英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文(最新20篇)

人类因梦想而伟大，人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生，拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)

the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)

when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)

ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)

it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)

the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)

the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦，两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。

“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门，”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后，潘尼洛对他说，“一扇是号角制成，一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实，为人所见。”

who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存，人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存，而人则生活。

the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面，追寻它们，乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一，也都是动人的生命奇迹。

a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定，但如果这个人没有了梦想，这个人穷定了。

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业，除了梦想，必须行动。

when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。

everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀，让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。

11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是：我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园，而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。

faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时，要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)

the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸，现实是此岸，行动是那座连接的桥。

a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤，当你真心想要某样东西时，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。

dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人，只要不停止追求，你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。

拿到英语试题不知道从哪里下手吗?那么下面这套英语写作流程对你会有一定的帮助。

一.审题。

拿到题目后，手中拿铅笔，手脑眼嘴并用，开始审题。看题目的要求是什么，要点是什么，特殊要求是什么。譬如你是叫李华，还是随便一个名字? 要议论文还是记叙文?对分几段写有无要求?等等。诸如此类的硬性要求信息，都最好用铅笔划下来，以免出错，也许你一开始会记得，可随着时间的流逝，你会不会因紧张而遗忘这些信息呢?还是小心为妙。边看最好边张嘴默读，这样就不会遗漏或忽略任何一个字了。

二.草稿。

有的同学怕出错，全文都打草稿再誊写，我姑且认为不太可取，毕竟考场时间宝贵，即使我有四十分钟时间写作文也不敢贸然这么做，更何况考场时我们留给作文的时间往往一再被压缩。有的同学不打草稿，我认为更不太可取。一来容易出错，二来边写边想思维不连贯，即使思维连贯也无法审词酌句，展现自己最好的一面，容易后悔。

草稿怎么打?

1.结构就是你打算分几段写，每段都写什么?哪段转哪段承哪段起合?心里都要是有谱的。

2.关键词：结构拟定后，迅速在草稿纸上写下自己这篇作文可能用到的一些关键词。包括一些漂亮的词和自己可能会忘记的词。主要是动词和名词。

譬如一省作文题： 假设你的名字是李华，亚洲冬季运动会将在你居住的地方举办，现招募志愿者。你希望成为志愿者。申请信的格式已经写好了，你直接写内容就可以。你的个人情况：年龄性别学历，个人条件。英语好，爱好体育，擅长交际，乐于助人。承诺提供最佳服务。

关键词就是学历、爱好、擅长、乐于、承诺，和你对这篇作文初步构思时想到的一些词。先把这些词(指词的英文表达)写在纸上。有一些词的拼写，譬如学历，可能你本身就记得不是特别清楚，这时一定要在开始写作文前先把它写下来，以免一会因干扰而遗忘。

可能看到聪明这个关键词时，你最初写下的往往是clever，再仔细想想，你是不是又想到了smart,deligient好多词，挑个漂亮和合适的用吧。再比如转折，你写了but，这会再想想，是不是又有一堆表示转折的词在你脑里打转呢?挑一个吧。千万别用but.

3.句式：词写下来了，其实你构建这篇作文的建筑材料就到位了，下步就是要把它们盖成漂亮的作文。先用最普通的陈述句把它们在头脑中过一遍，然后看看都能改成什么句式。能不能把一句陈述句改成问句?能不能用上一个双重否定句?能不能用一个主语从句套定语从句的长句?能不能用一个插入语?等等。把你高中三年的英语积累展示出来。在草稿纸上同样标注。

三.正式写。

这样的草稿打完后，就要快快写了。注意，英语作文的卷面简直太重要了，一定要把字写整齐，写大。没有把握的词和句子不用。别忘了遵守你最初用铅笔划下的题目的规定。

四.检查。

注意，最最重要的一步来了。尽管很小心，可是我们写英语作文还是会犯下很多错误。单词拼写的，大小写的，等等。这些错误会极大破坏我们在阅卷老师心目中的形象，一定要坚决誓死消灭。即使时间再紧，请务必留下1——2分钟检查作文的时间，消除隐性错误。

需要说明的是，英语的开头和结尾是最关键的，尤其是开头。基本上，不跑题，遵守题目要求，一个漂亮的开头，一个还过得去的结尾，2-3个高级词汇，1-2个漂亮的句子，加上整齐的字迹，作文的分就不会低了哦。所以，精心为你的作文想个漂亮的开头吧。

一、LETTER(书信)

书信通常由信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、谦称和签名六个部分构成。

1.从信纸中偏右处向右写发信人的地址和写信日期。由小到大，分数行书写，同一行的两部分之间用逗号隔开。顺序为：门牌号→楼号→街名→城镇名→省名→邮政编码→国名(在寄往国外时)。美国人常采用左边开头式;英国人常采取每行逐渐向右缩进式。注意要把地址写在上面，日期写在下面，每个词的首字母要大写。日期的写法与日记中日期写法相同。

2.从信纸的左上方比信头(发信人的地址和写信日期)低1—2行处顶格写收信人姓名、地址，常采用齐头式，姓名在上，地址在下，写法同发信人地址。若是私人信函，这一部分可省略不写。

3.称呼要从信纸左边顶格写起，其位置低于信头和信内地址。对不熟悉的女性用Dear Madam，Dear Ladies，作称呼语;对不熟悉的男性用Dear Sir，Dear Sirs，作称呼语;对所熟悉的人用Dear Tom，Dear Mary，即：在Dear后直写其名作称呼语;对有地位头衔的人用“Dear+ 头衔+姓”作为称呼语，如：Dear Editor Kang，Dear Doctor Li，Dear Professor Zhao，对一般人用Dear Mr Lin，Dear Ms Li，Dear Miss Liu。即：在Dear后加尊称加姓氏作为称呼语。美国人在称呼语后用冒号，英国人用逗号。

4.正文是信的主体。一般在称呼下一行顶格写起，从第二段起，在起首处空4—6个字母的距离。书信可根据表达的需要，灵活选用时态。起首语常用：(1)Your letter came to me this afternoon.(2)Im very glad to receive your letter.(3)Your letter reached me yest erday.(4)I have the pleasure to tell you that…(5)Im glad to tell you that…(6) I was shocked to learn that…(7)Thank you for writing to me.(8)Thanks for your lett er .It was lovely to hear from you.结束语常用：(1)Please remember me to…(2)With be st wishes to your family.(3)I wish to inform you that…(4)Please write soon.(5)I m ust stop writing now，as I have rather a lot of work to do.(6)Wish you the best of s uccess.(7)Wish you the best of health.(8)Give my best wishes to …

5.结尾的谦称是在正文下面，信纸中间偏右所写的客套语。第一个字母要大写，末尾用逗号。北美洲的国家常把yours放在后边，欧洲国家常把yours放在前边。写给上级、长者、位尊者常用：Yours respectfully，Respectfully yours，Yours，Very respectfully，Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours;写给不认识的人时常用：Yours truly，Yours faithfully;写给朋友时常用：Yours lovely;Yours，Yours ever;写给亲属和挚友时常用：Your loving daughter，Your loving son，Yours，Yours affectionately.

6.签名一般写在谦称下一行偏右，使尾字母与谦称尾字母对齐。

7.范文请参阅：NMET1995书面表达;JEFCⅡ-Unit 16;SEFC1A-Unit 1。

8.书信除按以上格式书写之外，现在英美人士常把书信的六个部分，按照顺序一律从信纸左边顶格写完六个部分，且用的人越来越多。

二、DIARY(日记)

日记是用来记述一天生活中发生的重要事情及感受的文体。

1.在纸的左上角顶格写星期和日期。星期在左，常用Sunday，Monday，Tuesday，Wednesday，T hursday，Friday，Saturday。日期在右，美国人习惯上先写月，再写日，最后写年。如：October 20，1998。英国人习惯上先写日，再写月，最后写年;如：20 June 1998。

2.在纸的右上角写天气。表示天气情况时常用Bright，Clear，Sunny，Fine(晴);Cloudy(多云);Rainy(雨);Overcast(阴);Foggy(雾);Windy(风);Hot(热);Haily(冰雹);Sh ower(阵雨);Warm(暖和);Thundering(雷雨);Snowy(雪);Fog(雾)。

3.日记的小标题写在第二行，也可省略。

4.正文第一段常顶格书写，也可不顶格写。日记记述的是当天或前一天发生过的事情，所以，日记常用一般过去时写。

5.若要表达自己的感受、想法，针对某件事发表议论，进行说理，或者为了抒情、描景写人生动，则用一般现在时。

6.范文请参阅：JEFCⅡ-Unit 27;SEFC1A-Unit 14;SEFC1A《同步听力》p.49;NMET1992和N MET1998书面表达;JEFCⅢ-Unit 23。

三、CARDS OF CONGRATULATION(贺卡)

贺卡是逢年过节，向亲朋好友表示祝贺的最方便的方式。贺卡可分为圣诞卡、贺年卡、教师节贺卡及纪念日卡等等，写法格式通常有两种。一种由称呼、贺词、祝贺人签名三部分构成 ，另一种用短信代替卡片。

1.称呼是指祝贺人对受贺人的称呼，一般从卡片的左上方写起。常用：To dear+受贺人称谓，To+受贺人称谓，也可以省略前边的to，称呼后用逗号。如：To dear teacher，Mr and Mrs Mike

2.贺词是向受贺人表达良好祝愿的话。一般写在称呼下一行，句首可与称呼语齐头，也可以向右空出4—6个字母。写贺年片时常用：(1)May the New Year be a happy one for you all!(2)Best wishes to the four of you for a prosperous and Happy New Year!(3)Happy New Year to you!(4)A Happy New Year!(5)Wish to see more of you next year!(6)Best wishes for a bright New Year!(7)Youll have a very Happy New Year!(8)Let me wish you and your family a Happy and Healthy New Year!(9)I do hope this finds you well with a Happy New Year ahead!(10)I wish you the Happiest Possible New Year!写教师节贺卡时常用：(1)Happy Teachers Day!(2)Good Luck!(3)Best wishes!(4)We hope youll have a very happy year in our class.(5)Thank you for teaching us so well.(6)With our best wishes for TeachersDay.(7)Hope you are having a very Pleasant Day.(8)Hope it will bring you Good Health and Happiness.(9)I am thinking of you often.(10)All my family joins me in wishing you health and happiness.写圣诞卡时常用：(1)A Merry Christmas!(2)I wish you a Merry Christmas!(3)Hope you have a very Good Christmas!( 4)May this Christmas be your Merriest!(5)We send our love to all of you and the hope that youll have a Merry Christmas!(6)Hope youll have a very merry Christmas!( 7) Merry Christmas!(8)A merry Christmas to you.(9)A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!(10)Best wishes to you for a Prosperous and Merry Christmas!写生日贺卡时常用：(1)Happy birthday to you!(2)Happy birthday!(3)With Best Wishes for a Happy Brithday!

