英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文（经典20篇）

写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的信息，步步都要紧扣文题，才能写好作文，小编收集了中考命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

中考命题作文包罗万象。如：童年回忆童年琐事、青春剪影我在花季、心香一瓣忘不了他(她)、难忘时刻记一次升旗活动、走向未来自强的我、生活感悟我生活在集体的怀抱里、山光水色家乡变了、世相写生记一位平凡的人、温馨情怀母亲的爱等等

从总体来看，中考命题作文有其设计、表达方面的规律：

第一，绝大多数文题涉及的内容充分贴近学生生活;第二，大题、宽题大大多于小题、窄题，便于考生自由选材;第三，记叙文题大大多于说明文、议论文题;第四，命题作文在使用数量上仍占主流地位。

了解这些规律，那么，在实际应试实践中又有哪些规律需要遵循呢?下面介绍四个要点。

1.要审题上，要做到瞻前顾后、一字不漏

对于题目，应从头至尾反复领会、研读，不得忽略一处。要审读的内容包括：

①文题的大、小、宽、窄、虚、实、显、隐。

②文题中有没有点示主题的字词。

③文题中有没有点示重点的语言标志。

④文题中的的标点或其它符号及其含义。

⑤有没有副标题，其作用是什么?

⑥各种写作要求、限制。

⑦能否从题目以外的语言材料中品味出一点隐含信息。

在写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的信息，步步都要紧扣文题，紧扣要求。

另外，在具体的审题过程中，对这样几种内容的题目不可掉以轻心。

第一种，看似很浅显的题目。

如我长大了这个文题，是一个宽泛的中考作文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对长大的理解。如果在审题之中认为长大的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等等，那这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能够寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

第二种，看似很熟悉的题目。

如美在课余这个文题，是一个宽题。可供取材的内容也是不少的。其实这个题目有一个迷惑点，这个迷惑点在那个美字上。稍不注意，就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对美字的品读。由于没有抓住这个美字，就会写出丰富多彩的课余、好玩的课余、有趣的课余、热闹的课余等等内容，而就是没有突出这个美字。

第三种，看似很形象的题目。

如风景这边独好这个文题，也是一个宽题，题目似乎很形象，但远不是从字面上理解的那么简单。它既可以写实，如写一个地方的风景，写一个地方的景物特点，写一个地方的景物的变化，但更重要的是应该写这个地方的发展，写这个地方的特色，写这个地方表现出的时代的进步。再换一个角度思考，它不仅可以写地方，还可以写人，还可以写事，等等。

第四种，看似很直观的题目。

如礼物这个题目，好像一看就知道是什么。但在具体的写作中，它可能是实指某种物，更多的也许是喻指像礼物一样的美好事物。用喻指来写文章，其思路更广，其情感更丰富。要记住，不管命题作文的形式多么复杂，你的眼睛要永远盯着它的题目。在熟悉的题目面前不要激动，不要以为它就是你做过的原题;在生疏的题目面前不要紧张，不要以为你的心目中就没有它的影子。

2.在取材立意上，要做到大中取小，以小见大

我们先来看下面一些信手拈来的中考作文题：学语文的故事、母亲的爱、我生活在集体的怀抱里、他做得对、同学，你不能这样、在错误和挫折面前、谈谈我们的课堂教学、雨中、五星红旗升起的时候等等。它们的共同特征是好像只是划出了一个取材立意的框框，需要我们选用自己最熟悉的内容将其具体化。

对这样一些文题，要做到大中取小，将其具体化：第一，将宽题变窄。所谓宽题，就是从内容上看，可以包含许多题材、许多素材的题目。由于它的宽，似乎许多材料都可以用来写作文，我们就必须选准材料，把作文的内容浓缩到一个点之上，使之变窄，以便顺利成文。如火柴的联想是一个宽题，它可以让你联想到非常多的事，非常多的人，非常多的现象。但这种丰富的联想只能是在构思过程中，必须从这丰富的联想中决定一个供展开的联想点，才能开始考场作文的写作。

第二，将大题变小。

所谓大题，其实也是一种宽题。从意义上看，有些题目的主题比较直露，比较追求一定的意义。如文题变了，从这个变字上看就是要求你在文中一定要点示出某种意义。

对于这样的题，我们可以用加限制的方法将其变小。如变了这个题，我们可以在题目前加上限制性的语言，如兰兰变了、我们家变了;也可以在题目后面加上副标题，如变了从一件小事看我们的班风、变了他又回到了我们班。经过这样的处理，就可以开始构思了。

再来看下面一些常见中考作文题：

我的一天、记我受到的一次小挫折、家中小事、记一堂我喜欢的语文课、我的老师、常人小传、令我深思的一件事。这些题目对内容的要求都很具体，选材也比较容易。

对这样的文题，我们要做到的以小见大。小中见大最为关键的就是要选点生发，也就是说，要选好一个能够让你很好地展开记叙、很好地展开议论的点，再从这个点上写开去。

3.在构思上，要做到或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈

或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈这句话，可以说是中考作文构思的总策略。一点式伸展就是一篇文章内只将一个内容写好、写细、写完整，多点式铺陈就是在文章中多写几个内容，将它们有机地组合在一起。

看下面中考作文题的构思方向：

家乡变了：用多个画面、事例的组合来表现变这是多点式铺陈。

我在家中的故事：可写一个故事的始末这是一点式伸展。

给班主任老师的一封信：或谈一个观点，或回忆几件小事。

天下无难事：可通过记一件事来突现主题，也可用几个例证证明观点。

读书乐：可乐在一处，乐在一点;也可乐在几处，乐在几点。

我眼中的同龄人：必须进行多点式铺陈，写几个同龄人的生活。

一件小事给我的教益：必须进行一点式伸展，先写事，再写理。

以这两种模式为基础进行变化，设计好开头、结尾，安排好不同表达方式的穿插，考场命题作文的框架便能够设置得完整、规范。

4.在表达上，要做到：注重文体特征，表现个性特点注重文体特征，就是要充分准确地表现文体特点，而不要出现将读后感写成读后叙、在家乡变了中穿插一半篇幅的议论、将自强的我写成自我介绍等模糊文体色彩的错误。

表现个性特点，就是要表现考生运用语言文字的技能技巧。就是要认真遣词造句，稳妥布局谋篇，从语气、结构、主题方面尽量表现出自己的实际水平，甚至期望有超过水平发挥，力争做到常中出新、平中有奇。

导语：很多同学谈英语作文而色变，大家似乎都特别怕写作。其实要把英语作文写成高分不外乎就是多背，多看，多练，多积累，多仿。趁着还有时间，建议考生要抓紧复习提升，下面是高分作文写作的方法，17年的考生认真看看。

一、了解意图，抓住精髓

近年来的大作文非常玄妙，值得细品。首先，很可能大作文正在经历由时事向哲理过渡的重大变革，这在2001年、2002年、2004年、2007年、2009和2010年真题上表现得最为明显。其次，出题人将尽量用图画来表达意图，而不借助或少借助图中或图旁的文字，这样意义表达的会更深刻，对考生的思考力和判断力的要求也就更高。第三，图画的含义深刻，可以接受的解释也较多，但要想取得高分，必须紧扣图画，把握住其中的精髓，最深刻地表达其核心的意义。

二、扣紧主题

写大作文时切记要扣紧主题，切不可离题太远，导致最后回不来或时间不够写不完。另外，各部分之间的比例应适当，第一段不要太长。与主题相关的关键词语一定要用对，否则会影响分数。

三、看清要求

有的同学一看到写“网络”，就立即联想到这方面最火爆的话题“网络成瘾”，将主题确定为此。有的同学干脆将之转变为自己看到过的文章——“网络的利与弊”。这些都是不正确的做法。写大作文时，首先要减少语言的错误，提高语言的准确性。语言错误有许多种，有的是小错误，甚至可以忽略不计，而有些是大错误，是让老师看到后不得不扣分的错误。另一方面就是增加闪光点，除了结构清晰外，闪光点主要指好的词、词组或句型，一是使用恰当，二是要有变换。上述这两点都不容易，而结合起来就更难了。如果文章分为三段，那么起始段、结尾段和中间段落的开始部分是非常关键的。对于背诵的好词、词组和句型，一定要和具体的行文联系起来，融入到文章中去，不仅要用对，还要用好，避免给人突兀的感觉。

四、避免投机取巧

近年来，有些考生有投机的心理，结果却很惨烈。有的考生准备了万能模板，直接往上套，这样的效果并不好。正如有的较为激进的阅卷老师所说，这些考生是想通过不诚实的手段得到不属于他的东西，这样的人应该得到惩罚。实际上这些考生中有的水平还不错，如果坚持依靠自己，咬紧牙关奋力拼搏的话，结果会是不错的。

综上所述，对于作文这一部分来说，大家应该首先了解不同文章的特点和规律，而后用心地学习范文并进行模仿，然后练习全文写作并请老师批改再细细揣摩。相信通过这样的过程，大家的写作一定会有长足的进步。

高考的语文作文谁都想拿高分，但不知道写什么类型好，下面是小编整理的高考高分写作的类型，欢迎阅读。

第一，就作文的整体结构来看。一篇作文的整体结构来看的话，议论文是更容易写的，相对于记述文和抒情文来说，议论文只需要同学们摆出中心论点然后铺开论点就是可以了，可以说整篇作文的结构直截了当的直述下来，所以就作文的整体结构来看，高考写议论文是更容易拿高分。

第二，中心思想的表达。一篇好的杰出的作文，它的中心思想是非常明显的，能够让读者一眼就能够看到作者在表达什么，而且整篇作文的内容就是在围绕着中心思想展开的，议论文的中心论点就是同学们需要表达的中心思想，它不同于记述文和抒情文需要在段落中归纳总结，所以就中心思想的表达来说，高考写议论文容易拿高分。

