到的有意义的内容用文字表达出来，小学生作文写作技巧。一篇作文从本质上说，就是一种综合思维的语言表达能力的体现。迄今为止，许多学生把作文练习视为畏途，教师把作文教学当作一大难题。究其原因，主要存在两个盲点：第一、认识的误区。他们觉得培养学生作文能力的做法是：按照“记叙——说明——议论”的序列，采取与讲读课文同步训练作文。但是这样的话，盲目性较大，没有明显的训练重点。第二、训练的盲目。教师单纯地在写作技巧、方法上进行概念传授。他们没有顾及学生思维的发展是从形象思维向抽象思维过渡的，而一味地追求“蛮练”，奉“功到自然成”为玉律，所以收效甚微。

根据对本校学生作文和教师作文教学现状的调查分析，我们对此有了更深一层的了解。

1、对教师的状况

（1）在作文教学中，教师过于强调作文技巧、方法的传授，不重视对学生想象力的培养，学生作文枯燥、乏味，缺乏应有的童趣。

（2）教师自身的创造性不够强。只照本宣科，不注重自身想象力的发挥。

（3）教师作文教学单一的模式框死了学生，严重阻碍了学生想象力的发展。

2、对学生的状况

（1）学生不会仔细观察、善于想象、过分依赖教师。

（2）学生没有生活积淀，缺乏生动的想象力。

在上述情况中，我们不难感觉到现今作文教学的弊端：教师一味地强调了写作的结果，而忽略了写作的过程。只有善于培养学生写作综合能力，包括观察力、思维分析能力、想象力等，才能真正提高作文水平。

我们没有去过桂林，那么我们读完《桂林山水》的课文后，脑海里会出现一幅幅桂林山水的图画。漓江的水是那样的静，那样的清，那样的绿；桂林的山是那样的奇，那样的秀，那样的险，仿佛身临其境，这就是想象的作用。大科学家爱因斯坦曾说过：“想象力比知识更重要，因为知识是有限的，而想象力概括着世界的一切，推进着进步，并且是知识进步的源泉。”由此可见，培养和发展学生的想象力是何等的重要。

小学生作文，虽不是什么艺术创作，但同样需要比较丰富的想象。例如：要形象地描绘客观事物，就需要生动的比喻、拟人和夸张的手法；要完整地刻画某个人的形象，就需要对他的内心活动作某些合理的推测；要比较深刻地揭示某一事物的象征意义，就更需要展开丰富的想象。

基于对想象作文教学的浓厚兴趣，故以“小学想象作文教学”的研究为切入口，有意识地在小学阶段培养好学生的想象力，让学生“敢想象、会想象、善想象”。在全新的作文教学中体现“求新、求趣、求美”。

二、研究目标

1、本课题旨在构建想象作文教学的行之有效的方法、过程。主要是依据心理学中有关想象力的培养发展策略，以“想象手法教学”和“想象篇章练习”为着重点，分层教学，激发学生写作的兴趣，以充实文章的内容，突出文章的中心，增强文章的感染力。

2、通过想象作文的教学，有意识地培养学生的想象力，丰富学生的想象力，发展学生的想象力，并由此丰富学生写作的题材。

三、研究过程

（一） 在丰富学生的表象中发挥学生的想象力。

小学生作文是一种创造性的认识活动和书面表达练习活动。在我们指导孩子写想象作文时，我们通常强调内容的独创性，鼓励学生凭借生活经验的积淀，大胆展开想象，尤其是创造性想象，来表达自己的体验和意愿，写出充分显露个人创造力的习作。可这一切并不是孩子们与生俱来的，在发挥他们的想象力，指导他们写出好的想象作文之前，必须丰富他们的表象，增加表象的贮备。为接下来的一系列写作打下基础。

1、在实践活动中发挥想象力。

（1） 创造性观看电影、电视节目。

在每周一次的观看电影、电视节目中，充分利用学校红领巾影库，播放一些生动、活泼，孩子们感兴趣的、喜闻乐见的节目，比如《猫和老鼠》、《白雪公主和七个小矮人》、《米老鼠和唐老鸭》等，在看完一遍后，选取学生最感兴趣的一个片段，消去声音后，让学生观看，据画面中一些小动物的动作、神情，想象它们的语言，并能把它比较逼真的模仿或者在创造。最后，再和原画面的声音和故事情节进行比较。

（2） 从参观、访问中寻找灵感，作文指导《小学生作文写作技巧》。

每月一次的参观或访问是孩子们特别喜欢的。如何恰好地利用机会，发挥学生的想象力，最为重要。在历次的参观中，做到参观前有要求、有目的、有计划。春秋游的活动中，教师要求学生自己分组活动，明确本次活动的主要项目，要求学生写好参观笔记，把印象最深刻的详细记录下来，在班中进行交流，以备在今后的想象作文练习中积累生活实际。在访问军营基地时，鼓励学生积极参与，除了观看军队训练，更应深入军营，多看看、多摸摸、多走走，回校后能模仿解放军叔叔的队列练习，回家去试着折折被子、摆摆生活用品，在体验中激发学生写作的灵感。

（3） 在劳动、活动中进行创造。

每周一次的劳动，我们的安排颇为独具匠心，它不同于一般意义上的劳动，它要能使学生在劳动中进行创造。比如：为娃娃添眼睛——钉纽扣。在为卡纸娃娃美化的同时，学会了钉纽扣，并且使学生在劳动中，体会到了纽扣的妙用，感受到了原来可爱娃娃的眼睛像黑黑的纽扣，产生了比喻的想象。再有就是拆装玩具。学生生活中喜欢的玩具人人都有几件，他们的想象也是随着这些玩具的刺激而引发的，因此，我们让学生几人一组，分配给他们一些可搭筑的条条块块，如何有创意性地搭建，成了这次活动的评分标准。

（4） 利用十分钟队会，发挥想象，激发真情。

在队会中，能结合课题，有机地发挥学生的想象力。一次以《爱》的主题队会中，设计了这样一个场景：

情境一：你在国外工作的爸爸已有三年没回家了，如今中秋节临近，许多在外的游子都已回来。看到这些，你想到了什么，说一说。

情境二：正当你准备把写好这些话作为一封信投寄给你父亲时，他却突然出现在你的家门口。这时，父子（女）相见会是一个什么样的场景呢？请说说。

情境三：正当你们相见时，爸爸从包中掏出了你梦寐以求的笔记本电脑，这时你又是怎么想的？说说。

这种连续性的情境，用一条线索贯穿始终，步步深入地进行想象训练，在无意识中让学生体验情感，刺激想象，为今后“为情而造文”铺设道路。

2、阅读文学作品，积累素材。

文艺作品的特点是用生动的语言、典型的人物形象，具体的故事情节来反映社会生活的。它的突出特点是形象性。通过阅读文学作品，学生可以获得丰富的具体形象，同时还可以获得大量词汇，这些形象的词汇在想象中有着不可忽视的作用。鼓励学生借阅书籍，有计划地、持之以恒地学习，做好记录，切实指导学生读好书，多读书，巧读书。

（二） 凭借想象手法，进行想象片段训练

想象作文的训练，不像一般的记叙文那样强调写真人真事。它要求学生以自己丰富的表象——已有的生活和知识基础。以“合理性和科学性的准则，恰当运用虚构、夸张、比喻、幻想等手法，构思出具体、生动、新颖、奇妙的情节写成段。因此，进行想象手法的训练，对于下一步想象作文整体的训练起着抛砖引玉的作用。想象手法有许多，我们着重对比喻、拟人、猜测、象征、对比、回忆、幻想这七种进行有序地指导。

1、 关于想象手法的训练

（1）形象地讲明每种手法的特点

关于比喻想象

比喻想象，是指在写甲事物的时候，想到乙事物有相似的地方，就用乙事物来比喻甲事物。比喻是在事物的相似的基础上产生的，因此着重让学生明白“相似”是个极广泛的概念，可以指颜色，也可以指形状、声音、气氛、作用等。如“池塘里的小蝌蚪想一个个欢快的音符”，这是形状的相似。“吱悠吱悠、叮儿叮儿的响声，像一支支快乐的乡间小曲”，这就是声音和气氛的相似。同时，向学生传递另一种情况：对于两个事物的相似点，在比喻中可以表明，也可以含蓄着不说。如：荔枝皮像胭脂一样红，就表明了“红”的这个相似点。

关于比拟想象

比拟想象分拟人和拟物。拟人想象是指在写物的时候想到它的某些特点与人相似，就把物当作人来写，直接移用写人的词写物。如“一棵棵杨梅树贪婪地吮吸着春天的甘露”，这句话就是用写人的贪婪来写杨梅的。拟物想象是指在写人的时候想到他的特点与物形似，就把人当作物来写，直接移用写物的词语写人。如：“东郭先生再也混不下去了，夹着尾巴逃走了，”用写狗的“夹着尾巴”来写人的狼狈相。

关于猜测想象

猜测想象是指在写人或写事物的时候，对同它有关的问题，做出猜测性的描写或叙述。如：《威尼斯小艇》中“去做生意、到郊外去呼吸新鲜空气、上教堂去做祷告”，就是对“商人夹着一大包货物”、“小孩有保姆伴着”、“庄严的老人夹了圣经”的有关问题——去做什么——的猜测。

关于对比想象

对比想象是指在写一个事物的时候，想到与之性质不同的另一个事物，就描写或叙述出来相比较；或在写一个事物这个侧面的时候，想到情况与之完全相反的另一个侧面，就描写或叙述出来想比较。如：我的爸爸是一个教了二十年的普通的老师，他不象黎明的爸爸，整天有应酬不完的宴请；也不象工容的爸爸，常常有买不完的便宜货。他呀，有批不完的作业本，备不完的课”。

关于回忆想象

回忆想象，是指在感知甲事物的基础上，回忆起与之相关、接近或相反的乙事物，并描写或叙述出来。在常见的“每当我看到……时，就会想起某某来”。

关于象征想象

象征想象是指对某事物的具体描写，来反映另一事物的意义或表现作者的思想感情。运用时，对所“借”事物的描

写作教学对于帮助学生了解英语思维方式，形成用英语进行思维的习惯，提高学生综合运用语言知识的能力大有益处。下面是小编为你带来的小学英语写作技巧指导，欢迎阅读。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

1、紧扣主题，短文必须包括提纲中的全部要点;与主题无关或关系不大的字句必须一律删去。

2、文章通顺，前后贯通，语言流畅。

3、句子开头多样化，句型多样化。

4、无句型结构错误，无语法错误和用语造句等方面的错误。

5、短文字数不得少于150个字。

对考研英语短文的策略：

1.分配好短文各部分篇幅比例

根据在40分钟内写150词的《大纲》要求，合理分配各部分篇幅比例显得非常重要。篇幅比例安排大致如下：

(1)开头：可控制在4句话之内，以2——3句较为适宜。该部分约占全文篇幅的10%——15%。

(2)主体：约占全篇短文的70%——80%。

(3)结尾：这部分应控制在2——3句话之内，约占全文篇幅10——15%。

2.合理分配时间

应该切记短文写作时间仅为40分钟，在这较短的时间内考生需完成120——150词的短文。这就要求考生做到有条不紊、忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。从而稳操胜券，驾轻就熟，从容应对。建议考生在动笔之前，用5分钟的时间写个提纲理清思路，然后再动笔。此外，要留出5——6分钟来修改抄写。以避免不必要的笔误，给评卷老师留下良好的印象。

3.审题——紧扣主题的关键

所谓审题，就是正确理解题意，所写短文要紧扣题目要求。从每年的英文短文考题可看出，除了题目外，还有开头第一句话和一个写作提纲。这个写作提纲就是短文的写作具体范围。考生必须以指定的句子开头，按写作提纲规定的要点和顺序(通常是3个要点)往下写。