3.祝贺人签名一般写在贺卡的右下方，把from常常加在姓名前，也可以省略from。如：From your student Liu Zhong，From Mr and Mrs White，Your loving son Lei，Your students，

4.贺卡也可以用短信形式书写，在逢年过节或者特别纪念日，把贺词连同你的近况等写成短信，寄给亲朋好友。

范文请参阅：JEFCⅠ-99;JEFCⅢ-Unit 1;JEFCⅢp.97。

四、NOTICE(通知)

通知又称通告或布告，是上级对下级、组织对成员部署工作、传达事情、召开会议所使用的一种文体。

1.通知的第一行正中写发出通知的单位名称，发出通知的单位名称还可以写在正文下方的右侧，也可以把单位省略不写。

2.把NOTICE写在正文上方正中的位置。

3.正文是通知的内容，是通知的主体。要简明扼要地把通知的对象、事由、时间、地点及内容写清楚，语言应简洁明了，条理清晰，要求明确，常用一般现在时和一般将来时写。

4.在正文下方的左侧写出通知的日期，日期也可省略不写。

5.广播通知和口头通知，在开头要用称呼语，常用的称呼语有：(1)Boys and Girls，(2)De ar friends，(3)Ladies，(4)Dear ladies，(5)Gentlmen，(6)Ladies and gentlmen，(7)Comrades，常把称呼语从左侧顶格书写，在后面用逗号或冒号。

6.常用的正文开头用语有：(1)May I have your attention，please?(2)Attention，please !I have something to tell you.(3)Attention，please!I have an announcement to make.(4)Attention，please!I have good news for you all.(5)Attention please，everyone!

7.常用的正文结尾用语有：(1)Thats all!Thank you!(2)Please be there on time.(3)E ver yone is welcome.(4)Dont be late，will you?(5)Thank you for your attention.(6)Don t be late!(7)Dont forget，will you?(8)We must get there on time.(9)I hope all of you will have a good time.

8.在正文中常用的句式有：(1)It has been decided that well visit…(2)We have dec ided that well pay a visit to…(3)Well have a talk from…to…(4)Professor Liu will give us a talk on…(5)The football star will give us a lecture on…(6)You are r equired to come on time.(7)A lecture will be given by….(8)There will be a visit to …(9)A talk will be given by…(10)I’m sure well learn a lot of things from it. (11)It will be given in…(12)Youd better take your valuables with you.

9.范文请参阅：SEFC1A-Unit 6;NMET1989高考书面表达答案;NMET1994高考书面表达答案。

五、MESSAGE(留言条)

留言条是转达事情所使用的一种便条。

1.若拿起电话听筒，对方要找的人未在场时，你可以签写一张留言条。正中上方写TELEPHONE MESSAGE，在左边的“From”：后签对方的姓名，在右边的“To”：后签要找的人的姓名，在左边的 “Date”：后写接电话的日期，在右边的“Time”：后写接电话的时间。在“Message”：后写所要通知的事情，这部分是主体，写清人物、时间、地点和事由。在右下边的Signature：后签写留言条人的姓名。

2.留言条也可以把“FROM：”、“TO：”、“DATE：”、“MESSAGE：”按顺序从上到下顶格齐头排列，把“TIME：”写在“DATE：”的后边，省略“SIGNATURE：”。

3.在MESSAGE：后常写的句式有：(1)He wants to see you as soon as possible.(2)He w ould like to meet you…(3)Be sure to call…(4)She wants to meet…

4.若要找某人安排工作、通知会议等，当要找的人不在时，写一张内容简短的书信，右上边写日期，第二行从左边顶格写称呼，第三行从左边起写正文，在正文右下方签名。

5.范文请参阅：JEFCⅢ-Unit 10。

六、WRITTEN REQUEST FOR LEAVE(请假条)

请假条是日常生活和工作中，临时遇到一些事情或因生病等需要请假，给主管部门的负责人所写的简便字据。格式与书信格式大致相同，在纸的第一行右边写请假日期，在第二行左边顶格写称呼语，称呼语后用逗号。在第三行左边起首处空4—6个字母的距离，开始写正文。内容、事由、时间写清就行。在正文下偏右处写谦称，在谦称下写姓名。

1.写请假条时常用语有：(1)Im sorry I cant come to school because…(2)My grandm ot her is seriously ill. There is no one at home…(3)I have got a high fever and cough badly…(4)Im writing to ask for sick leave of one day.(5)I cant go to school be cause I have got a cold.(6)Please give an extension of leave for two days.(7)I have to go to Xian tomorrow because…(8)I have got things to do this afternoon.Im writing to ask for leave…(9)I want to ask for…leave.

2.若请病假，常在假条后附医生建议书。

七、POSTAL TELEGRAM(电报)

电报是与外地进行紧急通讯交流的有效手段，是准确传递信息的有效途径，是一种对文字力求精炼、准确与简明的文体。

1.正上方的空白栏由邮局营业员填写。如：报费、流水号码、记账号码、原来号码、发出时间、营业员、值机员、报类、字数、发出局名和日期时间。

2.电文第一行在左边顶格写称呼，常直呼其名，一般要大写，不要标点符号。

3.电文第二行和第三行写收报人的地址。

4.从第四行左边顶格写正文，正文全文都用大写字母，有时也可以把各词的第一个字母大写。一般只写实词，虚词常常省略。电文控制在10个字以内最为节约。

5.电文中常用动词不定式表示要求对方行动，用现在分词表示自己的行为。

6.常用电文有：(1)Send Money Soon〈速汇款〉(2)Arriving Home Safely(3)Best Wishes on Your Birthday〈谨贺生日愉快〉(4)Mother Illness Critical Return Soonest〈母病危速归〉(5)Unable Return Sunday Giving Date Later(6)Urgent Business Return Immediately(7)Send if Found Bag(8)Why Unmoney(9)Arriving 9∶00 Morning Can You Meet(10)Express Sorrow For Your Mothers Death〈惊闻令堂仙逝不胜悲痛〉

7.在正文右下方署名。

八、CERTIFICATE OF MERIT(奖状)

奖状是给获胜者及取得显著成绩的工作者所颁发的荣誉证明。

1.在奖状正中上方用大写字母写CERTIFICATE OF MERIT。

2.在奖状左上方顶格写To及获奖者姓名，姓名后用逗号。

3.在姓名下右边空4—6个字母处开始写获奖原由。

4.把发奖单位写在原由下左边，注意要顶格写，各单词首字母要大写。

5.把发奖日期写在发奖单位下边，注意要从左边顶格写起。

6.范文：

CERTIFICATE OF MERIT

To Zhao Xin，

In the English competition of this year，you have won remarkable success. For enc ouragement this certificate is hereby given.

Guanshan Middle School

November 10，1999

九、WELCOMING SPEECH(欢迎词)

欢迎词是在接待客人等正式场合中使用的一种文体。一般由称呼语、正文和结束语构成。正文中对客人的来访表示欢迎，简介客人情况并向客人作自我介绍，概括叙述所要从事的活动。主题要写明确，感情真挚;条理要清;语言力求通俗、简洁、准确。

1.称呼语写在第一行左边，顶格书写。客人是人时常用：(1)Dear Miss…(2)Dear Mr…(3) Dea r Mrs…(4)Dear sir，(5)Dear Madame，(6)Dear…客人是多人时常用：(1)Dear comrades，( 2)Dear friends，(3)Dear ladies，(4)Dear gentlemen，(5)Ladies and gentlemen，(6)Boys and girls，(7)Dear comrades and friends，

2.写正文时常用句式有：(1)We thank you for your accepting our invitation to come here.(2)You are warmly welcome to our…(3)First of all，Ill introduce our…to you. (4)Now our friend is going to give us a talk on…(5)We hope you will have a nice time during your stay here.(6)I hope you will enjoy yourself.(7)Id like to express our thanks for your coming…(8)Now let me invite our friends to speak to us.(9) We feel very much honoured to have a chance to get together with…(10)First of all ， on behalf of all present here，allow me to give our warm welcome to our distingui shed guest.

3.结束语写在正文下，从左边空4—6个字母的距离处写起。常用语有：“Thank you!”“Le ts welcome…to speak to us.”;“I wish you have a good time.”;“Let us invite …to speak to us.”

十、FOUND(招领启事)

招领启事是一种公告性的应用文。由日期、启事正文、拾物人姓名构成。

1.在纸正上方中间写FOUND。

2.在右上方写日期。

3.在左边空4—6个字母的距离处起首写正文。常用句式有：(1)A wallet was left in the … (2)Will the owner pleasering…(3)I happened to find…(4)Loser is expect to come to…(5)I found…on…

4.拾物人姓名署在右下角。

5.范文请参阅：SEFC1B-Unit 18。

十一、LOST(寻物启事)

寻物启事一般由标题、正文、结束语及署名构成，是一种公告性的文体。

1.在纸的正中上方写标题LOST。

2.正文从左边写起，写清丢失物名、丢失时间、丢失地点，描述物品特征及联系方式。写正文时常用的句式有：(1)A bag with a wallet， left in…(2)I lost…(3)Will the finder please come to…(4)On…，I lost…with…(5)At…I left my…in…

3.在正文右下方用感谢语作结束语。

4.寻物人姓名署在左下角。

5.范文请参阅：SEFC1B-Unit 18。

十二、BILL(单据)

单据包括借条、收条和领条。是日常生活中向别人因手续上的需要而写的简短凭证。单据应写明事情和与事情相关的原因、人称、地点、时间和数量。

1.在单据左上方写日期。

2.在单据右顶格写“To+所借物主姓名”，另起一格写“I owe you+物品名称only”，常用 “I.O.U”代替“I owe you.”。

3.在左下角写借物人姓名。

4.领条和收条常在日期下一格右边空4—6个字母的距离处起首写Received from+姓名…。在右下方写收件人姓名及单位，在单位前常加For。

5.范文：

(1)借条

November 20，1999

To Zhang Ping

I.O.U.one hundred yuan(￥100)only.

Chang Ming

(2)收条

November 10，1999

Received from Li Hua 500 yuan for tuition.

Qiao Hongsheng

十三、INTRODUCTION OF CHARACTERS(人物介绍)

人物介绍是把某人的性格特征、工作业绩及爱憎感情通过报刊杂志进行宣传的文件。

1.把标题写在纸上方正中位置。

2.介绍人物的生平和事迹按照事情发生的先后顺序描写。一般按出生、童年、事业与兴趣、成绩等安排材料。

3.介绍人物时的常用句式有：(1)Charle Chaplin is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema.(2)He was born in London in 1889.(3)At the age of eight， he joined a group of child dancers.(4)As early as his second film， Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting， the one that was to become world?famous.(5)Mart in Luther King，Jr.， who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964，was an important political leader in the USA.(6)He had fair hair and blue eyes.(7)Joe Hill was a tall，thin，good?looking man.(8)She was a young woman who was studying art.(9)He became famous for his new theory.(10)We regard Ding Ding as our model.(11)People spoke highly of her and all respeced her.(12)She is fond of art. (13)He was interested in the theory.(14)One of the pioneers of farming was Jia Sixie.(15)When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas.