第三，综合性来说。从综合性来看，想要写好一篇记述文那么同学们作文段落之间的衔接以及内容之间的转折都要有很好的把握，抒情文更是需要同学们把自己的情感融入到字里行间去，而且又能够以优雅的字词表达出来，相对来说是比较难写的，议论文同学们只需要在中心论点和分论点之间把握好过度就是可以了，高考作文想拿高分，相对于是比较容易的。

议论文相对于记述文和抒情文来说是比较容易写的，因为它的整体作文的框架是非常容易构思出来的，中心论点加上分论点就是可以了，同学们需要把握的就是分论点之间的递进关系，以上是高三网小编整理的高考写什么类型的作文容易拿高分，

写好这篇作文，要注意以下几个问题：

（一）什么是感恩。

宽泛的说就是对别人所给的帮助表示感激。它的情感比感谢要深切、要厚重、要丰沛。

（二）对谁感恩。

这个问题其实就是这篇文章的主要写作对象和范围。

在写作范围上同学们一定要拓宽选材空间，可以思考的范围有：回顾历史，放眼社会，倾听大自然，展望未来。

在写作对象上同学们要倾注丰富情感，可以寄托的情感的载体有人、物、景、事等。

（三）感恩的原因。

这是这篇作文的写作缘由。感恩，充实着我们的生活；感恩，塑造着我们的心灵；感恩，

使世界变得美丽；感恩，使我们拥有爱心，天天拥有感恩之心是多么幸福、清净的境界。但现代社会中有很多缺乏感恩的表现：对父母辛苦的无动于衷、对老师付出的漠然置之、对动物受伤的冷眼相待、对别人危难的缺乏同情、对民族忧患的缺乏关注。。。。面对这些现象，我们可以展现自己与写作对象之间发生的事件交往、情感交流和独特体悟。很多事情、很多情感值得我们写入作文。可以参考的有：

1父母亲的爱惜、呵护

2老师们的指导、教诲

3朋友间的关心、提醒

4陌生人的帮助、风险

4大自然的恩赐、赋予

5失败后的鞭策、启迪

6祖国、民族的强壮、哺育

（四）怎样感恩

感恩，不像你想像得那么遥不可及，它做起来也很简单。以下给出几个小材料，通过这几个小材料，总结下我们可以借鉴的感恩的做法：

一．为何国王把王位传给第三个儿子？

有个国王有三个儿子，他很疼爱他们，但不知传位给谁。最后，他让三个儿子回答如何表达对父亲的爱。大儿子说：我要把父王的功德制成帽子，让全国的百姓天天把您供在头上。二儿子说：我要把父王的功德制成鞋子，让普天下的百姓都知道是您支撑他们。三儿子：我只想把您当做一位平凡的父亲，永远放在我心里。最后，国王把王位传给了第三个儿子。

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩需要真诚，它应该来自心灵的深处。

二、小女孩为何获得雷鸣般的掌声？

老师正在做一次如何感恩父母的调查。一个同学马上说：等我长大的时候，我要送一套很大很大的别墅给他们。其他的同学露出惊奇和羡慕的目光。另一个同学接着说：我要请爸爸妈妈出去旅游，南极的冰川和北极的极光就是我送给他们的礼物！其他的同学传出不小的赞叹声。只有一个女孩怯怯地说：我要给妈妈洗头，让让她的长发飘逸起来空气在这一刻凝固了，教室里静得能听见心跳声。为什么？老师不解地问。在一次车祸中，妈妈的双手致残了，只有我给她洗头对妈妈来说，洗头是种幸福！教室里爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩需要爱，它是幸福的另一种表达。

感恩需要细心呵护，它应该来自平凡的生活。

三、奥运会冠军顾俊的感人之处何在？

《江南时报》报道，载誉归来的奥运会冠军顾俊回到家乡无锡，得知父亲顾德元所在的无锡第四纺织机械厂正遇到贷款难题，便毫不犹豫地拿出自己的16枚金牌，给父亲拿去作为贷款抵押。如今，这家企业蒸蒸日上。当职工们共拿出20万元奖励她时，顾俊却说：我为家乡人民做些事情是应该的没有家乡的哺育，就没有我的今天。

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩需要提升境界,它应该来自博大的胸怀。

四、国手拒绝回国原因哪般？

釜山亚运会之前，中国篮球协会召回在美国打球的王治郅，准备将他与姚明、巴特尔组成固若金汤的防线。然而，由于害怕经济利益受到损失，这位无人能替的国手最终没有回国效力。比赛的结果可以想象，我们以几分之差屈居亚军

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩应该远离冷漠，拒绝自私，对心胸狭窄勇敢地说不。

[如何指导感恩话题作文的写作

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

一、热情鼓励，激发兴趣

作文讲评是作文教学的重要环节，教师应当鼓励学生积极参与，而不能唱独角戏。教师可以充当作文讲评的组织者教师，把表演的舞台还给学生，师生共同参与，各抒己见。以我最近的一次作文训练为例子。我让同学们写一篇《我渴望……》的作文，我请同学上讲台朗读，并讲讲自己认为哪些地方较精彩，还存在哪些不足。然后同学们针对此文，发表看法。同学们纷纷提出自己看法，有从内容上分析的，有有从语言上分析的，也有从谋篇布局上分析的，有的还针对文中涉及的“背叛”等字眼进行质疑。气氛非常活跃。接下来，采用“毛遂自荐”法，朗读自己作文中的精彩片段（互批时找出的作文亮点），让同学们欣赏或评价。此时，我抛出存在的共性问题，一起讨论解决方法。师生共同总结“抒真情，写感受”类文章的写法，总结作文规律。通过交流，激发学生提出个人见解，表达修改意见，取得良好的效果。

二、亲身尝试，身临其境。

小学生作文多是记叙文，又多是记叙一些亲身经历（或听到或看到）的事。为此，让学生亲身尝试，身临其境尤为重要。1、让学生动手做一做、试一试，动口去说一说、议一议，动脑去想一想，然后再写一写。2、让习作与学生的生活结合起来，有的老师引导学生回忆每天之“最”：比如最好吃的食品、最好听的歌、最喜欢上的课、哪个电视节目最好看、最不高兴的事等等，这就使学生感到写作与他们的生活联系起来了。这样有序引导，学生作文才能言之有物、言之有序。

三、实物观察，充分体会。

写物的文章可以让学生目睹实物，让学生认真观察，仔细琢磨、充分讨论，然后再有序记录。这样成文有序、作文简易。再适当加入想象，这样作文内容就充实得多，也具体得多了。1、结合文体活动、课堂教学活动、德育活动、课外活动等，巧设题目，写自己熟悉的材料。2、写自己的朋友、亲人。先布置观察题，设计观察要求，然后把自己的观察结果说出来，最后整理成文。3、留心观察周围事物，做个有心人。首先教给学生留心观察事物的方法：用眼看、用耳听、用手摸、用脑想。鼓励学生做个有心人，去留心观察周围事物，遇风则风，遇雨则雨，遇事则事，遇景则景。

四、学会自我修改作文。

指导学生学习修改的方法，掌握修改的标准，养成修改的习惯，也是写好作文的关键。作文是学生写出来的，好作文也一定是学生自己改出来的。我们要重视学生自己的修改，使之成为自我提升、不断完善的过程。在使用范文时最好选精品，当然也可以用学生的好和差两方面的典型，但一定要征求学生的意见，好的习作最好让小组来推选，这个过程也是对相互间的提高和学习。

五、学会积累素材。

俗话说：“巧妇难作无米之炊。”这就是说没有材料，即使是能工巧匠，也无法造出精美的器物。素材是未经提炼加工的写作材料，是作文的物质基础，犹如木之本，水之源。儿童心理学表明：学生写作，首先必须拥有写作文的有关的材料、中心思想、段落层次、语言表达┄┄一切都无法从头谈起。

1、从现实生活中积累素材

心理学表明：儿童天性好玩、好动。教师应抓住这一心理特征，有计划、有目的组织一些有益的课外活动，如春游活动、文体活动、读书活动、演讲活动、看电视、听广播等等，丰富学生的生活经验，积累写作素材。如：留心生活写周记，在平时生活，学习中，时常都会发生一些事情，但每个人的记忆是有限的，经过一段时间，都会淡忘，要求学生写周记，将自己所见、所闻、所感真实地记录下来，这样就成了一个素材库，到作文时就不愁没有写作素材了。另外，农村的风景优美，乡土气息浓厚，美丽的大自然有孕育了千姿百态的动植物。教师利用这种优势，引导学生“见景生情”。把这种情景教育引进小学生作文教学中，会收到事半功倍的效果。总之，做生活的有心人，就是学生作文成功的基石。

2、从书本中积累素材

古人说得好：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。”阅读是写作的基础，离开阅读，学生对事物的表达将是无序而枯燥的。如果没有大量的阅读，就没有丰富的语言积累，读和写将成为“无源之水，无本之木”。引导学生进行广泛的课外阅读。阅读可采取课内外相结合的方式。在阅读内容上，只要是思想内容健康的均可，如自然科学、文史地理，这方面书籍可以拓宽知识面。阅读文学作品，包括古诗词、名言警句、小说散文，既可学到写作技巧，丰富语言积累，还可陶冶情操，促发创作灵感；报刊杂志的大量知识与信息，也为学生提供了创作的材源；阅读方法上，短小的精美文章要精读，长篇文章精读和略读相结合。古诗词、名篇要朗诵，知识性作品可默读、重点研读和全面浏览相结合，读和思便相结合。读书要求学生要做好阅读笔记，逐渐养成不动笔墨不读书的良好习惯。有了广泛的阅读，学生就能获取各种各样的知识，同时在各种不同的阅读方式中，使学生产生了语感，激发了灵感，有了语感和灵感，作文就成了水到渠成、自然流泻轻松的事。

新课程背景下的习作教学，要实施开放式，全方位拓展开去，引领学生去感悟、去体会、去观察等。这样才能提高教学效率，收到事半功倍的效果。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，小编收集了英语新闻标题写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。写作标题的原则，是要尽量用有限的语句将新闻的主要内容和意旨表达清楚。在英语(优习英语网)新闻标题的写作中，选取准确的动词及正确的时态、语态，是一项重要技巧。例如下面这几行标题，不管是硬新闻还是软新闻标题，都含有一个动词：