通常3个要点就是写三段话，每段开头(除第一段已给了外)第一句话必须把该段写作提纲中的主要的词或主要意思包括进去，这就是段落中心句。每段其他句子必须紧扣该段的段落中心句，与段落中心句无关的句子或关系不大的句子必须坚决删去。由于写作提纲中所给的3个要点(即关键词)已包括在每段开头的段落中心句(即每段开头的第一句)中，而每段的其他句子又紧扣段落中心句，这就使每段的内容紧扣主题，而不至离开主题去谈别的问题，这就是抓住主题的关键。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

材料类话题作文的审题，第一步是“整体感知”，就是全面理解材料，把握材料的中心寓意。阅读本段材料，有两个方面的提示必须抓住：一是“如果拿橘子来比喻人生”这句话，它是理解材料中心寓意的线索，橘子有大有小，有酸有甜，就是提示我们“透过现象看本质”，运用“求本法”，抓住材料的本质即材料的中心寓意，人生有顺利有坎坷，有挫折有失败，有如意有不如意，有句常言不是说“人生不如意事常八九”嘛;另一提示是“一些人”会“抱怨酸”、“抱怨小”，“而我”“庆幸它是甜的”、“感谢它是大的”，两种态度形成了鲜明的对比。两个方面的提示一结合，中心寓意就出来了，人生状况不同是客观存在，无法改变，要想活得轻松快乐，只能改变自己的人生态度。这就是这则材料的中心寓意。

虽然我们每个人都希望自己的人生是大而甜的橘子，但那只能是我们的美好愿望而已。任何人的一生都不会绝对的完美。这就要看我们怎么个活法，看我们如何对待自己手中的橘子。蔡先生拿到酸的庆幸其大，拿到小的则庆幸其甜。他的做法充满了智慧，而这样的人生就是一种智慧的人生。

我们的人生充满了无数个这样的橘子，蔡先生的做法对我们来说犹如一剂良药。倘若我们总是以自己的尺度来衡量万事万物，则我们连一个橘子也拿不到。因此我们不能奢求人生，不能抱怨生活，相反，我们要以感恩的心态来对待这并不算漫长的人生。

审题立意方面，①正确看待人生中的得与失，不要患得患失。②处在任何环境中，都要从良好角度寻求优势。这两种为最佳立意。

小学生入门写作主要有两大困难：一是“写什么”?（选取写作材料），二是“怎么写”?（写作方法与技巧）。作为入门应先解决第一个问题，然后才能讲究写作技巧，因为前者是基础，好比河水之源，如果没有源头，哪来涓涓细流乃至滔滔长河？三年级是小学生作文的“入门”阶段。由于刚刚开始学习写作文，往往出现这种情况：学生的组词、造句还讲得过去，但作文中的取材仅限于转抄和编造。这样发展下去是不妥的。其一，学不会观察生活、表现生活；其二，一旦养成习惯，会使思维懒惰，思路狭窄，材源枯竭，影响其思维品质、智力、心理等方面的健康发展。那么，如何引导学生写作入门解决材源问题呢？我们提出如下几点看法：

一、要引导学生写生活中的真人、真事、真情和真景。生活中的作文材料很多，但生活中的人、事、情和景，初写作文的学生往往缺少“抓”和“写”的意识，需要老师或家长的点拨、揭示加指导。如我校去年元旦前夕要召开文艺晚会，布置同学们自带小红花，可老师没教过花的做法，有一位家长教会了他的女儿做红花，当这位小学生带着红花上学时，同学们求她帮助，她帮同学们做红花。事后，有的同学表示送她小“礼物”.虽然她喜欢小“礼物”,但是没要。老师知道这件事后，就指导她把这件事写成作文《我帮同学做红花》。由于写的是自己亲身经历的事，她写成的作文，内容充实，还挺有思想的。

二、给孩子创造积累写作材料的条件。平时，学生只能天天重复着“家中——路上——学校——路上——家中”的过程，生活的范围有限，所以学校和家长应利用周末和节假日，领孩子去公园、野外等见世面，领略和感受积极的、丰富多采的社会和自然生活。但要有益于教育孩子，其中一项便是为写作文积累材料。例如，在今年暑假中，某家长带他的女儿去野外捉蝈蝈，临行前布置了写作要求，让她注意观察和记忆。回来后，她写了作文《捉蝈蝈》，较生动地写下了捉蝈蝈的过程和动作，很有情趣。

三、给学生讲些直接感受不到的作文材料。受生活的地点、环境等条件所限，有许多素材是学生直接看不到、得不到的，却是可写的。这类材料需老师及家长的讲述，指导课外阅读等进行积累。有一位学生家长在去某沿海城市出差回来时，给他的孩子带回来许多“礼物”,如：各种贝壳、小（海）石头、小纪念品等。女儿最喜欢那串珍珠项链，她认为很贵。其实仅几元钱，使她很惊奇。这位家长抓住时机，向她讲了珍珠的人工养殖以及我国海上育珠事业的过去和现在，鼓励她以此为材写成作文《爸爸送我的礼物》，既训练了写作，又进行了爱祖国、爱科学的教育。

四、要让学生学会剪辑原有的写作材料。固然生活中的真人、真事、真情和真景是小学生入门写作的主要材料，但不要因此束缚他们的自我发挥和想象，而是要让学生们学会将已有的材料进行合理的剪辑、必要的取舍。有一位学生游过秀水公园后，在写《我爱秀水公园的美丽风光》草稿中提到“在草丛中捡到一只死去的蜻蜓”,这是真实的，但对文中的“美丽风光”起了削弱作用。老师对此进行了指导，经过修改，学生的作文是：“我走上拱桥向东望去，湖面上是一片荷花和荷叶，交映相辉。叶面上的水珠儿在阳光照射下，如珍珠般闪闪发光。忽然一只红蜻蜓飞来，落在一支卷着的荷叶上，我想起了古诗‘小荷才露尖尖角，早有蜻蜓立上头’……”这一小小的剪辑，使作文增加了艺术性。总之，老师及家长应相互配合，共同创造条件，指导学生通过多种途径观察生活，获取并积累写作素材，让学生在入门写作时，感到“材”有源头滚滚来。

1. 内容切题

内容切题是命题作文的基本要求，考生可从以下几个方面入手：

第一要认真审题。根据题目类别，弄清文体的要求，并判明文章的种类(议论文、说明文、记叙文)，同时确定文章要阐明的主题或要表达的中心思想，若题目已经提供了提纲，还要注意弄清各提纲要点之间的逻辑关系。考生在拿到作文题后，切勿惟恐时间不够，提笔就写。一旦跑题，发现了再改就来不及了，常言道：“磨刀不误砍柴工”。

第二要注意设计安排段落。根据文章的中心思想，确定各个段落的主题内容和主题句。如果是议论文，一般要从论点的正反两个方面来考虑，首先是某观点的合理成分或某物的长处，然后是该观点的不合理成分或该物的短处，最后阐明自己的观点。如果题目提供了提纲，只要把提纲扩展成主题句即可。

第三要避免将记忆里较熟悉的句子生拉硬扯地搬进作文，使作文结构松散，意思不明确，甚至会偏离主题。

2. 表达清楚，文字连贯

文章要做到表达清楚，文字连贯，文章各段落就必须根据提纲所确立的不同主题来展开，而且各段落的主题句要将段落的各个部分凝聚在一起，流利地表达段落大意，使段落中各部分以及段落之间的联系一目了然。

3. 句式有变化

有些考生对写作没信心，不敢大胆地使用所掌握的语言基础知识，包括英语句法知识，结果整篇文章都是以主、谓、宾句式为主的简单句子，文章显得刻板无生气。实际上，

记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。

一.高考记叙文写作占有重要地位

我们看三个高考作文试题：

2009年湖南卷作文“请以‘踮起脚尖’为题目，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。”

2008年安徽卷作文“请以‘带着感动出发’为题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。”要求“文体自选”。

2007年浙江卷作文“请以‘生无所息/生有所息’为话题写一篇文章。可讲述你自己或身边的故事，抒发你的真情实感，也可阐明你的思想观点。”

从以上作文试题可以看出，不管是明确要求写记叙文，还是要求文体自选，高考中的记叙文写作始终占有重要地位，有其自身的巨大优势。

二.高考记叙文写作的四大要领

要领一.讲一个完整的故事

记叙文是用来做什么的?

记叙文的本质特点是故事性，记叙文是用来讲故事的。好的的记叙文正如好的电视剧，情节精彩，故事性强，悬念重重，能引人入胜。有了故事性，才有了记叙文的本质。

故事精彩，记叙文才能吸引人，才能给读者留下深刻的印象。抓住了故事性的记叙文，即便文笔一般，文章也差不到哪里去。通常情况下，学生写的记叙文不佳，最主要的原因就是故事的框架、选材和情节没有构造好，文章显得平庸乏味。学生写记叙文要从故事性入手，有故事则有内容，有内容才有精彩。高考记叙文写作，成败的关键皆由故事性决定。

优秀的记叙文，往往构思精致巧妙，情节引人入胜，高明的作者都在故事情节的完整及构思的巧妙方面下功夫。记叙文要完整生动地叙述故事，名家名作无不是寓巧妙的情节构思于完整的故事之中。故事的情节是要靠矛盾的发展去推动的，因而情节的发展要有自然性、合理性和完整性。如果片面求新而破坏了故事的完整性，就会得不偿失。

要领二.塑一个鲜活的人物

写记叙文离不开写人。写人千万不能写成纸人，站立不起来，鲜活不起来。写人要把人物写鲜活起来，要写得有血有肉，从而给读者留下深刻的印象。

要让记叙文中的人物形象鲜活起来，除了对人物与事件进行叙述以外，还必须进行细致深入的描写。描写人物常用的方法是肖像描写、动作描写、语言描写、心理活动描写等等。

要领三.作一番生动的描写

记叙文中的描写，包括人物描写、景物描写、场面描写等等。

人物的肖像描写，主要指描写人的容貌、神情、姿态、服饰等方面。肖像刻画要以形写神，形神俱似，不可千人一面，千篇一律。形神兼备的肖像描写有助于揭示人物的性格特征和内心世界，表现出人物的时代特征;结合情节的发展，还能显示人物的命运。

人物的语言描写要做到立片言而尽显人物精神。人物语言包括独白和对话两种。独白指人物的自言自语，对话是两个人或多个人之间的相互交谈。历来优秀作家都十分重视人物语言的描写，常说的“如闻其声，如见其人”，既是对作家塑造生动人物形象的高明技法的赞誉，也是语言描写的功能和作用的体现。

人物的动作描写要做到在举手投足之间见到人物的真性情。对人物进行心理描写则要做到洞幽烛微，表现人物的精神面貌，窥视人物的心灵世界，刻画人物的性格特征，揭示人物的身份境遇，突出作品的主题思想。

景物描写要突出景物的神韵，必须抓住景物的层次和主要特征有序描写。场面描写要突出场面的特点，要把人物置于场面之中。

不管是人物描写、景物描写，还是场面描写，都必须注意细节描写，就是对故事情节中那些极富个性特点的细枝末节方面进行描写。细节虽小，却往往通过作品给人留下深刻、难忘的印象。优秀的文学作品，甚至一篇不太成功的作文，常常因其某一独特而极具个性的细节描写，而令我们过目不忘。

写人记事绘景，可正面描摹，以见真形;也可侧面烘托，以显神韵。正面描摹，即对作文中要写的人物、事件、环境等进行正面而直接的、具体、生动、形象的刻画。侧面烘托，则是借他人他物或环境，以衬托此人此物此景而显出精神的一种方法。这样，写事件则场面活现，写人物则栩栩如生。

要领四.抒一段动人的情感

抒情，简单地说，就是用真挚的语言来抒发内心的情感。在记叙的过程中，恰到好处地对所记叙的人和事抒发感情，可以让平白的叙事锦上添花，引起读者的共鸣。抒情的文字有时渗透在文章的字里行间，作者凭借所描述的人、事、景、物来传情达意，即间接抒情，常见的间接抒情方法有叙事抒情、借景抒情、托物言志三种。抒情文字有时在叙述和描写的基础上直接抒发，也就是直抒胸臆。

2008江苏卷：有些人只是在童年有过好奇心，有些人一生都能保持好奇心。质疑、发现、智慧、高尚、惊喜、快乐、烦恼、平庸……这中间的每个词都有可能像影子一样跟在好奇心的后面。请以“好奇心”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

好奇心

两个人都长年纪了，相距不过几米的屋子，有什么必要隔几分钟就喊一下?