4.范文请参阅：JEFCⅢ-Unit 11;SEFC1A-Unit 13;SEFC1B-Unit 24;SEFC2A-Unit 5;SEFC2B -Unit 13;SEFC2B-Unit 19。

十四、INSTRUCTION(须知)或(说明)

须知是日常生活中，安排工作时要求工作人员应明确的事项及应注意的问题所应用的一种文体。

1.把标题一般写在纸的上方正中，每个字母均要大写，也可以把标题从上方左边顶格书写，字母大字。

2.正文常用数词标明，逐条写明应明确的事项和应注意的问题，条理要清楚，内容要准确，解释要科学、客观。

3.正文还可以从左边顶格起首分层次叙述。

4.正文常用句式是祈使句和简单句。

5.范文请参阅：JEFCⅢ-Unit 18;SEFC1B-Unit 16。

十五、RÉSUMÉ(履历表)

履历表是个人对自己的姓名、身份、学历和经历等情况作自我介绍时所填写的表格。

1.表格上方正中写有RÉSUMÉ。

2.表中项目从左边顶格依次向下排列。在“Name in Full：”后填姓名，在“Date of Birt h：”后填出生年月日，在“Place of Birth：”后填出生地点，在“Education：”后填学历，分时段填明，在“Permanent Address：”后填永久通讯地址，在“Health：”后填健康状况，在“Sex：”后填性别，在“Marital Status：”后填婚姻状况，在“Honours and Awards： ”后填受奖情况，在“Working Experience：”后填工作简历。

3.填写原则是客观、准确。

4.范文请参阅NMET1996书面表达答案。

十六、FAREWELL SPEECH(欢送词)

欢送词是欢送客人时的致辞。一般由称呼语、正文和结束语构成。

1.称呼语从纸上方第一行左边顶格起首。若欢送的是一个人，常用“Dear Mr…，”;“Dear Miss…，”;“Dear Doctor…，”;“Dear Mrs…”等等。若欢送的人多，常用“Dear friends，”;“Dear ladies and gentlemen，”;“Dear comrades and friends，”;“Dear boys and girls”等等。

2.正文在称呼语下，从左边空出4—6个字母的距离处起首。常用句式有(1)Today we gather here to have a send?off meeting.(2)Dr.Ge is going to leave his post and return to Xian.(3)He is loved and respected by us all.(4)We thank him very much for his wo nderful work.(5)We hope youll have a nice time.(6)Miss Di will leave for Beijing.(7)We wish her a pleasant journey and good health.(8)May the friendship between our two cities last for ever.(9)Well take this chance to ask Mr White to convey our friendship to the British people.(10)We are happily gathered here to give Professor Kang a warm send?off.(11)To our great joy， we are gathered here to give Mr Smith a warm seeing?off.(12)We will give a warm send?off to Miss Li going to visit Xian.(13)Dr Zhang is going to leave for home today.(14)Professor Lius visit to Xian is short but very successful.(15)In saying good?bye to him，we sincerely hope that hell have a good health.

3.结束语常另起一行，在正文下用“Thank you!”等表示谢意。

十七、POSTER(海报)

海报是向公众作广告宣传的文体。内容包括节目表、影讯、报告会、联欢会、球讯等。

1.节目表常在正上方用大写名称，在左边写Items， Items下方逐一列出节目名称，右边写P erformed by，并在下方逐一列出表演者。

2.节目表常用语有：(1)Solo：(独唱)(2)Chorus：(合唱)(3)Folk song：(民歌)(4)Comic dialogue：(相声)(5)Skit：(短剧)(6)Folk dance：(民间舞蹈)(7)Ballet：(芭蕾)(8)Peacock Dance：(孔雀舞)。

3.影讯常在正上方中间写Film Show;从左边写Name of the film：冒号右边写上上映的片名，如：Laugh Laugh Laugh;在左边另起一行写“Time”：冒号右边写映出时间，如：October 10，10∶00 PM;从左边另起一格写“Place：”冒号右边写上映地点，如：Peoples Cinema.在“Face：”后写票价;在“Ticket Office：”后写售票地点。

4.球讯常在正上方中间写“Basketball Match”;“Football Match”;“Friendly Basket ball Match”等，有时在上边写有“POSTER”。在第二行中间写比赛队名称，如：ClassⅡ vs .ClassⅢ(注：vs.=versus对);在第三行左边顶格写“Time：”，在后写比赛时间，如：6∶00 PM.Monday;在第四行左边写“Place：”在后写比赛地点。球讯也可以在醒目的标题下 ，用简炼文字叙述清比赛队名、时间、地点等，在右下方写明举办单位，在左下方顶格写出海报的日期。

5.报告会常在海报正上方中间写“Talk”，从第二行左边顶格起首写“Speaker：”在后边写报告人姓名;第三行顶格写“Subject：”在后边写报告的专题名称;第四行顶格写“Time ：”后边写清具体时间，第五行顶格写“Place：”后边写报告会地点。

6.联欢会、报告会、音乐会主持人常用语有：(1)The program is about to begin.(2)Att ention，please?(3)Ladies and gentlemen，may I have your attention，please?(4)Have your seat，everyone.(5)We heartly welcome…to join in our party.(6)We are very much honoured to have many teachers as our guests.Among them are…(7)Now the concert begins.(8)Now the talk begins.Take your seat，everyone.(9)No more talking，please.

十八、INVITATIONS(请柬)

请柬是正式社交场合采用的简短邀请信函。

1.第一行正中是邀请人的姓名;第二行常写request the pleasure of(恭请…光临);第三行写被邀请人姓名;第四行写活动内容;第五行写日期;第六行写时间;第七行写地点，第八行在左边顶格写R.S.V.P(请赐回音;请答复)在右下边可以写上电话号码。

2.请柬还可以用文字叙述清楚内容。复函时常在上方正中写“Accepting the above Invit ation”，在第二行右边写复函日期;在第三行左边顶格起首写称呼语，从第四行起写正文，格式与书信相同，右下角为谦称。

十九、PLACE OF INTRODUCTION(地点介绍)

地点介绍是对某一地方的自然环境、现在、过去及未来的情况进行描述，向大众展示该地区风貌的文体。

1.写地点介绍时，把标题写在正上方。

2.描写常按照空间位置，由近及远依次描写，也可以先总体描述后局部描述，描写时要抓住中心点和特色。叙述不同时间发生的事情要用不同的时态，用好被动语态和there be 句型。

3.地点介绍常用的句式有(1)Its to the north of England.(2)Its in the east of Shaanxi.(3)Its on the west of Shaanxi.(4)It lies south of France.(5)The city is separated by the river.(6)It is made up of four buildings.(7)It is famous for its beautiful countryside.(8)The city lies on the river.(9)It is divided into two parts.(10)The weather here is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.(11)They lived mainly on potatoes.(12)The library was set up in 1997.(13)Our school has a library with books，newspapers and magazines.(14)The house used to be a temple.(15)Mountain Li is famous for its beauty.(16)It is a place where the famous men can spend their spare time.(17)In front of it is a garden.(18) In the middle of the city stands a bell tower.(19)It covers a n area 2578 square kilometers with a population of 1.26 million.(20)There are three famous parks in and around the city.

4.范文请参阅：SEFC1A-Unit 22，MET1990高考书面表达参考答案。

二十、SAFETY IN THE HOME(家庭安全公约)

家庭安全公约是家庭每个成员必须去做的成文规定。

1.在正中或从左边顶格写SAFETY IN THE HOME。

2.从第2行左边顶格起首向下依次写“POISONS：”、“FIRES：”、“ELECTRICITY：”、“GAS FIRES：”、“COOKING：”、“LADDERS：”、“WATER：”、“THINGS IN MOUTH： ”，在各栏目后用 祈使句写清务必要做到的事项。

3.范文请参阅：SEFC2A-Unit 8。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。以下是小编整理的初中英语说明文写作要点，欢迎阅读！

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

下面是一篇说明一所医院布局的文章。文章虽短，但需要说明的内容却达11处之多。平均一句话就要描写一处，如果组织得不好，便会给人凌乱的感觉。

为了避免这一点，文章把整个布局图分三部分来写：

贯彻医院的是main road，第一部分以大门为参照物，介绍了靠大门且通过main road东西相对的急诊楼和门诊楼。

第二部分以湖为参照物，中心线还是main road，介绍其他分诊楼、实验室、放射室等。

第三部分写main road尽头的建筑物。

这样，繁多的细节显得井井有条。因此，选择好主线及参照物是决定文章成功的关键。

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about“THE LAYOUT OF A HOSPITAL”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the information given below.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.

（1）the Emergency Department

（2）the Out-patient Department

（3）the Surgery Department

（4）the Dispensary

（5）the Physician Department

（6）the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department

（7）the Dental Department

（8）the Laboratory

（9）the X-ray Department

（10）the Administrative Building

（11）the Ward

例文：

The Layout of a Hospital Near the gate，on the westside of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which face the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings：the Physician Department，the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department.

The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road. A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.

Near the end of the Main Road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.

一、写建筑物的作文类型

通过描写或介绍一处建筑，表现劳动人民的聪明智慧，或展现现代化建设的新成就。

二、写建筑物的参考题目

略。

三、写建筑物的参考开头

略。

四、写建筑物的参考词句

错落有致/风格迥异/红墙碧瓦/拔地而起/小巧玲珑/气象万千/雄伟/干干净净/引人注目/富丽堂皇/讲究/天花板/精致/宽敞/张灯结彩/正中墙上/亭台楼阁/古色古香/明亮/高大雄伟/造型别致/玻璃幕墙/更加壮观/巍然屹立/高耸入云/鹤立鸡群/气势磅礴/小桥流水

1.地扫得干干净净的，炉子里的火还没有熄。

2.褪了色的红色薄棉衣，白底绣花的帐顶，发黄的藤靠椅，放在小桌子上绍兴式的茶壶套……一切都和当时一样。

3.我看见一棵树墩旁边安放着一口烧劈柴的铁炉，这大约就是他们烧水做饭的地方。

4.透过玻璃，可以看见客厅后面所种的竹子，碧绿可爱。

5.玻璃书柜里是一套套的精装的英文书，书柜的顶端摆着一盆翠绿的枝叶繁茂的文竹草。

6.到了夏季，白玉兰开花的时候，花儿散发出的香味，飘得满操场满校园都是。

7.一盏大红灯笼悬挂在教室的中央，一根根彩带，一串串纸花，把教室打扮得五彩缤纷，充满了节日的气氛。

8.树下摆着石凳，每逢休息的日子，石凳上总是坐满了人。

五、写建筑物的参考段落

1.新建的上海少年儿童浏河活动营地，就在我的家乡——唐行的浏河岛上。古色古香的活动楼、明亮宽敞的宿舍楼、小巧精致的食堂等构成了别具一格的建筑群，与幽静的白玉兰林、银杏林和香樟林，碧波荡漾的新浏河老浏河，组成了引人入胜的秀丽景色。