High tax levels “driving away foreign investors”

Bush acknowledges Viet Nam parallel

Nigerian plane crashes with over 100 aboard

Myles Quin likes to collect stuff-most of all good yarns

The City cultivates a thriving poetry corner out of The Waste Land

如果缺乏动词，新闻标题会显得单调、千篇一律，例如：

Bill Gates and the Microsoft

American views on China

这两则标题显得大而空泛，华而不实，没有提供关于新闻具体内容的实际信息，应该尽量避免这种写法。

动词的选择

动词使新闻标题变得活跃，但它本身必须是一个活跃的词，能最准确、生动地描述新闻事实，因为标题里没有多余的空间来容纳形容词，所有修饰性的内容，包括程度、颜色、感觉等，都必须依靠这个动词来体现。因此，要尽量避免使用“ask”这类平淡的动词和表达含糊的混合动词，例如“American government gives views on Mexican’s racism”，如果报道对象“American government”在谴责“Mexican’s racism”时用了很有力很明确的语句，那么就应该避免“gives views”这种含糊的写法。

此外，还应该尽量使用表达力强、有力的动词，尽量不使用较弱的助动词“be”、“have”作为新闻标题的主要动词。

时态的使用

一种观点认为新闻标题应使用现在时态，因为所报道的事件虽然已经过去，但它是新近发生的，对读者来说仍然是第一次了解该事件，现在时态能给他们一种事件正在发生的感觉，这对新闻报道来说很重要;另一种观点认为新闻标题不能用现在时，例如法庭报道，对于过去发生的事件，绝对不能用现在时态，避免产生歧义，例如应该写成：“Old retiree stole grocery loaves”，不能写成“Old retiree steals grocery loaves”，否则会使人误会此人一直在继续这种偷窃行为，引起争端。甚至认为任何含有过去的时间因素的标题都应使用过去时态。这一观点可能深受上世纪70年代以来美国新闻学者梅耶(Philip Meyer)的精确新闻报道理论的影响。

那么，究竟应该使用什么时态?考虑的重要依据是看使用现在时态会不会带来歧义，如果不会，则适宜使用现在时。英语新闻标题中不宜使用“yesterday”这个词，尤其是在早报的标题中，因为早报所报道的几乎所有事情都可以被认为是发生在“昨天”的。但如果报道的是将来要发生的事，则应尽量使用确切的时间，如：“Paper industry will strike tomorrow /next week/next month”。再如：“Beijing to fulfill promises for 2008 Olympics”，即使省略了“will”，意思仍很清楚。

有一种新闻标题采用“be+动词不定式”结构，助动词“be”通常省略：

Princess (is) to Visit Baffinaland in August.

Financier (is) killed by burglars.

Countries (are) to Spend More on Cancer Research.

使用将来时态报道即将和日后将会发生的事情是很常见的。

主动语态与被动语态

在英语新闻标题中，主动语态比被动语态的表达效果更好。试比较下面两则新闻标题：

France rejects EU Constitution

EU Constitution rejected by France

对比后，我们发现，使用被动语态的新闻标题，比主动语态标题长，单词数量多，这对有长度限制的标题来说是很不利的。同样长度的标题，主动语态所提供的信息内容更多，结构更生动，而且可以有更多的空间去阐述其他内容，例如“Boy found dead by teacher”如果改写成主动语态“Teacher found boy dead in lab”，不但阐述更加自然，包含的信息也更多。

例外的情况是当事件或动作的承受人比执行者更重要时，可以使用被动语态。

关于动词，还有一个问题需要注意。英语中有不少单词既能作名词，又能作动词，其词性是根据具体语法位置来决定的。写作标题时如果省略了一些前后辅助辨别的词汇，单词的词性就可能变得不确定和含糊，下面这些单词都属于此类：

tax, ban, plan, drive, move, probe, protest, bat, share, watch, cut, axe, ring, bank, rises, state, pay, pledge, talks, riot, attack, appeal, back, face, sign, jump, drug

英语新闻标题的动词应尽量使用一般现在时，但在遇到该动词兼有名词和动词两种词性的情况下，有时可以使用过去时态，以使这个动词的词性更加清楚，避免产生歧义。

国家考试大纲对作文的“基础等级”作出明确规定：“内容充实，中心明确。”这就强调了“中心突出”是作文内容的关键表现。中心突出要求作文能够表现出作者基本的观点或鲜明的意图，其特点是集中、鲜明。

为了使文章中心明确和突出，内容充实与丰富，我们可围绕明确的中心论点不断点题，多处点题;也可以在写作时根据材料确立自己的中心论点后，适当地设置分论点，并要让它们与材料相互照应，相互紧扣，相互关联起来。

简练地表明观点。任何时候，作文的中心论点都应旗帜鲜明，自己肯定什么、反对什么，决不能含糊其辞，模棱两可。一般情况下，文章的论点应用经济或简洁的语言来表述，最好能开门见山，言简意丰。因为在行文时把自己所要表达的中心语句放在最为显豁的位置，就能让读者在短时间内清楚地了解文章的观点或主旨。

论述时一以贯之。要想使文章内容丰富，我们就必求中心突出。当下的材料作文、话题作文、标题作文内涵都相对比较宽泛，我们在行文时就应从不同的解读角度、不同的剖析层面来厘清其具体内涵。但无论文章的内涵多么丰富，其中心都应该与命题者所规定的“范围”的中心意思直接相合或相扣。而文章一旦集中到一个具体的内涵上，就得展示自己的写作中心。写作时，千万不能出现与中心论点完全对立或完全矛盾的内容，以避免论述过程中稍不留神就“转移论题、偏离题意”现象的出现。如果文章写得生拉硬扯、东一榔头西一棒子，就会让读者不得要领，不明就里。我们在写作时就应对自己所写的每一句话和每一个段落进行反扣，使其时时处处都受中心的“左右”和“限制”，以更好地都为表现和深化自己文章中心服务。

表现形式多样化。对不同文体而言，中心的表现形式也不尽相同。议论文应尽量多地陈述自己的看法或认识，用饱含逻辑性的语句来表述，最好用肯定的判断形式来表明中心论点;而在记叙文中，则要表现为某种感受或表象，少用逻辑概括的语句，有时也可以通过抒情议论的方式，点明或揭示写人记事的寓意。

幸福——一个多么温馨的名字，人人都渴望得到它有的人倾其一生去找寻，有的人倾其所有去交换，有的人总是羡慕别人的幸福而抱怨自己没有幸福难道幸福对我们来说就真的那么可望而不可及吗？其实不然，只要我们仔细留心一下被我们认为是幸福的幸福，便可以发现那些在别人眼里幸福的人并非是那些最有钱的、最有势的、最有名的，而他们所经历的幸福也并非都是久别又重逢的激动或是大旱逢甘霖般的喜悦，只是家人的一次团聚、朋友的一次祝福，仅此而已可见真正的幸福时刻都在我们的身边，要用心去感受

其实，幸福是一个抽象的概念，又是一种具体的感受：它可能是冬日里父母为你端上的那一杯牛奶，也可能是考试失利时老师向你投来的那一束鼓励的目光；它可能是睡熟后你嘴角的那一抹微笑，也可能是收获时农民脸上的那滴滴汗水

幸福很高贵，却又很平凡：《红楼梦》中的贾宝玉，生活在钱堆里，吃山珍海味，穿绫罗绸缎，可他并不幸福；马克思的夫人燕妮，走出富裕的家庭和马克思过着极端贫困的生活，但她自豪地说：“那是我一生中最幸福的日子！”可见，幸福虽然无处不在，却又不是人人能够享受得到的。

审题列纲：

思路一：

满足别人最需要的，往往是一次最好的机遇，寻找到这种需要，然后去完美的满足他们，这样，你离幸福也就不远了“使他人幸福的人是世界上最幸福的人”如果说，为自己创造的幸福是平面的，那么为他人创造的幸福就是立体的平面不包含立体，但是立体中一定包含着平面，有了立体的，就有平面的两者在包含和被包含的过程中便体现出了人生的意义和价值所在

思路二：

破土而出方显小草的生机，奋力翱翔方显雄鹰的高傲，灿烂的绽放方显花儿的魅力，珍惜幸福方显人生的可贵幸福有梯形的切面，它可以扩大也可以缩小，就看你是否珍惜幸福的时候，我们要对自己说请记住这一刻！幸福就会长久地伴随我们

思路三：

幸福并不与财富、地位、声望、婚姻同步，它只是你心灵的感觉所以，当我们一无所有的时候，我们也能够说：我很幸福，因为我们还有健康的身体当我们不再享有健康的时候，那些最勇敢的人可以依然微笑着说：我很幸福，因为我还有一颗健康的心甚至当我们连心都不再存在的时候，那些人类最优秀的分子仍旧可以对宇宙大声说：我很幸福因为我曾经生活过

思路四：

生命是一种奉献和付出，幸福也只能在奉献和付出中才能找到，别人的笑脸也才能像花儿一样在你身边簇拥着绽放有的人为什么感受不到幸福？也许是因为对他人的期望值太高了，我们应该明白：作为一只蜡烛，其幸福在点燃自己照亮别人的时候；作为一名教师，其幸福在将学生渡到知识彼岸的时候；作为一名医生，其幸福在挽救病人的生命，减轻他们的病痛的时候……

思路五：

梦想是人生的干粮它时时刻刻喂养着我们的内心，滋养着我们的精神因为有了梦想，大山才有了无怨无悔的沉默，小溪才有了一路跋涉的欢歌，野百合才有了拥抱春天的激情因为拥有梦想，我们内心充满阳光；因为拥有梦想，我们的精神始终乐观向上；因为拥有梦想，我们的生命有了幸福的体验

思路六：

幸福是一种心灵的震颤它像会倾听音乐的耳朵一样，需要不断的训练享受幸福是需要学习的，当幸福即将来临的时刻需要提醒人可以自然而然地学会感官的享乐，却无法天生地掌握幸福的韵律收集自己的幸福的点滴，你会发现原来自己生活在幸福的海洋里呢！

思路七：

别爱得太近，是爱的艺术不管是爱情之爱，还是亲情、友情之爱，都是如此每一个人都应有自己的心灵空间，有自由飞翔的天地如太拥挤势必会碰撞，彼此的那份爱就会在碰撞中凋零留有空隙，就能产生吸引，产生悬念，产生欣赏，人生将因他们的存在而幸福

思路八：

天空不只有蔚蓝，云朵不只是白色；草木不只有碧绿，花儿不会永远绽开从呀呀学语到“夕阳西下”，有几人会是一帆风顺？换一种眼光看待生活的坎坷与痛苦，也许你会发现，吃苦也是人生道路上的一种幸福！

[以“幸福”为话题的作文写作指导

Winter solstice is the earliest Chinese festival, call it yesterday, as early as the han dynasty had formed when we are familiar with todays twenty-four solar terms. Twenty-four solar terms, every 15 days for a throttle, a throttle is divided into three. As the winter solstice is divided into "hou earthworms knot; 2 hou elk horn, three HouShuiQuan move." Are the ancients from traditional agricultural production routine. Fade as the farming civilization, modern agriculture is affected by season is not very big, such as the vegetables all the year round in the greenhouses, traditional throttle effect on guidance and restriction of agricultural farming is also a little bit fade.