每次去奶奶家，这件事总是会勾起我的好奇心。

奶奶八十了，但眼不昏耳不聋，还能眯着眼在屋里做针线。大她三岁的爷爷便不行了，不愿走动，总是坐在藤椅上晒太阳。

相隔不过几米，奶奶过几分钟，便会放下活儿，“老头子!”奶奶这么叫。

爷爷不应，奶奶便急，迈着碎碎的步子到跟前。爷爷好好的呢，在藤椅上睡熟了。于是孩子般地笑嗔：“这个死老头子，人家喊了也不睬。”

这样的事天天发生。

我很好奇。

是奶奶闷吗?没有人说话?那她为什么只喊一下而不是和爷爷唠嗑呢?

喊爷爷做什么呢?还这么不停地喊?我想起奶奶每次看见爷爷好好的，满意离去的背影。阳光总是以最完美的角度铺在奶奶身上，每每这样的画面闪烁着温暖的光辉。

是不是只要有人答应便好呢?我好奇地继续想。

那好。再有这种事发生时，我便捂住嘴，学爷爷的声音迟缓地答：“唉——”可每每奶奶都能辨别出来，无论我用布还是用棉花捂以求声音的逼真。“细丫头在这儿捣乱……”奶奶皱纹满布的手会轻拍我，以示责备。微微笑。

奶奶依旧。

我的好奇心不减反增。算了，我破釜沉舟。“奶奶，你老这么喊来喊去做什么呢?也不嫌烦。”

奶奶看我，宽容地笑：“丫头，你不懂的。知道他好好的，我才心安的。”

心，被濡湿了。是花蕊中的一滴露。连日以来如同小虫一样不断噬咬我心的好奇心得到满足。

你在，就心安的。这是人世间最最美丽的风景。粗茶淡饭有什么要紧?年华老去有什么要紧?你在，就心安。

我想，所谓爱，便是如此。就是我所爱的人，我惦念的人，必得在我看得见的地方，我手够得到的地方，我能够走到的地方，好好的存在着。

我庆幸我拥有好奇心，才得以知晓奶奶一辈子的关心，温情与爱。我知道了，那声声呼唤是在说，有你在，整个世界，都在。

点评：此文是叙写日常生活的规范的记叙文，成功的秘诀在于从“我”独特的视角探求老人的内心世界。奶奶的言行，的确让孙女好奇。于是，调皮的“丫头”对奶奶进行了一番“侦察”，结果“侦察”到了“人世间最最美丽的风景”——濡湿了人们的心，美得如“花蕊中的一滴露”!此文是叙写日常生活的规范的记叙文，能在“尺水”中“兴波”，能用鲜活的细节描写展示澎湃的内心波澜，读来意味无穷。这是2008年高考记叙文的拔尖之作。

记叙文的人物描写技能

重点与难点：

如何通过描写反映人物的性格特点，进而表达出作者的情感。

学习过程：

一、概述

人物是记叙文中表达作者情感的重要部分，即使是写事的记叙文也要依靠人物来完成主题的表达，因而对作品中的人物进行描写就显得尤为关键。

二、了解从哪些方面来描写人物

1.肖像描写。人物肖像描写指对人物长相体态，衣着打扮，神态表情，姿势声音以及生理特征等的描写。肖像描写不求形似要求神似，不求描写面面俱到，只求突出人物的身份、性格。如下面这段文字：“常常微笑着，态度很温和”反复出现在《纪念刘和珍君》一文中，用以塑造刘和珍美丽的形象，更为了戳穿段政府的无耻谰言。

“他(鲁迅)留着浓黑的胡须，目光明亮，满头是倔强得一簇簇直竖起来的头发，仿佛处处在告白他对现实社会的不调和。”

2.语言描写。人物语言是人物思想的直接表现。因此语言描写最重要是能反映人物的心声，并表现人物的思想性格。一定要透过语言把握人物的身份、性格，也就是我们说的“语言描写的个性化”。 我们在描写人物语言的时候就应该抓住人物的身份、地位、年龄、性格去写作，否则就会很不谐调。语言表达一定要得体。

门被打坏了，开了一个拳头大的窟窿。班主任来了，瞪着眼说：“谁踢坏的?”捣乱鬼董小天斜着眼，冷笑着：“鬼知道，又没有人叫我一定要看好门?”旁边的张小勇，朝老师做了个鬼脸：“哈……，开了窗，好通风。”谁知这一下却惹恼了站在旁边的高芳芳。“是董小天，他来时，一阵风正好把门关了，他就抬起脚，用力一踢。”董小天脚一跺：“大白天别说梦话!你小心点，不要诬陷好人!”“我才不瞎说呢，大家都看见的。你凭什么，做了坏事，还要耍嘴。”老师说：“还有谁看见的?”“我，……没看见。”胆小的李星使劲地咽了一口水，神情恍惚。

捣乱鬼无事生非，油嘴滑舌;张小勇油嘴滑舌，混淆是非;高芳芳正义、勇敢，不留情面;李星性格软弱，胆小怕事，各自的思想境界以及性格特点活灵活现。

3.行动描写。行动描写是通过人物的行动来刻画人物的方法，是塑造人物，揭示人物性格的重要手段。《药》写刽子手康大叔，主要就是用行动描写来对他的流氓反动性格进行刻画的：老栓慌忙摸出洋钱，抖抖的想交给他，却又不敢去接他的东西。那人便焦急起来，嚷道：“怕什么?怎的不拿?”老栓还踌躇着，黑的人便抢过灯笼，一把扯下纸罩，裹了馒头，塞与老栓;一手抓过洋钱，捏一捏，转身去了。嘴里哼着说，“这老东西……”(贪婪的一面)

“老栓只是忙。要是他的儿子……”驼背五少爷话还未完，突然闯进了一个满脸横肉的人，披一件玄色布衫，散着纽扣，用很宽的玄色腰带，胡乱捆在腰间。刚进门，便对老栓嚷道……(流氓形象)

4.心理描写。对人物内心活动的刻画是心理描写，它直接揭示人物的内心世界，但在心理描写的方法上却可以分为直接描写和间接描写，大致有以下几种：

a.直接描写心理。往往表现为“××想” “他觉得……”。

b.用动作表情写心理。如他“拖着铅一般重的腿。”

c.环境写心理。如“每次开门的时候，就有一阵云雾似的冷空气吹到他脸上，这使他觉得很爽快，于是她把冷空气深深地吸进去。”

d.内心独白写心理。“完蛋了吗?”母亲问自己道。但是接着就颤抖地回答：“大约还不妨吧……”

e.幻觉写心理，也可以通过梦境写心理。

《祝福》结尾：从白天以至初夜的疑虑，全给祝福的空气一扫而空了，只觉得天地圣众歆享了牲醴的香烟，都醉醺醺地在空中蹒跚，豫备给鲁镇的人们以无限的幸福。

三、了解用哪些手段来描写人物

以下是根据曾获奥斯卡金奖的美国著名电影《音乐之声》的一个片段描述的一段话：

父亲吹响了哨子，玛丽亚小姐站到一边，六个孩子从房间里出来，排成一队走下楼梯。又有一个女孩来到队前，父亲让她站到队中。父亲为孩子和玛丽亚小姐互相介绍。

下面还有一段文字，与上面文字描述的对象相同，看看给我们的感受是否也相同呢?

父亲神情严肃地吹响了哨子，只见玛丽亚小姐神色慌张地躲到一边，惶恐地望着楼上。六个孩子从几个房间里夺门而出，行动迅捷如同听到了警报。他们匆忙中排成一队，踏着父亲的哨声，挺胸抬头，甩臂踏足走下楼梯，俨然凯旋的士兵，在大厅站成整齐的一列。另外一个女孩专注地读着书来到队前，父亲表情凝重地要过书，拍打了一下，命令女孩站入队中。父亲从尾到头巡视了一遍，如同一位将军检阅自己的士兵，煞有介事地纠正着孩子的动作……

生动的人物描写体现在哪些方面?

明确：准确用词。例如：“慌张、惶恐”就准确地写出了玛丽亚小姐吃惊、害怕，不知发生什么事情的表情、神态。另外还有“夺门而出”的“夺”字写出了孩子们听到哨声后往外跑时动作的敏捷、迅速。

运用修辞。两处运用了比喻的修辞。

抓住特征。父亲：非常严厉。孩子：规矩、木偶式的。

描写细节。例如：“父亲表情凝重地要过书，拍打了一下”中“拍打”这一细小的动作就很传神。

四、作文实践

请以“特别的爱给特别的你”为题，写一篇不少于800字的记叙文，要求以“特别的你”为主要内容，运用多种描写手段多侧面地描写人物，凸显其某种性格特征。

历年高考作文题记叙文考查一览

2013

江西卷

阅读下面的文字，按要求作文。(50分)

一段时间以来，“中学生有三怕：奥数、英文、周树人”成了校园流行语。实际情况是，有些同学有这“三怕”(或其中“一怕”“二怕”)，有些同学不但不怕反倒喜欢。

你对上述“怕”或“不怕”(含喜欢)有何体验或思考?请自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇文章。

要求：⑴写记叙文或议论文。⑵不得透露个人信息。⑶不得抄袭，不得套作。⑷不少于700字。

湖南卷

材料1：它被天边的彩云所吸引，奋力飞腾，寒冷、饥寒、风雨都无法阻止它，它毅然决然的向上飞，飞上高山之巅，它已精疲力竭，伤痕累累，一个声音问，值得吗?天地苍茫、彩云缭绕，它内心充实而满足，喃喃的答道：我愿意!