（写好建筑物也必须写好它的周围的环境，可以起到衬托的作用。）

2.喷泉真是各式各样，有拔地而起的水柱；有簇拥在水柱周围的菱形网状水帘；有腾起云雾状的水球，还伴随着悦耳、优美的乐曲声，随着声调的高低，颤动着二十四个喇叭型水花。

（用排比句来形容事物能够形成一定的气势，多角度地进行描绘，给人较深刻的印象。）

3.五亭桥是由五个亭子组成的，五亭相连，大亭端坐中央，四周的小亭对称地围绕着它。五亭桥下有十五个圆洞，圆洞相通，游船来往自如。中秋佳节，十五个圆洞中映着十五轮像玉盘似的月亮。远看，五亭桥像一座玲珑的水上宫殿；近看，五亭桥像是碧湖之上开了一朵巨大的莲花。

（远看和近看，小读者看起来很懂得描写的方法，一远一近，就把事物写清楚了，而且还有立体的感觉呢！）

4.苏州城里，有不少这样别致的小街小巷：长长的，瘦瘦的，曲曲又弯弯。石子路面，经过晚上的露水洒过，春雨洗过，显得光滑、闪亮。在它的旁边，往往躺着一条小河，同样是长长的，瘦瘦的，曲曲又弯弯。水面活溜溜的，风一吹，荡漾着轻柔的涟漪，就像是有什么人在悄悄抖动着碧绿的绸子。每隔二三十步，就有一座小桥。有耸肩驼背的小桥，有清秀玲珑的石板桥，也有小巧的砖砌桥和油漆栏杆的小木桥。

（细致的观察，同时加以分类，就能够把事物说明清楚。）

5.邮电大厦是一座庄严美丽的大厦。顶端是钟楼，钟楼上包着金属铜板，上面漆着绿漆。白底黑字的大自鸣钟高高地镶嵌在钟楼的上方。钟楼顶部是一根高耸的旗杆，旗杆上五星红旗迎风飘扬。站在那高耸入云的钟楼上可以俯视上海全景。钟楼下面便是一块题有“为人民服务”字样的匾额，在阳光下闪闪发光。十八根高大、粗壮、坚硬的花岗石棱柱支撑着屋檐，显得十分雄伟。

（从上到下，写作顺序很清楚。当然，我们读者读起来也就不会感到吃力了。）

6.再往前走，马路上下分开，中间的车道慢慢向下，伸向对面，从南到北，像彩虹一样，高高地架在天上。长桥的下面，每侧有12对水泥桥墩，像一个个巨人，叉开有力的双腿，守卫着大桥。拖着两条辫子的无轨电车在它的脚下飞跑。

（用打比方的方法来说明事物也是一个很好的手段。一打比方，别人不明白的也明白了。）

7.走进秦峰塔的底层塔门细看，门上的木条呈灰白色，上面布满了密密麻麻的芝麻大小的洞。门的两旁用方砖角砌成锯齿形。走进塔内，就听见啁啾的鸟叫声，鸟儿们在塔顶上嬉闹追逐。这里是鸟的乐园！抬头望，每层塔上都有断木。据说原先每层上都铺有木板，并有楼梯，人们能够爬到塔顶，俯览全镇风貌。如今，已是木去楼空，然而，塔身仍然坚不可摧，巍然屹立。这种精神，是我们所需要和发扬的呀！

（写建筑物，要写得形象生动，让人一下子就明白，打比方是一个很有用的方法。）

8.我们来到正桥，栏杆是乳白色的。在桥面矗立着十五根电杆，每杆安装四只杯形华灯，宛如倒扣的茶杯。乳白色的灯罩和蔚蓝的天空互相辉映，显得非常和谐。我想，到了夜晚，这些灯发出柔和的金色的光辉，一定会使大桥更加美丽，犹如披上了一层金纱。大桥有快车道和慢车道。快车道有十二米宽，可并排行驶四辆卡车。来往车辆从这里疾驰而过，奔向四方。桥两旁站立着威武的石狮子，它们像卫士一样，不管风吹雨打，忠实地守卫着大桥，又为大桥增添了几分雄姿。

（写建筑物，也需要想象。这位小作者是白天去参观的，所以他看不到夜晚的景色。但他觉得桥上的那些灯在晚上时一定很美丽，于是他就用“我想”这样的句式，开始了想象。文章也就变得丰富生动了。是不是大家都可以学学呢？）

9.居住在靖城的大人小孩都知道在东门菜场向北有一口稀奇的井。它是由四口小井组合在一起，所以人们都叫它“四眼井”。这四口小井的井口分布在一块正方形的石板上。人们经过这个地方都要特地走过去瞧瞧，觉得很新奇。井内水深不到二米，邻居们常常用吊桶去打水、淘米、洗衣服。天长日久，井圈上让绳子磨出了道道光滑的槽痕。我有时就喜欢伏在井圈上做着怪样子看着倒影，水中的倒影清清楚楚，我高兴得又跳又蹦。

（写井，先交待它的位置，怎样组成的，井水有多深，还特别写了井圈上的道道槽痕，给人历史久远的印象。然后再写我对这口井的喜爱。很有条理。其中写我伏在井圈上朝井内做怪样的事情，写得很有儿童的情趣。）

10.一走进小书亭，首先映入眼帘的是靠正面那座镶着透明玻璃的书柜。柜里整齐地放着书刊，有文学书，科技书，企业管理书，少儿书，真是应有尽有。有适合儿童看的，也有适合青年、老人看的，还有小说出租呢。各类书籍排得整整齐齐，最上层是专业书籍，第二层是政治读物，中间两层是少年儿童读物，底下几层是医药卫生等读物。在营业员旁边，还有条理地堆放着一些报纸书刊。

（写建筑物和写别的东西一样，要注意顺序，不能想到写什么就写什么，眉毛胡子一把抓。这一段虽然很简单，但却很有次序，一点不乱。）

六、写建筑物的参考题材

略。

话题作文是让我们围绕一个中心,从不同角度,不同立场去进行作文写作。下面是小编分享的话题作文写作指导，一起来看一下吧。

所谓“话题作文”，是指用一段提示语启发思考，激发想象，然后限定范围的一种命题形式。它不同于以前的半命题、命题及材料作文，是一种崭新的、具有很强生命力的作文样式。

话题作文一般有三部分组成：提示性文字材料、话题范围、注意事项或要求。

话题作文有自己独特的个性，其基本特征可以概括为“四不限(即不限文体、不限主旨、不限具体内容及不限题目)一强调(强调考查考生的创新能力和综合素质)”。

要写好话题作文，应做好以下几点：

1、善于化大为小

话题作文由于范围宽泛，给学生的把握带来了一定的困难，因此写作前首先应学会化大为小。如一个西瓜，洗净后只有切成小块才好下口。话题作文的写作也应如此。我们可以将话题化为几个契合话题的子话题，然后从这些子话题中选择一个易写好的来写。简单地说就是采用大题小作的写法，从具体一点切入，然后调动自己的积累，在这个问题上聚焦、展开和提炼，把这一点说足说深说透。这样才能在800字左右的篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。

如果不善于化大为小，就难免泛泛而谈。那种东说一句西扯一句，鸡零狗碎的“拼盘”，是难以得到阅卷老师“欢心”的。

2、善于以小见大

如果仅局限于“小”，文章就显得平淡无奇，没有深意。只有小中见大，才能发人深思，引人如胜。

所谓以小见大，即大处着眼，小处落笔。写小的事情，表现大的主题。这种手法，往往通过对具体、平凡的小事小物和有关细节材料的叙述描写，并加以适当抒情议论，以阐明大道理，揭示深刻的社会意义，以一滴水折射出太阳的光辉，于细微处体现伟大的精神。如《琐忆》等，都采用了这种写法。

一、关于卷面。同学们必须记住，考场作文，是阅卷老师读了你的作文后打分的。卷面的整洁、写字的工整、段落结构的协调，都直接影响着阅卷老师的视力感觉，对阅卷老师的打分心理产生冲击。一个好的卷面，即使作文不怎么出色，分数也不会少。一篇生动的作文，如果卷面不整，分数就不会高。

很多同学写字并不好，你们在考场上一定要记住，必须一笔一划写清楚，不要太大，也不要太小。千万别写得太潦草。你不认真，阅卷老师也不会认真。

三、关于标题。根据新课标精神，近两年的作文发生了一些变化。其中最大的变化是：命题和半命题作文成为主流。去年的中考作文，命题作文约占70%，半命题约占7.5%，话题和材料作文，占15%。即使出现了材料作文，有些也是二选一题目。

如果是命题作文，我们自然不用考虑起标题。如果是半命题或其他形式，我们则要尽力求新。如《从__身上学到的》，就考验了同学们的补题技巧和题材创新。有的同学直接填了“父母”、“老师”、“同学”，创新程度就不够。有的同学写了“那片松柏”、“温总理”、“那座雕像”、“陈贤妹”，就能使阅卷老师感到“眼前一亮”。

二、关于文体。国家教育部关于中考的《指导意见》中，对作文的要求是：不得设置审题障碍，要淡化文体要求，鼓励学生写真情实感。据此，我们可以明确地准备记叙文一种体裁。同学们在备考的时候，要阅读优秀的记叙文范文，掌握几种叙事方法。譬如：开头情景渲染、开门见山点题、中间注意插叙等等。

这里提一下小应用文。小应用文今年中考八成要考，大家要注意。书信、通知、颁奖词、短信、导语、简单的说明文、分析概括某种现象等，可能还会出现。建议大家查查资料，把去年中考语文试卷的小作文题复习一遍，做到有备无患。

五、关于题材。在这里，我明确反对写古人，譬如，每次中考，司马迁、李白、屈原、陶渊明、林则徐等，都会当做材料出现在作文里，老师们已经看腻了，大家要避免这个误区了。

那我们选什么题材呢?我的建议是，把上述的8个立意的范畴，各准备一个比较典型的题材。也就是说，准备好8件生动的事儿，以备中考作文采用。

这里需要强调的是，无论同学们写什么题材，强烈建议用第一人称，写你自身经历的事儿，写你生活中真实的感悟。大家储备素材的时候，要找自己亲身经历的事情，或者发生在身边现实生活中的事例。一般来说，在考场上瞎编乱造，多数会出现纰漏，导致减分。

四、关于立意：首先，我们必须记住，作文是让阅卷老师读的，不是自己在QQ空间上信马由缰地乱写，因此，作文的立意必须积极向上。对于有争议的内容，不要太大胆。譬如，你要求中日开战夺回钓鱼岛，中菲海军在黄岩岛摆战场，你骂朝鲜独裁，等等类似的内容，只能降低你的分数。一句话，我们要写阅卷老师愿意看的，作文得高分才是正途。

其次，无论中高考作文怎么出题，立意的范畴基本分为8类。一是生命意义，写生活中感悟的滋味。二是自然景物，写对周遭世界的感悟。三是情感体验，写你珍藏在内心的人和事。四是享受幸福，写那些给我们温暖和智慧的情节。五是成功成长，写花季中的酸甜苦辣。六是道德修养，写生活中宝贵的品质如诚信、真诚、勇敢、善良等。七是哲理品悟，写自己从生活细节中提炼的规律性认识。八、告别往昔，写对生活中值得珍藏的片段。上面几个方面，有侧重也有交叉，同学们要根据作文题目，明确不同的立意。