People now pay more attention to the throttle keeping in good health, in winter it was the season of supplements. After spring, summer, autumn three season, the body organs need to enter a state of rest during the winter, physical consumption in winter supplements in the past. Left the teacher said, so also have "winter signings, dozen tiger next year" the proverb.

冬至是中国最早的节日，称之为冬节，早在汉代时候已经形成了我们今天熟悉的二十四节气。二十四节气，每十五天为一个节气，一个节气分为三候。如冬至分为“一候蚯蚓结;二候麋角解，三候水泉动。”都是以古人从传统农业生产生活规律中总结出来的。随着农耕文明逐渐消退，现代农业受季节的影响不是很大，比如大棚里的菜一年四季都可以吃到，传统节气对农业种田的辅导和制约作用也在一点点消退。

现在的人们更多关注的是节气养生，冬季也是进补的季节。经历春夏秋三季后，身体各个器官在冬季需要进入休息的状态，过去身体上的消耗在冬天进补。左老师说，因此也有“冬季进补，来年打虎”的俗语。

“材料+命题”作文是近几年江苏省高考作文所采用的基本作文样式。它主要有两部分内容组成：作文材料与作文命题。审题时，需要我们对“材料”与“命题”双管齐下。

一、两者兼顾，梳理关系

在“材料+命题”式作文中，“材料”与“命题”两个组成部分之间可能存在着如下几种关系：

1.导入关系：即命题人通过材料的指向，一步步引出命题本身。例如：

一位科学家结合自己所学专业和人生总结出这样的话：“做功不同，人生将会给出不同高度的抛物线。”

请以“做功与高度”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

从所给名言我们可以概括为“做功不同，决定人生抛物线高度的迥异”，核心词语为“做功”和“高度”。在立意时，只要搞清了二者的关系(二者实际上暗含了“前提”和“结果”的关系)，就很容易得出恰当的立意。

(一)“做功”可以理解为“付出”“耕耘”等，“高度”可以理解为“收获”“精神境界”等。顺着这种思路，就可以理解为“付出越多，收获越大”。可以拟制出《一分耕耘，一分收获》《耕耘生命》《播种?丰收》等题目。

(二)相同的功，如果选择做功的角度不同，高度也会不一样。这就会派生出我们在做一件事时首先要选择一个正确的方法。倘若方法不对，付出越多，收获越小， 付出和收获将不成正比，甚或产生南辕北辙的后果。可以拟制出《耕耘一定就有收获吗?》《人生不止一个变量》《方向是个问题》等题目。

(三)做多少功，怎样做功，完全由自己决定，把“做功”理解为“选择正确人生价值”等，我们每个人必须学会为自己的人生做主，收获灿烂的人生。可以拟制出《为自己的人生掌舵》《给人生找一个合理的高度》《创造人生的美感》等题目。

2.解说关系：即命题人通过材料对命题加以必要的阐释说明，一般是借助材料来阐释命题所包括的内涵或命题所涉及的范围。这是近几年江苏高考作文普遍采用的样式。例如：

所谓“从容”，就是不慌不忙，镇定沉着。在日常生活中，“从容”是一种气度，一种心境，一种对人生的透彻把握，一种大智大勇的完美结合。“从容”是中国文化推崇的人格范式之一，而在急功近利流行、信息瞬息万变、人际竞争激烈、心态普遍浮躁的今天，“从容”也许更加可贵。

请以“从容”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

从材料提供的内容来看，主要阐释了“从容”的一些表现，据此，我们还可以借助材料、展开联想，对材料进行进一步的挖掘，以期得到“从容”更多的内涵，以便我们有所选择：

从容是一种心境，一个处事谨慎，心境平和的人，即使处于惊涛骇浪之中也能成就不朽。

从容是一种气度，一个沉着冷静、从容不迫的人，危难之时也能处变不惊，应付自如。

从容是一种品质，一个勇敢面对人生的人在生与死的抉择中是不会犹豫的。

从容是一种生活态度，从容也是一种人生哲学，……

3.限制关系：即命题人通过材料对命题的内涵或外延适当加以限制，以避免命题过大或过宽泛。例如：

有一个生长在孤儿院的男孩，悲观地问院长：“像我这样没人要的孩子，活着究竟有什么意思呢?”院长交给他一块石头，说：“明天，你拿这块石头去卖，但不是 真卖，不论别人出多少钱，绝对不能卖。”第二天，男孩蹲在市场的角落，真有好多人要买那块石头，而且价钱越出越高。晚上，院长要他明天拿到黄金市场去叫 卖。在黄金市场，竟有人出比昨天高十倍的价钱要买那块石头。最后，院长叫男孩到宝石市场去卖这块石头，结果，石头的身价较昨天又涨了十倍，甚至被传扬成 “稀世之宝”。

院长对男孩说：“生命的价值也就像这块石头一样，一块很不起眼的石头，由于你的珍惜而提升了它的价值。”

请以“珍惜”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

很多同学也许以“珍惜”为题，去写“珍惜友谊”、写“珍惜时间”、“珍惜幸福生活 ”、“珍惜学习机会”等，但都未免偏颇。只要我们再全面深入地进行分析，就会明白这则材料的主旨才是话题——“只要自己看重自己，珍惜自己，你的生命就有意义、有价值。”材料对“珍惜”有了更具体的限制，即“自己要懂得珍惜自己”。

二、审视材料，明确方向

材料有可能隐藏或暗示着写作的方向。审题时，要学会从材料中挖掘对写作有指向作用的相关信息，如限制性的信息、关系性信息等。例如：

1830年，法国 作家雨果同出版商签订合同，半年内交出一部作品。于是，雨果把外出的所有衣服锁进柜子里，把钥匙扔进了湖里，彻底断了外出会友和游玩的念头，一心写作，文学巨著《巴黎 圣母院》就是这样写成的。

是的，在漫漫人生路上，往往只有不留下退路，才更容易赢得出路。当我们难以驾驭自己的惰性和欲望，不能专心致志地前行时，不妨也采取一些斩断退路之举，逼着自己全力以赴地寻找出路，走向成功。

请以“退路与出路”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

这 个话题富于哲理性。一个人在生活中，如果事事留有退路，说白了就是败有退路。也就意味着这个人在事情还未开始的时候，就已经准备要承受失败了，那么他成功 的概率肯定小，因为，留有退路的时候，就潜藏着懈怠、自我安慰。发展到最后，可能导致自我麻痹、自我毁灭。到了这一步，“留有退路”的利处，却成了导致失败的“坏处”。而“不留退路，才有出路”则是强调了做事尽量求得事事成功，这样做是负重前进，给自己加压，挤掉“懈怠”“自我毁灭”等不利因素。常言道：有压力才有动力。如项羽 的“破釜沉舟”即为“不留退路，才有出路”的典范。论述时一定要体现出辩证的思想。

需要注意的是，本命题不是要求一般的去谈“退路”与“出路”的关系，因为材料中对这二者有了明确的限制，也揭示了二者之间的条件关系，那就是“只有不留退路，才更容易赢得出路”。

三、把握命题，准确界定

把握命题，就是要对命题中概念的内涵和外延进行准确的界定，要准确揭示概念的本质特性，也要特别注意区别“邻近概念”和“近义概念”。必要时，可以通过“增补信息”的方法来增加概念的内涵、缩小概念的外延。例如：

每一个人都有自己的个性，每一个人都会在社会舞台上扮演特定的角色 。然而个性与角色有时候会产生矛盾。就在个性与角色的和谐与不和谐中，人生演绎出一幕幕得失、荣辱、成败的精彩戏剧。

请以“个性与角色”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外，文体自选。

个性是在一定的社会条件和教育影响下形成的一个比较固定的特性。它是事物的特殊性，一切个性都是有条件的、暂时存在的，所以是相对的。张扬 个性就是着意强调和突出自身区别于其他个体的具有优势的方面，我们提倡张扬个性，发展个性，这样才能使自身得到全面和长远的发展，从最大意义上实现自身的人生价值。

社会这个大舞台上的角色都是由富有个性的我们来充当的。当社会需要我们时，我们的个性就有了用武之地，个性与角色处于和谐之中，我们的就会演绎出一台精彩的人生;也许，有很多人看中了社会这个大舞台上的某一个角色，并有能力去扮演它，这时个性与角色处于矛盾之中。