材料2：父亲的书桌对面有一把小椅子，儿子坐在那里陪伴回家在桌子前剪报的父亲，父子俩没有说话，静静相对，儿子望着父亲祥和的面容，心里充溢着宁静的幸福。父亲，您辛苦了，能这样陪陪您，我真的很愿意。

根据上面两则材料，结合自己的感受和思考，任选角度、自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的记叙文或议论文。

2012

湖南卷

伸出是温暖的服务，摊开是放飞的想象，张大是创造的力量，捧起是收获的快乐……

根据上述图文，自选角度，自定立意，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的记叙文或议论文。

2011

江西省高考作文：孟子三乐

“君子有三乐，而王天下不与存焉。父母俱存，兄弟无故，一乐也;仰不愧于天，俯不怍于人，二乐也;得天下英才而教育之，三乐也。君子有三乐，而王天下者不与存焉。”以“孟子三乐”为主题写一篇记叙文或议论文，字数700字左右

2010

江西高考作文题：命题作文《找回童年》

为什么要找回童年?因为现在社会太功利了，小朋友们压力过大，童年早已离开。

现在的社会需要纯真，需要找回童年。

重点关注“找回”这个动词。

记叙议论都可以，文体要明确。

湖南卷作文题：“早”

请以“早”为题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。(60分)

2009

湖北卷

请以“站在 的门口”为题写一篇文章。

要求：①请先将题目补充完整，并写在答题卡上，然后作文。

②立意自定。

③文体不限。可以记叙经历，抒发感情，发表议论，展开想象，等等。

④不少于800字

湖南卷

请以“踮起脚尖”为题目，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

2008

湖南卷

"天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”根据韩愈诗中你读出的意境和哲理写一篇议论文或记叙文。

2010年普通高等学校招生考试浙江卷作文

命题作文：“角色转换之间”

传说有的雏鸟长大后，会衔食喂养衰老的母鸟。人们把此现象称为“反哺”。

人类社会也存在类似现象。年轻一代对年长一代的文化影响被称之为“文化反哺”。千百年来，在以父辈对子辈施教为主流的正统传承方式下，文化反哺犹如潜流引而不现，但在迅疾变化的当今社会，年轻人获得了前所未有的反哺能力。他们在科学知识、价值观念、生活方式、审美情趣等各个方面，越来越明显地影响着年长一代，施教者与受教者之间，角色常常发生转换。

以“角色转换之间”为题，可以讲述故事，抒发情感，也可以发表见解。文体除诗歌外不限，字数在800字以上。

角色转换之间

一个夜深人静的晚上，伴随着不知名的虫叫，我辗转反侧，睡不着觉，起来冲了个凉水澡，可还是?觉全身上下黏糊糊的，像躺在一个巨大的面粉堆里，透不过气。导致严重失眠，上课哈欠连天，成绩退步连连。爸爸一寻思就买了台空调来，全家很开心。爸爸手把手教我先插上电源，在空调的百叶窗转动后，再用遥控器，哪个是风速，哪个是制冷，哪个是左右风，我熟记于心。

一个慵懒的午后，我惬意地在空调房里观看影片《2012》，地球灾难的降临，人们竟渺小得如同蚂蚁一样被自然灾害夺取生命。心惊胆战的一幕幕总萦绕在眼前，似乎召之即来，挥之不去。我百无聊赖地打开电脑寻找答案：人类自身行为在蚕食着自己的家园……

我急急地跑?爸爸面前，商量着把空调关了，爸爸诧异，完全不能理解。我一脸严肃：“老爸，开空调产生的氟利昂会破坏臭氧层，我们就成了间接杀手，造成臭氧层空洞，长久以往，地球上的生物都将遭受灭顶之灾。”

“不会的，我们这一家子能影响多少呢?”爸爸不以为然。

“可是积少成多啊，你一点我一点不就一大点嘛，我们不开空调了好吗?”

爸爸摇摇头说：“你不懂。”

“老爸，你女儿已经十七岁了，怎么会不懂?你没有看过《2012》地球的惨状，看过后一定会改观的。”我翻翻白眼。

“傻孩子，电影可不一定是真的。?

“哎——爸爸，真的话就来不及了。”我急得直跳脚。

爸爸瞧见我的眼泪攻势，忙急着开溜，借口去上厕所了。我无可奈何长吁短叹：“天啦，真是顽固加死板。”

夜晚，全家窝在沙发上看电视，漫无目的地调台。突然一则新闻映入眼帘：某某河流污染严重，鱼类离奇死亡……我眼前一亮，继续苦口婆心地劝导：“爸爸你看，最近污染又严重了，我觉得夏天越来越热了，前年冬天就没下过鹅毛大雪呢!全球气候变暖，泥石流、台风等自然灾害越来越多了……”妈妈随声附和道：“是啊，我们小时候河水可清了，是吧，孩子他爸?”“对啊?爸爸，咱们不要开空调了。”爸爸一直不说话，凝视着空调下方的墙壁。我顺眼看过去，那是去年年底爸爸的一张“优秀村干部”的奖状。睡觉的时候，爸爸关掉了空调，搬出了那台“蓬头垢面”的风扇，还对妈妈说：“孩子他妈，明天咱们再去买两把风扇吧。”

花开花落，阴晴圆缺，悠悠岁月，想起小时候爸爸教我开空调，现在我教爸爸关空调。角色转换之间，作为施教者的我，成就感十足啊!

2007年山东地区高考作文题为：

请以“时间不会使记忆风化”为话题写一篇不少于800字文章，自拟题目，自选主题自选文体，文体特征鲜明。

时间使记忆开出花

草长莺飞的季节，淙淙流水傍势而下，抚摸过我的脚丫。回头看看她，阳光把温柔慈祥倾斜在她折有皱纹的脸上，银色的白发在光下闪闪发亮。我飞奔过去，溅起一片浪花。她却微笑着摆手，离去。醒来，梦中的记忆和幻觉，让我禁不住泪如雨下。

这位离开的老人，是我的奶奶，在离开我的一年后的今天，我心中的思念，同与她在一起的记忆一样，像泉眼出涌的泉水一样连续不断。记忆是风，挥之不去，一直在我的脑海中盘旋。

冬天的早晨寒冷，尽管阳光射进院子，却依旧融化不了铁桶内的寒冰。我在堂屋的板凳上，乖乖地等着奶奶把我“放进手心”。六岁的孩童，对于奶奶的信任和依赖，山重海深。我的奶奶，穿着深灰色的大棉袄，慈爱地抚摸过我的脑袋。她的手大而厚，被时间打下了艰辛生活的烙印，一道道，却是她的自豪与骄傲。奶奶说到做到，用红线套住我的耳洞，从此把我放进了她的手心。我快乐时，她知道;我难过时，她亦明了。一根红线，牵住的，是我一生对她的想念和眷恋。

记忆那么多，怎么能被一颗心容纳?时间不紧不慢地走，记忆却在生根、发芽。童年逝去，伴着奶奶年龄的毫不客气地增势。我对她说，您一定会活过一百岁。奶奶哈哈地笑，幸福而满足。说这话的时候，我一拳一拳地捶她的肩、她的腰。我在成长，而她在老去。她的头发之中，白色的发丝压抑着苟残的黑发。我很想将它们拔下，似乎那样，时间就会停下。

当沉重的学业限制了我去探望她的次数的时候，我浑然不知这会使我后悔我的选择。我记得奶奶身体健康，虽然他一生都在劳累和艰辛中度过，然而我的奶奶，是要成为百岁老人的啊!

人类不是时间的主人，时光暂停一秒，我的大脑随着她的离开，一片空白。随后而来的，是无数的记忆。

我的奶奶做刨冰给我解热;我的奶奶说我是她最疼爱的孩子;我的奶奶最爱吃桂圆;我对奶奶说女孩子要自立自强;我的奶奶……我的奶奶，我一生之中唯一的阿奶，离开了，只剩下记忆。

泪水被擦拭之后，时间履行它的职责，风干心中的痛苦。然而，记忆顽强地生长，即使被时间碾过，却一定要生根发芽。

一刹那，记忆生根发芽，开出美丽的花，无数的花瓣轻轻摇曳，承载着我的思念。时间不会使记忆风化，却让它开出了花。

一、 关于记叙文：

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物等类的文章，在表达方式上以记述为主，但往往也间有描写、抒情和议论，并没有截然的划分。它是一种形式灵活、写法多样的文体。古代的记、传、序、表、志等，现代的消息、通讯、简报、特写、传记、回忆录等，都属于记叙文的范畴。

二、知识点归纳：

(一)记叙文知识点归纳：

1、记叙的四种顺序：顺叙、 倒叙、 插叙、 补叙。

(1)顺叙：

按照事情发展的本来顺序进行叙述，依次从开端、发展写到高潮、结局，文章的层次、段落和事情发展的过程基本一致，这就是顺叙。顺叙是最常见的叙述方式。

(2)倒叙：

把人物、事件的结局，或人物经历、事件过程中最突出的片段，提到前面来写，就是倒叙。倒叙有造成悬念、引起读者兴趣、启发人们思考的艺术效果。

(3)插叙：

在叙述进行中暂停一下，插入另外一段事，然后再把原叙述继续下去，这就是插叙。插叙有追忆往事、补足有关情况的作用。

(4)补叙：

在叙述结束后，又对前面的有关情节进行内容上的补充，这就是补叙。

2、表达方式：叙述、 描写、 抒情、 议论。

(1)叙述：

把人物的经历、行为或事情的发生、发展、变化表述出来，就是叙述。

(2)描写：

用生动形象的语言，把人物的形态、动作、或景物的状态、特征等，具体细致地描绘出来，就是描写。小说中运用描写比较多，一般记叙文则只是在叙述中穿插一些描写。这些描写，按对象来划分、大体可归为人物描写和环境描写两类。

(3)抒情：

直接抒情：

作者或作品中的人物在文章中直接公开地表白自己的喜怒爱憎感情，就是直接抒情。这种抒情方式在诗歌和抒情散文中运用较多，一般记叙文不宜多用。否则令人产生做作、乏味之感。

间接抒情：

将感情渗透在写景、叙事、说理之中，边叙述边抒情，边描写边抒情，边议论边抒情，就是间接抒情。这是记叙文的主要抒情方式。采用这种方式抒情，可熔情、景、事、理于一炉，使文章更显得丰富多彩、富有情味。

(4)议论：

议论是论说文的主要表达方式，在记叙文中，它只是一种穿插在叙述和描写中的辅助手段，一般表现为对文中叙述的事物画龙点睛式地发表议论，即夹叙夹议。

3、记叙文六要素：时间、 地点、 人物、 事件的起因、经过和结果。

4、人物的描写方法：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、神态描写。从描写的疏密来看又可分为概括介绍和细节描写。从描写的角度看还可分为正面描写(直接描写)、侧面描写(间接描写)等。

5、常用写作手法：象征、对比、(铺垫)、照应(呼应)、直接(间接)描写、 扬抑。

关于象征手法：

以茅盾的《白杨礼赞》、周敦颐的《爱莲说》为例，作者不是单纯地赞美白杨、莲花，而是借这些物来赞颂某些美德或具备这些美德的人。这种写作手法，通常称为“象征手法”。“象征手法”在诗歌、散文中是常见的手法之一。它一般用来赞颂美好的事物，体现作者对理想的追求，有时也可用来讽刺丑恶的事物，抨击不合理的现象，它既可以通篇运用，作者并不点明，由读者自己去体会象征的含义，也可以只用于某些章节片段，由作者直接点明象征的含义。恰当地运用象征手法，可以把抽象的精神品质，化为具体的可以感知的形象，从而给读者留下深刻印象;可以把不便于明说的意思含蓄地表示出来，赋予文章以深意，从而给读者留下咀嚼回味的余地。

(二)小说的要素：

小说是一种散文体的叙事文学样式。人物、情节、环境是小说的三个基本要素。

(1)人物：(主要人物的确定要看该人物能否表现小说的主题思想)

(2)情节：(开端 /发展 /高潮 /结局 )

(3)环境描写：自然环境、社会环境。

自然环境描写--(主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等。比如春夏秋冬，风雨云雪，以及山川，平原、草地、小河、公园等。)作用是为了表现人物的身份、地位、性格，烘托人物心情，渲染气氛等。

社会环境描写(主要是指人物所处的时代背景.以及小说中人物与人物之间的关系.如社会背景、历史背景、时代背景等。)作用是交代故事的时代背景，推动情节的发展。

小说中的环境描写与其它文体中的环境描写的区别在于，它是为塑造人物服务的，是人物个性形成乃至于人物存在的理由和依据;而其他文体中的环境描写一般没有这样的功效，至少这样的作用不是主要的。例如写景散文中有很多环境描写，并且以自然景物的描写为主，但它不一定以塑造人物为旨归，而往往是借助于景物描写直接抒发对这景物的感情，或者对这景物的象征物的感情。即所谓的“借景抒情”。

[中考语文作文知识之记叙文的写作指导

Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.

Whats lost is lost. 失者不可复得。

Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.

Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.

No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。

Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.

Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.

Manners make the man. 举止见人品。

Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.

Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.

Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥，难听不怕。

Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.

Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.

Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.

Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.

Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.

Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.

Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。

Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.

As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.

Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日，人人都有运来时。

Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.

"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。

After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。

Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.

Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.

Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.

No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.

The truth will out. 真相总会大白.

Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.

To think is to see. 思考就是明白.

Truth will prevail. 真理必胜

A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。

Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.

In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.

Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.