六、关于结构。作文的结构无非是“总分总”、“分总”、“总分”。就考文而言，前两者比较适用。大家一定要记住，作文的开头不要很长，不要因为玩弄作文书上的技巧而弄得开头超过了5行。我个人倾向于“一句话开头”，直接交待你想说的话和想说的事儿，第一句就是时间地点人物事件。

关于结尾，我们一定要明确，结尾就是抒情和扣题的。在结尾必须抒情，归纳你想表达什么，而且扣题，最好“糊膏药”(出现标题或标题中的关键词)。

同学们要记住，六七百字的作文，要有六七段，千万不要出现“大肚子作文”、“大头作文”，“大尾巴作文”，这样结构不协调，视觉也不够顺眼。

七、关于语言。学生作文的语言不生动，常常是作文老师最头疼的难题。在作文教学中，学生语言的提高，是最为困难的。备考作文，语言的准备是最难的。在此给考生们提几点建议：一是遇到你喜欢的句子和段落，你干脆背下来，也许能用在考场上，反正就是这一锤子卖卖，即使没产生作用，也不会扣分。二是，记住要有描写。写人要有动作和语言描写，写事注意细节和环境描写。三是，句子最好短一些，不要一逗到底，一个句子的主谓宾定状补都有了，就用句号。四是注意修辞手法。

综上所述，我们明确了中考作文的命题规律，搞清楚作文的几个构成要件是什么，阅卷老师注重的是什么，这样就能有针对性地复习，以期取得较高的分数。

想要写好一篇英语作文有哪些方法步骤呢?下面来看看语文迷网为大家带来的写作指导吧。

(一)仔细审题，确定要点。在开始写作这前一定要认真阅读题目中的所有信息(中文提示、图示、注意事项等)把需要表达的全部信息要点列成提纲，列要点时，如果提示是图表，要认真审图，从图中找出要表达的信息要点，如事件发生的背景，人物的衣着、表情、动作、位置、年龄、外貌、图中的英汉文字等，如果有参考词汇，一定要用上。

(二)根据要点，先词组句。近年来高考书面表达的要求不断提高，高分文章要有较多的词汇，较高级的词汇用法。比如表达丰富可以用rich,但如果你用abundant这个词就属于较高级的词汇。再比如“他强调小心驾驶的重要”这个句子 He emphasized the importance of careful driving.其中“强调”这个词如果你用 attach much importance to 效果更佳。

(三)确定时态及人称，内容连贯，结构紧凑。高考书面表达评分标准明确规定，如人称错误要扣分，不同的文体一般都有基本时态。日记通常记叙发生过的事情，多用一般过去时。议论文多用一般现在时，通知等文体通常用一般将来时。每个句子写好之后，句与句之间要选择恰当的连接词。比如：(1)表示承接、递进用语，besides(并且)、whats more(并且)，moreover(而且)，firstly,secondly,finally(最后)，from now on (从此)，afterwards I after that(后来)，to make things worse/ whats worse(使事情更为糟糕的是)，the worst thing of all(最糟糕的是)。(2)表示转折关系用语。but bowever,otherwise,though,despite,in spite of...(尽管)on the other hand(另一方面)，as(尽管)，all the same(尽管如此)。(3)表示因果关系用语。because/because of......for(因为)，owing to (由于)，thanks to (由于)，due to (由于)，so that (结果)。(4)归纳总结用语。to summarize(总而言之)，in short/in a word(简而言之)，on the whole(从总体看)，generally speaking(一般说来)，in my view(我的观点)，in conclusion(总之)。

(四)句式丰富，避免单词。英语书面表达评分标准第五档(21-25分)要求，“应使用较复杂结构，这要求学生不仅会运用基本句型，也要有意识地使用复杂句型，这是文章的亮点。如何使用复杂结构，我认为适当运用非谓语结构(分词短语、动名词或不定式短语)适当运用各种从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)是有效什么途径。比如：when he arrived in Beijing,he gave me an e-mail.(时间状语从句。一般)→On arriving in Beijing,he gave me an e-mail.Having arrived in Beijing.he gave me an e-mail.(使用了动名词，分别作状语。高级) Hardly had he arrived in Beijing when he gave me an e-mail.(改变时态，句子结构。高级)I wont believe what he says.(一般)→No matter what he says,I wont believe.(让步状从句，高级)。

(五)认真答写，卷面整洁。高考书面表达评分标准中对书写有较高要求。尤其今年英语作文要进行网上阅卷，如果书写较差，会影响到扫描质量，因此，考生在答卷时，一定要认真、清楚规范地书写，以保卷面整洁。

导语：托物言志，是间接表现主观主题思想的方式之一。通过对客观事物的描写或刻划，间接表现出作者的志向、意愿。采用托物言志，关键是志与物要有某种相同点或相似点，使物能达意而志为物核。托物言志常借用比拟、象征等手法。以下是小编为大家精心整理的托物言志的作文写作指导，欢迎大家参考！

一、托物言志类作文的一般结构：

1、一般结构：开头(引出物)——托物(描写物)——言志(由物及人升华主旨)——照应开头，收束全文。

2、“托物”部分，往往又由两部分构成：描写所托之物的外形特点、抒写所托之物的内在气质精神。

3、“言志”部分则一般有三部分：由物到人由人到人的精神由人的精神到人生感悟(当然，“言志”的这三部分并不是每篇文章里都有，也许有的文章只由物到赞人，也许有的文章有前两部分，也许有的文章只有最后的人生感悟部分，具体情况要具体分析。)

二、托物言志类散文的写作，首先是立意。 我们要注意的有以下方面：

(1)通过某种事物描状，表现某类人或某个人的精神品质。

(2)寓社会、世态、人生的某些哲理。a、写此物含彼意 b、明写物暗喻人。

(3)要昭示人、感召人、激励人、鼓舞人生活、思考、斗争、前进。

(4)立意可发散性多元思维，从中选出最佳立意，也可逆向立意。

三、托物言志类作文素材：

托物言志(“托”：借、假托的意思)类文章，常把作者自己的“志”(志向、情趣、理想、追求)依托在某个具体之“物”上，所托之“物”一般是花、草、树、木，或是某一具体的物体。这个“物”往往具有某种象征意义，成为作者的志趣、情感或理想的寄托者。作者的个人之“志”，便借助于这个具体之“物”来表达，以增强文章的感染力，表达也更巧妙、更完美。如“松、竹、梅”岁寒三友，常用于表示高洁的志向;“泥土”常用于抒发谦逊的情怀“;蜡烛”是无私奉献的代名词。

四、托物言志作文的要点：

1、 精挑细选找准“物”

写托物言志的文章前，要进行一番极认真极仔细的搜选，以便找到一个足以寄托自己情感的“物”。并且，此“物”要极生动极形象，以便自己描写时极细致极具体。

2、“志”“物”相通有交点

交点即所咏之物与所要表达的思想意义之间有相通相似之处。即“物”与“志”，“物”与“情”之间有内在联系。描述时，“志”要以“物”的特点为核心，“物”要能承载并传达“志”。

3、 状“物”贵在有新意

托物言志文章的重头戏在于抓住事物的特征，浓墨重彩地进行描写。惟其如此，才能体现文章的立意，才能使所言之“志”有所依托。这就要求作者善于细心观察，从新颖的角度，用新颖的手法和新鲜的语言来表达。

4、 字里行间真情溢

塑造托物言志的艺术形象，在状写事物时，字里行间要倾注作者的真情实意、深情厚谊。这样才能使“物”附着思想、灵性，而且具有典型意义，从而顺理成章地完成言志的使命。

个人之“志”与所依托之“物”合为一体，个人的志向融合在对某一具体事物形象、特点的描绘中，这样以“物”言“志”，情感表达就更巧妙、更完美、更富有感染力。

五、例文

倾听生命行走的声音

秋日里,我从遥远的大山往公路边扛木头,一截黑乎乎的用来做拐棍的干枯杨木桩,被我顺手捎回,插在了院子内的土堆上。 (引出物)

之后,我很快便把它忘掉了。只有母亲,偶尔会把一个湿筐子或一块刚洗出的旧布挂在它上面晾晒,它干裂皱巴的躯体因而浸上了一层湿漉漉的水渍。 (环境描写做铺垫)

过了一段时间,我突然惊奇地发现,这截木桩的到来,使院子里有了很大的改变。以前,院子里只有一棵小枣树,孤零零的。风刮来时,是一种寡不敌众很无奈且软弱无力的声音,听了,总叫人感到沮丧。现在不一样了,有天晚上,当尖利的吼叫声将我从梦中惊醒时,我还以为是凶猛的野兽呢。仔细辩听,才知是从杨木桩上发出的声音。它不像枣树那样弯腰曲膝,总想尽力摆脱风的肆虐,把落在自己身上的风再推给别人,结果是被风撕扯得披头散发,没有了往日的形状。杨木桩不慌不乱,静立在那里迎接风的挑战,一副岿然不动的样子。它让风从身边溜过,又吸收着风,让风进入自己的毛孔,成为自己身体的一部分。它们是朋友而不是仇敌。 (描写外在特点)

杨木桩使得落在院子里的雨也仿佛有了灵性。多数情况下,雨会在院子的东西两边布出疏密不同的两种雨幕,每回西边的杨木桩被淋得直往下流水,东边的小枣树却干渴得蔫巴巴的没一点儿精神。母亲心疼小枣树,细心地用木棍围住它,给它浇水,还多次想在杨木桩旁为小枣树再造一个新居,因怕把枣树挪死,才终未为其迁址。

大雪天,小枣树裹着棉絮,被冰雪盖得严严的,几乎看不见任何枝梢。而杨木桩却光溜溜、水亮亮的,冰雪一附上去即刻就化,从不积存。一样的雪,一样的严冬,却是两种情景。是风有意所为,还是枣树和杨木桩内部的原因?困惑中的我总涌起太多说不清的神秘猜测。 (对比描写)

无风无雨的天气,我总能听出一种声音。这声音隐约而清晰,细微而执著,愈来愈深,就像是一个人在奋力行走;一会儿翻山,一会儿趟河,一会儿在清风丽日下奔跑,一会儿又走在烟雨迷蒙的山间小径——开始的时候,我怀疑是自己的耳朵在作怪,产生了误听。后来,无意中,当我的目光触到杨木桩上那几片嫩黄的叶芽,那饱胀着绿色汁液的肌体时,我似乎也看到那早已扎牢结实得再也拔不出来的根须,我还有什么不明白的呢?由一截枯木桩成为一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,这之间,是一种怎样的生命行走啊。固然是我捡拾了它,但如果它自己就此停止生命的脚步,树便永远只能成为一个虚幻的影子了。 (物的内在特点)