要处理好个性与角色的关系，首先要充分认识并努力张扬自己的个性，同时还要正确认识社会的需要，努力寻求两者之间的切合点，使之和谐统一。

作文的考试，在事业单位中是必考的，下面是小编整理了事业单位写作指导，欢迎阅读。

事业单位的考试整体来说并不太难，而且考试的内容也较为灵活，但是作文的考试，在事业单位中是必考的，一般被称为“综合能应用能力”主要有两种考试内容，一种是社会热点类，也就是和公务员考试差不多，主要是以半命题作文为主，如围绕“依法治国”写文章。另一类就是哲理类，一般会给一个故事，谈谈其中的感悟。但是万变不离其宗，在这里我们对写作方面的一些共性技巧进行讲解。

第二，我们再来说考试的一些技巧，作文的结构是要重点掌握的，一个篇好文章，一定是逻辑清晰，论证充分，那么就要求我们在结构上要有逻辑性。事业单位的写作，我们还是建议同学先用“五段三分”式的文章进行写作，即：开头，三个分论点，结尾。这个结构的优点就是思路清晰，而且重点突出，在考试中最能够让考官直接看展文章思路，而且这个结构也是相对容易掌握的。另一种就是“六段四分”式。也就是开头，然后过渡段，然后是分论点，最后是结尾。关于过渡段，主要是对于总论点的进一步阐释，将总论点进行展开，但是同学们在写过度段时还要注意，要把这段的主要内容写在前面这样方便阅卷人阅卷。

第三，段落内部的逻辑，如何更好的用论据证明论点，也就是我们经常说的论证方法，很多学生面临问题就是，在学习写作课程之后，知道了一些如“原因分析”“影响分析”“原理效应”等分析方法，但就是在写作的时候不知道如何把这些方法串在一起用，结果出来了文章段落内部逻辑不清楚，这里我们给同学几种常用的论证方法，当然这里要说明的是，这些证方法不是固定的，而是对于初学者来说，在写作时候可以借鉴的，待练习成熟之后，要再学会用一写自己的方法来写作。

方法一：正反论证：正确错误分明，是非曲直明确，给人印象深刻。具体形式为：分论点+正面举例+意义+反面举例+危害+对策(或结论)

方法二：道理论证：理讲得通俗易懂，语言生动形象，容易被人接受。具体形式为：分论点+原理效应+举例+影响分析+结论。

这些论证方法要用的时候要注意一些问题。第一个要注意的问题是：要用正确的观点去统率文章。 第一，论据要正确、合理。鲜明。 不论用哪种方法，每一个分论点段落的论据都是在说这个分论点，和其它分论点无关，要避免段落交叉。第二，分析说理要合乎正确的原则。第三，要善于从“小事”论起，但是不要以叙述代替议论。写作是事业单位考试中的“半壁江山”，也是必考题，所以同学们要好好的复习。

中考作文分值比例大，是初三生复习的重点，而且作文又是最容易丢分的部分。下面是小编整理的作文写作过程常见的三大禁忌，欢迎阅读。

审题不抓关键词。专家认为，在近几年的中考评卷中，发现相当一部分考生审题不抓关键词，这样在写作时就很难抓住重点，容易跑题。如 “动力来自……”这个作文题的关键词是“来自”，考生只有将“来自”作为重点才能写出好文章。不少考生没有审题抓关键字的意识，看一眼题目就急着动笔，有的考生考前背过一些范文，一到考场就往里套，不仔细审题，这样最容易“下笔千言，离题万里。”初三生要养成审题的习惯，对作文题目要逐字细看，明白题目的 要求后再下笔。

专家提醒考生，审题时还要注意文章体裁和字数要求，看看题目要求写成什么体裁的文章，字数不要超出或少于要求字数太多。

励志方面的文章，对作文素材积累很有帮助。此外，初三生还要注意古 诗词的积累，在文章中恰当地运用古诗词也是让文章增色的好办法。

文章较“平”缺少细节。一些考生写的文章没有细节，没有重点，记“流水账”一样洋洋洒洒一大篇。初三生在写作时要有两把剪刀，一把剪出自己最擅 长的一件事，另一把在这件事中剪出要重点描写的部分。如在写跑步时，早上怎么集合、怎么准备，都可以略写甚至不写，但发令枪响时自己如何紧张，跑的过程中 遇到的问题，这就需要详细描写。有细节的文章才有真情实感，才能打动人。一般来讲，一篇文章中抓住两个精彩的细节就够了，这需要考生平时苦练。

万圣节又叫诸圣节，在每年的10月31日，是西方的传统节日。以下是关于万圣节的英语素材，供大家参考。

11月1日万圣节英文：Hallowmas，南瓜是万圣节的代表。

10月31日是万圣夜英文：Halloween，华语地区常将万圣夜称为万圣节。

Halloween is a holiday celebrated on October 31. By tradition, Halloween begins after sunset. Long ago, people believed that witches gathered together and ghosts roamed the world on Halloween. Today, most people no longer believe in ghosts and witches. But these supernatural beings are still a part of Halloween.

万圣节前夜是在10月31日庆祝的一个节日，根据传统，万圣节前夜的庆祝活动从太阳落山开始。在很久以前，人们相信在万圣节前夜女巫会聚集在一起，鬼魂在四处游荡。现在，大多数人们不再相信有鬼魂和女巫的存在了，但是他们仍然把这些作为万圣节前夜的一部分。

The colors black and orange are also a part of Halloween. Black is a symbol for night and orange is the color of pumpkins. A jack-o’-lantern is a hollowed-out pumpkin with a face carved on one side. Candles are usually placed inside, giving the face a spooky glow.

黑色和橙色仍然是万圣节前夜的一部分，黑色是夜晚的象征，而橙色代表着南瓜。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的，带来一个毛骨悚然的灼热面孔。

Dressing up in costumes is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. According to tradition, people would dress up in costumes (wear special clothing, masks or disguises) to frighten the spirits away.

盛装是最受欢迎的万圣节风俗之一，尤其是受孩子们的欢迎。按照传统习俗，人们会盛装(穿戴一些特殊的服饰，面具或者装饰)来吓跑鬼魂。

Popular Halloween costumes include vampires (creatures that drink blood), ghosts (spirits of the dead) and werewolves (people that turn into wolves when the moon is full).

流行的万圣节服装包括vampires(吸血鬼)，ghosts(死者的灵魂)和werewolves(每当月圆时就变成狼形的人)。

Trick or Treating is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house dressed in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys. If they dont get any treats, they might play a trick (mischief or prank) on the owners of the house.

欺骗或攻击是现代万圣节的风俗。孩子们穿着特殊的衣服走街串巷，讨取糖果和玩具之类的赏赐。如果他们得不到任何的赏赐，就可能会对屋主大搞恶作剧或者胡闹了。

The tradition of the Jack o Lantern comes from a folktale about a man named Jack who tricked the devil and had to wander the Earth with a lantern. The Jack o Lantern is made by placing a candle inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, which is carved to look like a face.

南瓜灯的传统来自于一个民间传说。一个名叫Jack的人戏弄了恶魔，之后就不得不提着一盏灯在地球上流浪。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的。

There are many other superstitions associated with Halloween. A superstition is an irrational idea, like believing that the number 13 is unlucky!

和万圣节有关的迷信还有很多。迷信是一种不合常理的想法，比如认为13是不吉利的数字!

Halloween is also associated with supernatural creatures like ghosts and vampires. These creatures are not part of the natural world. They dont really exist... or do they?

万圣节还和一些诸如鬼魂和吸血鬼之类的超自然的生物有关。这些生物不是自然界的一部分。他们实际上是不存在的......或许他们其实真的存在?

Witches are popular Halloween characters that are thought to have magical powers. They usually wear pointed hats and fly around on broomsticks.

女巫是万圣节很受欢迎的人物，人们认为她们具有强大的魔力。他们通常戴着尖顶的帽子，骑在扫把上飞来飞去。

Bad omens are also part of Halloween celebrations. A bad omen is something that is believed to bring bad luck, like black cats, spiders or bats.

恶兆也是万圣节庆祝活动的一部分。人们相信恶兆会带给坏运气，黑猫、蜘蛛或者蝙蝠都算是恶兆。

一、 关于记叙文：

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物等类的文章，在表达方式上以记述为主，但往往也间有描写、抒情和议论，并没有截然的划分。它是一种形式灵活、写法多样的文体。古代的记、传、序、表、志等，现代的消息、通讯、简报、特写、传记、回忆录等，都属于记叙文的范畴。

二、知识点归纳：

(一)记叙文知识点归纳：

1、记叙的四种顺序：顺叙、 倒叙、 插叙、 补叙。

(1)顺叙：

按照事情发展的本来顺序进行叙述，依次从开端、发展写到高潮、结局，文章的层次、段落和事情发展的过程基本一致，这就是顺叙。顺叙是最常见的叙述方式。

(2)倒叙：

把人物、事件的结局，或人物经历、事件过程中最突出的片段，提到前面来写，就是倒叙。倒叙有造成悬念、引起读者兴趣、启发人们思考的艺术效果。

(3)插叙：

在叙述进行中暂停一下，插入另外一段事，然后再把原叙述继续下去，这就是插叙。插叙有追忆往事、补足有关情况的作用。

(4)补叙：

在叙述结束后，又对前面的有关情节进行内容上的补充，这就是补叙。

2、表达方式：叙述、 描写、 抒情、 议论。

(1)叙述：

把人物的经历、行为或事情的发生、发展、变化表述出来，就是叙述。

(2)描写：

用生动形象的语言，把人物的形态、动作、或景物的状态、特征等，具体细致地描绘出来，就是描写。小说中运用描写比较多，一般记叙文则只是在叙述中穿插一些描写。这些描写，按对象来划分、大体可归为人物描写和环境描写两类。

(3)抒情：

直接抒情：

作者或作品中的人物在文章中直接公开地表白自己的喜怒爱憎感情，就是直接抒情。这种抒情方式在诗歌和抒情散文中运用较多，一般记叙文不宜多用。否则令人产生做作、乏味之感。

间接抒情：

将感情渗透在写景、叙事、说理之中，边叙述边抒情，边描写边抒情，边议论边抒情，就是间接抒情。这是记叙文的主要抒情方式。采用这种方式抒情，可熔情、景、事、理于一炉，使文章更显得丰富多彩、富有情味。