Every little helps. 点滴都有用.

Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。

Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.

Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。

Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.

Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.

Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.

Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.

Fair plays a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.

Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.

常用的励志英语句子有很多，但是你能在短时间内就想起来吗?下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语励志句子，希望对你写英语作文有帮助。

Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children. 后排座位上的小孩会生出意外，后排座位上的意外会生出小孩。

Don’t take guilt trips. Take a trip to the mall, to the next country, to a foreign country, but NOT to where the guilt is.别踏上犯罪的道路。你可以去逛街，可以到邻县去，可以出国旅行，但就是别踏上犯罪的道路。

Enjoy the simple things.享受简单事物的乐趣。

I will greet this day with love in my heart.我要用全身心的爱来迎接今天。

Keep learning. Learn more about the computer, crafts, gardening, whatever. Never let the brain idle. "An idle mind is the devil’s workshop. And the devil’s name is Alzheimer’s."学无止境。多学学电脑、手艺、园艺等等。不要让你的大脑闲置下来。无所事事是魔鬼的加工厂。魔鬼的名字叫“痴呆症”。

Keep only cheerful friends. The grouches pull you down.结交快乐的朋友。整日愁眉不展只能让你雪上加霜。

There will be no regret and sorrow if you fight with all your strength.

只要全力地拼搏，就不会有遗憾，没有后悔。

Time is a bird for ever on the wing.

时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。

Time will never change and stop for any person.

时间不给任何人情面，也不会为谁而停留。

Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day.

今天，给一个陌生人送上你的微笑吧。很可能，这是他一天中见到的唯一的阳光。

Victory wont come to me unless I go to it.

胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

Walk the road you want to walk and do what you want to do , keep moving ahead and that’s not the silence of failure.

走自己想走的路，干自己想干的事，勇敢向前，这就是你不败的沉默。

We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we really are.

我们都有绝望的时候，只有在勇敢面对时，我们才知道我们有多坚强。

We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.

我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。

The future is scary but you can’t just run to the past cause it’s familiar.

未来会让人心生畏惧，但是我们却不能因为习惯了过去，就逃回过去。

The first step is as good as half over.

第一步是最关键的一步。

The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do.

尽管失败和挫折等待着人们，一次次地夺走青春的容颜，但却给人生的前景增添了一份尊严，这是任何顺利的成功都不能做到的。

Success is the continuous journey towards the achievement of predetermined worth while goals .To live your life in your own way .To reach the goals , you’ve set for yourself . To be the person, you want to be ——that is success .

成功是不断向领先确定的有价值的目标前进的过程，用自己的方式生活，达到自己定下的目标，做出自己想做的人——这就是成功。

Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.

成功是，你即使跨过一个又一个失敗，但也沒有失去热情。

Ones real value first lies in to what degree and what sense he set himself.

一个人的真正价值首先决定于他在什么程度上和在什么意义上从自我解放出来。

People neeed some courage in life, just like climbing a cliff .Although there are stemp ahead, you still fell some timorous and dare not go ahead. But when you conquer the timidity and reach the peak, you will feel the importance of courage as you enjoy the beautiful scenes. It is the same with life.

人生需要一点勇气和胆量，就如登一座悬崖峭壁的山峰，虽然上面都有云梯、搭好的台阶，可你就是有点胆怯，不敢向前，但你战胜了自我，到达了顶峰，看到了山顶的景色，你就会感到勇气和胆量是成功的标准人生何尝不是如此呢?

Real dream is the other shore of reality.

真正的梦就是现实的彼岸。

Sharp tools make good work.

工欲善其事，必先利其器。

Sometimes your plans don’t work out because God has better ones.

有时候，你的计划不奏效，是因为上天有更好的安排。

Standing firm is to challenge difficult courageously and to leave the smile after sccess to oneself.

坚强，就是勇敢的向困难挑战，把成功的微笑留给自己。

Never underestimate your power to change yourself!

永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

Never, never, never, never give up.

永远不要、不要、不要、不要放弃。

一、命题作文

1.命题作文的特点

所谓“命题作文”，是指命题者给出的题目是一个完整的、不需要学生补充的作文题，让学生根据所出示的题目进行写作。命题式作文的典型格式一般是“题目”+“要求”，或“材料”+“题目”+“要求”。题目可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子，规定了作文思想内容方面的要求。“要求”则是交代作文的文体、方法、字数等形式方面的要求。命题作文，有时就是一个自拟立意的话题，看似简单，但如果不经过仔细揣摩，极容易将题意理解错误而跑题，或者容易写出千人一面的内容，所以，遇到命题作文，不要急于下笔，既要认真分析题目，抓住主旨，又要发散思维，写出自己的特色。

2.写作指导

(1)审题。

顾名思义，审题就是审清题意和要求。要抓准“题眼”，找准写作对象，仔细地分析题目的核心意思，明确题意。

假如题目只是一个词，这类题目本身就是题眼，就要准确、全面挖掘该词的内涵和外延。词语的字数越少，其意义的外延就越大。独字式题目，其宽阔的外延虽然给考生的写作提供了广阔的驰骋空间，但其中也埋伏着写空写虚的危险。因此，我们要学会对题目进行有效的分割、限制，把大问题化作一个个小问题来做，文章内容才会具体而充实。具体做法有组词法、找比喻义法、找引申义法和提炼象征法等。例如“路”这个题目，就可以分割题目，如路的类型、路的历史、路的功能等;也可以在前后添加修饰语加以限制，如文人的路、外交家的路、成才之路、幸福的路等。这样，题目的范围缩小了，思路反而容易打开，可以写出丰富具体的作文来。而“门”这个话题，就要深层次挖掘它的内涵和外延，挖掘外延可以想象一下词的象征意义：门的象征意义可以是：人与人之间的情感之门、交往之门、成功之门、改革开放之门等。再比如“绳”这个题目，可以组词“准绳”。如果把立意定位在“准绳”上，就可以写大千世界里的很多习惯行为或道德品格的准绳;“绳”可以组词“缰绳”，如果挖掘“绳”的象征意义，可以写某些束缚，怎样与周围不合理的“绳”作斗争的，怎样摆脱“绳”的束缚等。

如果题目是介词短语，就要看看写作的对象是什么。如“在学海中游泳”这个题目，主要要求学生谈的就是“学”字。“学海”说明学得多而深。题目的意思是：在无尽的书海中学习。通过分析我们知道这篇文章事实上就是谈学习、谈读书。可以谈怎么学，学得怎么样，遇到困难时如何面对和克服，取得好成绩时如何想的、做的，也可以总结学习中学到了什么，领悟到了哪些学习的窍门。这类作文一般可以写成记叙文，还可以谈通过学习你懂得了什么知识或做人的道理等，这类就事论理的文章可以写成议论文。

假如题目是个偏正短语，中心词直接规定写作内容与角度。写作对象一般是被修饰的词语，而充当修饰成分的词语则往往影响选材。如“我眼中的色彩”，题眼应该是“我”和“色彩”两个词，一切色彩都是“我”眼中的，是“我”的所见，不能是别人眼中的所见、别人的想法或别人的理解，更要有自己的真情实感。这个色彩可以是现实的，也可以是抽象的。可以是梦的色彩、2048的色彩、和平的色彩。所以这样的题目只要抓住写作对象，展开联想，精于构思，定能让各种文体和纷繁的内容百花齐放，让学生各尽其长。

(2)仔细分析提示语和要求。

命题作文在形式上，科学地借鉴与吸收话题作文“自选角度，体裁不限”的精髓，“严而有度，定而不死”，尽可能地给学生提供更多的自由发挥的空间，鼓励学生张扬个性，自主创新。另外，不少命题作文精心创设情境，设置极具煽情、极有诱惑力的提示，以唤醒考生生活经历和积累，激发写作欲望，开启写作思路，降低写作难度。如“墙”这道作文题，题目中有这样的提示语：

墙，是大家熟知的事物。生活中有物质的墙，如土墙、砖墙、人墙、篱笆墙、玻璃幕墙、花墙、城墙、防火墙、影壁墙等。也有精神的墙，如沟通的障碍、法规的限制、做人的原则、道德的底线等。筑一堵墙，可以多一分约束与安全;拆一堵墙，可以少一分封闭与隔膜。请以“说墙”或“墙的故事”为题目，写一篇文章。

认真阅读完这段提示语，相信学生的思路就可以打开了，反之，如果不读这段提示语，学生的立意就会陷入僵局。

同样，作文的要求也一定要通读，这里尤其要注意那些带“不”字的句子，一旦把已经否定的内容写进去，就等于是写错了。

(3)选择材料，确定“立意”。

认真阅读题目后，就要认真回忆与这个题目有关的材料，哪些东西是自己最难忘的，最触动心弦的，准备表达一个什么思想。在确定主题的时候，要注意主题的集中、正确，即表现清晰而又健康向上的中心。另外，还要力求主题的深刻、新颖。所谓深刻，就是指文章的主旨要有一定的思想深度，不能仅仅停留在一般意义的正确上，而应该进一步展开联想，力争深入地反映事物的本质及其内在规律，让读者从中受到启迪、得到教益，从而深化对事物的了解和认识，让读者留下难忘记的印象。命题基本围绕关注社会、热爱生活，思考个人与社会、他人的关系等方面展开。这类命题一般本身比较虚，如“从那一刻开始”“分享”“心中的风景”等题目。遇到这类题目时，我们在构思立意时要注意遵循“化虚就实”，如写“温暖”时，要将看不见的“温暖”实化为亲人间的、朋友间的、陌生人间的一点关爱，些许关心或一点付出与给予等;写“从那一刻开始”时，要叙述或描写那一刻发生的具体的事件是什么，到底重要在哪里等。一些带有比喻或象征性的题目，如“暖流”“春风”等，则应注意其本体与喻体之间的关系，挖掘出这些题目背后的象征意义。也有写实题，对于这类文题要学会“化实就虚”，如“墙”这道题目，就要展开联想，写墙的比喻义、引申义等。

(4)巧妙“构思”，谋篇布局。

因为高考作文要在有限的时间内做出来，一般起稿或修改的时间是没有的，所以一定要先列提纲，即为文章写作构建整体思路。巧妙的构思应力求做到使文章波澜起伏，妙趣横生，引人入胜，这就要求下笔之前考虑是采用欲扬先抑法、倒叙法，还是设置悬念法。如何开头，如何结尾，如何过渡，哪些详写，哪些略写，都要做到胸有成竹。

二、半命题作文

1.半命题作文解读

半命题作文是指命题者只提供一个不完整的题目，由学生将题目残缺的部分补充完整后再进行写作的一种作文样式。它介于话题作文与全命题作文之间，既有所限制又不失开放，在立意、选材、构思等方面给考生适当的选择余地，“把风筝放飞在蓝天下”就是对半命题作文生动恰当的评价。半命题形式既便于考生放飞个性的“风筝”，又能较好地避免宿构和猜题押题，还便于教师客观公正地评分，近两年来越来越受到命题者的青睐。

2.写作指导

写好半命题作文的关键，在于把握“一半命题”的权利与空间。半命题作文的补题看似简单，但个中颇有奥妙。如何把半命题变为便于自己发挥的命题，是一种“秤砣虽小压千斤”的高层次构思技巧，只有掌握了补题技巧，写作时才会像庖丁解牛那样，做到游刃有余。

(1)填题，要充分吸取题中的隐含信息。

半命题式作文题，题面不长，其间还有空白，呈残缺式。但就是在这残缺短小的题面中，却隐含着不少有用的信息。

命题者通过题面中的某个字词或字词之间的某种关系，向考生传递信息：①暗示一定的类，即文章的体裁及表达属类，是记叙文、议论文，抑或说明文。细而分之，是记人还是记事;是叙事为主，还是抒情为主;是缘事说理，还是以理带事;等等。②敲定一定的质，即文题点示考生应表达怎样的旨意，抒发何种感情，形成哪种走向的文面氛围。③框定一定的量，即对出现在笔下的这一篇作文中的人与事、情与理、时与空的量，作出某种限定：或一人或多人，或一事或数事，或一理或数理，或瞬间或久远，或局狭或广扩，等等。④标示一定的载体。文以载道，具体到一篇半命题作文，文章的旨意凭借何种具体的人、事、时、空，加以显现?这种载道的载体是题目中既定的，还是由学生自定的?对此种种，在半命题的题面中都有所点示。