小枣树依旧灰黑着,山风把它的枝梢摧折得七零八落,我轻轻地拍了拍它的枝干。此时,它还在沉睡,在被动地等待着季节的到来,看不出它对未来有什么特别的打算。这是许多生命共有的选择,是它们共同的生命方式,似乎也不应苛责,毕竟,成长太惨烈,抗争太艰难了。 (由物及人)

无喜无忧的杨木桩,静静地指向天空,指向天幕上一颗很明亮的星。我双手搂着它,如同在抚摸一个冬天的童话。 (呼应前文)

英语写作想要拿高分，经典的句型不可少。下面是语文迷整理的8种英语句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

命题作文也就是全命题作文，它的标志是有一个完整的题目，学生必须以这个题目为作文的标题，一个字都不能改动。命题型作文可以由三个部分组成：一是题目；二是提示语，为考生打开写做思路做导引；三是要求，做字数和内容上的规定。那么怎样写好命题作文呢？

首先，一个题目拿到手，我们需要明确它的体裁和人称。是记叙文？议论文？应用文？第一人称？第三人称？

如果是记叙文，在题目中经常出现“记……”、“……的事”、“……的人”等。如《记我的老师》、《一件有趣的事》。如果是说明文，题目中经常会出现“介绍……”、“……的自白”、“……的话”等。如《介绍我的书包》、《小风车的话》。

其次要审好题。不管遇到什么样的题目，都要咬文嚼字，仔细琢磨，找出题目的关键字眼在哪儿？找准它，根据它弄清题目的要求、重点和范围，确定文章的中心。确定好文章的中心之后，就需要围绕中心选取最能表达中心的材料。确定中心，选好材料以后，就需要列出一个简要的提纲，确定先写什么，再写什么，后写什么。哪些地方详写，哪些地方略写？

目前，在小学阶段的命题作文主要是记叙文，其中又以写人类记叙文和记事类记叙文为主。

如果是以写人为主的记叙文，就要把这个人最独特的、最与众不同的地方写出来，使其成为一个独特的人。一般来说，我们要描写一个人，要调动各种的描写手段，这些手段是要综合运用的，我们最常用的主要有四大类，就是神态描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写。

如果是以记事为主的记叙文，就要把时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过、结果写清楚。并且要安排文章的详略，重点地方要不惜笔墨，详细叙述。

1、游记：是描写游览中的所见所闻，表达自己思想感情的记叙文。

2、游记的题材非常广泛，凡是游览中见到社会生活、风土人情、山川景物、名胜古迹以及听到的神话传说等，都可以作为游记的材料。

3、游记分为很多种：以记录行程为主的是记叙型游记；以抒发感情为主的是抒情型游记；以描绘景物、景观为主的是写景型游记；通过记游来说明一个道理的，是说理型游记。

4、何才能把游记写好呢？

一、中心明确、重点突出。首先，在写游记的过程中一定要把主体交待清楚，如，游的人或者集体、要写的景物等，要交代具体。其次，要注意在描写中一定要有一个明确的中心。另外，要努力观察，把所要描写的景物有重点、有层次地写具体，写形象。

二、线索清楚。写游记一定要有一条合理的线索贯穿其中。可以按游览路线写，可以按空间顺序写。

三、抒发自己的真情实感，看了那些风景名胜，你一定会有自己的想法、态度，那么我们就要把它写到作文中去，抒发自己的感情。

青春，终于在流水一样的时光里走到了尽头，茫然失措的站在岁月的渡口，等待着，在下一个不知是怎样的日子里仓惶的漂流。

我已不敢伸出，那渴望牵住季节的手，就在林林总总的记忆里，品味年少时那份无羁的自由。红尘是怎样的一场梦啊，当我在青春的睡梦中蓦然惊醒，有那么多往事缠绵着、美丽着，却又被悄然的遣漏。瑟瑟的晚风拂动着檐下的风铃，诉说着人生的分别与相守，终于也明白了，这一场生命的过程，就是一杯酿着辛酸与甘甜的烈酒，是那么无法婉拒的一醉啊，于是痴痴的走过了红尘黑夜又白昼、少年到白头!

直到有那么一天，记忆成了痛得不敢触摸的伤口，就有了一种伤心的奢望：要为曾经的日子做一次殇情的守候，再梦回一次，跋涉的路上，那久别的温柔!

我，像是一只人海的孤舟，忘记了是怎样的开始，也不敢想起，这沿途的风景，是不是真的在这段生命里曾经真实的拥有……

这是终将落幕的舞台，孤单的剧幕里，我捻着青春的发角，恋恋的回首，就把一次次的擦肩相遇，演绎成缤纷的春与落花的秋。

多情的是这岁月，让我们这一生的过程，体会着上苍赋予生命的万千感受;偏偏无情的仍是这同样的岁月，让所有不舍的日子，都不能停下脚步，就只有在一次次绚丽的梦里，回到青春的时候，看那淡淡的云彩轻轻的游。

这一场生命像是风中的花瓣啊，最美的刹那，却是凋落的尽头。我不遗余力的想握住飞扬的四季，只想缀住它那匆匆的脚步，再也不会轻易的放手!

我只能是这红尘一个微渺的过客，拢着欢喜或是哀愁，悄悄的来，又悄悄的走。只等着将这百年的心事，凝成一次永恒的聚首。所有的日子，终于会回归到最初的时候，似乎没有什么发生过，只是还有一份悸动，在心底蛰伏了很久很久。哪里会有了无遗憾的人生啊，生命的轮回，只是一份无奈的祈求。

我放慢了脚步，时光却仍是毫不停留，风风雨雨的四季里，始终有一双，默默的含着泪光的眼眸……

这是一个由一对反义词组成的题目，两个概念对比鲜明，含义浅近。构思切入时可以联想到爱情，短暂的相逢是美丽的，永恒的分别也是感人的。不过思路可以放宽一些，搜古寻今，借鉴历史，联系现实。短暂是为了衬托永恒，很容易想到生命、价值、追求等精神层面的一些问题。借助典型材料，阐释永恒的意义，不失为明智之举。

(一)“短暂”与“永恒”是一组对立统—的关系，两词意义相对，表现为对立性。而短暂中有永恒，永恒又是由无数短暂组合而成的，这表现为统—性。“短暂”可实指，指时间、过程;永恒可虚指，指事物的抽象意义。

(二)立意与选材

第一种立意：生命短暂，但生命的价值则可永恒。社会现象，自然现象

第二种立意：永恒的美在一刹那

第三种立意：与其追求永恒，不如绽放片刻美丽

导语：写作文没有素材怎么行，一篇好的作文素材能让读者赏心悦目，让作者文思泉涌。下面是yuwenmi小编为备考的同学准备的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1、一只火鸡和一头牛闲聊，火鸡说：我希望能飞到树顶，可我没有勇气。牛说：为什么不吃一点我的牛粪呢，他们很有营养。火鸡吃了一点牛粪，发现它确实给了它足够的力量飞到第一根树枝，第二天，火鸡又吃了更多的牛粪，飞到第二根树枝，两个星期后，火鸡骄傲的飞到了树顶，但不久，一个农夫看到了它，迅速的把它从树上射了下来。

生存之道1：牛屎运让你达到顶峰，但不能让你留在那里。

2、乌鸦站在树上，整天无所事事，兔子看见乌鸦，就问：我能像你一样，整天什么事都不用干吗?乌鸦说：当然，有什么不可以呢?于是，兔子在树下的空地上开始休息，忽然，一只狐狸出现了，它跳起来抓住兔子，把它吞了下去。

生存之道2：如果你想站着什么事都不做，那你必须站的很高，非常高。

3、一只小鸟飞到南方去过冬。天很冷，小鸟几乎冬僵了。于是，飞到一大块空地上，一头牛经过那儿，拉了一堆牛粪在小鸟的身上，冬僵的小鸟躺在粪堆里，觉得很温暖，渐渐苏醒过来，它温暖而舒服的躺着，不久唱起歌来，一只路过的野猫听到声音，走过去看个究竟，循着声音，野猫很快发现了躺在粪堆里的小鸟，把它拽出来吃掉了。

生存之道3：不是每个往你身上拉大粪的人都是你的敌人。也不是每个把你从粪堆里拉出来的人都是你的朋友，还有，当你躺在粪堆里时，最好把你的嘴闭上。

4、从前，有两个饥饿的人得到了一位长者的恩赐：一根鱼竿和一篓鲜活硕大的鱼。其中，一个人要了一篓鱼，另一个人要了一根鱼竿，于是他们分道扬镳了。得到鱼的人原地就用干柴搭起篝火煮起了鱼，他狼吞虎咽，还没有品出鲜鱼的肉香，转瞬间，连鱼带汤就被他吃了个精光，不久，他便饿死在空空的鱼篓旁。另一个人则提着鱼竿继续忍饥挨饿，一步步艰难地向海边走去，可当他已经看到不远处那片蔚蓝色的海洋时，他浑身的最后一点力气也使完了，他也只能眼巴巴地带着无尽的遗憾撒手人间。

又有两个饥饿的人，他们同样得到了长者恩赐的一根鱼竿和一篓鱼。只是他们并没有各奔东西，而是商定共同去找寻大海，他俩每次只煮一条鱼，他们经过遥远的跋涉，来到了海边，从此，两人开始了捕鱼为生的日子，几年后，他们盖起了房子，有了各自的家庭、子女，有了自己建造的渔船，过上了幸福安康的生活。

一个人只顾眼前的利益，得到的终将是短暂的欢愉;一个人目标高远，但也要面对现实的生活。只有把理想和现实有机结合起来，才有可能成为一个成功之人。有时候，一个简单的道理，却足以给人意味深长的生命启示。

5、孔子的一位学生在煮粥时，发现有肮脏的东西掉进锅里去了。他连忙用汤匙把它捞起来，正想把它到掉时，忽然想到，一粥一饭都来之不易啊。于是便把它吃了。/刚巧孔子走进厨房，以为他在偷食，便教训了那位负责煮食的同学。经过解释，大家才恍然大悟。孔子很感慨的说：“我亲眼看见的事情也不确实，何况是道听途听呢?”

启示：推销生意是一种组织性质的生意，因为人多，人事问题也多。我们不时听到是非难辨的话，如某公司攻击另一间公司，如是者往往令人混淆是非，影响信心。因此找出事情的真相，不是轻易相信谣言，辛辛苦苦建立的事业才不会毁于一旦。

6、有个叫阿巴格的人生活在内蒙古草原上。有一次，年少的阿巴格和他爸爸在草原上迷了路，阿巴格又累又怕，到最后快走不动了。爸爸就从兜里掏出5枚硬币，把一枚硬币埋在草地里，把其余4枚放在阿巴格的手上，说：“人生有5枚金币，童年、少年、青年、中年、老年各有一枚，你现在才用了一枚，就是埋在草地里的那一枚，你不能把5枚都扔在草原里，你要一点点地用，每一次都用出不同来，这样才不枉人生一世。今天我们一定要走出草原，你将来也一定要走出草原。世界很大，人活着，就要多走些地方，多看看，不要让你的金币没有用就扔掉。”在父亲的鼓励下，那天阿巴格走出了草原。长大后，阿巴格离开了家乡，成了一名优秀的船长。

秘诀：珍惜生命，就能走出挫折的沼泽地。

7、有兄弟二人，年龄不过四、五岁，由于卧室的窗户整天都是密闭着，他们认为屋内太阴暗，看见外面灿烂的阳光，觉得十分羡慕。兄弟俩就商量说：“我们可以一起把外面的阳光扫一点进来。”于是，兄弟两人拿着扫帚和畚箕，到阳台上去扫阳光。等到他们把畚箕搬到房间里的时候，里面的阳光就没有了。这样一而再再而三地扫了许多次，屋内还是一点阳光都没有。正在厨房忙碌的妈妈看见他们奇怪的举动，问道：“你们在做什么?”他们回答说：“房间太暗了，我们要扫点阳光进来。”妈妈笑道：“只要把窗户打开，阳光自然会进来，何必去扫呢?”