(4)议论：

议论是论说文的主要表达方式，在记叙文中，它只是一种穿插在叙述和描写中的辅助手段，一般表现为对文中叙述的事物画龙点睛式地发表议论，即夹叙夹议。

3、记叙文六要素：时间、 地点、 人物、 事件的起因、经过和结果。

4、人物的描写方法：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、神态描写。从描写的疏密来看又可分为概括介绍和细节描写。从描写的角度看还可分为正面描写(直接描写)、侧面描写(间接描写)等。

5、常用写作手法：象征、对比、(铺垫)、照应(呼应)、直接(间接)描写、 扬抑。

关于象征手法：

以茅盾的《白杨礼赞》、周敦颐的《爱莲说》为例，作者不是单纯地赞美白杨、莲花，而是借这些物来赞颂某些美德或具备这些美德的人。这种写作手法，通常称为“象征手法”。“象征手法”在诗歌、散文中是常见的手法之一。它一般用来赞颂美好的事物，体现作者对理想的追求，有时也可用来讽刺丑恶的事物，抨击不合理的现象，它既可以通篇运用，作者并不点明，由读者自己去体会象征的含义，也可以只用于某些章节片段，由作者直接点明象征的含义。恰当地运用象征手法，可以把抽象的精神品质，化为具体的可以感知的形象，从而给读者留下深刻印象;可以把不便于明说的意思含蓄地表示出来，赋予文章以深意，从而给读者留下咀嚼回味的余地。

(二)小说的要素：

小说是一种散文体的叙事文学样式。人物、情节、环境是小说的三个基本要素。

(1)人物：(主要人物的确定要看该人物能否表现小说的主题思想)

(2)情节：(开端 /发展 /高潮 /结局 )

(3)环境描写：自然环境、社会环境。

自然环境描写--(主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等。比如春夏秋冬，风雨云雪，以及山川，平原、草地、小河、公园等。)作用是为了表现人物的身份、地位、性格，烘托人物心情，渲染气氛等。

社会环境描写(主要是指人物所处的时代背景.以及小说中人物与人物之间的关系.如社会背景、历史背景、时代背景等。)作用是交代故事的时代背景，推动情节的发展。

小说中的环境描写与其它文体中的环境描写的区别在于，它是为塑造人物服务的，是人物个性形成乃至于人物存在的理由和依据;而其他文体中的环境描写一般没有这样的功效，至少这样的作用不是主要的。例如写景散文中有很多环境描写，并且以自然景物的描写为主，但它不一定以塑造人物为旨归，而往往是借助于景物描写直接抒发对这景物的感情，或者对这景物的象征物的感情。即所谓的“借景抒情”。

[中考语文作文知识之记叙文的写作指导

时评”是“时事评论”与“时政评论”的略称，是针对现实生活中的重要问题直接发表意见、阐述观点、表明态度的新闻体裁。

“时评”可以取材于新闻报道，对新闻事件和人物发表议论，也可以就“身边”事、“心头”事发表意见，只要是关于当下的(现在进行时)意见，就是“时评”。

几种形式

时评写作，最重要的环节就是就事论事，就是对时事本身进行直接的评论。一般有三种类别，一是赞扬式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等表示肯定，然后阐释肯定的理由。二是批评式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等进行否定，然后从法律、道德等方面找出反对的依据。三是建议式，即提出自己对新闻事件中某个问题的建设性意见。

基本特征

1、讲究“时效性、针对性、准确性、说理性、思想性”。尤其要注重准确性和说理性。

2、在写法上，分为就事论事和就事论理两类。就事论事，就是按照事物本身的性质来评定是非得失，不要求作过多的材料外的拓展和延伸，主要就材料本身进行评议，发表自己的看法，能言之成理，持之有据。就事论理，是对所评之事进行具体深入分析，充分说理，阐明一个道理，而不是停留在就事论事上，以达到“扶正祛邪，激浊扬清”的写作目的。

3、在命题上，具有开放性，可以仁者见仁智者见智。

写作要求

1.选取恰当的当下新闻(话题鲜) 2.确定鲜明独到的观点(观点辣)

3.搜集典型有力的论据(论据杂) 4.运用严密有趣的语言(语言趣)

基本思路

请就下面的材料，联系生活实际，写一篇800字以上的文章。

老师带领学生到建筑工地参加劳动，看到脚手架上悬挂着一副标语：“百年大计，质量第一。”老师问学生：“这八个字有什么含义?我们从中得到什么启示?”

范文示例：百年大计，质量第一

建筑工地上，我们常常可以看到这么一则令人信心百倍的宣传标语：“百年大计，质量第一”。(引述材料)

这的确是一句睿智的口号!(亮出观点)

毫无疑问，建筑，理所当然的是我们生存生活的最基本的物质条件之一;建筑居室，也理所当然的是关系到居民生活水平高低的大硬件之一;它们与人们的生活紧密相关，更是关乎百姓幸福生活的百年大计!因此，建筑工地上，绝不能允许偷工减料，粗制滥造，“豆腐渣”工程横行!而必须坚持“百年大计，质量第一”。(展开一：分析材料——建筑)

由此，我们联想到，作为立国根本的教育事业又何尝不是应“百年大计，质量第一”呢?从这个意义上讲，这条标语有两层含义。其一，“十年树木，百年树人。”教师是人类灵魂的工程师，就应以“塑造人类灵魂”为己任，以“育人育本”的“思想教育”为重点，努力探索，积极实践，做到“质量第一”，努力培养出“思想先进，作风过硬，本领高强”的适合当前现代化建设需要并能与国际接轨的甘于奉献乐于助人且“以天下为己任”的优秀人才。而教育部门的领导者，更应首先把学生综合素质的提高作为主要的工作任务来抓，决不应只重数量不重质量地只管分数靠前而不问素质质量如何。其二，作为学生，也应该以这条标语为座右铭，努力学习，提高自己的思想素质和文化素质从而做到“质量第一”。如果我们的教师和学生都不以“育人育本”的思想质量为高，不以“育人育本”的思想质量和教学质量为重，而只求分数上去了，其他则不管!那么，纵有再多的大学生研究生硕士生博士生博士后也是枉然!这样不仅会使祖国兴旺发达的现代化建设成为泡影，而且和谐社会建设也必将成为一句空话!中国人民又将永陷贫穷落后的万丈深渊之中!赶欧超美也永远只能是“白日梦”!(展开二：由建筑联想到教育—先教师后学生)

由此我们进一步联想到，无论干什么事业都需要强调“质量第一”。今天已是经济一体化全球化的时代，是高科技迅猛发展使地球成为小村落的时代。小而言之，一个企业，只有讲究质量，才能在激烈的国际国内竞争中站稳脚跟;大而言之，我国各方面的规划和建设只有奉行“质量第一”的原则，才能真正占领市场，击败称雄于全球的强烈竞争对手从而赢得真正的胜利。三鹿集团因质量疏忽而宣告破产的沉痛教训，再一次告诉我们：质量是企业的生命，更是国家的生命!哪个国家拥有高质量的人才，拥有高效率的管理，拥有高水平的领导，那么，哪个国家就一定处于世界领先地位!(展开三：事业—先企业后国家)

总之，没有“百年大计，质量第一”的精神，建筑队无法生存，教育无法发展，国家无法昌盛。(总结全文)

学生作文结构提纲与评点：

“述”，看到建筑工地上悬挂的标语“百年大计，质量第一”，(述材料)，深思之余，油然而生赞叹之情。(亮观点)

“议”，这不是一句单调的口号，它包含着丰富的内容，有着启发人们心智的强大力量。(分析材料)，它立足现实，放眼未来，把人们当前的工作与造福子孙后代的伟大事业挂起钩来，赋予平凡的工作以深远的意义。(稍作拓宽，为下文联系实际张本)

“联”，其实，何止建筑要质量，学校的教学，育人育本，更要讲究质量。青年学生是祖国的未来，是四化建设的未来力量。然而由于他们阅历较浅，辨别是非能力差，所以学校在抓教学质量的同时，不可忽视加强思想的教育，育人育本，质量第一。(联系老师、学生、学校实际来谈)……

无数的事实证明，我们的党，我们的国家，(注意以小见大，由此及彼地推衍)，一向都把抓好教育，提高全民族的思想道德素质放在第一位。

“结”，培育人才乃是国家之根本，而培养具有良好的品德修养的人才,更是千年大计万年大计。只有育人育本，讲求质量，社会主义大厦才能永远高高屹立。(小结全篇，干脆而不离题;照应材料，简洁而不重复)

它的基本思路是：引——点——议——联——结

根据例文我们可以归纳出以下的写作模式：

1、开篇引用材料的新闻报道内容。(引)【略】

2、对报道内容进行一些解析作为过渡。(点)【略】

3、从多个角度分析新闻，或阐释其意义，或剖析其谬误。(议)【详】

4、联系社会现实的类似现象，挖掘现象背后的根源。(联)【详】

5、最后从多个层面提出若干个解决问题的“合理化建议”。(结)

除了“联”，驳论与归谬也是时评中运用比较多的技巧。这种时评作文，往往在材料中有针锋相对的观点，这时采用的结构就稍有变化：先破后立。

所谓“先破”，即批驳对方错误码，可以驳观点、驳论扰、驳论证。尤其以驳对方论据的虚假、论证的可笑用得最多。

所谓“后立”，指批驳对方错误之后，再水到渠成地阐述自己的观点、确立自己的观点。

示例：

中学校园里时下流传着一句顺口溜，“一怕文言文、二怕写作文、三怕周树人”，鲁迅的文章生涩难懂，不好学，几乎成了中学校园里师生的“共识”。人民教育出版社新版的语文教材中，鲁迅的作品明显减少，《药》、《为了忘却的纪念》等作品不见了，保留下来的只有《拿来主义》、《祝福》和《记念刘和珍君》3篇，更是引起疑惑：鲁迅的作品真的过时了?一时间，陪伴几代人成长的鲁迅作品，竟然在校园里面临尴尬的境地，是去是留，争议不断。