如“我这个_______迷”一题，题面中的“我”“迷”两词前后缀连，表明是记人叙事的记叙文，题中的“迷”，其含义是对某种事物、活动、景物特别感兴趣，全身心投入，达到如醉如痴的迷恋程度，无疑暗点了文旨。题首的人称词“我”，表明文章的“量”局限于特定的一个人——“我”，局限于“我”的一种兴趣爱好。至于这种如醉如痴迷恋的对象——载体，题目有意空缺，留给学生自主定夺，填之而出。

再如揣摩文题“_______之风不可长”隐含的信息，次第抽出：

类：“不可长”一语，对社会上的某种风气作出一个明确的否定判断，表明一种决绝的态度，行文必然议论说理，当属议论文。

质：“……之风不可长”，分明是抨击、批判不正之风，伸张正义，激浊扬清，此乃本文宏旨。

量： “之风”是偏正短语的后肢，前面填充后，自然形成不正之风、邪恶之风中的一种。

载体：用空格隐去，由学生自揣自定，学生大可从“我”出发，为我所用。

(2)填题，要与命题要求暗合神契。

命题者总是从教学大纲出发，紧扣教材，巧拟半命文题，从一个角度去测试学生的认识能力、表达能力、应变能力。面对半命文题，我们必须整体揣摩出命题者的意图，以利正确定向下笔。知己知彼(命题者)，方能百写不殆。

“在_______面前”是前几年湖北省的高考题，稍一端详，可知文题是一个表示态势的介宾短语。为何以态势命题?最终目的是什么?让思绪驰骋，不难看出，命题者设计这一带空白的文题，其初衷是要学生自我营造一种环境、态势，造成特定的氛围，让生活中某一人(或数人)置于其间，述其言，叙其行，从而显示人物的某种精神、气质。大千世界，芸芸众生，这种环境和态势，可能是有形的，如金钱、鲜花;也可能是无形的，如威胁、困难;可能是惬意的，如奖状、成功;也可能是恶劣的，如挫折、歹徒。运思到这个程度，就不难通过填充题，设置一个恰当的对立物、映衬面，为构思中的人事创下典型的环境，从而有力地刻画人物形象，凸现文旨意念。

面对这一文题，有的学生无视命题，随意填题为“在哥哥面前”“在房屋面前”“在校门面前”，如此，也能行文，但陡然增大了深层构思的困难。前一题除了点明兄弟(兄妹)关系外，很难形成对立、映衬关系;而后两题只是点出了人事发生的地点，除此，难以发挥举足轻重的作用，也就使文章难以契合命题者的匠心与要求。

(3)填题，要切中题旨文意。

如前所述，多数半命式文题，对题旨文意都有所显露，有所暗示，一题当前，我们首先要机灵扫瞄，将其捕捉到手，接着要深层透视，切中底蕴，以利正确填题，深层构思。

如“_______长大了”一题，载体部分空缺，怎样填题为好?关键是对点明文旨的“长大”怎样理解。对“长大”一语，有三种诠释可供思辨取舍：一是增高长重(一般生理现象);二是思想成熟(高级智能现象);三是学业(事业)有成(有为)(社会现象)。对三者运思比较，可以断定，按第一种含义填题，难脱肤浅;按第二第三种含义填题，能揭示人与事的底蕴，从动态变势中演绎出明确的意念。

那么，题中的空白是不是只能填写人称呢?不一定，抓住事物间的逻辑联系，又何尝不可填写动物、植物或静物呢?如生物小组的良种兔、种植小组的新种瓜、校园内外的共青林，可透过这些特指的物体增高长大，曲折地反映出科学少年、时代小主人的茁壮成长，迅速成长。

又如文题“我学会了_______”，题中“学会”一词常见惯用，但纳入文题，其旨意就应仔细琢磨了。这里当指学习并掌握了某种有用的知识、技能与本领，连上前面的“我”，渗出一种可贵的自豪激情。对题旨揣度有高下，填题也就有优劣。如：

“我学会了骑车”“我学会了烧菜”“我学会了打球”——填题正确，流于一般。

“我学会了讲文明”“我学会了自卫”“我学会了珍惜时间”——填题深刻，题旨凸现。

“我学会了打牌”“我学会了赚钱”“我学会了吸烟”——填题错误，题旨走穴。

(4)填题，要正中自己的生活储存。

巧妇难为无米之炊，下笔能否成功，有无感己感人的素材入文，至为重要。而半命题作文正是在动用生活储存方面，为我们提供了方便、自由。填题时就要珍视这一自由，加以充分利用，使填出的文题正中素材仓库之所备。

且看“一段美好的生活给我的_______”一题，显示题旨的空白处可有多种填法，但要正中储存，就要慎选。一学生暑假下乡，与勤俭的祖父相处，对自己的乱用胡花深感内疚，并力戒之，可填“鞭策”。一学生考试失利后，忘情观察大风雨中蜘蛛反复织网的镜头，感触颇深，可填“启迪”。一学生在校运动会3000米赛跑中不支落伍，是班上的拉拉队热烈的擂鼓、整齐的呐喊使他干劲倍增，最后夺得第二，可填“力量”。

又如“我_______同桌”一题，题目已经限定了载体，如何填充为好，仍视素材而定。如果同桌系新来乍到，虽印象鲜明，但交往很少，可填“的”，以便从旁观察描述。如果与同桌交往频繁，碰碰磕磕，时有冲突，填“和”为宜，以展示矛盾冲突中的人物形象。如若对同桌的某一印象和某种情感强烈，不妨选填“敬佩”“恨”“同情”“鄙夷”等。

(5)填题，要力求创意新颖。

填题运思，在符合要求、切中题旨的前提下，还应避俗求新，使题与文，让人触读后俱为之一震。这，主要讲究填题的深加工了。

一组中学生面对“我生活在_______之中”的半命题，有如下填题，试作比较：

填“家庭”“学校”“社会”——浅薄直露，味同嚼蜡;

填“集体”“亲人”“友谊”——正确平常，流于一般;

填“麻将声”“追星族”——切中时弊，发人警醒;

填“题海”“夹缝”“梦魇”——比喻形象，深邃出格。

题面的新与俗制约文面的新与俗。

(6)填题，要符合情理、逻辑。

填题新也好，深也好，都有个“度”，过度则不真，甚至有悖情理，违反逻辑。

如“我第一次_______”，如若有人填上诸如“哭”“淘气”“唱歌”“做梦”之类，必然令人皱眉，因为这些选项都是难以界定“第一”的，填进题中，势必陷入伪科学的泥沼。变换一下，选填印象深刻的“第一”，如“上学校”“登台演戏”“领奖”“下水”则浅，因为这一类“第一”都是不难确认的。如能变向运思，选填“说谎”“当家”“打工”“独自远行”入题，则文旨文趣当会更新鲜可人而又合于逻辑，不违情理。

填题运思应当谨记：文章是生活的反映，真实是文章的生命，巧而伪是不足取的。

总之，题贵新颖，半命题作文的拟题追求的同样是务求准确、生动而有魅力。只要平时注意积累文化知识，正确理解半命题作文的“另一半”提示、“另一半”导引的内涵，并且掌握一定的拟题技巧，就能拟出让评卷老师“怦然心动”、击节叫好而一见钟情的好标题。

三、材料作文

1.材料作文解读

材料作文，是由命题者给出一定数量的文字或图画材料，要求考生根据所给文字或图画的内容和指导性文字自己命题进行写作，最近几年的材料作文并不给过多的指导性文字，往往只给材料不给题目，题目的确定，完全是靠考生自己对所给材料的理解与把握而定。所以，材料作文既能考查考生的阅读理解能力，又能真实地反映出考生对材料的分析、理解、整理及表达等多方面的水平，所以，在审题上材料作文难度较大。但只要过了审题关，考生就可以把材料作文变成自命题作文来确定主题进行写作。

给材料作文的材料形式多种多样，除了像上面的例子以外，常见的有一则新闻、一个事件、一种现象、一则寓言、一幅漫画，还可是一首诗、一段歌词、一组素材、一个典故等。根据出题者所给材料数量的多少，材料作文可以分为单一材料作文与综合材料作文两大类。

2.写作指导

(1)分析材料，认真审题。

材料作文的材料有的给考生圈定选材范围，有的暗示写作主题，有的提示写作角度。材料作文一般入题容易，难度不大，但是不能因此认为审题可以马虎大意;相反，一定要对出题者所给的各个材料进行具体、细致、综合的分析研究，得到一个集中的意思。如果所给材料可以有几个中心，那么要认真重新整理你对材料的分析提炼，获得与作文有关的有效信息，选一个对你有利的为命题作准备。

具体如何分析材料，达到正确审题呢?

第一，归纳法。首先一定要对材料认真细致地读，至少要读两遍。若所提供的材料是单一材料，就归纳材料的主旨;如果提供的是两则以上的材料，就要分别归纳，找到它们在内容上的共同点。但是有些材料的意思是不容易一下子就归纳出来的，就需要我们划出材料的关键词语，先分层归纳，找出每层的主要问题，再对材料中层次之间的关系进行梳理，把握材料的实质，确立一个有针对性的议题。例如：

“加油!”简单的一句话，让她浑身充满了力量，顽强地冲向终点。“孩子，老师说你做得不错，你一定可以做得更好!”简单的一句话，让一个学习有困难的孩子一步步走进了大学的殿堂。“三人行，必有我师焉。”简单的一句话，让他悟到了“山外有山，人外有人”。……简单的一句话为什么会有如此巨大的力量?这些现象引发了你怎样的联想和思考?

阅读这则材料，经过对提示中的三则材料的归纳总结，我们发现题目的关键词是“简单的一句话”，从说话者的出发点来看，都是出于关爱、关心、善意;从说话者的目的和动机来看，都是旨在鼓励，勉励、鞭策，对人的成长起积极作用。那么，考生的写作也要围绕这个主题，展开联想。可以围绕父母的哪句话催你奋进，哪句名言真正触摸过你的灵魂，师长哪句话让你豁然开朗等进行写作。

第二，类比联想法。所给材料有不少是寓言故事、漫画等，还有的是列举自然界的某些现象。对这类材料的分析就不能就事论事，而应当运用类比联想的方法，想一想我们身边有哪些类似的社会现象。如：

有个鲁国人，擅长织麻鞋，他的妻子擅长织白绢。他们想到越国去居住，于是有人对他们说：“你们将会贫穷不堪的。”这个鲁国人问他是何道理，那人说：“麻鞋是穿在脚上的，而越国人是赤脚走路的;白绢是做帽子的，而越国人是披发的，你们夫妻的特长，在越国是无用武之地的，怎么能不穷呢?”