秘诀：把封闭的心门敞开，成功的阳光就能驱散失败的阴暗。

8、雨后，一只蜘蛛艰难地向墙上已经支离破碎的网爬去，由于墙壁潮湿，它爬到一定的高度，就会掉下来，它一次次地向上爬，一次次地又掉下来……第一个人看到了，他叹了一口气，自言自语：“我的一生不正如这只蜘蛛吗?忙忙碌碌而无所得。”于是，他日渐消沉。第二个人看到了，他说：这只蜘蛛真愚蠢，为什么不从旁边干燥的地方绕一下爬上去?我以后可不能像它那样愚蠢。于是，他变得聪明起来。第三个人看到了，他立刻被蜘蛛屡败屡战的精神感动了。于是，他变得坚强起来。

秘诀：有成功心态者处处都能发觉成功的力量。

9、一个老人在高速行驶的火车上，不小心把刚买的新鞋从窗口掉了一只，周围的人倍感惋惜，不料老人立即把第二只鞋也从窗口扔了下去。这举动更让人大吃一惊。老人解释说：“这一只鞋无论多么昂贵，对我而言已经没有用了，如果有谁能捡到一双鞋子，说不定他还能穿呢!”

秘诀：成功者善于放弃。

10、某大公司准备以高薪雇用一名小车司机，经过层层筛选和考试之后，只剩下三名技术最优良的竞争者。主考者问他们：“悬崖边有块金子，你们开着车去拿，觉得能距离悬崖多近而又不至于掉落呢?”“二公尺。”第一位说。“半公尺。”第二位很有把握地说。

“我会尽量远离悬崖，愈远愈好。”第三位说。结果这家公司录取了第三位。

秘诀：不要和诱惑较劲，而应离得越远越好。

11、中国古代大哲学家老子，有一天他把弟子人叫到床边，他张开口用手指一指口里面，然后问弟子们看到了什么?在场的众第子没有一个能答得上。

于是老子就对他们说：“满齿不存，舌头犹在”意思是：牙齿须硬但它寿命不长;舌头须软，但生命力更强。

12、江南才子唐伯虎在江南一庙宇偶遇前来进香的秋香，一见钟情，遂生共结连理之意。为此，他一路跟踪秋香到太师府，又想方设法以伴读书僮的身份混进府，谋得了接触秋香的机会，后在府中多次接触秋香并表心意，均被秋香拒绝。有一次竟被秋香锁进柴房，但唐伯虎并不气馁，又请来好友祝枝山帮忙，在好友的指点下博得点秋香成婚的好机会，至此，江南才子好梦成真。唯一不太好的是唐伯虎在成婚后从太师府偷偷溜走不辞而别，显得不太有面子，不过，这也是他当时最好的选择。

启示：1、目标要明确;2、为实现目标措施要有效;3、要屡败屡战并适当时候请高人帮助，毕竟有时是旁观者清;4、完成目标美梦成真后可以适时跳槽，该走就走。

13、老和尚携小和尚游方，途遇一条河;见一女子正想过河，却又不敢过。老和尚便主动背该女子趟过了河，然后放下女子，与小和尚继续赶路。小和尚不禁一路嘀咕：师父怎么了?竟敢背一女子过河?一路走，一路想，最后终于忍不住了，说：师父，你犯戒了?怎么背了女人?老和尚叹道：我早已放下，你却还放不下!

启示：君子坦荡荡，小人常戚戚;心胸宽广，思想开朗，遇事拿得起、放得下，才能永远保持一种健康的心态。

课文中的经典句子，又是精华中的精华，背熟之后对你的写作语法有很大的帮助。下面来看看小编为大家带来的英语课文经典句子吧，希望对你有帮助。

1、 Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

2、 Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

3、 The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

4、 I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

5、 He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

6、 First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

7、 Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

8、 Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

9、 Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

10、 In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

11、 The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

12、 Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

13、 This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

14、 I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

15、 I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

16、 Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

17、 When are you off to Guangzhou?

18、 My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

19、 See you when I get back.

20、 The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

21、 Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

22、 Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

23、 Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

24、 One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

25、 He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

26、 Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

27、 When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

28、 The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

29、 I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

30、 Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

31、 There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

32、 In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

33、 In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

34、 In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

35、 With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

36、 For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

37、 In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

38、 At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

39、 Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

40、 However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

41、 Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

42、 Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

43、 Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

44、 Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

45、 A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

46、 If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

47、 The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

一、议论文写作三要素

议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有：

1. 归纳法

从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。

2. 推理法

从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。

3. 对照法

对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。

4. 驳论法

先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。

二、议论文的特点

议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。

三、议论文的写法

要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点：

1. 确定论点

论点通常在文章的第一段提出。

2. 要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例

3. 论证要有严密的逻辑性

所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。

4. 层次要清楚

5. 态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人

议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充;议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。

6. 论据要充分

欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。

议论文尽管有多种写法，但中学生的英语作文都有提示，因此，论点、论据一般都是确定的，我们首先应准确找出论点、论据及其间的相互关系，也即是要找出要点;然后考虑如何组织材料，也即是论证的方式，短文的写法;还应考虑文章的时态、语态等。议论文常用一般现在时，但述说过去的事实时，可用过去时态;预测将来时，要用将来时态;也经常使用被动语态;有时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用上虚拟语气。在考虑了短文的写法、时态、语态等后，可根据行文的需要，使用恰当的连接词，按适当的顺序将写好的句子组合成短文。

一、借评议引出观点对和文章主题相关的一些事情、现象或哲语等，作一番独到的评析，从而自然地引出自己的观点，也是成功开头的一大特色。如：

记得有一位美国女作家曾说过，沟通的最高境界就是静静地聆听。的确，聆听所表现出的正是一种宽容、谦逊的人格，也展示了对他人的尊重。(江西考生《学会聆听》)

人之一世，殊为不易。在看似平坦的人生旅途中充满了种种荆棘，往往使人痛不欲生。痛苦之于人，犹狂风之于陋屋，巨浪之于孤舟，水舌之于心脏。百世沧桑，不知有多少心胸狭隘之人因受挫折放大痛苦而一蹶不振;人世千年，更不知有多少意志薄弱之人因受挫放大痛苦而志气消沉;万古旷世，又不知有多少内心懦弱的人因受挫放大痛苦而葬身于万劫不复的深渊……面对挫折，我们不应放大痛苦，而应直面人生，缩小痛苦，直至成功的一天。(四川考生《遭遇挫折，笑对痛苦》)

二、借美国女作家的话点出“聆听是沟通的最高境界”，从而自然引出作者的观点：听取他人的意见很重要;先用形象的比喻铺陈痛苦对人的打击，再借评议对待挫折的不当态度引起的不良后果，水到渠成地亮出作者关于对待挫折所持的态度，自然贴切。

比喻就是打比方，是用具体的、浅显的、熟知的事物去说明或描写抽象的、深奥的、生疏的事物的一种修辞手法。写文章如果能适当地加点比喻，将使语言更加鲜明、生动、形象，使深刻的、抽象的道理浅显地具体地体现出来。

一、分析成分

提到比喻句的组成，很多孩子都会不假思索地回签“本体”、“喻体”、“比喻词”。

如：满世界都是雨，头顶的岩石像为我撑起的巨伞。这句话中本体是“岩石”，喻体是“巨伞”，比喻词是“像”。

又如“红红的枫叶像一枚枚邮票。”本体是“枫叶”，喻体是“邮票”，比喻词是“像”。对比喻句成分的分析，看似非常简单，但书面练习或检测中却不会这么直白地问你“本体”、“喻体”、“比喻词”是什么。通常会出现这样提问：本句把比作。那么，孩子们就要懂得这种问法的解答方法。即把“本体”放前“喻体”放后来回答。结合刚才的例句就是：第一句把岩石比作巨伞，第二句把枫叶比作邮票。另外，还有一种问法，即“用 比喻”，它的答法则刚好相反，即把喻体放前本体放后来回答。即第一句用巨伞比喻岩石，第二句用邮票比喻枫叶。这两种问法都是分析比喻句成分的常用形式。因此，孩子们要扎实掌握，灵活运用。这种问法也是在为高年级时分析比喻手法做准备。

二、体会作用

比喻能给人以生动亲切之感，这种感觉我们如何用语言表达出来呢?如孩子们经常遇到这种题型：

问题：啊，老桥，你如一位德高望重的老人，在这涧水上站了几百年了啊?这句话用了修辞手法，这种表达的效果好在哪?

分析：

1.这个句子把老桥比作老人，用了比喻的修辞手法。

2.回答比喻的好处，一般从两个方面来作答。一是写清作者写了什么;二要写出自己读的受。结合本句，从“老”字体现了桥的年代久，从“桥”的使用价值来看，它是用来载人为人众服务的。“德高望重”一词的意思是品德高尚，名望很大。综合对词语的理解，我们可以这样回答本句比喻手法的好处：作者生动形象地写出了桥的古老和它默默无闻为大众服务的品质，表达了作者对桥的赞美和敬佩。这里要重点强调这样的语式：作者生动形象地写出了;表达(表现了)。这样的语句很自然地把两方面内容串联在了一起。

再举个例子，让大家感受一下。

忽然，像被一阵风吹来似的，远处的小丘上出现了一群马，马上的男女老少穿着各色的衣裳，群马疾驰，襟飘带舞，像一条彩虹向我们飞过来。

分析：这句话把“各色的衣裳，飞驰的骏马，飘舞的衣襟、衣带”统一作为一个本体出现，那么整理后我们可以说，本句的“本体”是蒙古族友人远道迎客的景象，那么本句就是把这些景物比作彩虹，这样写的好处是作者生动、形象地写出了蒙古族友人远道迎客的场景，表达了他们对汉族朋友的热情好客。

三、学会仿写

低年级学生的比喻句通常来源于课文中的优美语句，因此语言简单，结构短小，如：太阳像火球、月亮像小船。

可是随着年级的升高，本应越写越精彩的比喻句却出现了非常尴尬的局面。很多高年级的学生，在答题时依然在写低年级时非常简单的句子。为了考察高年级学生语词积累和运用能力，同时也为了避免“低智”的句子出现，现在的比喻句多以“仿写”的形式出现，即“照样子写句子。”对于仿写，我们要牢牢把握两点。

1.结构要正确

如：雨像一曲无字的歌谣，神奇地四面八方飘然而起。

这个句子分前后两部分，前半部把雨比作歌谣，后半部写了歌谣飘然而起的景象。那么我们的仿写也要分前后两部分。

又如：索溪像一个从深山中蹦跳而出的野孩子，一会儿绕着山奔跑，一会儿撅着屁股，堵着气又自个闹去了。

这句话分两个部分，前半部用野孩子比喻索溪，后半部分采用并列关系，用两个“一会儿”写出了索溪淘气的行为，那我们仿写同样要采用这样的结构。

2.搭配要合理

前两个例句让我们清晰地看到，一个比喻句要做到生动形象，除了要有精彩的喻体外，作者还要对喻体进行了进一步详细地补充：山雨的静谧，索溪的淘气劲儿都是作者通过补充描写展现出来的。由此可见，后面补充的句子，特别是动词一定要与喻体相搭配。下面结合孩子的仿写，做进一步说明。

原句：啊，老桥，你如一位德高望重的老人，在这涧水上站了几百年了吧!