范文示例：鲁迅不能远去，更不能删去

中学生随便杜撰的一句顺口溜“一怕文言文，二怕写作文，三怕周树人”，害得鲁迅先生不轻。有些人就借这句话，想删去鲁迅先生的作品，减少鲁迅作品在中学语文课本中的分量(述材料)，我看是一种轻率不理智的表现。(亮观点)

大家可以推敲一下中学生的这句顺口溜，怕文言文，我们就要把文言文给删掉?怕写作文，我们就不写作文啦?显然不能。学生所怕的，反而是最有用，最应该加强的。传统国学不要啦?文言文是我们传统文化中的瑰宝，难道因为学生一句不太负责任的顺口溜就轻而易举的删去?写作的重要性就不用多说了，难道因为学生惧怕，我们就不训练写作，就不再运用写作?就取消平日的作文训练?显然十分可笑荒唐!学生毕竟年幼无知，其意见也不定就正确，完全跟着学生感觉走，这是很明显是愚蠢不明智的。(驳对方论据与论证，推出一个荒唐的结果。从而可见，鲁迅经典是不可删的。)

学生喜欢什么样的文章?看看学生读的课外书籍，你就会明白个大概。学生喜欢智慧背囊式的精悍的小美文，学生喜欢有浅显道理的所谓哲理故事，学生喜欢让人心动的情感故事，喜欢《读者》、《青年文摘》等刊物选载的新潮时尚文章。如果你细细分析一下就会发现，学生喜欢的这些快餐式的美其名曰的美文，实际价值不是很大，最多给人一时的心动，不会长久的影响你。这些文章看似美，实际经不起咀嚼，也不会被历史沉淀下来。可是，由于高考、中考大量选用这类文章作为试题，大大影响了学生，给学生严重的误导。现在的高考、中考试卷中，，大多是流行的时尚美文。这些文章，阅读难度不大，语言华丽精彩，学生乐意读。所以，学生在阅读学习鲁迅先生那些有一定历史感现实感的文章时，就要费一点事，就觉得有难度。学生阅读，不想费事，不想费脑子，想的是轻松。很显然，这是有害的。快餐式文化作品，冲击了鲁迅，冲击了那些有一定难度的经典文章。(要论删鲁迅之原因，从反面找原因——学生喜欢什么样的文章，这样有思维。)

鲁迅先生的文章，已经被历史证明有着很高价值的经典作品，他的作品不仅属于那个特殊的时代，也属于今天和未来，所以根本不存在过时的问题。有人说，鲁迅是那个时代的产物。可是，有谁不是时代的产物?谁能超越时代?脱离时代?

因为鲁迅关心社会，关心广大的民众，所以文章带有时代的色彩，留下了时代的烙印。鲁迅的作品是反映现实的，揭露现实的。可是，现在的很多中学生不关心现实，不喜欢看现实主义的作品。学生所喜欢的那些新潮的美文，往往不痛不痒，无病呻吟，和现实有很大的距离。实际上，这是很危险的。

而对鲁迅作品的畏惧和后怕，完全是学生以讹传讹的误导，是对鲁迅作品的误读。这句不负责任的顺口溜，伤害了鲁迅，也坑害了广大青少年。让学生远离鲁迅，不仅是一个天大的错误，而且是实实在在的无知。不是鲁迅作品失去了价值，失去了应有的历史地位，失去了市场，而是我们有些人的误导和错误教育，影响了鲁迅的存在。

我们已经十分无知，我们不能再错。让鲁迅留下来，不容商量!

技法点击

(1)要学会就事论事。就是要求旗帜鲜明发表自己对某件事或某现象的看法，或褒或贬，或弹或赞，实话实说

评“事”不限于一点或一个角度，可以多点或多角度，但需记，所评所说，必须与所评之“事”密切相关，不能游离于“事”高谈阔论。

(2)要为自己的评判写出分析和理由。

评事要言之有理、言之有据，才能评得文明，才能让人心悦诚服，才能收到辨是非、明事理的效果。能把看法说清楚，又能将看法的依据和道理写深写透，这样的时评才是好时评。评者，可以评，可以争，也可以谏、可以讽、可以怨，可以嬉笑怒骂，甚至可以作楚狂之歌。

①叙事议论不蔓不枝。举例新颖，最后一句分析回扣中心。确定一个中心句，并阐明确定中心句的依据。

②论点方面。要做到论点明确，一般有两种方式：a开门见山，开宗明义。b卒章显志，画龙点睛。只有做到论点明确，才能有的放矢。

③论据方面。

不去关注身边最新的时事要闻，热点的科技动态等等，论据就不新颖，就做不到共性和个性相结合，时代性(时代精神)和历史性(有新因素的历史素材)相结合，点(详写事例)和面(略写事例)相结合，叙议相结合，论据就不能为论点服务。

④论证方面，论证时必须叙议结合，即结合事例进行分析。一般可以有以下几种分析方法：因果分析法，假设分析法，条件分析法，意义分析法，比较分析法，辩证分析法。做到叙议结合的论证才是有力的论证。

⑤语言方面。中学生议论语言处于一种“失语”状态，没有属于自己的真的语言。真的语言，应该能让人感觉到一个“鲜活”生命体存在。作为中学生这个特殊年龄阶段的群体，要有一种青春的气势，褒扬真善美，批判假恶丑。

(三)注意拟题

提问法：把人们关心的问题提出来，为读者设置悬念。如《安排就业能不能“优先下一代”?》

数字法：用数字突显出问题的严重性或复杂性，使读者一目了然。如《二十六个百姓摊一个“仆人”》

判断法：用一个表判断的短语点明中心论点，如《恶搞是对批评的滥用》

反问法：用反诘的语气将批驳的事实或要评论的问题提出来，具有震撼人心的效果。如《格言能 “震撼”贪官?》

引用法：直接引用要批驳的观点，并给予否定，这样态度鲜明。如《不可盲目“先就业后择业”》

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：听说读写是构成英语语言交际能力的重要组成部分，其中要求较高的是“写”的能力。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

一、学生写作过程中出现的现状

1.词汇量太少

词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素，要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想，必须以足够的词汇量为基础，但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇量都达不到规定的要求，因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误，影响理解;词语误用，表达不准确;某一词语反复使用，语言表达缺乏变式，文章显得单调乏味;文章中出现大量“造词”，让人看了啼笑皆非等。

语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的，学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜，Chinese English现象更是不乏其中，所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。

2.词汇错误较多

学生在写作的时候，中式英语Chinglish ：如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误：错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确，缺乏重点句型的使用：如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确(审题不正确)。思维模式总是先汉语，后转化为英语，可能他想到了句子该怎样写，句型也知道的，但却有个别单词不会。如：“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了，句子结构“it is+adj for sb to do sth”也知道，但里面的形容词difficult不会写，导致句子表达含糊，以至于整篇文章错词百出，面目全非。

3.写出的长句达不到表达效果

一般的英语应试作文，总会给出汉语提示，学生写作也是从提示上入手，有的提示意思较长，所以学生写的时候会直接翻译，但对太长的句子又没有驾驭的能力，导致整个句子错误。

4.听力较弱影响写作能力

我们所面临的是一群农村学生，他们没有特别好的条件练习听力，每次的练习时间仅仅是每节英语课上，听听力的时间是在太少。有位作家说过：“不写没有读过的语言，不读没有说

的语言，不说没有听过的语言”。很明显，通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受在英语学习中基础的基础。听不来也就写不上。

5.单词书写不规范，卷面书写较乱

对于大多数学生来说，格式、大小写、标点，书写不规范：句首字母大写不注意，使用从句时不会使用标点、大小写等)。如：After he went back home. He cooked supper.，考试时把单词写整齐的很少，学生普遍认为只要把单词写正确就可以得分，虽然觉得自己写的作文还可以，但卷子发下之后却没有得到期望的分数，而有的同学写作能力较差但书写整齐，写作得分也不是很低。

二、提高写作的方法

1.词汇的积累

初中学生在阅读理方面最大的障碍就是词汇量的缺乏，而扩大词汇量绝非死记硬背就能做到。最有效的方法就是大量接触各种不同体裁的英语文章，利用“在句中记，在文中记”的方法来积累词汇。因此我们指导学生依据英语报刊的特点，按栏目、话题、题材、体裁归类收集常用词，将出现频率较高的常用词汇积累到单词本子上，查字典写例句，初步学会这些单词的运用，放在身边，利用零散时间反复记忆，加强印象。

同时拟定时以单选、完型、阅读等形式考察学生对这些单词的掌握情况，通过测试和竞赛的方式进一步激发大家学习词汇的热情。不过，由于课程的时间安排问题，测试的工作开展较少，这也是实验工作中的一个不足。

2.熟练记住单词

( 1.) 巩固单词拼写，培养组句能力。 词汇匮乏是妨碍英语写作的最大障碍之一，有话想说，无词可写是大部分学生的苦恼。因此，我要求学生坚持每天听写、默写、循环记忆单词，掌握巩固词汇。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词，使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。如：反义词appear/disappear, crowded/uncrowded, polite/impolite/rude. 词形相似的词except/expect, chance/change/challenge. 还以某一词为中心，写出该词的不同形式或词性，组成典型的句型，从而不断丰富词汇和句型。如拼写单词die 时，不但要写出其过去式过去分词died，而且要写出其他词性(death, dead, dying), 再分别组句，如：The old man died two years ago. He has been dead for two years. His death made his dog very sad. It is dying.又如写到易混淆的词pay, spend, cost, take 时，可以多种方式表达句意。He paid 20 yuan for the book. He spent 20 yuan on the book. He spent 20 yuan buying the book. The book cost him 20 yuan. It takes him 20 minutes to read the book every day.等等。这样,通过大量的词汇练习不仅仅能有效地积累词汇，还为组句打下了基础，同时还能训练学生的发散性思维和总结、归纳、比较的能力，为学生正确使用词句奠定了良好的基础。以上这些机械操练虽然枯燥，但很有必要，它是能力培养的基础。在词句落实的基础上，可向学生提出稍高的要求，如写出高质量的句子： What a happy family I have ! (I have a happy family.) The story is so interesting that everyone likes it.( The story is very interesting. Everyone likes it. ) He didn’t come to school, because he was ill. (He was ill. He didn’t come to school.) I am good at not only English but also math.(I am good at English and I am good at math ，too. )( 2、) 阅读背诵精彩段落，围绕单元话题设计书面表达。 阅读是写作的 熟练记住每一话题的单词。熟记单词后让他们能够熟练的运用，能够把重点单词用来造句。然后熟记词组，特别是能够熟练的运用词组，能够用词组熟练造句。用词组和单词连成简单句，只要学生将句子表达清楚，语意连贯，就是一篇好的英语文章。