针对这则材料，我们可以对原材料作合理的联想，进行适当的推理、引申，从而得出“亏本生意做不得”“无用武之地焉能致富”等观点，也可以引申出类似的问题，如“做事情，要扬长避短，要找到适合自己的位置”等。

(2)拟定题目。

在正确审题的基础上，根据材料的主旨和自己所要写的具体内容进行拟题，一方面能够使文章的写作与所给材料更好地吻合，有利于文章对所给材料的拓展，因为材料作文在写作时，一般要求在文章的适当地方合理使用所给材料;另一方面要能适合考生自我写作的实际，确保考生能够自如地驾驭材料，有话可说。同时，一个好的命题，必定是一个小的命题，是精、准、美的命题。

(3)如何使用材料。

在写作材料作文时，试题提供的材料一定要起好“引子”的作用。文章的中心不能脱离材料的中心，但是，无论是记叙还是议论，都要尽量避免直接照搬材料内容。如果是一事一议的文章，依据实际情况进行引用，但—般不能引用太多句子，只是引用主要意思即可。

此外，现在还有一类是材料加话题的命意作文，一般不存在审题和拟题的难度。

四、话题作文

1.话题作文解读

所谓“话题”，就是谈话的中心，引发谈话的源头。在提示语、引导语中指明一个话题(或写作范围)，要求以此为引子或由头，去构思成文，就是话题作文。与其他命题比较，高考话题作文往往比较明确地给考生提供了一个既开放又有限制的词语，由这个词语作为中心，通过几句提示性的语言，规定了一个大体的写作范围，至于文体、主题、材料等则由考生根据题目的提示、要求和选择，自由发挥，即由考生自主确立主题，自主选择材料，自主选用写作技巧，灵活地选择合适的展示自己作文特长的内容和形式，考生的写作自主权得以充分的发挥和张扬。话题作文写作范围宽泛，表现手法灵活，表达手法灵活多样，可以尽情书写自己的想法，自己对生活独特的观察感悟。从某种意义上说，话题作文可以在很大程度上更利于学生“我手写我心”。但是在确定立意方面也给了考生更多的考验，就是考生必须通过全面和正确的理解分析准确抓住材料内涵，然后紧扣主旨进行写作，否则就会偏离命题人的意图，偏离材料中心。

2.写作指导

(1)要多角度地展开联想。

话题作文是一种开放性的作文形式，要求考生放开手脚，尽情地驰骋在想象的空间。有些考生可能会说，我一时间想不出来，怎么办?最简单的打开联想思路的方法，还是前面提到的：第一步，把话题当成实词，组词或造句;再当成虚词，组词或造句。比如“读”这个话题，自然让人联想到“读书”“读后感”“读书人”，“读某某人”等。第二步，挖掘内涵和外延。如“窗”这个题目，你可以着眼于事物的窗，写一写窗的历史、结构、材料，从而得出窗的变化与社会变化发展、生活水平提高之间的关系;从我们学习过的泰戈尔的《窗》一文中，我们知道窗是人类人格品质的一面镜子;我们还可以从窗的比喻义、引申义着眼，比如眼睛是心灵之窗，天安门是中国之窗，真诚是友谊之窗等;打开一扇窗，等于打开了与外界沟通的心扉，关上一扇窗，就是封闭了自我……再比如“声音”这个话题，你可以造句：历史的声音;毛泽东在天安门前的一声呐喊;国外明星参与选举议员后世人的声音。你也可以写虚拟的声音，如秋天的声音、自然界的声音等，以此来窥见人与自然的关系等。这样你就打开了思路，找到了叙述、描写、议论的中心点。

(2)迅速确定立意。

一般来说，话题作文只提供写作的话题，而没有中心、材料、结构，文体、语言等的限制，给了考生一个比较开放的构思空间。可是方方面面而且散乱的材料，没有围绕一个中心，怎样迅速选定材料呢?一是“缩小话题内涵”。它指的是通过对话题进行解释、引申、修饰、限制、补充等方法，将话题锁定在某一内容上，来缩小选材的范围，迅速确定写作的切入点。比如以“脚步”为话题，你可以通过限制和修饰补充话题，使文章变成“回家的脚步声”“幸福在脚步声中”等。这样，迅速确定了立意，再依据自己的立意选择材料就思路明朗了。二是“化虚为实、化实为虚”。有的话题比较抽象，是一个“虚”的话题，就应该从实入手：比如“偶然”这个话题，你可往实处想，“偶遇李白”“老爸的偶然”等。而“心”这个话题比较实，考生可以把它理解成虚词，可以写“感恩的心”“父母的心”等，这样一来，文章的内容就充实了。三是利用“逆向思维”立意，如以“跨越”为话题，很多同学写了“跨越挫折”“跨越这道坎”，但也有同学利用逆向思维，叙写和议论了如果不跨越挫折会怎么样，对“不跨越”现象的思考等，这样，文章的立意和构思就避开了老调，开拓了新意。

(3)要文体鲜明。

话题作文的“文体不限”是指不限于一种文体，让学生自由发挥自己的特长。在中学的写作训练中，相信学生对自己擅长的文体很清楚，有的教师平时也有根据学生特长给学生定位的，一定要根据自己的实际能力选好文体，为避免跑题和不辨文体的现象，一般都应列一个结构提纲。

Communicating in English effectively is essential in todays global economy.

在今日全球化的经济环境下，有效地用英语交流已经变得至关重要。

But conveying your ideas clearly is a skill that needs to be learnt. Too often people simply copy the style of their co-worker and especially their superiors as they think this "good English". You see examples in your in-box every day - emails that are difficult to understand and that you need to read over and over again to get the message.

然而如何清晰地表达你的想法却是门大学问。太多时候人们只是简单地照抄他们眼中同事，尤其是上级写出来的“漂亮英语”。你每天都能在收件箱里看到很多例子——那些难懂的需要你读好多遍才能理解的邮件。

A big mistake is to pad out your writing with unnecessary words and phrases. Remember that the purpose of your writing is to communicate your ideas clearly.

一个巨大的错误就是用一些不必要的单词和词组让你的文章变得冗长。你要牢记你写作的目的是为了更清晰地交流你的想法。

Always try to reduce the number of words in your sentences and avoid lengthy phrases that can be replaced with a shorter alternative. Here are some examples:

总是尽可能减少你句子中使用的字数，避免使用可以用更短的词代替的长词。以下是一些例子：

*Instead of "prior to" use *before*

用“before”代替“prior to”

*Instead of "subsequent" use *after*

用“after”代替“subsequent”

*Instead of "in order to" use *to*

用“to”代替“in order to”

*Instead of "in the event that" use *if*

用“if”代替“in the event that”

*Instead of "with reference to" use *about*

用“about”代替“with the reference to”

*Instead of "state of the art" use *latest*

用“latest”代替“state of the art”

*Instead of "due to the fact that" use *since*

用“since”代替“due to the fact that”

*Instead of "not later than 2pm" use *by 2pm*

用“by 2pm”代替“not later than 2pm”

*Instead of "at the present time" use *now*

用“now”代替“at the present time”

Remember about organisation as well. Use topic sentences to indicate what each paragraph is about. In addition, keep your emails short. No one likes to read an email 10 paragraphs long!

同时也要记得文章有组织性。第一句话就要开门见山地点出你每一段要讲什么。除此之外，要控制你邮件的长度。没人想读一条长达10段的邮件。

By using simple words and easily understood phrases you can improve the clarity of your message no end.

通过使用简单的单词和易懂的词组，你就能最终提高你信息的清晰度。

下面是关于高考英文写作的技巧以及必备高分句型，希望对同学们有所帮助!

一、要善于模仿

一些同学的办法往往是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，真正的模仿重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在高考写作中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行：“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”。如果要表示“总是能够”的概念，很多同学提笔就会写can always，但理想的句子应该是用双重否定表示强烈的肯定，用never fail to。

二、要灵活变通

在批改过上万份同学们英语作文中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“What is it made of”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“It is made of Miss Hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。比如在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn’t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作如果结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了，适当地填入观点、素材，文章就自然而然立起来了。

临考在即，同学们要牢记英语写作的基本要领，特编顺口溜如下：细审题，巧构思，列要点，防遗漏。写日记，同汉语;书信，通知格式要牢记。看清图表细梳理，写人记事按顺序;完稿后查遗漏，整洁干净莫忘记。

英语写作七类万能句型必备

一. 结尾万能句

Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……

Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……

Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……

There is no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。

All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有...…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

二. 引出话题万能句

Recently, the problem of… has aroused peoples concern.

最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。

The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。

Nowadays, overpopulation has become a problem we have to face.

如今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。

It is commonly believed that…=It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……

Many people insist that…

很多人坚持认为……

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……

A lot of people seem to think that…

很多人似乎认为……

三. 引出观点万能句

Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that... However, others believe that…

人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……

People may have different opinions on…

人们对……可能会有不同的见解。

Attitudes towards drugs vary from person to person.

对毒品的态度因人而异。

There are different opinions among people as to…

关于……，人们的观点大不相同。

Different people hold different attitudes toward failure.

对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。

四. 提出建议万能句

Here are some suggestions for handling…

这是处理......的一些建议。

The best way to solve the troubles is…

解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已想出许多办法来解决这个问题。

It is high time that we put an end to the trend.

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。

It is time to take the advice of… and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…

该是采纳……的建议并对……的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…

毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。

Obviously,… If we want to do something… , it is essential that…

显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是...…

Only in this way can we…

只有这样，我们才能……

It must be realized that …我们必须意识到……

五. 预示后果万能句

Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that … will lead us in danger.

很明显，如果我们不控制这一问题,很有可能......会使我们会陷入危险。

No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that…

毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则很可能……

It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

很紧迫的是，应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。

六. 论证万能句

From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.

在我看来，支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。

I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…

我无法完全同意这一观点……

Personally, I am standing on the side of…

就个人而言，我站在……的一边。

I sincerely believe that…

我真诚地相信……

In my opinion, it is more advisable to do…than to do…

在我个人看来，做……比做……更明智。

Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …

七. 给出原因万能句

This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …

这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。首先，……第二，……第三，……

Why did …? For one thing,... for another(thing),...

为什么......?一则，...... 二则，......

I quite agree with the statement that… The reasons are chiefly as follows.

我十分赞同这一论述,即……，其主要原因如下。

一、怎样写事

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

(一)怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

(二)怎样写活动活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动?为什么搞活动?则眼搞活动?活动的结果怎样?都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人;不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去;既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

二、怎样写人

写人，是小学作文训练的基本功之一。在记叙文中，人和事是不可分的，关键是看题目如何要求。要求写事的题目，文中的人要为事服务;要求写人的题目，文中的事必须为人服务。写人为主的记叙文，就是要通过一件或几件事，来表现人物一种或多种品质。写人的继续文，叙事不要求完整;记事的记叙文，虚实要求完整，而且要贯穿文章始终。

(一)通过一件事来写人

通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，对所写人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。但是，从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映此人某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的“小中见大”。

(二)通过几件事写人

可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质;二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件(起因、经过、结果)，一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。更多的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写;有的事略写;有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。

(三)学会刻画人物

写人的文章要会在叙事的过程中，对最能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。

1. 也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象;通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份;通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界;通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。

总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。

2. 语言描写有对话和独白两种。

对话是两个人或几个人的谈话;独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到“闻其言，见其人”的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中;二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号;说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号;前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号;只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。

3. 动作描写

是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓“听其言，观其行”，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写“活”的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢?

首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。

其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写“活”。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。

4.心理描写

心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据;人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理;心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务;在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。

小学生作文时，大多采用第一人称(“我”活“我们”)，采用这种人称作文，就不能用“他想”的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为“我”不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式——在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。

心理描写除了用“我想”之外，还可以采用以下几种方法。

(1)提出问题，引入所想的内容。

(2)使用假设，流露心理活动。

(3)字里行间，流露着“想”。

(4)直接抒发心中所想。

三、怎样写景

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。写景的记叙文有什么特点呢?

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等;广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景;还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文?

(一)要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥;天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁;紫竹院公园的竹子;香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际;或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

(二)要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了.

(三)要借助想象和联想

(四)写景要抒情

写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。

四、怎样状物

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

(一)怎样写物品

1.抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地(制造材料)等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2.按照一定的顺序写

(1)按总一分一总的顺序写。

(2)按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

(3)有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3.状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

(二)怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢?