仿写：啊，老师，你如一位辛勤的园丁，哺育着我们这些刚刚发芽的幼苗。

分析：仿写句子的结构是正确的，但“哺育”不是园丁的行为，因此搭配“园丁”是不会理的。

改写：啊，老师，你如一位辛勤的园丁，精心浇灌着我们这些刚刚发芽的幼苗。

分析：“浇灌”是“园丁”发出的动作，这样的搭配就比较合适了。

再举个例子：

原句：雨像一曲无字的歌谣，神奇地从四面八方飘然而起。

仿写：风像妈妈温柔的手，轻轻地抚摸着孩子们。

分析：句子结构正确，“抚摸”搭配“手”合理，正确。

今天，我从三个方面分析了比喻句，一般来说这也是有关比喻句的出题类型，希望能给你带来帮助。

第一节写熟悉的事，有话可说

每一道作文试题都给考生留下广阔的思考空间，让考生写身边的事，写熟悉的事，发表自己的意见和感想。"让每一个考生都有话可说"这一命题原则，在近年的中考作文命题中体现得更加明显。如"为了自己的梦想"，每一个人都可以说出自己的心里话，因为每一个人都有自己心里的梦想。"欢乐一家亲"和"美好一瞬间"，也是让考生写非常熟悉的事情，使考生们能够有话可说。"写给________的信"，考生们只要去写熟悉的人，写熟悉的事，写熟悉的情感，都可以写出一篇令人满意的作文来。"对我影响最大的一个人"和"________，让生活更美好"，考生们肯定有熟悉的人和熟悉的事可写。近年来的浙江省中考作文命题，都是建立在学生能言说，而且可以把话说好的基础之上。

名题精析

原题回放写作。(60分)

我们曾关切蚂蚁王国的命运，猜想浩瀚宇宙的奥秘，还有堆沙、玩水、痴想……纯粹而真实。少年的心里住着童心，不经意间，你会发现枝头的花儿在匿笑，墙角的蟋蟀在欢唱……

大人的心里藏着童心，不信你看，爷爷与你的忘年之交，严谨的老师天真的一笑……

让我们用眼睛去"听"，用耳朵去"看"，童心可以装下整个世界。

以"________童心"为题写一篇文章。

要求：(1)补全题目，可以填入"拥有""发现""久违了""美丽的""爸爸的""啊!"等;(2)文体自选;(3)不少于600字(诗歌不少于16行);(4)文中不得出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

考题解析

本作文题采用半命题形式，作文题目由漫画、导语、要求构成。从多方面引导考生理解童心，三幅漫画分别为"童心是一种向往""童心是一种想象""童心是一种创造"。导语里有用眼睛去"听"、用耳朵去"看"，童心可以装下整个世界等提示语，并且提示考生可以填入"拥有""发现""久违了""啊!""爸爸的""美丽的"等内容。从中可以看出，命题者可谓用心良苦，他在提醒考生，在人生的追求中，要保留一些人性中最美好的东西，而童心便是其中一个。他也在提醒老师，教育是一种呵护和唤醒，呵护人身上最美好的东西，唤醒学生对人生的美好向往。

"________童心"这个题目让每个考生都有话可说，毕竟从小到大，每个人都曾拥有一颗童心，只是有些人意识到了并保持下来，而有些人没有很好地关注到。题目也能让考生发挥自己的特点，让任何一种文体、文风都可能写成佳作。从这点而言，这个作文题目是不太难的。相信很多考生拿到题目之后，脑海里马上闪烁的是自己拥有的童年生活。童年一定有童心，但是童年生活并不等同于童心。文章可以写"某人的童心"，这类文章如果能用生动精彩而富有情趣的细节加以表现，会很鲜活。也可以写对童心的思考，社会在发展，童心渐逝，少年老成，"简单、自然、一致"的童心在慢慢消逝，如果能书写出美好童心在现代的遭遇，表达渴望，抒发感慨，或透过现象阐述个人见解，也是相当不错的。

当然，无论哪种文章，最关键的还是对童心的理解，童心是一种精神，需要自己的体悟和理解，考生对童心如果有自己的见解，便会有与众不同的切入角度，而对童心的理解程度，差不多决定着文章的立意高度和深度。

此外，教材中也有这类富有童心的文章，如鲁迅、丰子恺等名人记录的童年趣事等，相信这也能给学生不少写作上的启发与灵感。

佳作赏析

阳光·童心

温州一考生

我是躺在风的怀抱中静静沉睡的风筝，做着一个五彩斑斓的梦;我是简单的秋千，开心地和阳光一起舞蹈，承载着一个个对蓝天的向往;我是一块块大小不一的积木，每天都会有一双双小手将我组成各种形态，饰以笑容。我就是童心，阳光与快乐的孩子，带给每个人快乐。

这一天，我隐了身，背着妈妈偷偷从窗子里飞了出来，绕过长满牵牛花的篱笆墙，跃过飘满蒲公英的草地，向每一朵白云问好，开始了我的一段神奇而又梦幻的旅行。

晚上，我在灿烂的星空下，飞了很长时间，最终是累了，然后向远处眺望。蓦地，在长满鲜花的地方发现了一座漂亮的小房子，我以最快的速度来到了这座小房子。"哦!这真是一栋很可爱的小楼呢!"我不禁感叹，"住在里面的人一定很幸福。"我跃上了二楼的阳台，拿出从家里偷拿来的柠檬草小饼干，小口小口地吃着，不经意间，我看到了窗子里的情景。

柔和的灯光洒在房间的每个角落里，渲染出温馨的气氛。在米色沙发上，坐着一个神情严肃、认真的男人，茶几上的咖啡已经冷掉了，他的双眼正瞪着放在膝盖上的方盒子，用人们的话来说，就是电脑。他的手指飞速敲击着键盘，很长一段时间，都未曾挪动一下位置。在他旁边的软木地板上，正坐着一个小家伙!他很可爱，在灯光下，他的眼里显出的尽是快乐，还透着些期待。他每次用积木搭出一个新东西，就抬头向他的父亲看一下。可他总是显得有些失望，然后低头将原本搭好的积木全部打乱。"爸爸，陪我玩一会儿好不好?"他几乎用哀求的语气说。男人愣了一愣，看了看地上可爱的孩子，又看了看那个方盒子里的东西，抱歉而又无奈地说："宝贝儿，对不起，爸爸今天没时间，改天爸爸一定陪你玩，好不好?"结果，那个孩子哭了，哭得很大声。男人不知所措，喊着孩子的妈妈，然后抱着那个方盒子匆匆离开。

亲爱的朋友们，我是不是应该帮帮那个孩子呢?只见满天的星星都在向我点头。呵呵，做好事的时间到了。我用魔法杖轻轻点了点这座房屋，几千万束星光汇聚在一起，变成了一颗童心，我将它偷偷地装进了那个小盒子，这样童心的力量就能感染那个男人了。

果然不出所料，那个男人十分钟后又出现在了孩子的面前，他在孩子面前坐了下来，笑着摸了摸孩子的头："宝贝儿，爸爸陪你玩好不好?"孩子怔了怔，随即开心地大喊："好!"

灯光下，一父一子，一份积木，两颗童心，他们是多么快乐啊!

童心，带给人温暖。它如同阳光，只有洒在你身上，你才会发现它的美好。而我，安静地在阳台上睡去等待天亮。

精彩析评

本文最大的特点是想象力丰富，文章从一个愿意为生活带去快乐的"魔法师"的视角出发，折射出作者内心的善良与无私，这该是一种怎样的胸怀啊!家庭中温馨的场景和父子间的对话，真切感人，这一幕也许在每个家庭中都出现过，但孩子的内心，我们是否真正在乎过?而作者以一颗"救赎"之心，让父亲良心发现，给予孩子温暖与欢乐。这温馨的场面，最能体现作者的助人情怀，升华了主题。

文章如讲故事般娓娓道来，不急不躁，语言简洁，贴近现实，感觉故事就在身边。结尾一句，最能显现作者的美好情感，以及他的赤子之心。

真题精练

中考真题(2015·宁波)阅读材料，完成作文。(60分)

一个小男孩种下一颗胡萝卜种子。他的妈妈说："这颗种子恐怕不会发芽。"他的爸爸也说："它恐怕不会发芽。"他的哥哥也说："它恐怕不会发芽。"每天，小男孩都把种子周围的杂草拔掉，然后浇上水。可是，什么都没长出来。一天天过去，还是什么都没长出来。大家都不断地说：这颗种子不会发芽的。但是，每天小男孩仍然坚持拔掉种子周围的杂草，然后浇上水。终于，有一天，一棵胡萝卜长出来了，如同小男孩早就知道的那样。

(选自路斯·克劳斯《胡萝卜种子》)

根据上述材料，从以下题目中任选一题，写一篇文章。

题目一：我就是一颗会发芽的种子

题目二：种子发芽以后

题目三：由《胡萝卜种子》想到的

要求：(1)根据你的理解和感悟，联系自己的生活体验写作;(2)自选文体(诗歌除外)，文章不少于500字;(3)文中不要出现含有考生信息的人名、校名、地名等。

思路点拨

这是一则材料命题作文，材料讲述了一个小男孩在别人的怀疑声中坚持种胡萝卜种子，最终成功的故事。这种类似寓言的文字，给了我们一个深刻的哲理体验：一定要给孩子以希望，让他们相信一切皆有可能，只要辛勤付出便会有所收获。试题从三个角度给了三个题目，使学生的立意具有一定的可选择性。这样的题目要求尊重学生的个性差异与表达愿望。无论是细腻如水的描绘，质朴无华的讲述，还是天马行空的想象，精辟深刻的阐述，都适合这个作文题目要求，无文体上的偏向，无主题上的限定，使得考生都如那胡萝卜种子，有了发芽的空间，但至于能长得多大，考生的作文多精彩，就取决于学生的情感体验、语言表达和思维能力了。