3.熟练使用简单句

简单句对学生来说相对好掌握些，可以要求学生们能够熟练划分主语、谓语、宾语。 正确掌握并列连词andbutor等词。在写作中要求学生不能随意发挥，也不能逐字逐句的翻译所给的文章，要求学生能抓住题中所给的条件，只要考生能将题中所给的要点全部表达清楚，而没有遗漏，在写作中并且注意到语言的连贯，那么就是一篇很好的英语文章。

4.加强听力训练，促进写作

目前英语听力教材使用的具体做法是：事先提出每课生词，教师领读几遍。排除生词障碍后，第一遍学生主让学生在课后反复听课文内容，并逐字逐句写下。每周星期五布置，星期一用课堂时间，教师将该文念一、二遍，让学生听写，教师收上来查阅，加以评讲。通过这种训练，提高学生的听力水平和表达能力。

5.书写规范，促进写作

关于书写的卷面整洁与否，字体如何，是老生常谈话题。可是由于印象分数的一分半分之差，很可能影响一生。在此处丢分纯属不值得，这也是笔者把它放在第一位的原因。在教学过程中，应坚持要求学生书写规范，写好匀笔斜体行书，注意连写，以及文面美观。可以采用出专刊的形式，让全班同学都参加英语书法评比，从而激发学生练习英语书写的兴趣，养成良好的书写习惯。

综上所述，在英语写作中听、说、读、写应同步发展。写作是一种语言输出形式，只有语言输入大于语言输出，语言输出才有可能。英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一，是与英语的听说读是不可分割的，它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体，必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展。

比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前训练”：在上正课前五分钟里，要学生用英语讲述一个故事(积累素材);或者课前朗读一篇短小精悍的文章，让大家课后模仿;或者就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言;或者让学生自立主题，围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话。这种课前训练取得了很好的效果。

美国作家舒伯特指出:“Reading is writing”，即：阅读能够促进写作，因为对学生而言,他们对生活的体验、对人生的认识大多是从书本上获得，从大量的阅读中获取的，阅读不仅能帮助学生积累思想,也能帮助他们积累语言素材。“You ought to read very carefully. Not only very carefully，but also aloud，and that again and again till you know the passage by heart and write it as if it were your own.” 这就清楚地说明了熟读成诵对写作是多么重要。所以要想写出好文章,就必须大量读书，它是写作的基础。

阅读对写作固然重要，但其它形式写作训练同样不可忽视，英语写作实践是英语写作理论转化为写作能力的“中介”。英语写作要突出实践，正如学习游泳一样，写作的能力是练出来的。课外练笔是课堂写作训练最有益的补充，因为课堂时间有限，仅靠课堂写作训练培养学生的写作能力是不够的。作文不是“学”出来的，而是“写”出来的。学生必须进行大量的写作练习才能掌握并且灵活运用各种写作技能，而且写作技能只有在不断写作的过程中才能逐步得到提高和完善。

此外,学生的英语语言意识和英语思维能力的培养也需要大量的练习。可见,课外练笔非常必要，应该给予重视。课外练笔的形式多种多样，可采用让学生写英语日记、写英语周记，教师也可有意识地给学生提供一些尽量贴近生活的时尚话题，如奥运会、环境保护等，让学生在课外习作。

总之，学生要提高写作能力应在教师有计划、有组织的引导下进行，开展多种形式的写作实践，努力扩大学生的生活面和知识面，以提高学生的写作能力。

我们应如何的写好微作文，下面是小编整理的微写作的四种主要形式，欢迎阅读。

微写作”的主要形式有“圈点批注”式、“微博发表”式、“文中选文”式、“拓展延伸”式。“微写作”的积累可激起学生作文的头脑风暴。

“圈点批注”式“微写作” “圈点批注”是一种最简单易行的“微写作”，很类似现在人在博客中发评论，在博客里，评论与微博同步，发一条评论就是一条简单的微博。这种发评式的“微写作”，有很强的即兴性，它是阅读者思想火花的灵光一闪，如果能长期坚持，积累下来，学生的思维能力就会逐渐提升，学生的思想也就逐渐丰富，有了深度。真正的阅读，阅读者势必会关心一些能触动自己心灵的文字，他们借助批注，把自己的心灵波动，心电图似的描摹出来。把自己的喜怒哀乐用文字表达出来的过程，也是一种写作积累的过程，这种情感的积累是作文中抒发真情的源泉，有了这些真情积累，才能避免写作中的矫揉造作和无病呻吟。这种“微写作”的好处，不仅仅在于练笔和积累，最重要的是它能给心灵注入灵性，让阅读和写作者对事物、世界和文字保持一颗敏感的心灵，让作文有了源头活水。

比如，在学习陶渊明的《咏荆轲》时，老师让学生依据课文《荆轲刺秦王》圈点批注诗作《咏荆轲》。有同学批“惜哉剑术疏，奇功遂不成!”二句就是一篇精彩小议论文：“惜”字知陶渊明眼见心冷，《战国策》用秦武阳殿前色变振恐，秦王惊慌还柱，极言荆轲之勇猛，又于文末以“事所以不成者，乃欲以生劫之，必得约契以报太子也。”为说辞，为荆轲刺秦王失败开脱，而陶渊明则一针见血地指出原来英雄荆轲“剑术疏”。不然，荆轲手持药淬之利匕首，追杀朝服盛装的秦王，且秦王已经惊慌失态“绝袖”“还柱而走”，荆轲竟然不能擒而杀之，最后引匕首提秦王也未能击中秦王却中了柱子，可以确知荆轲剑术真是疏浅。由此可以推测，先前荆轲为何要久待“远居之人”的深意了，可见荆轲是有自知之明的，可以设想，假如荆轲此次协同一精通剑术的武士前往咸阳，那么历史又将如何改写呢?又哪来“奇功遂不成”的遗憾!

写景抒情散文是指融写景与抒情一体的散文。此类散文的写作缘起可能是游览胜迹、故里寻根、失意遣怀等。它所描绘的景和抒发的情不是简单地结合在一起，而是情景交融，呈现出“情由景生，景因情美”的和谐关系。在尝试此类散文写作时，应注重以下两方面：

㈠景物描写要传神

传神是指描写时不仅能够描绘出景物的特点，而且能给读者如在眼前的感觉。具体做法如下：

⑴善于观察

善于观察，即用心体悟身边的景物。对于景物的感受力是此类散文的写作基础。优秀的写景抒情散文描写的景物既在我们身边，又能挖掘出我们不曾发现的美。正如朱自清笔下的“荷塘”，读者看了原型图片之后会发现，我们身边也有很多这样的荷塘。如果没看《荷塘月色》，我们很可能日日从旁走过也不觉其美。这也印证了那句话“生活中不是缺少美，而是缺少发现的眼睛”。善于观察，才有所感，这是写作的前提。

⑵层次分明

层次分明即描绘景物时有主次、有先后之分，既能凸显细节之美，又给人和谐的整体感。仍以《荷塘月色》为例，作者依次写了荷叶、荷花、荷香、流水、月色、树影等景物，作者对这些景物的摹写均非常细腻，但它们又不是割裂的，如写荷叶，然后是荷叶中的荷花，然后是风送来的花叶的清香，由风的吹动引出流水；写月色，既注重从上至下的流动，又注重从下至上的浮动，从而构成了富有诗情画意的“荷塘月色”。可见，我们在描写景物时，可根据表达的需要对彰显景物特点的细节工笔描绘，使其凸显出来，又不斩断与之相关的背景，将其融进去。

⑶善用修辞

在描写景物时，应恰当运用比喻、拟人、通感等修辞手法。当你要把对景物的审美发现传达给读者时，尽量要将其转化为另一种人们熟知的美的形式。譬如《荷塘月色》中把花叶的若有若无的清香形象地比喻为高楼上渺茫的歌声，再如写花叶在月光下朦胧的美态，将其比作笼着轻纱的梦，令我们真切地感受到了这种朦胧的梦幻般的美。善用修辞能够使描写的对象生动形象、真实可感，同时使文章语言优美、文采斐然。

㈡情感抒发要自然

情感抒发要自然是指散文所表达的情感必须是真实的，同时情感的表达应该恰当。包括：

⑴有感而发，体现个人气质

情感是写景抒情散文的灵魂，真实的灵魂往往是可爱的。正如季羡林老人认为自己是好人的同时并不掩饰自己的诸多缺点，这反而令老人真实可爱。我们在进行写作时一定忠于内心的情感，不无病呻吟也不夸大其辞。没有真情，任何笔调都不能打动人心。情感的真实还能呈现出个性美。同样的是写北平，老舍的《想北平》淳朴亲切，表现的是他作为北京人对家的依恋，郁达夫的《故都的秋》清静悲凉，表现的是文人忧郁而优美的情怀。真实的情感令散文呈现出迷人的个人气质。

⑵善于渗透，情景交融

善于渗透是指巧妙地将情感融入到景物的描写中，借用景物来抒发感情、描绘心态。当作者借用景物作为抒情对象时，景物因情感而形成了美的意境，而情感透过景物直达人心，含蓄而隽永。譬如郁达夫《故都的秋》，“清”“静”既是对客观景物特点的描写和总结，又是作者内心的感受，两者融为一体，意味隽永。