1.写外形

首先，观察小动物(包括昆虫)的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生“像——”、“犹如——”、“仿佛——”等喻词的使用。

2.写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

(三)怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢?首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状(外形)特征;再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1.可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等;描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3.写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4.以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5.托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

五、怎样写游记

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。

(一)写游记必须写清游踪

要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。

(二)要留心观察

观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近;或从上到下，从下到上;或从里到外，从外到里;或从中间到两边，从两边到中间;或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。

(三)要做记录

学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。

下面是语文迷小编整理提供的100个英语写作句式，欢迎大家阅读参考。

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

写作方法

首先，一接触高考语文试卷，先阅作文题，了解命题特点及具体要求，做到心中有数，胸有成竹，切忌基础题答完后才阅作文题，一旦时间紧张，就会出现思路混乱，甚至头脑一片空白。不宜事先猜测作文题，否则，一旦与自己预想的大相径庭，容易乱了方寸。 第二，字迹一定要端正、清楚。评卷者每天要阅读大量试卷，假如文章字迹潦草、难以辨认，评卷者不可能细细辨认，常会凭印象打分。 第三，所拟题目要新鲜，吸引人。最近十多年的高考作文，大多是供材料作文，需要考生自拟题目。题目好比文章的眼睛。因此要精心设计标题，这对提高作文成绩是有利的。 第四，先打好腹稿，或拟一个简单的提纲，可以借助草稿纸构思，写下三言两语，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，这样往往文思贯通，一气呵成。 第五，材料作文应简要引用，以确立行文之根本。切忌抛开材料，胡乱发挥，所叙所议与提供的材料毫无关联。应充分重视紧扣材料要点，过渡自然，要言不烦。 第六，开门见山，迅速入题。若写议论文，把观点摆在开头，让评卷老师一看就知道你要说什么。在考场特定环境中，把论点放在开头，有利于文章顺利展开，也有利于自己稳定思路，避免东拉西扯，不着要领。 第七，态度要真诚踏实。像和评卷老师促膝谈心一样。应试作文要敢于讲真话，实话实说，要敢于以心换心。切忌阿谀奉承之辞，自我表功、贬低他人之言。当然，阅读对象是语文老师，应投其所好，避其所恶，所写内容以受语文老师欢迎为宜，切忌对语文及语文老师大肆批评，伤及自尊。 第八，不求花哨，但求平实。应试作文不可能精雕细刻。若写议论文，不妨套用一下常用格式，即开头提出论点，并略加阐述，然后，举几个事例作论据。举例要精当，不宜多而杂，真正典型事例一个就够，在举例中，可一例详说，余则稍作点染。在举例后可联系社会现状和自己的思想，这就是联系实际。最后，要有总结，再次阐明论点来照应开头。去年以来，高考作文出现新的动向，强调发散性思维，因此，要重视作文的创新意识，作文内容要讲究立意新颖，独出心裁，见解独特。 第九，精心制作或引用一两个佳句，穿插文中，对提高作文的等次，效果十分明显。 第十，宜多用短句，词语没把握应赶紧另选一个同义或近义词替换。标点符号也不可随便，多用句号不易出错，评卷者看起来也省力气。写完后，一定要检查一遍，改正笔误和用错的字词。

老师巧妙的画地图方法

我们的老师有一个绝活，她随便把手向黑板上一摆，粉笔对这轻轻的画来画去，不一会儿就有一张中国的地图出现在我们眼前。神了！老师说：“那是要靠不断的练习练习练习，才能这样熟练……”我回家后，跟妈妈说：“妈妈，我们的老师可厉害了，什么都不用就画出了个中国地图。您行吗？”妈妈说：“我老了，眼睛不好，算了，你做完作业去画画吧。”“好啊！”我通常都是这样来“求”出画画的业余时间了。 唰唰，唰唰，唰唰，唰唰。 作业做完了，我兴致勃勃的拿起铅笔，手往上一摆，就“胸有成竹”的画了起来。我闭上眼睛，陶醉的说：“我比老师厉害，我比老师厉害，我比……”我睡着了。 “醒醒，醒醒。小懒。”妈妈叫我那！抬头一看，哎呀，8点了。上学已经迟的不能再迟了。 我也一定要像老师那样，把地图画出来，不用任何工具。现在，我通过不懈的努力，一张在白纸上的歪歪扭扭的中国地图在我手下出现了！我别提多高兴了。

关于黄河治理的方法的资料

我们认为，黄河污染问题是目前我国经济高速发展的必然现状，污染越治越严重的根本原因，主要是近些年黄河中上游地区的经济发展速度太快，而治理污染的投资和速度无法同步跟进。为此建议： 1.将市场机制引入污染防治领域。通过市场作用，从原来“谁污染谁治理”的企业个体行为，引申为市场经济条件下的社会分工和供求关系，形成社会化、专业化的环保企业乃至环保行业，向污染责任方提供商业性环保服务，逐步实现环境治理市场化、社会化、企业化。同时，在企业比较集中的工业园区鼓励多家企业污染处理设施共建共享和治污设施专业化运行，提高治污设施处理效率，降低污染治理费用，逐步解决普遍存在的投入大量资金建成的环保设施，不能充分利用的问题。 2.树立“维持黄河健康生命”的新治河理念。一是划定黄河水功能区，根据黄河水资源量和水流的纳污能力，提出各省（区）允许排入黄河的污染物总量，实行省（区）际断面水质行政首长负责制；二是依法治污，在相关法规中明确相应的水污染超标处罚措施，对于污染超标省（区）要停止审批新的水资源利用项目；三是建立和完善水利、环保联合治污机制，在排污监测和监管处理水污染突发事件上统一行动、团结治污。 3.国家应进一步加大力度推行绿色GDP，把环保工作纳入地方党政一把手的政绩考核。 4.环保体制需要进一步理顺，实行垂直管理，脱离地方的制约。 5.给予环保部门更大的执法权。如处罚力度，关停污染企业等。 6.地方新上项目论证必须有科学的决策程序，有环保部门参与，对新上项目，如果发生大的污染事件，实行事后决策追究制度，以加强地方“一把手”对黄河污染监督管理的自觉性和责任感。 7.应该在具备了有效的监测网络基础上，探索建立排污区域赔偿制度，让过度占有资源者付出应有代价。可以通过“排污收费”的办法，由河流段面水质不达标者，向下游提供补偿，迫使沿黄地区政府加大对本地区污染的治理。

写作方法

首先，一接触高考语文试卷，先阅作文题，了解命题特点及具体要求，做到心中有数，胸有成竹，切忌基础题答完后才阅作文题，一旦时间紧张，就会出现思路混乱，甚至头脑一片空白。不宜事先猜测作文题，否则，一旦与自己预想的大相径庭，容易乱了方寸。 第二，字迹一定要端正、清楚。评卷者每天要阅读大量试卷，假如文章字迹潦草、难以辨认，评卷者不可能细细辨认，常会凭印象打分。 第三，所拟题目要新鲜，吸引人。最近十多年的高考作文，大多是供材料作文，需要考生自拟题目。题目好比文章的眼睛。因此要精心设计标题，这对提高作文成绩是有利的。 第四，先打好腹稿，或拟一个简单的提纲，可以借助草稿纸构思，写下三言两语，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，这样往往文思贯通，一气呵成。 第五，材料作文应简要引用，以确立行文之根本。切忌抛开材料，胡乱发挥，所叙所议与提供的材料毫无关联。应充分重视紧扣材料要点，过渡自然，要言不烦。 第六，开门见山，迅速入题。若写议论文，把观点摆在开头，让评卷老师一看就知道你要说什么。在考场特定环境中，把论点放在开头，有利于文章顺利展开，也有利于自己稳定思路，避免东拉西扯，不着要领。 第七，态度要真诚踏实。像和评卷老师促膝谈心一样。应试作文要敢于讲真话，实话实说，要敢于以心换心。切忌阿谀奉承之辞，自我表功、贬低他人之言。当然，阅读对象是语文老师，应投其所好，避其所恶，所写内容以受语文老师欢迎为宜，切忌对语文及语文老师大肆批评，伤及自尊。 第八，不求花哨，但求平实。应试作文不可能精雕细刻。若写议论文，不妨套用一下常用格式，即开头提出论点，并略加阐述，然后，举几个事例作论据。举例要精当，不宜多而杂，真正典型事例一个就够，在举例中，可一例详说，余则稍作点染。在举例后可联系社会现状和自己的思想，这就是联系实际。最后，要有总结，再次阐明论点来照应开头。去年以来，高考作文出现新的动向，强调发散性思维，因此，要重视作文的创新意识，作文内容要讲究立意新颖，独出心裁，见解独特。 第九，精心制作或引用一两个佳句，穿插文中，对提高作文的等次，效果十分明显。 第十，宜多用短句，词语没把握应赶紧另选一个同义或近义词替换。标点符号也不可随便，多用句号不易出错，评卷者看起来也省力气。写完后，一定要检查一遍，改正笔误和用错的字词。

我发现了除去污渍的好方法

小时候，我特别调皮，经常搞恶作剧，有一次甚至我把我的一件白衬衫做了美容手术，用毛笔把衬衫弄成了“黑白配”。爸爸见了很生气，说：“小子，如果你今天不把这件衬衫洗干净，你就别想吃饭”。这下我可该怎么办呢？首先，我用洗衣粉洗，接着又用肥皂洗，都无起色。我想没有希望了，于是又开始新的恶作剧，我拿来一大把盐放了在衣服上，这时爸爸来了，我又假装在搓衣服，这样一来想躲过爸爸的责骂，二来期待着新的奇迹发生。我搓了半个多小时，手搓红了，脚也麻了，我拿出衣服一看，嘿！奇迹出现了！墨迹不见了，衬衣又变白了。我拿着衣服去领赏，一桌热气腾腾的饭菜摆在我的面前，我狼吞虎咽的吃着，爸爸却一直在拿着衬衫发呆，他本想教育我学好，谁知我把衣服搓干净了，他的计划全泡汤了。后来，我从书上得知，盐的化学名称叫氯化钠，是一种晶体，它不仅可以做调料，还可以除污渍。氯化钠与水溶和在一起具有漂白作用，能够除去衣服上的污渍。盐还是一种很好的家用灭火剂，食盐在高温火源下，可迅速分解为氧化钠，通过化学作用吸收燃烧中的自由基，抑制燃烧的进行，颗粒盐更是有效的灭火剂，颗粒盐因为颗粒含量较多，在高温下吸热膨胀，破坏了火苗的形态，同时发生吸热发应，稀释燃烧区的氧气浓度，所以能很快地灭火。看来，生活中处处有学问，只要用心观察和学习，就能学到不少东西。

不一样的方法，学习

不一样的方法，学习 在2007年下学期，我考出了我五年来最出色的成绩。这让我很高兴、很兴奋。 而相对于上学期，又是我考的最差的一年，就是因为上学期我学习的反差。我学习的下降，才使我有个信念，加油。我一定要把学习成绩搞好，让爸妈放心，不让爸妈在劳累奔波中还要为我的学习操心。 在下学期，我不在经常看那些心爱的小说，把它们先放在了一边。等我把学习学好以后，我再去光顾我的小说吧！这天，我和奶奶去上街时，路过报刊亭，我的眼睛不停的向报刊亭望去。趁奶奶不注意，我一溜烟的跑进了报刊亭。一进去，一眼就看到了它，它就是对我启发很大，让我受益非浅的优秀作文选之《课堂内外》。它是一本很好的课外读物，书里的内容丰富，有作文指点、数学指南、好书推荐，还有英语超市。就是这一本普通的书让我的学习如火箭般上升，从以前的第25名上升到了现在的第2名。因为有作文指点，让我的语文有了很多收获；因为英语超市，让我不在对英语望而生畏；因为数学指点，让我对数学有了很大的兴趣。 这一本本普通的书，让我从读书中学到快乐，快乐中读书。正如有一句话所说：读书诱发了人的思绪，读书丰富了人的思想，读书开拓了人的精神世界。 1